CN1860787A - 用于编码信息的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于编码信息的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1860787A
CN1860787A CNA2004800282553A CN200480028255A CN1860787A CN 1860787 A CN1860787 A CN 1860787A CN A2004800282553 A CNA2004800282553 A CN A2004800282553A CN 200480028255 A CN200480028255 A CN 200480028255A CN 1860787 A CN1860787 A CN 1860787A
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China
Prior art keywords
video
audio
row
coefficient
bits
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CNA2004800282553A
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Inventor
埃里克·汉密尔顿
卡尔·佩齐
阿利·多尔戈博罗多弗
安东·蒂库诺弗
维拉迪米尔·西门尤克
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Handheld Entertainment Inc
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Handheld Entertainment Inc
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Publication of CN1860787A publication Critical patent/CN1860787A/zh
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    • H04N5/765—Interface circuits between an apparatus for recording and another apparatus
    • H04N5/775—Interface circuits between an apparatus for recording and another apparatus between a recording apparatus and a television receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
    • H04N5/78—Television signal recording using magnetic recording
    • H04N5/782—Television signal recording using magnetic recording on tape
    • H04N5/783—Adaptations for reproducing at a rate different from the recording rate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/79—Processing of colour television signals in connection with recording
    • H04N9/80—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback
    • H04N9/804—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback involving pulse code modulation of the colour picture signal components
    • H04N9/8042—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback involving pulse code modulation of the colour picture signal components involving data reduction
    • H04N9/8047—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback involving pulse code modulation of the colour picture signal components involving data reduction using transform coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/79—Processing of colour television signals in connection with recording
    • H04N9/80—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback
    • H04N9/82—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback the individual colour picture signal components being recorded simultaneously only
    • H04N9/8205—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback the individual colour picture signal components being recorded simultaneously only involving the multiplexing of an additional signal and the colour video signal

