CN1703566B - 水泥贯穿侧穴心轴 - Google Patents

水泥贯穿侧穴心轴 Download PDF

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CN1703566B
CN1703566B CN200380100875.9A CN200380100875A CN1703566B CN 1703566 B CN1703566 B CN 1703566B CN 200380100875 A CN200380100875 A CN 200380100875A CN 1703566 B CN1703566 B CN 1703566B
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side pocket
cement
pocket mandrel
wiper
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CN1703566A (zh
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小J·H·霍尔特
W·R·查普曼
J·H·克里茨勒
J·L·奥塞尔伯恩
E·K·刘易斯
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
    • E21B21/103—Down-hole by-pass valve arrangements, i.e. between the inside of the drill string and the annulus
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
    • E21B33/14—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like for cementing casings into boreholes
    • E21B33/16—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like for cementing casings into boreholes using plugs for isolating cement charge; Plugs therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells

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Abstract

井下完工水泥可经由侧穴心轴抽送，该心轴包括平行的几排填充区段，以便把水泥从侧穴管子之内的孔隙空间中排除。填充区段上钻有横向的流动喷射通道及表面翻转部，以便由水泥顶塞之后的井下工作流体激发擦洗紊流。顶塞包括固定在一根长轴上的前擦拭盘组和后擦拭盘组。该两个擦拭盘组分开一段距离，该距离允许前密封组在后擦拭盘组的推动密封丧失之前获得牵引密封。弹簧定中心器跨居两个擦拭盘组之间的轴的中央部分，以便当塞子横过心轴的长度时保持该轴的轴向对齐。

