CN1694160A - Line separated musical instrument keyboard - Google Patents
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- CN1694160A CN1694160A CN 200510004831 CN200510004831A CN1694160A CN 1694160 A CN1694160 A CN 1694160A CN 200510004831 CN200510004831 CN 200510004831 CN 200510004831 A CN200510004831 A CN 200510004831A CN 1694160 A CN1694160 A CN 1694160A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a humanization musical instrument keyboard. This keyboard is line separated musical instrument keyboard which is linear shape or arc line shape, and the length of the key is shorter than the key of the existing musical instrument keyboard with one row key, the white key and the black key have the same width which overcomes the playing difficulty bringing by the shorter higher narrower of the black key, also can use the existing playing skill and play all the 12 tones with one finger position, the original tone and the tone below the original by half can play just the same, and this keyboard turns more narrow which increases the hand coverage area.
Description
One. technical field:
The present invention relates to a kind of hommization keyboards for musical instruments.This keyboard is a line separated musical instrument keyboard, has increased repetition key row, and black key and Bai Jian are with wide.Concrete, the present invention relates to a kind of keyboard, divide row before and after whole keyboard original position sound and the flats, original position sound and flats are divided into, and position, the left and right sides does not tie up mutually has a row of one's own; The bond distance of each key is than the corresponding shortening of bond distance of the key of existing keyboard; Whole keyboard can be made of plurality of rows, but white key and black key how many rows no matter, arrange before and after it be white, black alternate.
Two. background technology:
Keyboard instrument is of paramount importance a kind of in the musical instrument.Main keyboard instrument piano (mellotron, fender had been arranged again afterwards), it has the broad range of almost containing tens kinds of musical instruments of whole orchestra, it have can free adjustment the function of extremely weak and extremely strong volume, it can freely play melody, play harmony, and a plurality of contraposition part; Therefore have the king's of musical instrument laudatory title.It is the basic musical instrument of learning music specialty, the student of music universities and colleges, except specialize in the piano specialty, connect to learn commander, learn composition, learn musicology, learn pedagogically, even learn vocal music and learn the student of other musical instrument, the piano of all will holding concurrently; It is the main educational aid of music, and the teaching of identification of spectrogram, solfeggio and acoustics, composition, music theory etc. all will be used piano; It is all-round playing an instrument, and the energy solo can be played again with other musical instrument, can assist together with big band and play; It also is in a few musical instrument that can independently accompany, most important one; As seen the importance of keyboard instrument is extraordinary, has improved keyboards for musical instruments, will produce good influence to whole music cause.
There is existing more than 800 year at least in keyboard instrument, has the keyboard of complete 12 sounds to occur so far at the beginning of trecento, also has more than 600 year, but its keyboard black key is shorter, narrow, high than white key, all slippages easily of (two, three, four refer to, as follows) touching of long the finger, stiff easily, brachydactylia (refers to greatly and little finger of toe, as follows) touching inconvenience more, relate to and wear finger and refer to particularly difficulty more, have to use multiple fingering, adapt to the not people having the same aspiration and interest, and the time of learning qin is extended greatly; In addition, because in the seam between all adjacent black keys, also must stay the space of filling in a finger, this has just stipulated the width that key is necessary, has limited the coverage rate of hand, also makes keyboard integral body too wide, playing very high and very in the bass, people's upper body must be swung on one side, and oppositely the wrist of hand is turned round the limit, plays uncomfortable.For this reason, from earlier 1800s, people carried out reform several times to keyboard, but, bring benefit little because of failing to jump out the nest mortar of traditional lateral thinking all the time, and only haveing breakthrough in 1882, but and be subjected to once that piano great master Liszt praises raise keyboard (Janko keyboard), also upgrade playing technique, and can not realize finally all there have not been how many effects because of necessary.So effective development of piano centuries is only limited to the renewal of rule system, tone color variation and range and enlarges, and the keyboard shape still is the appearance in ancient times always.
Because the age is too remote, people are numb in helpless already to the defective that existing keyboard exists.Now, a kind of hand shape and the bodily form needs that can be more convenient for playing, meeting more the people, hommization more, and the keyboards for musical instruments that can continue to use traditional playing technique occurs finally, it can impel the advantage of early turning out talents, widen skill, development composition, must be familiar with very soon, bring the global better prospect of keyboard cause by the people.
