CN1723623A - Method for processing digital data values - Google Patents
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- CN1723623A CN1723623A CNA2003801054776A CN200380105477A CN1723623A CN 1723623 A CN1723623 A CN 1723623A CN A2003801054776 A CNA2003801054776 A CN A2003801054776A CN 200380105477 A CN200380105477 A CN 200380105477A CN 1723623 A CN1723623 A CN 1723623A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L19/0017—Lossless audio signal coding; Perfect reconstruction of coded audio signal by transmission of coding error
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
- H03M7/40—Conversion to or from variable length codes, e.g. Shannon-Fano code, Huffman code, Morse code
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D9/00—Recording measured values
- G01D9/005—Solid-state data loggers
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for processing digital data values, according to which a differential value is formed from a respective current digital data value and a respective predicted value with the aid of a predictor method, compressed values being generated from the differential values in a Rice process that succeeds the predictor method. The aim of the invention is to carry out said method relatively rapidly. To achieve this, the respective predicted value is obtained using a signal model, which describes the expected temporal progression of the digital data values.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method that is used to handle digital data value, wherein, from each current digital data value and from each predicted value, set up difference, and from these differences, produce compressed value in the RICE method after this fallout predictor method by means of a kind of fallout predictor method.
Background technology
For the professional, a kind of like this method is for example by disclosing by the internet address that http://www.monkeysaudio.com/theory.html (calling on November 13rd, 2002) calls.In this network address, explained how can digital audio-frequency data be compressed by means of fallout predictor method and RICE method subsequently in order to compress purpose.In order to calculate predicted value required in the fallout predictor method, adopt respectively to abut against current voice data value voice data value before.
In addition, in adjusting and control, usually the measured value of running (for example making and transfer process) is gathered according to digital form, and offered follow-up processing as output information to industrial equipment.Follow-up processing for example can be the adjusting again of procedure parameter.At this, often the measured value the gathered form according to digital data value or digital measured value must be transmitted between different technical equipment, perhaps store for processing subsequently.Transmit required data volume in order to reduce to be used for the digital measurement data, combine with regulating, the digital measurement data were compressed by means of digital data compression before transmitting by document WO 01/91081 disclosed liquid level.Can reduce required bandwidth in data transmit in this manner.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is that a kind of method relatively rapidly that is used for the compressed digital-data value is provided.
According to the present invention, above-mentioned technical problem is to begin the method that part mentions type by this paper to solve like this, that is, and and the signal model that changes by means of a kind of time of describing the digital data value expection and obtain corresponding predicted value.
Utilize the present invention to be, significantly reduced memory space requirements with higher speed for determined compressed value from digital data value by means of the method that is proposed with respect to the major advantage that prior art realized.Therefore, can digital data value in real time, promptly be right after after it is gathered according to this mode with losing and compress.The predicted value that is identified for the fallout predictor method as far as possible rapidly and reliably is following realization, that is, be suitable for describing when carrying out the fallout predictor method on the basis of the signal model that time of digital data value changes and determining this predicted value.By using the sort signal model, predicted value can be used for setting up difference, and do not need according to previous data value carry out corresponding calculating and therefore not free on delay.
Can reduce space requirement in the memory with respect to unpressed data value.Reducing in the method that is proposed of memory space requirements is to utilize that minimum computing capability realizes in the processing of value to digital data, because only need simple calculating operation, for example adds, subtracts and bit manipulation.This point makes given method also can be used to handle digital data value in the technical equipment that computing capability only is provided with limited scale by means of suitable processor.Do not offer other function, the demand of computing capability of compression has been minimized.
Make according to the compression of method of the present invention and only to eliminate the data that do not comprise information at this.Therefore, can when decompressing, once more fully, produce to loss the digital measurement data.
According to a kind of execution mode of method of the present invention, at the SIN function that has constant cycle and corresponding harmonic wave thereof or cosine function, decay e function or have on the decay basis of e function, determine described signal model as the SIN function of envelope.Can especially promptly determine corresponding predicted value according to advantageous manner in this manner, because needn't carry out other calculating.
