CN1860646A - 用于在阵列天线的辐射图上以中频执行数字束形成的方法和系统 - Google Patents

用于在阵列天线的辐射图上以中频执行数字束形成的方法和系统 Download PDF

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CN1860646A
CN1860646A CNA200380110615XA CN200380110615A CN1860646A CN 1860646 A CN1860646 A CN 1860646A CN A200380110615X A CNA200380110615X A CN A200380110615XA CN 200380110615 A CN200380110615 A CN 200380110615A CN 1860646 A CN1860646 A CN 1860646A
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intermediate frequency
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weight coefficient
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弗兰西斯克·科彼
毛瑞兹奥·克罗佐利
丹尼奥·迪司科
瑞纳托·斯考迪
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Pirelli and C SpA
Telecom Italia SpA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2605Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842Weighted combining
    • H04B7/086Weighted combining using weights depending on external parameters, e.g. direction of arrival [DOA], predetermined weights or beamforming
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0408Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas using two or more beams, i.e. beam diversity

Abstract

一种用于在阵列天线(34)的辐射图上执行数字束形成的方法,该阵列天线包括多个天线元件(34a-34c),每个天线元件耦合到信号处理链,所述方法包括其中对相应的信号处理链内的数字信号至少施加复数权重系数(Wr,Wi)的加权阶段,其特征在于,所述数字信号是中频数字信号(SIF,SIF W),并且所述加权阶段包括以下步骤:a)将所述数字信号复制成第一和第二数字信号;b)通过以下操作处理所述第一和第二数字信号:分别用所述复数权重系数的实部(Wr)和虚部(Wi)乘(15,17)所述第一和第二数字信号;对已乘以所述复数权重系数的虚部(Wi)的该信号施加Hilbert变换(14);c)通过从所述第一信号中减去所述第二信号将所述处理后的第一和第二数字信号组合(18)成加权数字中频信号(SIF;SIF W)。

Description

用于在阵列天线的辐射图上以中频 执行数字束形成的方法和系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于通过数字处理以中频(IF)控制阵列天线的辐射图的方法和系统。
只要在需要束成形能力时阵列天线是非常有吸引力的解决方法。阵列天线内的束形控制可通过处理收发信机链的不同级处的信号实现。
即使阵列天线具有许多应用领域,但是移动通信是优选的但不是唯一的领域。实际上,在移动通信系统中,调节小区边界和大小的能力无疑是主要关键因素,尤其是在可从中央位置远程执行调节的情况下。作为示例,允许及时有效地应对在市区内通常存在的业务空间分配周期性,以及基于CDMA的网络的小区喘息效应。
背景技术
目前,可通过通常利用控制执行模拟射频(RF)处理的无源器件的电动机械致动器改变天线的束倾斜来获得小区大小调节。但是,此解决方法存在许多缺陷,例如其束成形能力的通用性差。