The present invention has two big meanings, the one, broken through the design concept that the centuries keyboard can only be transversely arranged, opened the door of vertical thinking, so possibility black, that Bai Jian arranges the multiple permutation and combination of number and ordering has just been arranged, and optimize a keyboard series, three row's formulas, four row's formulas, five row's formulas and two row's formulas are arranged ... and multiple keyboard styles such as common key, narrow type key and arc line type keyboard, to keyboard Designing provide one very wide, the new space of hommization more.Another significance of the present invention is, this developing longitudinally, and the rich resource of the ready-made skill and technique that still can utilize the keyboard lateral thinking to produce has been reduced newly-designed development risk greatly and has been promoted cost.This two big meaning of the present invention, any in history keyboard reform does not all have.
Three. summary of the invention:
The objective of the invention is to 1) a kind of keyboards for musical instruments, it is characterized in that divide row before and after whole keyboard original position sound and the flats, original position sound and flats are divided into, position, the left and right sides does not tie up mutually has a row of one's own; In accordance with international practices, the original position sound is white key, and flats are black key; The bond distance of each key is than the corresponding shortening of bond distance of the key of existing keyboard; Whole keyboard can be made of plurality of rows, but white key and black key how many rows no matter, arrange before and after it be white, black alternate.
Wherein, described " than the corresponding shortening of bond distance of the key of existing keyboard " is meant than existing only a row, and Bai Jian, black key height, width, length have nothing in common with each other, and the corresponding shortening of the bond distance of the key of the keyboards for musical instruments that position, the left and right sides ties up mutually.
The object of the invention be a kind of as above-mentioned 1) keyboards for musical instruments, it is characterized in that, whole keyboard is divided into three row's keys, 7 white keys of first row near the player, contain in order in the C, the D that arrange, E, F, G, A, the B sound preface on each key respectively, the 3rd row is first row's repetition fully, second 5 of the rows are black strong, contains respectively on each key to arrange in order
bD,
bE,
bG,
bA,
bIn the B sound preface one, above-mentioned 19 keys constitute a sound group, and this keyboards for musical instruments contains at least 1 such sound group.
Wherein " fully repeat " is meant that in the present invention the length and width of pitch, sound preface, color and key of each key is identical, and vertically unisonance is aimed at.
" bond distance that the keyboards for musical instruments of row's key is only arranged " is meant the bond distance of the keyboards for musical instruments of row's key common in the prior art, is well known to those skilled in the art; " than the corresponding shortening of bond distance of the keyboards for musical instruments that row's key is only arranged " is meant corresponding shortening on the basis of existing row's key board.
Constitute at 19 keys on the basis of a sound group, whole keyboard can be made of any amount of such sound group as required, and a back sound group is always than the high octave of previous sound group.
Further, keyboards for musical instruments of the present invention, all three row's keys are preferably width, length is identical, is preferably rectangle, and each key is longitudinal length and is longer than horizontal short width, and the ratio that is preferably in length and breadth is about 2: 1.The bond distance of each key is preferably and shortens to about 1/3rd of Bai Jian than the corresponding shortening of bond distance of the keyboards for musical instruments that row's key is only arranged.The lateral attitude of each key lays respectively between per two adjacent key of the first row Bai Jianzhong in second row's black key, and second row's black key in the sound preface is
bE and
bBetween the G space of no key, when containing the above sound group,
bB and next group
bAlso the space of no key between the D.Whole keyboard is preferably and contains seven and half such sound groups, and arranging near player's first is that the original position sound is from A
2To c
5Totally 52 keys, second row for flats from
bB
2Extremely
bb
4Totally 36 black strong, the 3rd row for and first arrange 52 identical white keys.
Wherein " lateral attitude " is meant position, the left and right sides in the present invention.
Wherein " seven and half such sound group " are meant in the present invention from A
2To c
5All original position sound and flats, totally 88 sounds 140 keys.