Begin the method that part is mentioned type from this paper, the another kind of solution of above-mentioned technical problem is, according to the present invention, from periodic signal, obtain digital data value, and use the digital data value of gathering in the previous cycle of current digital data value at least as the corresponding predicted value under the corresponding current digital data value.Be used for predicted value by being worth the data value of gathering in the previous cycle in current data respectively, can advantageously remain required computing capability very little.The calculating operation that needn't add, thus this method can be implemented fast.
In order to improve the precision of corresponding predicted value, except the digital data value of just gathering in the previous cycle of corresponding current digital data value, the digital data value that other integral multiple before corresponding current digital data value can also be gathered in the cycle is used to form corresponding predicted value.These data values can be by the simple mathematical function, it is average for example to ask and/or weighting mutually combines, thereby can remain required for this reason computing capability very little.
In a kind of preferred expansion according to the inventive method, in described RICE method, with definite overflowing by the real data width that will deduct this difference by means of the data width of the current difference of RICE predicted value prediction, compare with the boundary value that can be scheduled to, and, if this overflows and has surpassed this boundary value then this difference is exported as compressed value according to predetermined maximum data width.The remarkable advantage of this expansion is, for the continuous difference with regard to its data width surging, only can effectively use the RICE method, promptly just use this method under very for a short time condition of overflowing.Under the situation that height overflows, with of the predetermined data width output of corresponding compressed value according to maximum.
In addition, in a kind of preferred expansion of the inventive method, described compressed value is transmitted section by data to be transmitted, and utilize the RICE coding/decoding method from compressed value, to obtain this difference once more subsequently, and from this difference and corresponding predicted value, pass through to determine digital data value according to reverse fallout predictor method addition.At this, the measured value that transmits compression by data transmission segment had both comprised wired transfer approach, comprised that again wireless transfer approach, for example radio transmit.According to this expansion, can preferably decompress to compressed value in place away from compression position.For example, compressed value can be sent to central computer from the field apparatus of industrial plants by data/address bus, this central computer after compressed value is decompressed to digital data value analyze.
For simplify compressed value with reprocessing or in order to transmit additional information, one of the present invention preferred embodiment can be provided with a data for described compressed value.
According to method of the present invention another preferred embodiment, digital data value is made of the input measurement parameter of field apparatus.At this, field apparatus can for example be interpreted as protection and/or the control technology equipment that uses usually in industry (for example energy technologies, chemistry or oil) facility.With wherein compare for the compressed digital-data value has near any long-time operational Audiotechnica, at the scene in the equipment since limited calculating and storage capacity must especially promptly compress.Therefore, can particularly advantageously obtain using at this according to method of the present invention.
In addition, also can be preferably with the protection in the energy technologies facility and/or control technology equipment as field apparatus.
Description of drawings
The present invention is further illustrated according to execution mode below.Among the figure:
Fig. 1 represents to be used to explain the schematic diagram of the method that value is to digital data compressed,
Fig. 2 represents to be used to explain the schematic diagram of the method that the digital data value that compresses is decompressed.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 shows one and is used to explain the method schematic diagram that the digital data value that utilizes the field apparatus that do not illustrate to gather is compressed.
Because digital data value should constitute according to (simulation) input measurement parameter of field apparatus in the execution mode that illustrates, be referred to as the digital measurement data below.
Gather according to the measured value that common mode converts the digital measurement data to by means of 1 pair of measurement mechanism.For these digital measurement data are handled, at first carry out a kind of fallout predictor method.This fallout predictor method is a part that is used for processing procedure that digital measurement data is compressed.At this, be identified for the predicted value of these digital measurement data by means of predictor device 2.
By means of the fallout predictor method, by from digital measurement data and suitable predicted value through subtracting each other the formation difference, at first reduced the required data width (bit number) of expression digital measurement data.At this, employed predicted value should make that the as far as possible little difference of formation is used as the result when setting up difference as much as possible near actual digital measurement data.Then, utilization continues to handle than the obvious littler difference of digital measurement data with regard to required data width.