Description

水泥贯穿侧穴心轴
本申请要求2002年10月2日所提的美国临时专利申请系列号第60/415393号的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及使地下井完工的方法与设备。本发明尤其涉及侧穴心轴(side pocket mandrel)工具的制造、操作及使用，该工具容纳通过孔而流动的水泥，并在塞子被驱动而经过心轴时增强处于侧穴心轴之内水泥顶塞(cement wiper plug)之后的井下工作流体的紊流。
背景技术
侧穴心轴专门用于沿着地下井内的开采管柱(production tubingstring)而组装的管道部分，以便开采流体例如原油和天然气。这些专门用途的管道部分包括较短的圆筒(barrel)(侧穴)，它们与主管道孔(main tubing bore)的轴线平行轴向对齐，但在横向上偏移。这些侧穴具有在管道部分内部敞开的孔，并在岩心管内部与心轴壁之间具有小孔。这些侧穴构成容器，用于容纳流体流动控制装置例如阀或特性测量器具。在使用阀的情况下，从管道流入井的环状空间(annulus)的流体或流向相反的流体受到控制。
借助于钢丝绳(wireline)悬吊构造，阀元件可被放置在侧穴中或从那里卸出，而不需要从井下卸掉管柱。对流动控制的这种优选对于打井的管理者而言很有价值。
由侧穴心轴促进的打井控制的另一个方面就是气升(gas lifting)。有许多油层拥有大量含油流体，这些流体的内部驱力不足以把天生的流体提升到地面上。由于油层深度的缘故，传统的抽吸不是一个好办法。在这些情况下，可借助于气升方式抽取地层流体(the formationfluid)。
有许多气升技术，但一般来说可压缩的流体例如氮、二氧化碳或天然气的外源是被压缩在井的环状空间里的，并选择性地许可经由侧穴阀而进入开采管道孔。在管道孔之内有差别地把气流提升到地面上而形成的压力，可被利用来与气升一起吸出油流，或沿着具有液态石油柱处于塞子上方的管道孔驱动塞子。
当井首次打开时，油层可能具有充足的内部驱动能量以便进行在商业上而言足够把地层流体流动到地面上的开采。然而，在油层的价值耗尽很久以前，内部能量源最终可能被驱散。通过在实际需要进行气升开采很久以前把侧穴心轴置于开采管道中，开采经验就可以预料到此种开采发展情况。当需要进行气升时，只有开始气升所要求的向下钻进操作，是把气升阀零部件的钢丝绳放置到对应的侧穴中。当与退出或返回井下几英里的开采管道或盘卷管道的计划(enterprise)相比时，放钢丝绳的工序是最小的。
此种考虑在许多井孔还未去除套管而展露出来的情况下，更加势在必行。极深或极长的水平井孔就是这种情况的例子。例如，长井孔可能要以最小长度的套管来完成。在套管下方，新打成的钻孔依然未去除穿过地层开采面的套管。井的完工可以包括单程放置带有跨接及水泥粘结阀的开采管道。开采管道与钻孔壁之间的井的环状空间，在开采区上方被以水泥粘结以便隔离。来自开采区的产品流，由于使开采管道穿孔及把水泥环面(cement annulus)包围住而被开启。
不幸的是，为了后续气升而以侧穴心轴进行的单程完工(completion)，先前还未成为可用的选项。把水泥浆向下送到开采管道孔，就会不合理地污染侧穴心轴的曲径。
所以，本发明的目的是提供一种侧穴心轴，其可以在设置之前把水泥清除掉。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种单程完工的方法，其包括把可操作性用于后续气升操作的侧穴心轴预先定位。
本发明还有一个目的，就是提供一种设备，其用于擦洗侧穴心轴流动孔的水泥或其他污染。
发明内容
本发明的各个目的，是通过侧穴心轴构造而实现的，该构造具有沿着内管道的内部导向及流动叶片结构，所述内管道适应于侧穴阀零部件的物理对齐及间隙。导向和叶片结构包括多个长的弧形扇区(arcsector)，它们在心轴内部处于侧穴留隙空间(clearance space)的侧面。表面起伏、翻转及从下部切入弧形扇区表面，激发流体成为紊流而从心轴内部清洗残余水泥。弧形扇区本体之内的横流喷射小孔则促进紊流的产生。
最好通过管道壁上的孔进行焊接而把弧形扇区固定在心轴壁上。这些弧形扇区像平行轨道一样沿着工具清除通道(tool clearancechannel)相反的各侧而对齐。工具清除通道提供阀零件和踢翻工具(kick-over tool)所要求的最小宽度，以便相对于侧穴圆筒而放置及卸掉阀零件。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种侧穴心轴，包括：一轴向长管子，其远侧末端处以不对称组装接头终止；沿着上述组装接头之间的上述管子内体积的不对称流通通道；上述内体积之内的筒状孔套，其处于上述流动通道侧面及上述组装接头之间，该筒状孔套的长度小于上述管子内体积长度的一半；空着的工作空间通道，其处于上述内体积之内，从上述筒状孔向最贴近的组装接头延伸；以及除了上述流通通道、上述筒状孔套和上述工作空间通道之外的上述内体积的部分，其基本上由填充材料所占据，上述填充材料包括用于引起流体流动紊流的表面间断面，并且上述表面间断面包括横向喷射通道。
与本侧穴心轴操作合作使用的是水泥顶塞，该塞子具有一对在纵向上分离的擦拭盘组。擦拭盘组的分离距离与心轴的长度成比例，从而，当侧穴的部分心轴横着时，顶塞就由前擦拭盘组或后擦拭盘组之后的流体压力所驱动。在两个擦拭盘组之间，是一个定中心器，其在心轴横着时，使连接着两个擦拭盘组的轴保持轴向对齐。
驱动顶塞而把大批水泥从侧穴心轴内部推动的流体压力，通常是轻而低速的流体例如水。当塞子后面的流体流横过心轴时，心轴之内的紊流状态就由于至关重要的流体流量而引起，该流体流量经过弧形扇区表面轮廓上，并穿过横跨弧形扇区宽度的喷射通道。在水泥被许可凝固(set)之前，此种紊流流动擦洗及冲洗残余在心轴内部的水泥。
附图说明
为了彻底理解本发明，现在参照附图对推荐实施例进行下述详细说明，在附图中，所有各张图纸里同样的附图标记代表同样或相似的零部件，以及：
图1是代表本发明气升用途的钻孔的略图；
图2的纵向剖视图，显示根据本发明原理而制造的侧穴心轴；