为了克服前述方法的局限性,可采用数字束成形技术。
根据经典电磁理论,平面或直线阵列天线辐射的束的形状可写成:
E ‾ ( r ‾ ) = E ‾ 0 ( r ‾ ) F ( r ^ )
其中, E 0( r)是每个天线元件辐射的电磁场, r是空间向量,
Figure A20038011061500062
是其方向相应于空间向量 r的单模向量,而
Figure A20038011061500063
是天线的阵列因子。一旦选定基本辐射元件( E 0( r)),则通过仅对阵列因子操作就可完全控制辐射图的形状。
对于由等间隔的元件构成的均匀直线阵列(ULA),阵列因子的表达式如下:
F ( α ) = Σ n = 0 N - 1 w n exp [ j k 0 nd cos ( α ) ]
其中,k0=2π/λ是波数,λ是波长,d是元件间的间距,α是观察方向而wn=wrn+jwin=|wn|exp(j∠wn),其是阵列的第n个馈送(feed)因数或权重,允许对阵列因子形状进行完全控制(从而控制天线辐射的场的束形状)。
专用于实现束成形的技术可分为两类主要的方法:射频(RF)处理和基带(BB)处理。
如果考虑射频(RF)处理,通常是模拟处理,则通过能够修改到/来自每个辐射元件的RF信号的幅值(RF放大器)和相位(RF移相器)的RF元件来加权。
文献WO 03/015212说明了一种有源相位阵列天线系统,在该系统中束形成器可操作以处理模拟射频信号或模拟中频信号。使用对模拟信号操作的可编程电子功率分配器和移相器,以便控制每个天线元件的幅值和相位。实现为Butler矩阵的移相器尤其是相当复杂的系统,其在基站或收发信机终端内的实现和集成可能是复杂的。
另一方面,如果考虑通常是数字的基带(BB)信号处理,则通常通过(在上行链路和下行链路)用合适的复数系数乘每个阵列元件处的数字化的基带复数信号来实现束形成。图1内示出现有技术的数字束形成基带处理(下行链路)的一个示例。
在下行链路内,如果考虑一般的第n个阵列元件,则与其相关的复数包络信号为:
S BBn w = w n S ~ ( t )
其中, S ~ ( t ) = i ( t ) + jq ( t ) 是输入信号的复数包络。
因此,参照图1的图示,基带数字处理仅执行用复数系数wn乘复数输入信号
Figure A20038011061500074
的乘法2。一旦到天线的输入信号被加权,则然后是通过下行链路无线的标准步骤:通过中频(IF)变换4上变换6到射频(RF)和图1内未示出的高功率放大。
图1的框图对于所谓的零中频技术也有效,在该技术中在假设fIF=f0以及fΔ=0的前提下基带信号直接上变换到RF(f0)。
例如,文献US 6052085和US 2002/154687内说明了应用于基带信号的数字束形成技术。
上述文献内所述的对基带信号操作的技术隐含了要非常了解在处理链中如何组织和处理相应于基带信号的数据。实际上,通常并尤其对于电信设备,这是制造商的秘密和内部信息。此外,如果必须实现远程控制,则必须使用相同制造商的设备。
申请人已解决在阵列天线的辐射图上有效地执行束成形的问题,所述束成形仅对数字信号操作。
申请人观察到数字束形成技术比模拟技术有效得多并且成本效率高得多。
鉴于上述,本发明的一个目的是提供一种有效的可应用于数字化的中频信号的束成形技术。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种克服前文提到的现有技术的设置的缺陷的设置。
根据本发明,该目的通过一种具有所附权利要求内阐述的特征的方法和系统实现。
本发明还涉及一种包含本发明的系统的相应的基站收发信机,和一种计算机程序产品,该计算机程序产品可加载在至少一个计算机的存储器内并包括用于执行本发明的方法的软件代码部分。
申请人已发现,束形成可通过利用施加到阵列天线的数字信号处理的所有能力来处理数字中频信号而获得,从而得到的束形状可与通过更共用的基带或射频信号处理得到的束形状相同。
申请人已证实,假设同一信号已事先复制成两个相同分量,第一分量进行Hilbert变换操作,而第二分量被延时以便保持其与第一分量临时对准,则可将加权系数施加到中频信号。
尽管通常对出于保密原因制造商通常不允许访问的基带信号执行数字束形成,但是本发明根据与独立于OEM的并且非侵入的方法仅管理中频信号。中频信号的选择可被认为是独立于制造商的选择,这样使得本方法可应用于其中实现中频级的每种束形成系统。