In order to be formed for the predicted value of fallout predictor method, can use a kind of signal model, this signal model is for example based on SIN function or cosine function and corresponding harmonic wave, decay e function or have the SIN function of decay e function as envelope.They are respectively to utilize very little cost to represent and function that handle and partial periodicity on the computing technique.When foundation is used for determining the signal model of predicted value, investigate before current digital measurement data to be compressed, gather in preceding digital measurement data.In order to form this signal model, suitable this distinctive characteristic in preceding digital measurement data that is to use is as amplitude, Cycle Length and attenuation characteristic.These characteristics can utilize simple calculating operation to calculate, and however can also determine predicted value relatively reliably.
Under the simplest situation, also can with just what a before this collection period in preceding digital measurement data without change as predicted value.If the measured value of being gathered have cyclophysis and therefore the digital measurement data also have cyclophysis, situation about in energy technologies equipment, often occurring for example, then especially can take last that describe, wherein with reference to a measure at preceding collection period.When utilizing the fallout predictor method that digital measurement data is handled first, be necessary for first predicted value initial value is provided.
According to Fig. 1, transmit (10) and (20) to substracting unit 3 with the digital measurement data of measurement mechanism 1 with by predictor device 2 corresponding definite predicted values, will cut the digital measurement data of predicted value under each thereon.Form difference as the result who subtracts each other, this difference is sent to the device 4 that is used to carry out the RICE method then.
By this known RICE method, the professional can obtain its details (for example with reference to http://www.monkeysaudio.com/theory.html from document, call on November 13rd, 2002), reduced data width, thereby produced and exported (40) compressed value at last as the formed difference of result of fallout predictor method.
In order to transmit and store this difference, can use same data width respectively.This data width must be at least corresponding to the maximum possible data width of difference.But because usually in the difference of front and back required data width be not constant, and may be from a difference fluctuation to next difference, therefore transmit and wasted during saved differences the memory space that can not ignore in data width with maximum.Further explained in below the example of this point: transmit three differences according to numeral, promptly 11010110,1101 and 10110.When using constant data width to transmit, must use the maximum data width of the difference that is occurred, be 8 (data widths of first difference) at this.Therefore, three differences transmit according to 110101100000110100010110 form.That adds in the maximum data width in order to transmit less difference (1101,10110) zero has unnecessarily wasted memory space, because there not be to transmit the information of adding.
Provide method on a kind of algorithm by means of the RICE method, the difference that this method will be produced by the fallout predictor method is according to suitable mode, promptly the mode according to the optimal Storage space is encoded to compressed value.The basic ideas of RICE method are, according to the data width of difference coupling difference being compressed respectively.In order to separate the information that in too small data width, can not represent by compressed value that from difference, obtains successively and coding, introduced so-called RICE sign indicating number.This names a person for a particular job and makes an explanation below.
For the RICE method, the anticipatory data width of each difference of back is needed the RICE predicted value.Then, the compressed value that will produce by means of the RICE method is generally according to utilizing RICE predicted value data predicted width to store.If the data width of the difference that is produced according to previous fallout predictor method has then been encoded in the RICE sign indicating number and overflowed (the peak bit that can not represent again) in institute's data predicted width greater than utilizing RICE predicted value institute data predicted width.The RICE sign indicating number comprises a plurality of binary value 0 and last binary value 1 that directly overflowed generation by this.Under the condition that obtains a compressed value, directly RICE sign indicating number and an end value that produces from corresponding difference under the condition of considering the prediction data width are mutually combined.
RICE predicted value for data width is produced by the data width value in preceding digital measurement data that ascertains the number, and wherein, basis to the time gap of the RICE predicted value of current estimation is carried out different weightings to this in preceding digital measurement data in case of necessity.
Cross at the real data width of corresponding difference and to depart from greatly when utilizing RICE predicted value data predicted width, the RICE method is invalid.For this reason, the RICE method was only used before arriving a definite difference between prediction and the actual data width.If surpassed this boundary value in the method, then use maximum data width to replace the RICE predicted value.Utilize one of the RICE sign indicating number under normal circumstances (to surpass boundary value) absent variable particular value comes mark to surpass boundary value.