图3是图2所示者的横向剖视图，显示沿着图2中线段3-3看去的所述心轴；
图4是心轴导向部分的示图；以及
图5是本发明的顶塞局部截视立面图。
具体实施方式
本发明的代表性环境显示于图1中，其中，开采管道10被用水泥环状圈(cement annulus collar)粘结在敞开的井身(well bore)12中。水泥环状圈14的长度延伸进入或贯穿有效开采区16。当放置水泥并使其固定之后，就用化学方式或可爆炸形成的裂缝17在开采管道及环状圈部分上打小孔，而所述裂缝则延伸进地层16中。这些裂缝17提供了从地层16原处到开采管道10的流动孔(flow bore)18的流体流动管道。
在水泥环状圈14的上表面15的上方，沿着开采管道10，是符合本发明的一个或更多个侧穴心轴20。从程序上来说，当开采管道10被定位于敞开的钻孔中时，已计量过的水泥被向下抽给开采管道的流动孔18。当已计量过的水泥成直立液柱(fluid column)处于流动孔18中时，由水泥柱限定界限的管道系统的拖尾面或上部表面被顶塞50盖住，如图5所示那样。顶塞被插入管道流动孔18中，该孔抵靠着拖尾水泥面15，同时，拖尾面处于地面或其附近，或者处于井源处。管柱被重新与工作流体流通系统连接，且水或其他井下工作流体被抽送到顶塞50之后，以便把水泥向下推动给流动孔18并朝上回到井身环状空间。塞子座被频繁地放置在管柱10的终端末端上以便与顶塞18接触，并密封管柱10的底部末端。
所以，环圈上部表面15的确切位置可以确定得相当准确。相似地，沿着管柱10的心轴20所要求的位置，也可以准确地确定。
在环面粘结期间，顶塞横穿过每个心轴，使已进入心轴的大多数水泥位移。然而，残余水泥留在孔隙空间(void space)中，该空间实质上是用于插入及卸除侧穴阀、塞子及器具的空间。如果允许这种残余水泥在心轴之内凝固，那么，心轴的用处就基本上被破坏了。现有技术无能力清洗这种工作空间，致使不能按上述方式使用侧穴心轴。然而，至于本发明，当顶塞50之后的井下工作流体穿过本发明的每个心轴而流动时，在行进着的顶塞之后的工作流动，引起处于心轴之内的紊流速度和流型，以便擦净和冲洗每个心轴而去除残余水泥。
参看图2，管柱10中的每个侧穴心轴20包括一对分别处于上末端和下末端处的管道组装接头22和24。组装接头的远侧末端是标称管道直径的，其延伸到地面上并为了连续的组件而制有螺纹。然而，截然不同的是，组装接头不对称地模锻为在有螺纹末端为标称管道直径的，到扩大的管道直径的。例如，在焊接的组件中，上部与下部组装接头22与24带有扩大直径的末端，且在这些末端之间，是较大直径的侧穴管子26。相应于组装接头22和24的轴线32，是与侧穴轴线34相偏移并与其平行的(见图3)。
在与管柱10主流动通道区域18相偏移的侧穴管子26的剖面区域之内，有一个阀套圆筒(valve housing cylinder)40。该圆筒40被穿过侧穴管子26外壁的外孔42横向穿透。在图2或图3中未显示的还有一个阀零件或塞子零件，其由称为“踢翻”工具的钢丝绳操纵装置放置在圆筒40中。为了使井身完工，侧穴心轴通常都设置了处于圆筒40中的侧穴塞子。此种塞子打断穿过心轴内部流动通道与外部环面之间的外孔42的流动，并掩护完工水泥(completion cement)的进入。当所有完工工序都实现之后，可用钢丝绳工具把塞子轻易退出，并用带有流体控制件的钢丝绳取代。
在心轴20上部末端处有一导向套筒27，其具有筒形凸轮外形，以便以专业人员熟知的方式为带有阀圆筒40的踢翻工具定向。
在侧穴圆筒40与组装接头22及24之间，设置了两排填充导向区段。一般而言，这些填充导向区段形成为把侧穴管子26的许多不必要的内部体积填充掉，并因此消除水泥占据这些体积的机会。此外，填充导向区段35形成的大块物体，防止水泥顶塞进入区段35所占据的空间，从而防止顶塞粘贴在此种空间中。同样重要但不那么明显的一点，是由于顶塞之后的工作流体流动在心轴空白之内产生紊流流通而形成填充导向区段功能的。
与四分之一圆修整模塑相似，填充导向区段35具有圆筒状弧形表面36及相交的平坦表面38和39。表面38之间相反面的分离，取决于阀零件插入及踢翻工具所要求的留隙空间。
表面平面39具有重要功能，即当顶塞50横过侧穴管子26并把前导擦拭零件保持在主流动通道18之内时，为所述顶塞提供横向支承导向表面。
每个填充导向区段35均由一个或更多个填充物焊接点49固定在侧穴管子26之内。在侧穴管子26的壁上，钻穿或磨穿了小孔47，以便使焊工能在弧形表面36的面上操作。
在沿着每个填充导向区段的常规间隔位置上，钻成横向的喷射通道44，其与表面38及39相交。沿着表面平面38和39，也是在常规间隔的位置上，有一些缺口即翻转部(upset)46。相邻的各填充导向区段35最好由空间48分离开，以便在后续的加热处理工序期间适应于对制造期间的组件有影响的不同的扩充率。如果认为必要，此种空间48可设计成也激发流动紊流的。
与本发明的侧穴心轴合用的顶塞50，大致显示于图5中。此顶塞与相似的现有技术装置的明显区别在于长度。塞子50的长度跟上部组装接头与下部组装接头22与24之间的距离有关联。顶塞50具有前擦拭盘组与后擦拭盘组52与54。在前、后擦拭盘组之间，有弹簧定中心器56。
当前擦拭盘组52进入侧穴心轴20时，该擦拭盘组之后的流体加压密封就丧失了，但填充导向表面39使前擦拭盘组52与管道流动孔轴线18成一直线。同时，后擦拭盘组54还处于侧穴心轴20上方管道流动孔18的延续部分中。因此，阻抗后擦拭盘组54的压力就继续加载于塞子轴58。当擦拭盘组54的压缩力使顶塞前进而穿过心轴20时，弹簧定中心器56就使轴58的中部轴向对齐。当后擦拭盘组54进入侧穴心轴20中以便使驱动密封(drive seal)丧失时，前密封组52已经再次进入心轴20下方的孔18中，并恢复驱动密封。因此，在后密封组54丧失驱动密封之前，前密封组52已经固定了牵引密封(tractionseal)。
虽然已对详细阐明的特定实施例做了说明，但应当明白的是，所做的说明仅仅是例示性的，且本发明并非必定局限于此，因为就此公开件而言，专业人员都清楚，还有可选用的实施例和操作技术。相应地，只要不背离所做说明的宗旨及提出要求的本发明，预期就可做修改。