Wherein " be about 2: 1 ", " about 1/3rd " be meant 1/2nd or 1/3rd the ratio of being not limited in the present invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as long as two/once or about 1/3rd numerical range in can implement the present invention.
Further, keyboards for musical instruments of the present invention can be linear pattern, can be used for the musical instrument of various band keyboards, is preferably the application in piano, accordion, mellotron, organ, pipe organ.
Further, keyboards for musical instruments of the present invention, can be arc line type, close player's interior arc length is shorter than the outer camber line away from the player, make key and strong between the gap near player's one end less than away from player's one end, the inside and outside camber line end points that is positioned at homonymy in four end points of outer camber line and interior camber line is line in twos, and two lines can intersect, and two lines make whole keyboard formation fan-shaped with outer camber line.
Further, above-mentioned arc line type keyboard can be used for various keyboard instruments, is preferably the application in piano, mellotron, organ, pipe organ, is preferably mellotron especially.
Further, keyboards for musical instruments of the present invention can add row's black key again on 19 strong sound group bases, and this black key number is 5, thereby constitutes 24 strong sound groups of totally four rows, and this keyboards for musical instruments contains at least one such sound group.
Further, above-mentioned four row's keyboards can be used for various keyboard instruments, are preferably the application in piano, mellotron, organ, pipe organ, are preferably the application on the mellotron especially.
The objective of the invention is to a kind of as above-mentioned 1) as described in keyboards for musical instruments, it is characterized in that it is 7 keys that Bai Jian arranges every group, contain in order a sound in the C, the D that arrange, E, F, G, A, the B sound preface on each key respectively; Black key is arranged every group of 7 keys; 5 black strong, and two white keys are arranged between key, contains respectively on each black key to arrange in order
bD,
bE,
bG,
bA,
bA sound in the B sound preface, two white keys between the black key lay respectively at black key sound preface and are
bB and next group
bBetween the D, and
bE and
bBetween the G; Above-mentioned every group of key be with two rows, three rows, four rows or more than five rows, constitute respectively B black key row, Bai Jian row with
bA sound group of the different model keyboard that D black key row is alternate; This keyboards for musical instruments contains sound group such more than 1.
Wherein said two contained sounds of white key have two kinds: a kind of B of containing and E, formation B,
bD,
bE, E,
bG,
bA,
bThe big tuning of the complete B rank of B sound preface claim B black key row; Another kind contains C and F, constitutes
bD,
bE, F,
bG,
bA,
bB, c sound preface complete
bThe big tuning of D rank claim
bD black key row;
Described " model " is meant that the present invention comprises a series of separated-drainage type keyboards, as three row's formula keyboards, four row's formula keyboards, five row's formula keyboards and two row's formula simple type keyboards.
Further, the height of white key and black key is respectively arranged in the front and back of above-mentioned keyboard, and is always front-seat a little more than back row; The width with black key is identical with length respectively with length for the width of Bai Jian; Each key is and has now the approaching common key of the white width of key of keyboard, or is narrower narrow type key; The bond distance of each key correspondingly shortens to the about 1/3rd of the existing white key of keyboard, and the wide ratio in front and back length and the left and right sides is about 2: 1 rectangle, or each key is 1: 1 positive square.
The right side sound group of further above-mentioned keyboard is always than the sound of left side sound group, a high octave; In every row's black key, the position, the left and right sides of each key lays respectively between per two adjacent key among the Bai Jian row.
The whole keyboard of further above-mentioned keyboard contains seven and half such sound groups, and the white key of promptly every row is the original position sound from A
2To c
5Totally 52 keys, every row's black key be flats from
bB
2Extremely
bb
436 black strong, and the B, E two sounds that are respectively B black key row are from B
2To b
415 white keys; Or be
bD black key row's C, F two sounds are from C
1To c
515 white keys; Two kinds of black key rows, full row is black and white totally 51 keys.
Further, above-mentioned keyboard is linear pattern or arc line type.
Further, above-mentioned keyboard is shorter than the outer camber line away from the player near player's interior arc length, make key with strong between the gap, close player's one end is less than away from player's one end; In four end points of outer camber line and interior camber line, the inside and outside camber line end points that is positioned at homonymy is line in twos, and the extended line of two lines can intersect, and it is fan-shaped that whole keyboard is constituted.