In order further to explain compression method, below with reference to three differences of following successively, they for example can be expressed as the numerical order of first binary value (11001110110), second binary value (10110) and the 3rd binary value (1101111).Provide for the RICE predicted value of data width each data width in preceding difference by corresponding binary value.Boundary value between the real data width of corresponding binary value and the RICE predicted value of prediction or the maximum difference that allows are 4, and wherein maximum transmissible data width is 16.Under the condition of these hypothesis,, then be created in the relation of expression in the table 1 if first binary value is transmitted by its actual data width.
Table 1
Be that second binary value (10110) is determined compressed value
| Value | Explanation | |
| The RICE predicted value of data width | 11 | The real data width of first binary value 11001110110 |
| The real data width | 5 | The real data width of second binary value 10110 |
| Overflow | ||
| The RICE sign indicating number | Binary one | Nothing is overflowed, and finishes with 1 |
| End value | Binary Zero 0000010110 | According to second binary value according to RICE predicted value data predicted width |
| Compressed value | Binary one 00000010110 | RICE sign indicating number+value according to the data predicted width |
Code for the 3rd binary value (1101111)
| Value | Explanation | |
| The RICE predicted value of data width | 5 | The real data width of second binary value 10110 |
| The real data width | 7 | The real data width of the 3rd binary value 1101111 |
| Overflow | Binary one 1, the decimal system 3 | 2, binary one 1, the decimal system 3 |
| The RICE sign indicating number | Binary Zero 001 | By the number that provides zero according to overflowing of decimal representation, finish with 1 |
| End value | Binary Zero 1111 | The 3rd binary value that does not have two highest orders |
| Compressed value | Binary Zero 0101111 | RICE sign indicating number+end value |
That is, the bit sequence as the second and the 3rd binary value produces 10000001011000101111.In order relatively to mention, under the condition of not using the RICE method, utilize the maximum data width (11 that occurs, the data width of first binary value) produces 0000001011000001101111 as bit sequence for the second and the 3rd binary value, i.e. 22 rather than by using the RICE method to be produced 20.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram that is used to explain decompression.At this, move according to opposite mode in conjunction with the method that Fig. 2 explains.Compressed value is delivered to RICE device 20 (100).Result as the RICE coding/decoding method of implementing by means of RICE device 20 obtains difference again, this difference in adder 21 be used for the predicted value fallout predictor method, that produce by predictor device 22 and merge (200) and (300), make and export digital measurement data (400) at last again.When decompressing the initial value of (with reference to figure 2) predicted value must otherwise consistent regularly with the predicted value that is used to compress (with reference to figure 1), or together transmit in company with compressed value.
In order to be the processing of practical application optimization, can a data be set for compressed value for compressed value in industrial equipment, particularly energy technologies equipment.These data for example can comprise data width about difference, difference quantity, be used for the fallout predictor method corresponding predicted value type and parameter and be used for the type of corresponding RICE predicted value of data width (RICE coding method) and the information of parameter.In addition, can also comprise information about the initial value of the predicted value that is used for the fallout predictor method and/or RICE predicted value.
By means of the compression that the method for describing in conjunction with Fig. 1 is carried out, can directly after gathering digital measured value, carry out in real time.Decompression for the value of being compressed then can preferably just be carried out before this application for other application, wherein (decompression) digital measurement data can for example be used in for show or the application of emulation in.
Claims (8)
1. method that is used to handle digital data value, wherein, by means of the fallout predictor method from each current digital data value and from each predicted value, set up difference, and from these differences, produce compressed value in the RICE method after this fallout predictor method, it is characterized in that the signal model that changes by means of a kind of time of describing the expection of this digital data value and obtain corresponding predicted value.
2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, at the SIN function that has constant cycle and corresponding harmonic wave thereof or cosine function, decay e function or have on the decay basis of e function as the SIN function of envelope, determines described signal model.
3. method that is used to handle digital data value, wherein, by means of the fallout predictor method from each current digital data value and from each predicted value, set up difference, and from these differences, produce compressed value in the RICE method after this fallout predictor method, it is characterized in that, from periodic signal, obtain digital data value, and use the digital data value of gathering in the previous cycle of current digital data value at least as the corresponding predicted value under the corresponding current digital data value.