Abstract

本发明提供了一种用于编码信息(图5)的装置和方法，其尤其适于更小的表示格式，诸如用于手持视频播放器(图1)中。本发明还特别强调了降低视频解码的复杂性、利用定点运算实施MP3解码器、快速YcbCr到RGB的转换、视频流和MP3音频流到AVI文件的封装，在存储卡上存储菜单导航以及DVD子图片信息、音频流和视频流的同步、用于多媒体数据解密的密钥的加密以及用于实施本申请所公开的改进编码的手持视频播放器的良好用户界面(UI)。

Description

用于编码信息的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及信息存储和表示。具体地说，本发明涉及一种用于编码信息的方法和装置。
背景技术
视频编码技术是公知的。例如，运动图像专家组(MPEG)已经建立了各种视频编码标准，例如MPEG2和MPEG4。MPEG4是一种支持大表示格式和复杂语音编码的稳健标准，例如在家庭影院环境下其特征是有益的。由于该标准提供了用于诸如家庭影院表示的关键应用的源材料的忠实再现而被广泛接受，但是该标准对于其它应用具有缺点。例如，这种标准不适于廉价的手持视频播放器，其中这些设备的表示格式和波形因数(form factor)既不需要这些标准的保真度，也没有理由需要与实施这些标准相关的费用。
本发明的优点是提供一种用于编码信息的方法和装置，其尤其适于更小的表示格式，诸如在手持视频播放器中使用。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于编码信息的方法和装置，其尤其适于更小的表示格式，诸如在手持视频播放器中使用。本发明还特别解决了降低视频解码复杂性、利用定点运算的MP3解码器的实施、快速YcbCr到RGB的转换、视频流和MP3视频流到AVI文件的封装，在存储卡上存储菜单导航以及DVD子图像信息、音频流和视频流的同步、用于多媒体数据解密的密钥的加密、以及用于实施本申请所公开的改进的编码的手持视频播放器的良好用户界面(UI)适配。
附图说明
图1所示为根据本发明优选实施方式的手持式视频播放器的平面图；
图2所示为用于说明根据本发明的设备图标的显示；
图3所示为根据本发明的HHETM视频编码器的示意性框图；
图4所示为根据本发明用于预记录内容的内容保护的流程图；以及
图5所示为根据本发明用于可下载内容的内容保护的流程图。
具体实施方式
这里，本发明涉及用于编码信息的装置和方法，其尤其适用于但不局限于诸如手持视频播放器的设备。下面首先说明示例性播放器。
视频播放器
首先说明示例性手持视频播放器，如由加利福尼亚州旧金山的HandHeldEntertainment出售的ZVUE！TM播放器，在该播放器中可以实施被称为HHETM视频编码的本发明优选实施方式。图1所示为根据本发明的当前优选实施方式的手持视频播放器10的平面图。
控制
播放器具有15个按钮：
DIM，BRIGHT(暗，明)11；
POWER(电源)12；
VOL-UP(音量大)13；
VOL-DOWN(音量小)14；
MENU(菜单)15；
PLAY/PAUSE(播放/暂停)16；
FF(快进)17；
REV(回放)18；
NAV-LEFT(导航-左)19；
NAV-RIGHT(导航-右)20；
NAV-DOWN(导航-下)21；
NAV-UP(导航-上)22；
NAV-OK，(导航-确认)23；以及
CARD(卡)24。
播放器还包括各种端口，诸如USB端口25，扩展端口26；并且包括用于线出(line out)27、耳机28和电源29的连接。
存在许多播放器状态。播放器处理按钮按下/释放事件以及一些其它硬件事件。播放器根据其状态响应事件。
基础
菜单导航
NAV-*键控制菜单项目的选择。按下[导航-确认]转换执行选择的菜单项目。通常，[菜单]使用户回到以前的菜单。如果用户正处在FAT文件层次中，则其使用户回到上一级目录。如果选择的项目是可播放的，诸如HHE视频或者全部为MP3音频的目录，则[播放]按钮将从开始播放所选择的项目。
音量和亮度控制
音量控制范围：-73..+6dB
音量控制间隔粒度(granularity)：1dB
音量级别显示暂停时间(timeout)：5秒
音量级别显示：屏幕底部的水平条
在关/开之后，如果音频级别没有关闭，则该音频级别为以前的值，在这种情况下将其设置为低音量。将亮度设置为最亮。
在播放器的任意状态下按下音频电平控制按钮将会使当前级别显示在屏幕底部。随后按下音量按钮将音频级别改变1dB。在两秒钟内没有触压音量控制按钮之后，则音量级别条消失。
亮度控制
通过至少五个亮度设置，调高和调低播放器的暗和明。
除非实际的屏幕亮度发生变化，在屏幕上没有可视的指示器。在最暗设置下，显示器被关闭。当只需要音频时这对于节约电池很有用。在这种情况下，软件将做更少的视频工作。在显示器关闭的状态下，显示任意的亮度输入。
注意：如果在播放音频时关闭显示器，则为了一致和方便用户，当按下音量摇杆按钮时在屏幕上出现音量指示器。
表示UI的菜单或导航按钮使屏幕打开。在正常播放模式下屏幕再次关闭。
视觉反馈
在运动视频上添加图形温度计滑块以给出音量和亮度的反馈。包括用于UI元素、图标和菜单屏幕的压缩位图。用于图标的格式包括透明的颜色。
还可以提供简单的动画语言。例如，这可以是HHE格式AVI、动画GIF(经过IP检查)或FLAH动画。
可听反馈
具有典型的ZVUE！开启声音。音频按钮反馈具有两种类型。点击所执行的命令。与内容无关的用于按钮按下的振击音。
端口
USB
通过显示USB连接图标播放器响应所连接的USB端口，并且不响应除电源之外的按钮，该电源可以用于打开或关闭播放器。
SD卡
当插入卡时，调用(call)按钮[卡]，播放器进入“媒介插入”状态并且开始播放。
状态
关闭
播放器的初始状态是“关闭”，其中的各部分都关断。离开该状态的唯一方法是按下[电源]按钮或者插入媒介卡[卡]。
ZVUE！欢迎屏幕
在两秒钟的ZVUM！欢迎图形显示和独特的ZVUM！开启音之后，播放器返回到下一期望的操作。
通电
在“按下电源”事件后，暂时显示ZVUE！欢迎屏幕。如果存在媒介，则接着是媒介菜单。否则，接着将是播放器菜单。
媒介插入