Further, above-mentioned keyboard is one of following three kinds of keyboards:
A) be three row's formula keyboards, a middle row is white key (to call Bai Jian two in the following text); The front row is
bD black key row (to call black key three in the following text); Back row is B black key row (to call black key one in the following text).
B) or be four row's formula keyboards, in above-mentioned a) described three row's formula keyboard fronts, add a row and the white identical white key of key two contained sounds again;
C) or be two row's formula keyboards, above-mentioned a) described three black keys one of arranging the formula keyboards are removed;
D) or be white, black five alternate row's formulas, six row's formula keyboards.
Further, the application of above-mentioned keyboard on the musical instrument of all band keyboards such as piano, accordion, mellotron, organ, pipe organ
Beneficial effect of the present invention is as follows:
First aspect, the present invention has utilized the abundant whole skill and technique of existing keyboard.This point is the most important, because existing keyboard skill and technique is the great wealth that forefathers accumulate, and occupies dominant position already, and is unshakable.And sound preface of the present invention is arranged and it is just the same to have keyboard now, can intactly play with existing keyboard fingering, grasped the people of existing keyboard skill and technique, only need to be familiar with, just can play this keyboard, this just has had a lot of ready-made players, Faculty and Students and works, inevitable popularization easily!
Second aspect, the fingering of all existing keyboards can both freely use on keyboard of the present invention, and the black key touching is convenient, but its bigger advantage is to also have the matchless benefit of many existing keyboards.
(1) black key is not difficult to play.The present invention has eliminated all inequalities of black key and Bai Jian, so with regard to touching itself, is difficult to play without any accent:
1, of bonding is equally flat wide.The weak point of existing keyboard black key, narrow makes the easy slippage of touching; Black key of the present invention and white bond distance are wide just the same, and touching is just the same convenient with white key, do not have the difference of difficulty or ease.
2, increase the repetition black key.Weak point, the height of existing keyboard black key make brachydactylia be difficult to play, and can not wear finger (as F tuning rank, can not with 1 thrum the 4th sound) with brachydactylia; The present invention make long refer to, brachydactylia all can freely enjoy a trip on black key; Row's black key in the middle of one of the present invention keyboard must long refer to press then Bai Jianyong first row of black key, must press then Bai Jianyong the 3rd row of black key with brachydactylia; Respectively there is row's black key at the two ends of the present invention's the white key two of two keyboards, must long refer to press black key just with black key three, must press black key by brachydactylia, just with black key one.
(2) simplify memory difficulty.Play and not only to want touching, also will remember not numerous differences of the people having the same aspiration and interest and play method; With 12 accent of existing keyboard play, the right-hand man respectively has four, five kind of scale played fingering; And respectively transfer used black key quantity and position to have nothing in common with each other, this has just produced 12 kinds of different finger attitudes (finger contracts after protracting, and is as follows) and has been difficult to memory; The present invention makes these numerous and diversely become simple and clear and in perfect order, very good note:
1, unifies C and transfer fingering.Each accent of keyboard of the present invention all has multiple fingering to select, but the right-hand man can be only with this a kind of fingering of C tuning rank, play the different scales of 12 accent, promptly bullet is kept and is transferred DO, RE, MI, FA, SO, LA, SI, DO, left hand is with 123451321, and the right hand is with 12312345 (or 1) fingering (one of the present invention keyboard indivedual transfer slightly different).
2, reduce 5 kinds and refer to attitude.Keyboard of the present invention, play all 5 pairs of original positions and be in harmonious proportion its flats accent (for sake of convenience, equal accent is transferred name with flat without exception, as follows), not only fingering is identical, refer to attitude all identical (the indivedual accent of one of the present invention keyboard are slightly different), this just refers to that attitudes reduce to 7 kinds (C and F do not have flats to transfer) to 12 kinds; With the present invention's two is example, as the finger attitude of playing A tuning rank is: refer to earlier that 1 by on the hand position of white key two A, when being bound to the 3rd, 6,7 sounds, finger protracts, and removes to play black key three in front; And to play A tuning rank, and back one row is moved in position that need only handle, refers to press earlier on the hand position of black key one A 1, and when being bound to the 3rd, 6,7 sounds, finger protracts equally, and only bullet is white key two in front; Not only fingering is identical for both, refers to that attitude is also just the same.