Claims (6)

1.一种侧穴心轴，包括：
a.一轴向长管子，其远侧末端处以不对称组装接头终止；
b.沿着上述组装接头之间的上述管子内体积的不对称流通通道；
c.上述内体积之内的筒状孔套，其处于上述流动通道侧面及上述组装接头之间，该筒状孔套的长度小于上述管子内体积长度的一半；
d.空着的工作空间通道，其处于上述内体积之内，从上述筒状孔向最贴近的组装接头延伸；以及
e.除了上述流通通道、上述筒状孔套和上述工作空间通道之外的上述内体积的部分，其基本上由填充材料所占据，上述填充材料包括用于引起流体流动紊流的表面间断面，并且上述表面间断面包括横向喷射通道。
2.如权利要求1所述的侧穴心轴，其特征在于：上述表面间断面包括表面翻转部。
3.如权利要求1所述的侧穴心轴，其特征在于：上述填充材料包括多个独立增量。
4.如权利要求3所述的侧穴心轴，其特征在于：每个上述独立增量的填充材料由相邻增量所分离。
5.如权利要求3所述的侧穴心轴，其特征在于：每个上述独立增量填充材料被焊接在包围着上述内体积的管壁上。
6.如权利要求3所述的侧穴心轴，其特征在于：上述填充材料在上述工作空间通道的相反侧部上基本上平行成排而对齐。
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