暂时显示ZVUE！欢迎屏幕。对于“插入卡”事件，播放器检查该卡的类型。如果该卡是更新卡，则系统定位到固件更新批准；如果该卡中有应用程序，则系统定位到应用批准；并且如果该卡是媒介卡，则系统定位到临时媒介菜单。
临时媒介菜单
显示媒介菜单，提供导航到其它选项的机会。在6秒钟暂停时间之后，除非使用了其它媒介菜单控制，该媒介开始播放。如果按下按钮，则暂停时间改变为“3分钟之后，关闭”。
播放器菜单
要求用户插入卡或者从菜单中选择项目。该菜单为：
屏保(禁止)
设置(包括文本颜色和类型以及与mp3和jepg重放相关的设置)
恢复(如果播放器断电或者通过仍然插入的同一媒介而部分暂停，则出现恢复选项)
暂停时间：转换到关闭的60秒
媒介菜单
检查媒介类型。当发现可写的SD或MMC卡时获得包含HHE媒介和其它格式，转到状态“媒介选择菜单”。
暂停时间：转换到关闭的60秒。
当显示菜单项目时在菜单背景图片之后媒介菜单为一短的动画(可以为空)。第一菜单项目是激活的。所有菜单项目指向视频章节(chapter)。在一段未激活之后，重新开始菜单动画。媒介菜单中的[菜单]按钮启动播放器菜单(参见以上所述)。
如果媒介含有一个以上的磁轨道(track)，则选择第一磁轨道并且这是很显然的。按下[播放]开始播放媒介。[回放]和[快进]按钮改变所选择的特征。导航按钮允许围绕UI移动。
播放HHE
当存在HHE AVI媒介卡时，开始播放功能。这是用户花费时间最多并且也是最吸引用户的状态。
电源
定位到“关闭”。如果媒介长度超过五分钟，则存储正在播放的位置。
菜单定位到“媒介菜单”
播放定位到“播放HHE-暂停”
快进，“播放HHE”状态的快进特征
回放，“播放HHE”状态的回放特征
导航-左，前一视频“章节”
导航-右，下一视频“章节”
导航-上，使能或者禁止的慢动作特征
导航-确认，声音继续，但是屏幕上出现播放菜单。定位到“播放HHE-菜单”状态。
导航-下按钮使能AB重复特征，并且在重放期间将其称为AB重复按钮。
下面是AB/重复状态表。这些状态是播放HHE的子状态。
播放
正常地表示视频。当完成时移动到下一磁轨道。
按下A/B重复在该位置将其转换到播放-A状态。
播放-A
当视频自动重复时，在点A处重新开始而不是从头开始。
按下A/B重复在该位置将其转换到播放-AB状态。
播放-AB
当视频自动重复时，在点A处重新开始而不是从头开始并且前进到点B而不是最后。其连续重复从点A到B直到达到A-B暂停时间。
按下A/B重复将其转换到播放-自动重复状态。
暂停时间-A-B重复特征在播放60分钟之后定位到播放。
播放HHE-暂停
在播放HHE状态下按下[播放]键时到达该状态。用户正在观看来自视频的静止帧。
[播放]从暂停恢复
[回放]定位到该章节的开始而不从暂停恢复。
[快进]音频关闭，以(约)2倍速重播视频。
[菜单]定位到“媒介菜单”。
[导航-左]根据实施难度的前一视频帧或关键帧或章节。保持在播放HHE-暂停状态。
[导航-右]下一视频帧并且保持在播放HHE-暂停状态。
[导航-上]，使能或者禁止的重复或慢动作特征。
[导航-确认]，在屏幕上显示播放信息。改变显示器以表示表明视频轨道中时间偏离的条形图以及磁轨道的名称。保持在“播放HHE-暂停”状态。
[导航-下]在视频中设置AB重复点，并且与处于播放HHE状态一样精确地前进到AB重复状态。
播放HHE-快进
声音关闭。以大约正常速度两倍的速度播放视频。
[播放]音频打开，正常速度
[回放]与播放相同
[快进]音频关闭，视频为正常速度的六倍。播放器可以通过跳过B并且根据需要还跳过P帧来实现该功能。这会导致失去连续性。保持在播放HHE-快进状态。如果再次按下[快进]，则将转换到两倍快进。
媒介选择菜单
还提供用于显示数字照片的jpg浏览器。可以组合内容HHE下载以及其它MP3和JPEG内容。只有在这种状态下才需要导航状态。这是基本的FAT文件系统导航器。
显示卡上的事情列表。在左列使用小图标表示几种类型的对象。图标与windows中的最小图标相类似(参见图2)。
文件夹
HHE视频
音频
图片
文本文件
显示在卡上可用的选项。
当选择视频[导航-确认]时(将用户导引到用于该内容的媒介菜单)
当选择JPEG[导航-确认]时，将用户从那张图片开始导引到幻灯片浏览器。
当选择音乐[导航-确认]时，开始播放该文件中的音乐。导航MP3文件的文件夹-参见“MP3播放器”状态的讨论。
幻灯片显示菜单
软件准备两个播放列表。音频播放列表和照片播放列表。如果播放类别文件位于卡上，则可以使用其确定音频和视频文件的顺序。否则，两个播放列表都以宽度优先递归顺序遍历具有以最自然的可能顺序分类的文件的文件夹。
[播放]将用户导引到幻灯片播放状态。
幻灯片播放
[回放][播放][快进]按钮影响音乐重放。
方向键实现照片选择。
[右]和[左]定位到上一张和下一张照片。
[菜单]引出“幻灯片播放菜单”。
[导航-确认]引出“幻灯片菜单”。
幻灯片菜单
显示当前的幻灯片。如果可能将显示整个幻灯片，然后轻微地放大。
[回放][播放][快进]按钮影响音乐重放。
四个方向键的操作影响照片位置，按照选择的方向遥摄(panning)照片，直到达到其停止的边缘，并发出撞击声。
[菜单]更加缩小。如果完全缩小，则提供“幻灯片播放”选项。
[导航-确认]更加缩小。如果完全缩小，则提供“幻灯片菜单明细”。
暂停时间：在设置中确定的调节时间之后按顺序定位到下一幻灯片。
幻灯片菜单明细
通过文本或图标提供下述选项：
幻灯片播放延迟(幻灯片播放之前的时间量)
旋转图片
伽玛调节
特殊效果
这里出现(crop here)
选择动画
选择声道
JPEG浏览器
当没有MP3时，播放器按照上述操作，除了没有音乐。
MP3播放器
菜单结构示出了FAT文件系统的一个目录。只示出了具有可用内容的文件夹。
HHe压缩/接压缩多媒体格式
Hhe压缩/解压缩(“Codec”)多媒体格式为用于保持高度压缩的数字视频、音频、图形和导航数据的格式。
符合HHe格式的文件通常带有扩展名“.hhe”。这是包括一个或多个不同子文件的复杂文件。HHe格式支持的子文件类型为：
·config：用于媒介的主配置文件，其详细说明媒介、主导航脚本文件名、要使用的解码引擎(定制解码引擎可以驻留在媒介上，在内部存储器上驻留有缺省引擎)。
·avi：多路传输的压缩后的视频/音频流。
·bmp：菜单子图片，其为MS Windows十六色压缩后的位图。
·nav：用于视频章节的导航脚本，其详细说明了要播放的章节顺序。
·mnu：菜单文件，其通过详细说明菜单项目的子图片、指向章节的指针等描述菜单表示和功能。