3, difficulty or ease are divided into five etc.Existing keyboard with black key what, just stipulated the difficulty or ease of playing of transferring, used the accent of whole five black keys, it is the most difficult to be considered to; And on the present invention's two keyboards, this difficulty has not had, and plays the difference of difficulty or ease, only only be with row's key, and what of another row's key of dual-purpose; And be considered to the most difficult accent of playing, also three keys of another row's key of a dual-purpose (because black, white key equality, in the scale seven tunes, this row has used four keys, and that row is exactly three, so three is the limit); Now two keyboard with the present invention is an example, from several fingering of each accent with refer to select a kind of method of playing of most convenient the attitude, can do following classification from easy to difficult;
(1) C and B, D3 the easiest playing of accent are only with row's key: in existing keyboard, used whole 5 black keys and the most difficult D that plays and B accent, the easiest playing; Black key one sound preface is B
1,
bD,
bE, E,
bG,
bA,
bB, B, between the 3rd, 4 sounds and be semitone between the 7th, 8 sounds, complete just B tuning rank are so claim and B scale black key; And black key three sound prefaces are
bD,
bE, F,
bG,
bA,
bB, c,
bD is complete just again
bD tuning rank are so claim again
bD scale black key; So these two accent just can be transferred as C, on row's key, play complete scale! Scrape to play also and transfer a kind ofly from original C, be increased to three kinds.
(2) have F, G,
bTransfer as easy as rolling off a log playing, a key of another row of dual-purpose for G3.
(3) have
bTwo accent of A and E are easy to play, also key of another row of a dual-purpose, but fingering, refer to that attitude must change.
(4) have D and
bTwo accent of B are easier to play, two keys of another row of dual-purpose.
(5) have A and
bTwo accent of E difficulty are slightly played, three keys of another row of palpus dual-purpose.
(3) because above-mentioned advantage, the difficulty that the present invention plays whole keyboard reduces greatly, makes respectively to arrange performances to play how freely, and accompanying song is convenient, changes the accent difficulty according to performer's voice temporarily and reduces greatly!
In addition, fingerboard of the present invention is respectively arranged the height of key, is preferably from closely being in, and row's key exceeds about 0.5cm than row's key; Can be whole except that distal-most end one row key face straight, other arranges key, and each key far-end all vertically is sloping type, and about 0.5cm again subsides; Like this, at two row's key joining places, body key far away exceeds about 1cm than nearly body key; The whereabouts amplitude was calculated when this played according to piano key, was the minimum altitude that guarantees that body key far away under the bullet can the nearly body key of rattling, was lower than the conventional keyboard black key, and whole keyboard is " smooth " more, plays more natural.Mellotron is shallow than piano because of its button whereabouts amplitude, so three row's key height can only poor 0.3cm, two rows are connected can locate to differ 0.5cm.White key among the black key row, the 0.2cm that subsides can make things convenient for tactile recognition.
Of bonding of the present invention is preferably rectangle, makes brachydactylia and length refer to can divide the two ends of button more naturally in succession by same row's key; Unsuitable oversize in the middle of white key two comes, play in order to avoid influence two row black keys connections, also make easier the reaching of the alternate chord of white-black key; Play but two row's black keys can not influence white key, be in length and breadth ratio 2.5: 1 so the bond distance also can extend.
The third aspect, the present invention has opened the door of vertical thinking, and multiple row be can produce and difference, ordering difference counted, and the keyboard series that has his own strong points, existing the present invention's two is preferably four kinds.
1.) " three row's formula keyboards " is made of black key one (B black key), Bai Jian two and black key three (D black key), and structure is simpler, and only three rows have just had the above-mentioned main functionality advantage of the present invention.
2.) " four row formula keyboard " are that a end at " three row's formula keyboards " black key three has added a row Bai Jiansi, thereby function is better, and many following advantages become easier to call " upgrading " in the following text:
1, it equally have B, C,
bTransfer the easiest playing, a key of another row of dual-purpose for D3; But wherein
bD transfers used black key three, and there has been Bai Jiansi in the place ahead, play and transfer outer variation sound needn't change fingering, and " three row's formula keyboards " must change fingering in the case.