附图说明
图1是现有技术的数字束形成基带处理系统的示例性示意图;
图2是根据本发明实现的数字束形成处理系统的第一示例性示意图;
图3是根据本发明实现的数字束形成处理系统的第二示例性示意图;
图4是根据本发明实现的基站收发信机内的信号处理链的一部分的功能框图;
图5是根据本发明实现的基站收发信机的下行链路级内的数字束形成处理系统的框图;
图6是根据本发明实现的基站收发信机的上行链路级内的数字束形成处理系统的框图;
图7是包含根据本发明实现的数字束形成处理系统的基站收发信机的第一示例性框图;
图8是包含根据本发明实现的数字束形成处理系统的基站收发信机的第二示例性框图;以及
图9是包含根据本发明实现的数字束形成处理系统的基站收发信机的第三示例性框图。
具体实施方式
图2内示出根据本发明实现的数字束形成处理系统的第一示例性示意图。通过束形成块10a处理例如是由基带输入信号 S ~ ( t ) = i ( t ) + jq ( t ) 通过上变换12获得的中频IF信号SIF,以便获得输出加权IF信号SIF w。然后,输出信号SIF w根据公知技术被上变换19到射频信号SRF
下面将详细说明束形成块10a的操作。馈送给阵列天线的第n个天线元件的中心在频率fIF的SIF w信号可表示为:
S IFn w ( t ) = Re { w n s ~ ( t ) exp ( j 2 π f IF t ) }
其中,wn是第n个复数权重,而 S ~ ( t ) = i ( t ) + jq ( t ) 是IF信号的复数包络。前面的等式可重写为:
S IFn w ( t ) = w rn Re { s ~ ( t ) exp ( j 2 π f IF t ) } + w in Re { s ~ ( t ) exp ( j 2 π f IF t + π / 2 ) }
= w rn Re { s ~ ( t ) exp ( j 2 π f IF t ) } - w in Im { s ~ ( t ) exp ( j 2 π f IF t ) }
其中,未加权IF信号及其Hilbert变换分别乘以wn的实部和虚部。因此,加权IF信号可表示为:
S IFn w ( t ) = w rn s IF ( t ) - w in H { s IF ( t ) }
其中
s IF ( t ) = Re { s ~ ( t ) exp ( j 2 π f IF t ) } 是未加权的实IF信号,而H{·}是Hilbert变换运算符。
参照图2,通过两个信号处理子链并行复制和处理SIF信号。Hilbert变换块16对SIF信号进行Hilbert变换,此后在块17内,变换后的信号乘以复数权重系数的虚部Wi。在第二信号处理子链内,在块14,SIF信号被延迟预定的时间以便使该信号与相应的变换后的信号临时对准,并然后在块15内,乘以复数权重系数的实部Wr
然后,利用减法器18,通过从已乘以复数权重系数的实部Wr的信号中减去已乘以该权重系数的虚部Wi的信号,将这两个信号组合成加权数字IF信号SIF w
由于Hilbert变换的线性特性,可如图3所示得到前面说明的束形成块10a的可选择实施例10b,其中:被复制的SIF信号首先分别在块15和17内乘以复数权重系数的实部Wr和虚部Wi;然后,块15输出的信号被延迟14,而块17输出的信号被Hilbert变换16;减法器18如前文参照图2所述地将这两个信号组合成加权数字IF信号SIF w
块10a或块10b均可用于将输入信号SIF变换成其加权版本SIF w。为了优化,块10a可用于基站的下行链路信号处理级,而块10b可用于基站的上行链路信号处理级。这样,实际上,基站收发信机的结构可通过仅在每一级使用一个Hilbert变换器而大大简化。
在现有技术的设置内,以IF操作的块10a和10b内使用的权重系数可以是与用于基带或射频处理权重系数相同的权重系数。
图4示出在基站收发信机内的信号处理链的一部分的功能框图。根据前文所述方法操作的下行线路束形成模块30将IF信号SIF变换成多个加权IF信号SIF w1..SIF WN,并对该加权信号进行到相应的RF信号SRF 1..SRF N的上变换,下文将参照图5对此进行详细说明。
然后,用块32a..32c处理射频信号SRF 1..SRF N,在这些块中它们被滤波36以便消除寄生分量,并然后刚好在到达双工器40和相应的天线元件34a..34c之前被放大38。该双工器允许上行和下行线路使用相同天线。