在HHe文件中可以出现上述列出的一个或多个子文件类型。唯一需要的是必须有一些听觉或视觉内容表示(avi或bmp子文件)。
各子件的格式依赖于其功能。对于文件格式的详细说明请参照这里标题为“HHe文件格式详细说明”中的说明。
HHe压缩技术
HHe格式支持全运动视频并且能够在真彩屏幕上显示高达每像素24位的色彩。HHe以高达100∶1的可变比特率压缩视频内容，并且在低成本、低功耗处理器上利用最小限度的系统资源以实时速度解压缩相同的内容，例如在ZVUE！视频播放器中使用的Motorola DragonballTM i.XML(由伊利诺伊州Schaumburg的Motorola，Inc制造)。
HHe视频压缩技术是为产生高压缩性能而在解压缩时保持合理复杂性而专门开发的专用算法。如图3的框图所示，该压缩方案在运动评估之后进行变换编码。HHe算法的顶层与过去十年中开发的视频压缩标准相似，但是选择的特有技术确保了在移动设备上实施实时解码器。
HHe格式支持以从低比特率单声道到接近CD质量立体声的各种质量等级的音频压缩。HHe格式使用流行的MP3音频压缩标准作为缺省的音频格式。HHe格式还支持附加的音频格式，诸如WMA和AAC。
HHe格式的安全特征
由于采用了加密方案和其它特征，具有HHe格式的压缩内容的安全性和完整性非常高。
使用高安全加密方案可以防止未授权复制以HHe格式编码的多媒体。基于Blowfish算法的加密算法是利用128位密钥的对称私钥算法。Blowfish是对称分组密码，其可以用作DES或IDEA的直接代替。其采用从32位到448位的可变长度密钥而使其对于国内和出口使用都是理想的选择。Blowfish是1993年由Bruce Schneier开发，其作为现存加密算法的快速免费替代品。之后人们对其进行了相当地分析，并且作为健壮加密算法已经慢慢被人们所接受。Blowfishim没有申请专利并且没有许可费，并且对于所有使用都免费。原始的Blofish论文发表在英国剑桥的First Fast Software Encryption workshop上(然后由Springer-Verlag公布在Lecture Notes in Computer Science#809，1994)以及Dobb’s Journal于1994年4月的发表。
利用特别健壮的随机数发生器已经产生了8个不同的密钥，将该8个密钥进行加扰并且存储在ZVUE！内部存储器的不同偏移位置中。使用不同的密钥对预先记录的内容、下载的内容和代码更新进行加密。
对于预先记录内容的内容保护
图4所示为用于对预先记录的内容进行内容保护的过程。预先记录的内容存储在SD或MMC存储卡31上。这些存储卡含有在该卡的保护区中存储的唯一卡密钥32。存储在ZVUE！内部存储器中的播放器密钥33，密钥0，由唯一的卡密钥进行修改并且在数据存储到存储卡之前使用该新密钥对数据进行加密。在不知道播放器密钥0、卡密钥以及所使用的加密算法的情况下，不能将数据复制到其它存储卡中并且不能进行重放。
对于可下载内容的内容保护
图5所示为用于可下载内容的内容保护。下载的内容由唯一的播放器ID修改的单独播放器密钥，密钥1，进行加密。因此下载的内容只能由一个特定的播放器解密并且重放。客户在购买内容(110)和下载内容(120)之前必须向内容服务器(图3中34)上传播放器ID(100)。在下载之后将数据复制到SD或MMC存储卡上(130)。在不知道播放器密钥1、新的播放器ID以及所使用的加密算法的情况下，数据不能被复制到其它存储卡上并且不能在不同的播放器上重放。
预先记录的或下载的内容的暂停时间
播放器具有通过用户界面可以设置的实时时钟。可以使用实时时钟拒绝具有有限的有效期的内容。例如，推广宣传内容可以免费下载并且在有限的时间周期内播放；当期限截至后，如果用户不购买该推广宣传内容，就不能再播放该内容。
HHE音频/视频同步
可以按下述方式实施HHE音频/视频(AV)同步：
·向各解压缩的视频帧指定唯一id(0，1，2，3，……)。
·也向各音频包(包含1152个音频采样)指定唯一id(0，1，2，3，……)。
·AV同步代码监控最新提交(render)的视频帧和音频包的id。
·每次发生视频中断时，将这些id重新计算为实时时间标记(stamp)。
·AV同步代码比较这些时间标记并且判断是否必须重复(表示两次)或丢弃(跳过)。
·从来不调整音频流。这意味着只有视频帧能够跳过或者重复以适应当前的音频位置。
具体地说，在各视频中断时发生的过程为：
video_time_stamp＝just_rendered_video_frame_id/
video_frames_per_second(Value of video_frames_per_secondcomes from AVI header)
audio_time_stamp＝latest_audio_id/
audio_packets_per_second(Value of audio_packets_per_secondis normally 44100/1152＝38.28125(samples_per_sec/samples_per_packet))
difference＝audio_time_stamp-video_time_stamp
if(difference>+one_frame_duration_time)
skip next video frame
else if(difference<-one_frame_duration_time)
repeat current video frame
ZVUE！文件格式
用于存储ZVUE！媒介的文件格式源自导航系统、图形系统和解码引擎的设计方式。假定以与导航脚本相关的章节组织含有视频/音频流的媒介，并且该媒介能够可选地载有定制解码引擎。
媒介可以是FAT 16格式的，并且以文件方式组织其内容。所有数据存储在根文件夹中，如果出现其它文件夹则可以忽略。
媒介上的文件为：
-“config”：用于媒介的主配置文件，其详细说明媒介类型(当前仅支持两种类型：ZVUE！-VIDEO和FIRMWARE)、主导航脚本文件名、所使用的解码引擎(定制的解码引擎能够驻留在媒介上，缺省的引擎驻留在闪存上)。
-“*.nav”用于视频章节的导航脚本。
-“*.avi”：视频/音频流。
-“*.mnu”：菜单文件，其通过详细说明用于菜单项目的子图片、指向章节的指针等描述菜单表示和功能。