2, it have F, G,
bG and
bTransfer as easy as rolling off a log playing for A4, key of another row of a dual-purpose; Many
bA transfers.
3, it has only the E accent to be easy to play, a key of another row of dual-purpose, but must change fingering;
bA " upgrading ".
4, it have D,
bB and
bE3 accent is easier to play, two keys of another row of a dual-purpose; Many
bE transfers.
5, it have only this accent of A slightly difficulty play, dual-purpose another row three keys;
bE has transferred " upgrading ".
6, it can be on any accent, with the same melody of same fingering bullet; Because it has a white key of row and row black key two ends that the key row of poor semitone is all arranged, longly refer to, brachydactylia can both the outer variation sound of each accent of transferring of bullet that it is can both fingering constant to have guaranteed to play all accent.
3.) " five row's formula keyboards " has five row's keys, be the Almightiness type among the present invention,, make key row (the Bai Jianwei C scale row of all three kinds of scales among the present invention because it has added the white key 0 of a row again at above-mentioned " four row's formula keyboards " black key one this end, black key one is B scale row, and black key three is
bD scale row) two ends all are provided with the key row that row's pitch differs semitone, thus these three arrange performances to play and raise complete equality, C, B,
bD three transfers and becomes a complete system separately, respectively have and oneself differ one and rise flat and differ two accent that rise flat, long refer to brachydactylia can be freely by transferring outer variation sound (play E tuning rank on black key one, the right hand also can be better than other and arrange formula keyboard and still transfer fingering with C).Like this, in all accent, two keys of maximum another rows of only meeting dual-purpose, difficulty reduces greatly! So on function, it is best.But, because key row is many after all, compare with four row's formulas with three row's formulas, relatively also difficult successively fixed on piano; But on mellotron, it but except all-round, can possess the function of the double key of existing keyboard again, and the key that increases row can be best less than one times fully certainly.
4.) " two row's formula simple type keyboards " is that above-mentioned " three row's formula keyboards " deducts black key three, because of there not being a large amount of whole row's repeat tones, can not a kind of fingering play all 12 accent, be difficult to play the complicated harmonic interval of the alternate multi-section of white-black key, can only as existing keyboard, play basically; But because of more than among that row of black key three C and F two sounds, be
bThe complete scale that D transfers not only can be transferred bullet on row's key as playing C
bD transfers, and can also transfer fingering with C, bullet as bullet F transfers
bG transfers, and can change fingering, and the white key of only holding concurrently is played
bA transfers, and two white keys of dual-purpose are played
bE transfers; And of bonding is unified, has not had weak point, the height, narrow of black key, and the no longer difficult bullet of black key is still convenient many than existing keyboard; This qin, whole keyboard is vertically narrower than existing keyboard, and the qin body is littler, and cost is lower, and the simple and easy qin of using as home-use qin and children also can reduce the sound group, very economical material benefit.
In four kinds of above-mentioned models, except that two row's formulas are the simple type, other is formal specialty piano key board, and compages, function, cost, technology many-side have his own strong points, and also is difficult to which kind of optimum certainly now.
Fourth aspect, the key width can dwindle more.
" narrow type key " of the present invention keyboard is better.So the key body of the existing white key of keyboard is wide like this, only be because also will reserve the space of pointing under the plug between two black keys, can not dwindle again, but not need naturally.The present invention is black, Bai Jian has delegation of one's own, and the width of each key can rationally be dwindled according to human body and staff.Respectively there is the 0.2cm gap on " narrow type key " key face width 1.4cm both sides, make every key comprise relief width 1.8cm, make child also can reach octave, wait them to grow up, and will feel the big hand that oneself has the Liszt such; Become staff big, thick fingers, though and this key face is narrow, but finger is pressed in the centre of three keys, and but respectively there is the gap of 0.4cm on both sides, and the 2.2cm space identical with common key just arranged, can not be unable to hold, but can covering wide many ranges, general adult's hand can both be pressed 12 degree simultaneously; So no matter beginner adult, child is best with this qin; This not only brings benefit to performance, has also widened the territory for the keyboard composition, has accelerated the paces of music education, and the gamut keyboard of such 88 sounds, length has only 93.6cm, (vertical wide 10.8cm), more identical than range and the fingerboard of the 121-122.8cm that grows crosswise has been lacked more than the nearly 30cm.Not only play descant and contrabass the time, needn't body inclination, the big commentaries on classics of wrist, also make the qin body lighter, to place the place and more save, system qin cost reduces.This qin must become main qin type of the present invention in the future.