在上行链路内,通过双工器40从每个天线元件34a..34c接收到的信号被滤波42以便减小噪声影响,并然后在到达上行束形成模块50之前被放大44,下文将参照图6对此详细说明。
参照图5,IF信号SIF被分成两个同样的信号,第一信号在块62内被延迟以与第二信号临时对准,该第二信号被Hilbert变换器64处理,该变换器是例如专门设计的数字滤波器。这两个信号——分别为SIF和HIF——然后通过分路器66复制N次。然后该对SIF、HIF的每个复制品均乘以相应的权重的实部和虚部。然后,它们在块70a..70n内相减,从而得到加权信号SIF w1..SIF WN,该加权信号通过D/A变换器变换为模拟信号。需要最后的通过块69a..69n的上变换以得到输出RF信号SRF 1..SRF N
参照图6,从图4内的块32a..32c接收到的RF信号SRF 1..SRF N在块79a..79n内被下变换到IF,然后得到的信号通过A/D变换器77a..77n被数字化,并分成两个复制品。信号对的每个复制品经受加权操作75a..75n,并且来自所有N个分支78a..78n的分量在到达共用的Hilbert变换块74和共用的延迟块72之前通过第一加法器76和第二加法器77求和。然后,这两个信号在块80相减以获得加权IF信号SIF w
图7、8和9示出包含根据本发明实现的用于在阵列天线的辐射图上执行数字束形成的系统的基站收发信机(BTS)的三个示例性框图。基站收发信机BTS示意性地包括通过链路95耦合到核心网络的中央部件90,和通过链路97例如缆线(电的,例如同轴电缆,或光的,例如光纤缆线)或多条缆线连接到中央部件90的天线部件93。基站包括基带处理模块92、用于将BB信号变换到IF信号并且反之亦然的第一变换模块94(BBIF),根据本发明对IF信号操作的束形成模块96,用于将IF信号变换为RF信号并且反之亦然的第二变换模块98(IFRF),和多个天线元件100。
在图7的示例性框图内,束形成模块96并入天线部件93内,该天线部件通过链路97接收来自中央部件90的IF信号。
在图8的示例性框图内,中央部件90包括束形成模块96,该模块通过多条链路1..N连接到第二变换模块98(IFRF),每条链路用于一个天线元件100。
在图9内所示的第三示例性框图内,束形成模块96和第二变换模块98(IFRF)都并入中央部件90,该中央部件通过多条链路1..N连接到天线部件100,每条链路用于一个天线元件100。

Claims (18)

1.一种用于在阵列天线(34)的辐射图上执行数字束形成的方法,该阵列天线包括多个天线元件(34a-34c),每个天线元件耦合到信号处理链,所述方法包括其中对相应的信号处理链内的数字信号至少施加复数权重系数(Wr,Wi)的加权阶段,其特征在于,所述数字信号是中频数字信号(SIF,SIF W),并且所述加权阶段包括以下步骤:
a)将所述数字信号复制成第一和第二数字信号;
b)通过以下操作处理所述第一和第二数字信号:
-分别用所述复数权重系数的实部(Wr)和虚部(Wi)乘(15,17)所述第一和第二数字信号;
-对已乘以所述复数权重系数的虚部(Wi)的所述信号施加Hilbert变换(14);
c)通过从所述第一信号减去所述第二信号将所述处理后的第一和第二数字信号组合(18)成加权数字中频信号(SIF;SIF W)。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,所述施加Hilbert变换(14)的步骤在所述用所述复数权重系数的实部(Wr)和虚部(Wi)乘(15,17)所述第一和第二数字信号的步骤之前执行。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述处理步骤包括:
-使乘以所述复数权重系数的虚部(Wr)的所述第一信号延时(14)预定时间,以便使该信号与所述第二信号临时对准。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其特征在于,对于在相应的信号处理链内并行处理的多个中频数字信号公共地执行所述对所述第二信号施加Hilbert变换(16)的步骤和所述使所述第一信号延时(14)的步骤。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其特征在于,在每个天线元件(34a-34c)的信号处理链上使用相应的权重系数(Wrn,Win)独立地执行所述分别用所述复数权重系数的实部(Wr)和虚部(Wi)乘(15,17)所述第一和第二数字信号的步骤。