-“*.bmp”：菜单子图片，其为MS Windows十六色压缩后的位图。预留了色彩{0，0，0}和{255，255，255}用于透明。
不能被支持但可以在以后增加的文件类型：
-“*.mp3”仅音频流
-“*.jpg”、“*.jpeg”jpeg图像(用于浏览来自SD卡的数字照片，或者用作菜单背景等)。
配置文件
这是在Windows(CR/LF)或UNIX(CR)格式中的普通文本ASCII文件：
-分号“；”开始行注释
-命令：<口令(key)>＝<值>。允许有空格。如果值中含有空格，则包含在双引号(“”)中
-空行可以忽略。
可以不定义一些口令。在这种情况下使用缺省语义(参见下表1)。
表1：缺省口令语义
  口令   值   缺省
  应用程序   可以用作解码器的可执行文件名   使用来自闪存的内部解码器
  开始   主菜单导航脚本(首先运行的导航脚本)的文件名   运行在媒介中找到的第一个*.nav文件
  类型   媒介内容类型   ZVUM！-VIDEO
  加密-密钥   验证固件的加密校验和   -
  版本   固件版本   0
类型＝ZVUE！_VIDEO
向引导加载器通知该卡存储有视频内容。如果存在应用程序标签，则引导加载器将其装载到存储器中并且在那里运行。如果不存在应用程序标签，则引导加载器从闪存中加载应用程序。
类型＝MP3
向引导加载器通知该卡存储有mp3磁轨道。如果存在应用程序标签，则引导加载器将其加载到存储器中并且在那里运行。如果不存在应用程序标签，则引导加载器从闪存中加载应用程序。该应用程序作为标准MP3播放器运行。
类型＝照片
向引导加载器通知该卡存储有JPEG图像。如果存在应用程序标签，则引导加载器将其加载到存储器中并且在那里运行。如果不存在应用程序标签，则引导加载器从闪存中加载应用程序。该应用程序以幻灯片播放模式运行。
类型＝固件
向引导加载程序通知该卡存储有新的媒介驱动器。加载器用加密的检验和加密密钥检查来自卡的zveu.axf文件，并且然后将其烧入到闪存中。还可以对照当前版本检查版本并且如果它是旧版本则通知用户。
AVI文件
视频播放器使用标准的Windows AVI格式用于流视频。该文件应该含有用HHE视频编码器编码的一个视频流(FOURCC＝HHE0)和/或用任意MP3驱动器编码的一个音频流(wFormatTag＝0x0055)。当使用B帧时，应该加入独立的AVI块。通常，由于VFW驱动器通常不能产生AVI块，因此需要一些后处理。音频比特流格式符合ISO CD 11172-3文档。
导航脚本文件
导航脚本详细说明了用于具体章节、使用的AVI流和子图片以及执行的行动的播放器按钮的语义。导航脚本是具有表示在独立行上的导航命令的测试文件。命令区分大小写。
命令为：<口令>＝<值>。允许有空格。如果值中含有空格，则可以包含在双引号(“”)中。
命令集：
stream＝<avi-file>
表示与该脚本相关的AVI文件。
Next＝<scriptname>
表示在该章节结束后要运行的章节。
Previous＝<scriptname>
表示回放开始时的章节。
在第一位置的分号开始行注释。如果其为链表中的第一章节，则不存在Previous。如果其为链表中的最后一章节，则不存在Next。
菜单文件
菜单文件是详细说明菜单外观和功能的文本文件。命令从各行的开始位置开始，命令参数(argument)跟在相同的行，可以使用许多空白字符(‘’、‘\t’)作为分隔符。菜单含有背景图像(以AVI存储)、在背景上的大量静态位图以及与视频章节相关的菜单项目。命令参数可以是文件名或者数字，文件名应该放入双引号内。所有参数都是必须的。
在开始位置的分号开始行注释。
命令集：
parent menu active_item
表示父菜单(menu)和从当前菜单到所述菜单时应该是激活的项目(active_item)号。
Background avi-file
表示含有菜单背景的AVI(通常是一帧)。在屏幕上播放该AVI文件，并且该AVI的最后一帧用作菜单的背景。
Static bitmap x y transparency
表示在背景图像上显示的静态位图，x、y表示位图从左上角的偏移量；transparency(透明度)是表示透明度的从0到255的数字(0表示透明，255表示实心)。
Item bitmap_0 x y transparency bitmap_1 x y transparency navig_script menuactive_item
表示菜单项目，对于选择的项目显示bitmap_0，对于没有选择的项目显示bitmap_1，位图名称后的x、y和transparency表示其位置和透明度。Navig_script表示当执行该菜单项目时要开始的脚本，如果是“”，则表示要运行在菜单参数中指定的子菜单。如果没有指定脚本名，则菜单设置用于要运行的脚本的新菜单或者要运行的子菜单。如果为“”，则使用当前菜单。active_item表示在新菜单或子菜单中的激活项目的数字。
HHE AVI文件
AVI文件是用于任意类型、任意数量的数据流的容器。AVI文件的主要部分为：
1.主AVI头。其总是含有标记(“RIFF”)以及整个文件的大小(对于流)。它还说明文件上的一般信息，诸如其上存储的流号、流数据的大小、文件是否含有索引、数据流开始处的偏移量等。
2、在AVI文件中可以出现可选的索引。其含有用于描述其在文件中的类型和位置的各数据块的入口(参见下述)。索引位于数据流后面的文件最后。
3、各数据流格式通过其自身的流头来描述。视频流头实际上是BITMAPINFOHEADERT结构(各像素的宽度、高度和位数，压缩类型(HHEO或HHE1))。音频流头实际上是WAVEFORMATEX结构(音频格式(MP3)、通道号、每秒采样)。
4、在所有的头后面开始数据流。数据可以按照块的方式组织。各块属于流并且含有头和实际数据。头含有该块所属的流号码(通常01-视频，00-音频)、流类型代码(“dc”-压缩视频，“wb”-压缩音频)以及按字节计算的块的大小。
因此，数据的整体布局如下：
01wb<chunk1 size><-header
....chunk 1 data...<-data
00dc<chunk2 size>
....chunk2 data....
01wb<chunk3 size>
....chunk3 data....
00dc<chunk4 size>
....chunk4 data....
etc...