4. each described method in requiring according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that, in described RICE method, with definite overflowing by the real data width that will deduct this difference by means of the data width of the current difference of RICE predicted value prediction, compare with the boundary value that can be scheduled to, and, if this overflows and has surpassed this boundary value then this difference is exported as compressed value according to predetermined maximum data width.
5. each described method in requiring according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that, described compressed value is transmitted section by data to be transmitted, and utilize the RICE coding/decoding method from this compressed value, to obtain this difference once more subsequently, and from this difference and corresponding predicted value, pass through to determine digital data value according to reverse fallout predictor method addition.
6. each described method in requiring according to aforesaid right is characterized in that described compressed digital measurement data have a data.
7. each described method in requiring according to aforesaid right is characterized in that described digital data value is formed by the input measurement parameter of field apparatus.
8. method according to claim 7 is characterized in that, as protection and/or the control technology equipment in the described field apparatus use energy technologies facility.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10258472A DE10258472B3 (en) | 2002-12-09 | 2002-12-09 | Processing method for digital data values e.g. for industrial process control and regulation, employing prediction method in combination with RICE method |
| DE10258472.9 | 2002-12-09 | ||
| PCT/DE2003/003862 WO2004053619A2 (en) | 2002-12-09 | 2003-11-19 | Method for processing digital data values |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1723623A true CN1723623A (en) | 2006-01-18 |
| CN1723623B CN1723623B (en) | 2011-11-16 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2003801054776A Expired - Fee Related CN1723623B (en) | 2002-12-09 | 2003-11-19 | Method for processing digital data values |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1723623B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE10258472B3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1083654A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004053619A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110398383A (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2019-11-01 | 欧姆龙株式会社 | Communication device, external equipment, its control method and control system |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102005026521A1 (en) * | 2005-06-08 | 2006-12-14 | Endress + Hauser Process Solutions Ag | Method for reducing the data transfer between a field device of automation technology and a control unit |
| US20100017196A1 (en) * | 2008-07-18 | 2010-01-21 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method, system, and apparatus for compression or decompression of digital signals |
| DE102015120130A1 (en) * | 2015-11-20 | 2017-05-24 | Valeo Schalter Und Sensoren Gmbh | Method for transmitting data from at least one control network of a control network, transmitter, receiver, measuring device and control network |
| EP3285126A1 (en) * | 2016-08-15 | 2018-02-21 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Process measuring device |
| DE102018130242B3 (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2020-04-30 | Qundis Gmbh | Method for storing and transmitting measurement data, a processing unit for carrying out the method and a consumption value acquisition unit with such a processing unit |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4781096A (en) * | 1984-10-09 | 1988-11-01 | Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha | Musical tone generating apparatus |
| JPH10336682A (en) * | 1997-04-02 | 1998-12-18 | Canon Inc | Coder, its method and storage medium storing the method |
| US6125348A (en) * | 1998-03-12 | 2000-09-26 | Liquid Audio Inc. | Lossless data compression with low complexity |
| US6215907B1 (en) * | 1998-06-26 | 2001-04-10 | Fisher-Rosemont Systems, Inc. | Recursive on-line wavelet data compression technique for use in data storage and communications |
| DE10024959B4 (en) * | 2000-05-22 | 2014-08-21 | Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg | Device for unidirectional or bidirectional exchange of data |
| WO2002071622A2 (en) * | 2001-03-05 | 2002-09-12 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Device and method for compressing a signal |
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2002
- 2002-12-09 DE DE10258472A patent/DE10258472B3/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2003
- 2003-11-19 WO PCT/DE2003/003862 patent/WO2004053619A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-11-19 CN CN2003801054776A patent/CN1723623B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2006-03-24 HK HK06103688.5A patent/HK1083654A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110398383A (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2019-11-01 | 欧姆龙株式会社 | Communication device, external equipment, its control method and control system |
| US11144028B2 (en) | 2018-04-25 | 2021-10-12 | Omron Corporation | Communication device, control method of communication device, external device, control method of external device, and control system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10258472B3 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
| WO2004053619A3 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
| CN1723623B (en) | 2011-11-16 |
| HK1083654A1 (en) | 2006-07-07 |
| WO2004053619A2 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
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