Plain edition key of the present invention, key wide (comprising the gap) 2.2cm and existing keyboard are basic identical, adapt to people's use that bullet has been used to existing keyboard, and such piano, and inner structure can be just the same with existing keyboard.
The arc line type keyboard that mellotron of the present invention is suitable for can dwindle the qin body on the basis of plain edition key and narrow these two kinds of keyboards of type key again; And the bigger plain edition keyboard of qin body is the most favourable with this kind model, need only play the position and sit more forwardly, belly press close to the qin body some, the semicircle that utilizes the arc line type keyboard to enclose in the human body front is played high sound and utmost point bass, just needn't body inclination, only need reverse a little naturally waist; And all key ends of this keyboard point to and are radiation, and when playing high sound and utmost point bass, the wrist of reverse hand can be done big reversing reluctantly, and whole performance is just the same with middle register convenient!
The 5th aspect provides new function to improve the space to mellotron.
Because the arc line type keyboard do not need to be lower than the qin face, each function key can just be placed on the keyboard limit, has changed that function key was too far away in the past, the problem that mapping function must be paused and be played; Can be in performance mapping function, the conversion tone color!
Keyboard of the present invention, except that " two row's formula simple type keyboards ", all Duoed whole row's key repeat tone than existing keyboard, when mellotron is cut apart keyboard and is used different tone colors, can make two kinds of tone colors that broader range is all arranged, on many accent, can gamut all be arranged two or three kind of tone color, even may be partitioned into more kinds of tone colors; Particularly " five row's formula keyboards " is than " four row's formula keyboards "
Only increase the white key of a row, the function that surpasses the existing double bonding electron qin of keyboard has just been arranged, and lighter, cost is lower; Mellotron of the present invention can also have " six row's formula keyboards ", and its function will become existing mellotron three qins combination, and volume dwindles greatly.
The 6th aspect, the present invention makes qin can not increase too many cost, and process aspect is realized easily.The present invention's bond number is more much more than existing piano, but its keyboard entire area but not necessarily enlarges, and a lot of unisonance repeat keies that increase, institute must but not increase of source of sound; Promptly the unisonance of all different keys all touches same source of sound pronunciation; As the piano of the present invention " four row formula keyboard " 206 keys, still the same with existing piano need only 88 those strings of key.The manufacture craft of this keyboard has a lot of ready-made ways to use, and this is particularly simple on mellotron and accordion, can give unnecessary details, and two kinds that the piano key reform only is provided here with reference to scheme, please referring to Figure 12-Figure 15.
Four. description of drawings: following all the model keyboards of the present invention all have " common key " and " narrow type key " two kinds.
Fig. 1: be one of the present invention keyboard (keyboard that is not mingled with Bai Jian among the black key row) " arc line type keyboard shape figure ", the below be that nearly player's first arranges white key, every group of seven tunes; Second row is black key, and every group has 5 sounds and two spaces; The white key of the 3rd row for repeating, identical with first row.The below is the interior camber line near the player, long 93.6cm, and the two ends straight line is 76cm apart; Above-mentioned straight line center hits exactly at a distance of 25cm with interior camber line; Top outer arc line length 108cm, the two ends straight line is 90cm apart; Two camber lines are at a distance of (the key stacks of 3 row 3.6cm) 10.8cm; Crack between about each key is radiation slightly, from player's distal-most end than the wide 0.2cm of most proximal end; The shared horizontal rectangle volume of keyboard, vertical wide 35.8cm, 90cm grows crosswise.