MPEG4复杂性降低方案
为了降低MPEG4解码的复杂性，可以采用下面四个方案：
·禁止AC系数的内部预测
不进行AC系数的内部预测。从比特流中取消表示需要AC预测的标志。
·禁止运动补偿舍入(rounding)控制
禁止舍入控制。在平均过程中使用恒定增量：0用于两个值的平均而1用于四个值的平均。从比特流中消除舍入位。
·在一个步骤中组合VLC解码和反量化
在解码系数的可变长度编码之后直接进行该系数的反量化。由于从反量化步骤中去除了零系数所以可以提高速度。
·使用位平面(significance map)简化反离散余弦变换
使用位平面存储在离散余弦变换块的各行/列中最后非零系数的位置。在VLC解码期间可以填充该位平面。假设知道在行/例中最后非零系数的数量，则可以简化用于该具体行/列的反离散余弦变换。可以提供两种不同版本的反离散余弦变换：一种是用于8个系数的行/列而另一种是用于3个系数的行/列。注意，当行/列中的所有系统都为零时，根本不用进行反变换。
快速“YUV到RGB555”变换的说明
为了提高颜色变换例程的速度，使用变换表。将所述表索引计算为YUV格式中三种颜色的函数：
Index＝((U＞＞(8-BITS_U))＜＜(BITS_Y))+((V＞＞(8-BITS_V))
＜＜(BITS_V))+(Y＞＞8-BITS_Y))
其中Y、U和V是YUV格式中的8比特颜色分量；而BITS_Y、BIT_U、BITS_V是用于各颜色Y、U和V的有效位的位数。其中索引号为(1＜＜(BITS_Y+BITS_U+BITS_V))。变换表单元表示与YUV格式中的颜色相对应的RGB555格式中的颜色。该单元的大小为两个字节(高字节未使用)。因此，表的大小为索引数*2，即：
(1＜＜(BITS_Y+BITS_U+BITS_V+1))
用于Y颜色分量的有效位的位数必须大于用于U和V分量的有效位的位数，这是由于Y颜色分量含有人类视觉可察觉的更多有用信息。目前使用下述有效数字：
BITS_Y＝7
BITS_U＝5
BIT_V＝5
以有助于在以YUV4:2:0格式进行图像变换期间避免高速缓存缺失的方式组织颜色变换表。在用于各色度像素的YUV4:2:0格式中，存在四个亮度像素。索引取决于Y分量要少于取决于U和V分量的事实使得数据高速缓存缺失不频繁。
除了视频和音频之外还存在其它类型的数据块。例如，如果视频颜色格式是每像素8位或更少，则可以存在特殊的调色板块。注意两个视频块从来不能一个接一个地发生。在两个视频块之间总存在一个音频块(甚至大小为零)。各视频块恰好含有一个压缩的视频帧(参见下述关于B帧的说明)。各音频块含有两个或三个音频包(解压后各包为1152个采样)。
B-帧
当用b-帧压缩时，本发明打破了各视频帧存储在其自己的块内的规则。在一块中存储几个视频帧。在本发明当前优选实施方式中在流中插入大量空(长度为零)的视频块以隔离音频块。因此数据流的整体布局如下：
<audio chunk>
<big video chunk，containing 4 frames I-P-B-B>
<audio chunk>
<empty video chunk>
<audio chunk>
<empty video chunk>
<audio chunk>
<empty video chunk>
...
由于即使是空的块也含有头并且包含在索引中，所以这实际上浪费了大量空间。这是用于Windows驱动器的视频的局限性。这可以通过向AVI文件施加后处理应用，该应用在视频帧自己的块中隔离各视频帧消除所有的空块。
MPEG-1层3解码算法的快速定点实施
关于用于定点算法的具有小数值的操作的一般说明
为了表示在定点操作中的数据，我们使用下述转换：
u＝Fix(Ufloat)＝(int)(Ufloat*(2＞＞nBitsFraction)+0.5)，(1.1)
其中nBitsFraction是小数部分的位数，值0.5用于舍入。
使用nBitsFraction的下述值：
-24，用于信号采样(表示32.24)，
-24或15，用于常系数(表示32.24或32.15)。
设
         yfloat＝xfloat*cfloat
其中xfloat和cfloat为某一变量(cfloat通常为常数)。
然后，在32.24数据表示的情况下，
x＝(int)(xfloat*(2＞＞24)+0.5)，
c＝(int)(cfloat*(2＞＞24)+0.5)，
y＝(x*c)＞＞24.
由于使用32位整数操作，在计算x*c的乘积时需要避免溢出。
为此，我们将数据表示为高部分和低部分的和：
u＝uLow+(uHigh＜＜12)，
其中，uHigh＝u＞＞12。
ULow＝u-(uHigh＜＜12)＝u&0x00000FFF
从而得出
y＝(x*c)＞＞24＝((xLow+(xHigh＜＜12))*(cLow+(cHigh＜＜12))＞＞24
该表达式可以重写为
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh+cLow*xHigh))＞＞12)+((xLow*cLow)＞＞24)
为了提高乘法的速度，可以从该和中去除一小部分。在实际的实施中将其区分为三个不同级别的精度，在编译时可以选择其中任意之一。以各模式用于乘法操作的简化如下：
对于高精度
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh+cLow*xHigh)＞＞12)    (1.2)
对于中精度和低精度
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh)＞＞12)    (1.3)
对于常系数32.12的表示
c＝(int)(cfloat*(1＜＜12)+0.5)
以32.24表示的常系数的简化乘法可以实施为：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞6    (1.4)
假设
|cfloat|＜1
如果
1.0＜|cfloat|＜2.0
则该乘法可以执行为
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞5    (1.5)
其中
c＝(int)(cfloat*(1＜＜12)+0.5)，
类似地，如果
1.0＜|cfloat|＜(1＜＜q)，
则可以使用下述形式的近似乘法
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞(6-q)    (1.6)
然后
c＝(int)(cfloat*(1＜＜(12-q))+0.5)。
修正反离散余弦变换(IMDCT)的计算加速