6.一种用于在阵列天线(34)的辐射图上执行数字束形成的系统,所述阵列天线包括多个天线元件(34a-34c),每个天线元件适于耦合到适合于对数字信号至少施加相应复数权重系数(Wr,Wi)的信号处理链,其特征在于,所述数字信号是中频数字信号(SIF;SIF W),并且所述系统包括:
-对所述中频数字信号(SIF;SIF W)操作的第一信号处理子链(14,15),其包括用于用所述复数权重系数的实部(Wr)乘所述中频数字信号的第一乘法器(15);
-与所述第一信号处理子链(14,15)并行地对所述中频数字信号(SIF;SIF W)操作的第二信号处理子链(16,17),其包括:
-用于对所述中频数字信号施加Hilbert变换的Hilbert变换块(16);
-用于用所述复数权重系数的虚部(Wi)乘所述中频数字信号的第二乘法器(17);
所述Hilbert变换块(16)和所述第二乘法器(17)对所述中频数字信号级联地操作;
-减法器(18),该减法器用于从所述第一信号处理子链(14,15)处理后的信号中减去所述第二信号处理子链(16,17)处理后的信号,从而获得加权数字中频信号(SIF;SIF W)。
7.根据权利要求6的系统,其特征在于,所述Hilbert变换块(16)在所述中频数字信号到达所述第二乘法器(17)之前处理该信号。
8.根据权利要求6的系统,其特征在于,所述第二乘法器(17)在所述中频数字信号到达所述Hilbert变换块(16)之前处理该信号。
9.根据权利要求6的系统,其特征在于,所述第一信号处理子链(14,15)还包括延时块(14),该延时块与所述第一乘法器(15)级联地对所述中频数字信号操作。
10.根据权利要求9的系统,其特征在于,所述延时块(14)在所述中频数字信号到达所述第一乘法器(15)之前处理该信号。
11.根据权利要求9的系统,其特征在于,所述第一乘法器(15)在所述中频数字信号到达所述延时块(14)之前处理该信号。
12.根据权利要求9的系统,其特征在于,该系统包括下行链路束形成模块(50),该下行链路束形成模块包括:
-多个第二信号处理子链间共享的Hilbert变换块(64);
-多个第一信号处理子链间共享的延时块(62);
-分路器(66),该分路器用于复制来自所述Hilbert变换块(64)和所述延时块(62)的输出信号,并馈送给所述多个第一和第二信号处理子链内的相应的第一和第二乘法器;
-多个减法器(70a-70n),用于从每个第一信号处理子链处理后的信号中减去由相应的第二信号处理子链处理后的信号,从而获得加权数字中频信号(SIF W)。
13.根据权利要求9的系统,其特征在于,该系统包括上行链路束形成模块(30),该上行链路束形成模块包括:
-多个第二信号处理子链间共享的Hilbert变换块(74);
-多个第一信号处理子链间共享的延时块(72);
-第一加法器(76),其对来自所述多个第一信号处理子链内的多个第一乘法器的分量求和,并馈送给所述延时块(72);
-第二加法器(77),其对来自所述多个第二信号处理子链内的多个第二乘法器的分量求和,并馈送给所述Hilbert变换块(74);
-减法器(80),该减法器用于从所述延时块(72)处理后的信号中减去由所述Hilbert变换块(74)处理后的信号,从而获得加权数字中频信号(SIF W)。
14.一种移动通信网络内的基站收发信机(BTS),包括用于在阵列天线的辐射图上执行数字束形成的系统(96),其特征在于所述系统是根据权利要求6到13中的任何一个实现的。
15.根据权利要求14的基站收发信机(BTS),其特征在于,其包括中央部件(90)和天线部件(93),所述天线部件(93)通过链路(97)连接到所述中央部件(90),其中用于执行数字束形成的所述系统(96)位于所述天线部件(93)内。
16.根据权利要求15的基站收发信机(BTS),其特征在于,所述链路(17)是光纤缆线。
17.根据权利要求14的基站收发信机(BTS),其特征在于,其包括中央部件(90)和天线部件(93),所述天线部件(93)通过链路(97)连接到所述中央部件(90),其中用于执行数字束形成的所述系统(96)位于所述中央部件(90)内。
18.一种计算机程序产品,可加载到至少一个计算机的存储器内并包括用于执行根据权利要求1-5中的任何一个的步骤的软件代码部分。
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