为了提高IMDCT计算的速度，使用通过变换系数的简化乘法。
关于36点和12点的IMDCT
以32.15格式表示绝对值小于1的变换系数。对于用该系数的乘法，使用式(1.4)。对于具有绝对值大于1的系数，使用式(1.6)。
关于64点的IMDCT(综合函数)
所有变换系数的绝对值都小于1并且以32.15格式表示。对于这种情况使用式(1.4)。
注意：在高精度模式下，对于所有IMDCT函数使用更精确的式(1.2)。
用于最后加窗操作的计算加速
为了产生以16位PCM格式的一个输出声音采样，需要计算来自具有窗系数的延迟线的采样的卷积。对于浮点数据表示，该卷积循环为
for(sum＝0，j＝0，j＜16)；j++)
sum
WindowTable[i+32*j]*line[(pos+j*64+i+(j&1)*32)&1023]；(3.1)
其中WindowTable[512]为窗系数阵列，pos为延迟线中的当前位置，i为在32采样块中输出采样的数字。
按照以下方式通过计算输出采样可以实现加速。
使用按比例调整的转置窗表：
WindowTableST[n]＝Fix(WindowTable[i+32*j])＞＞q；
其中Fix()对应于具有nBitsFraction＝24、n＝i+32*j的(1.1)，对于各i＝0...31标号j＝0...15，其提供了对阵列元素的连续访问。由于具有标号j＝7，8的窗因子，可以具有大于1的绝对值，所以q的值服从以下规则：
if j＝7 or j＝8，q＝9，else q＝8
卷积循环的优化
卷积循环为下述形式的一系列算子
sum+＝line[(r+g)&1023])*(*Pn_WindowTableST++))＞＞m；
其中Pn_WindowTableSTwei指向按比例调整的转置窗表的指针，
r＝pos+i，以及
g＝j*64+(j&1)*32。
为了提供正确的乘法结果，使用m＝6，for j＝7，8，else m＝7。
用于低精度的减小的窗表
在(3.1)中，由于具有号j＝0，1，2和j＝12，13，14，15的项对结果影响很小(由于较小的窗系数)，所以可以从计算中取消这些项。
对于高精度
规一化用于各索引i的16组窗表项目并且所述窗表项目具有在组内为常数的指数值。然后，以下述形式的一系列算子组织卷积循环：
s[j]＝line[(r+g)&1023])*(*Pn_WindowTableST++))＞＞7。
最后的总和根据指数的值进行移位。
虽然参照优选实施方式说明了本发明，但是熟悉本领域的技术人员可以理解，在不脱离本发明精神和范围的情况下可以用其它的实施代替上述部分。因此，只由下面包括的权利要求书限定本发明。

Claims (33)

1、一种与移动设备一起使用的实时视频解码器，包括：
用于接收系统流的装置，所述系统流包括：
含有多路分解音频流和视频流以及在重放期间同步音频和视频所需的时序和其它信息的系统层；以及
解压层，其包括所述音频流和视频流；
系统解码器，其用于从系统流中提取时序信息并且将所述时序信息发送到其它系统部件，该系统解码器还从所述系统流中多路分解所述视频流和音频流并且然后将所述各视频流和音频流发送到相应的解码器；
视频解码器，用于解压缩所述视频流；以及
音频解码器，用于解压缩所述音频流。
2、根据权利要求1所述的解码器，其特征在于，MP3音频压缩标准用作缺省的音频格式。
3、根据权利要求1所述的解码器，其特征在于，还包括：
加密设备，其包括基于Blowfish算法的加密算法。
4、一种在解码技术中的音频/视频同步方法，包括如下步骤：
为视频流中各解压的视频帧指定唯一的标识符(0，1，2，3，…)；
为音频流中各音频包指定唯一的标识符(0，1，2，3，…)；
使用音频/视频同步代码监控最新提交的视频帧和音频包的标识符；
每次发生视频中断时将所述标识符重新计算为实时时间标记；以及
利用所述音频/视频同步代码比较所述时间标记并且确定是否必须重复或丢弃下一视频帧；
其中从来不对所述音频流进行调整；以及
其中跳过或者重复视频帧以适合当前的音频位置。
5、一种用于降低MPEG4解码复杂性的方法，包括如下步骤：
禁止AC系数的内部预测，其中从MPEG4比特流中取消表示需要AC预测的标志；
禁止运动补偿舍入控制，其中从所述MPEG4比特流中取消舍入位；
将VLC解码和反量化组合在一个步骤中，其中在对系数的可变长度编码解码之后立即对该系数进行反量化，并且其中从反量化中去除零系数；以及
用位平面简化反离散余弦变换，其中所述位平面存储离散余弦变换块的各行/列中最后非零系数的位置，其中在VLC解码期间填充所述位平面。
6、根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，提供了两种不同版本的反离散余弦变换：一种用于8个系数的行/列，而另一种用于3个系数的行/列，其中如果行/列中所有系数均为零，则不执行反变换。
7、一种用于减少MPEG4解码复杂性的方法，包括如下步骤：
禁止AC系数的内部预测，其中从MPEG4比特流中去除表述需要AC预测的标志。
8、一种用于减少MPEG4解码复杂性的方法，包括如下步骤：
禁止运动补偿舍入控制，其中从所述MPEG4比特流中去除舍入位。
9、一种用于减少MPEG4解码复杂性的方法，包括如下步骤：
将VLC解码和反量化组合到一个步骤中，其中在系数的可变长度编码的解码之后立即进行该系数的反量化，并且其中从反量化中去除零系数。
10、一种用于减少MPEG4解码复杂性的方法，包括如下步骤：
用位平面简化反离散余弦变换，其中所述位平面存储离散余弦变换块的各行/列中的最后非零系数的位置，其中在VLC解码期间填充所述位平面。
11、根据权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，提供了两种不同版本的反离散余弦变换：一种用于8个系数的行/列而另一种用于3个系数的行/列，其中如果行/列中的所有系数均为零，则不执行反变换。
12、一种用于快速“TUV到RGB555”转换的方法，包括如下步骤：
提供转换表；以及
将表索引计算为YUV格式中的三种颜色的函数；
其中转换表单元表示与YUV格式中的颜色相对应的RGB555格式中的颜色。
13、根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，所述YUV格式表示为：
Index＝((U＞＞(8-BITS_U))＜＜(BITS_Y+BITS_V))+((V＞＞(8-BITS_V))
＜＜(BITS_V))+(Y＞＞8-BITS_Y))
其中Y、U和V为YUV格式中的8位颜色分量；而BITS_Y、BIT_U、BITS_V是用于各颜色Y、U和V的有效位数。
14、根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述索引号为(1＜＜(BITS_Y+BITS_U+BITS_V))，其中单元的大小为两字节(高字节未使用)，并且其中所述表的大小为索引数*2，即：
(1＜＜(BITS_Y+BITS_U+BITS_V+1))。
15、根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，所述用于Y颜色分量的有效位数必须大于用于U和V分量的有效位数。
16、根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，组织所述颜色变换表以在YUV 4:2:0格式图像的转换期间避免高速缓存缺失。
17、一种用于压缩b-帧的方法，包括如下步骤：
在一个块中存储几个视频帧；以及
在音频/视频流中插入大量空(长度为零)的视频块以隔开音频块。
18、根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：
对于AVI文件施加后处理应用，以在各视频帧自己的块内隔开各视频帧并且丢弃所有空的块。
19、一种用于MPEG-1层3解码算法的快速定点实施的方法，包括如下步骤：
将数据表示为高部分和低部分的和：
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh+cLow*xHigh))＞＞12)+((xLow*cLow)＞＞24)；以及
从所述和中去除一小部分。
20、根据权利要求19所述的方法，其特征在于，包括如下的高精度求和步骤：
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh+cLow*xHigh)＞＞12)。
21、根据权利要求19所述的方法，其特征在于，包括如下的中精度和低精度步骤：
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh)＞＞12)。
22、根据权利要求19所述的方法，其特征在于，包括如下实施的关于以32.24表示的常系数的简化乘法：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞6，
假设
|cfloat|＜1；
其中，如果
1.0＜|cfloat|＜2.0
则所述乘法可以执行为：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞5
其中
c＝(int)(cfloat*(1＜＜12)+0.5)，
其中，如果
1.0＜|cfloat|＜(1＜＜q)，
则使用下述形式的乘法：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞(6-q)
其中
c＝(int)(cfloat*(1＜＜(12-q))+0.5)。
23、一种用于修正反离散余弦变换的计算加速的方法，包括如下步骤：
使用变换系数的简化乘法。
24、根据权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于，对于36点和12点的反离散余弦变换，绝对值小于1的变换系数以32.15格式表示，用该系数的乘法为：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞6，
以及，其中对于绝对值大于1的变换系数，用该系数的乘法为：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞(6-q)。
25、根据权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于，对于64点的反离散余弦变换(综合函数)，所有的变换系数具有小于1的绝对值并且以32.15格式表示，用该系数的乘法为：
y＝((x＞＞6)*c)＞＞6。
26、根据权利要求23所述的方法，其特征在于，对于高精度模式下的反离散余弦变换计算，用该系数的乘法为：
y＝xHigh*cHigh+((xLow*cHigh)＞＞12)。
27、一种用于在音频/视频解码器中最后加窗操作的计算加速的方法，包括如下步骤：
通过下述方法任意之一计算输出采样的卷积：
使用比例可调整的转置窗表；
优化卷积循环；
减小窗表。
28、一种用于压缩/解压缩设备的多媒体文件格式，所述文件格式持有高压缩的数字视频、音频、图形和导航数据，所述文件格式包括：
用于多媒体文件存储媒介的主配置文件，其详细说明媒介、主导航脚本文件名以及使用的解码引擎；
多路传输的压缩的视频/音频流；
包括压缩的位图的菜单子图片；
用于视频章节的导航脚本，其详细说明多个章节播放的顺序；以及
菜单文件，其通过详细说明用于菜单项目的子图片、指向章节的指针等描述菜单表示和功能。
29、根据权利要求28所述的文件格式，其特征在于，使用基于Blowfish算法的高安全加密方案保护以所述多媒体文件格式编码的多媒体免于未被授权的复制。
30、根据权利要求29所述的文件格式，其特征在于，利用健壮的随机数发生器产生多个不同的密钥，其中对所述密钥进行加扰，并且其中所述密钥存储在系统内部存储器的不同偏移位置处。
31、根据权利要求30所述的文件格式，其特征在于，使用不同的密钥加密预先记录的内容、下载的内容以及代码更新。
32、一种用于便携式设备的多媒体加密方法，包括如下步骤：
在SD或MMC存储卡上存储预先记录的内容，所述存储卡含有存储在该卡保护区域中的唯一卡密钥；
在便携式设备内部存储器中存储播放器密钥，其中通过所述唯一卡密钥修改所述播放器密钥以产生新的密钥；以及
在向所述存储卡中存储所述内容之前用所述新密钥加密所述内容；
其中利用高安全加密算法防止在所述存储卡上以所述多媒体文件格式编码的多媒体免于未被授权的复制；以及
其中在不知道所述播放器密钥、所述卡密钥以及所述加密算法的情况下，所述内容不能被复制到其它存储卡上并且不能被重放。
33、一种用于便携式设备的多媒体加密算法，包括如下步骤：
用单独的播放器密钥加密缩下载的内容，其中由唯一的播放器ID修改所述播放器密钥；
在下载所述内容之前向内容服务器上传所述播放器ID；
在下载之后，将所述内容复制到SD或MMC存储卡；
其中利用高安全加密算法防止在所述存储卡上以所述多媒体文件格式编码的多媒体免于未被授权的复制；以及
其中在不知道所述播放器密钥、所述新的播放器ID以及所述加密算法的情况下，所述内容不能被复制到其它存储卡上并且不能在不同的便携式设备上重放。
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