Fig. 2: be one of the present invention keyboard " a sound group of arc line type keyboard illustration ", every group of sound, inner arc line length 12.6cm; Gap between outer camber line is Duoed about two keys of 6 0.2cm of place than interior camber line, long 13.8cm; No matter each key black and white area is horizontal wide 1.8cm * lengthwise 3.6cm, be higher than qin face 0.8cm.
Fig. 3: be in one of the present invention keyboard " sound preface figure " that the arc line type keyboard is identical with the linear pattern keyboard.
Fig. 4: this figure is three row's formulas for one of the present invention keyboard " linear pattern keyboard shape illustration ", but also other row's formula.
Fig. 5: for the top and bottom, gap, the left and right sides between per two keys of one of the present invention keyboard " a sound group of linear pattern keyboard illustration " identical, the whole tone group 12.6cm that grows crosswise, all the other are all identical with arc line type sound group.
Fig. 6: be the present invention's two keyboards (keyboard that is mingled with Bai Jian among the black key row) " three row's formula keyboards " figure:
(1) be a sound group shape figure, a row is nearly player's black key one bottom, is followed successively by Bai Jian two and black key three, and each key area ratio in length and breadth is 2: 1; Two row's black keys also can extend and be in length and breadth ratio 2.5: 1.
(2) be keyboard global shape figure, a row is nearly player's black key one bottom, is followed successively by Bai Jian two and black key three; The black key and the black key of visible two row's black keys are the unisonance front to back registration among the figure, the Bai Jianshang that has only the white key that wherein is mingled with to aim at, and it is inequality clearly to indicate sound; Totally 88 sounds, 154 keys.
Fig. 7: being the present invention's two keyboards " four row's formula keyboards " shape figure, is that it is identical with white key two sound prefaces to have added a row at an end of " three row's formula keyboards " black key three, and individual key is in length and breadth the key row of 1: 1 positive square, this row's title Bai Jiansi; Keyboard is totally 88 sounds 206 keys.
Fig. 8: be the present invention's two keyboards " five row's formula keyboards " shape and sound preface figure, this keyboard is at an end of " four row's formula keyboards " black key one, has added a row and white key four identical positive square keys (claiming white key 0), totally 88 sounds 258 keys again; This figure indicates the whole actual pitch and the arrangement of sound preface of seven semitone groups of five row's keys, and other row's formula keyboard can contrast this figure and keyboard shape figure separately, and the corresponding row's number that successively decreases is found out separately pitch and sound preface.
Fig. 9: two keyboards " two row's formula simple type keyboards " the shape figure for the present invention, lacked black key one bottom than " three row's formula keyboards "; Totally 88 sounds, 103 keys (having Duoed 15 white key repeat tones that are mingled with in the black key) than existing keyboard.
Figure 10:: for the keyboard of the present invention's the positive square key of two keyboards for example, this kind keyboard entire area is little, this figure is five row's formulas, and two row's formulas, three row's formulas, four row's formulas also can be arranged; It has also had repertoire of the present invention, but because of key is little, touching is convenient not as other of bonding.
Figure 11: be the present invention's two keyboards " three row's formula arc line type keyboards " shape figure, each key volume is identical, and gap, the left and right sides is radiation (scheme little, gap fail demonstration) slightly, from player's distal-most end than the wide 0.2cm of most proximal end; The shared horizontal rectangle of keyboard is the mellotron minimum volume, and the arc line type keyboard of other row's formula can be analogized with reference to this figure.
Figure 12: be a kind of reference scheme that this present invention's two keyboards " four row's formula keyboards " are implemented on piano, other row's formula keyboard can be analogized with reference to this figure, wherein:
(1) be the planimetric map of existing white key of fingerboard and black key, both sides are white key, and the centre is a black key.
(2) be fingerboard planimetric map of the present invention: solid line has two places to cut off for the key body of each row's key, visible black key, and Bai Jian has a place to cut off, and the metallic interconnect of dotted line for installing again, metallic interconnect are erect and installed.
(3) wherein solid line is a metallic interconnect; Dotted line is three positions of B key on black key one, Bai Jian two and Bai Jiansi, also has three C keys, the position on white key two, black key three and Bai Jiansi; Can see therefrom that all unisonances all are to be linked to each other by a sheet metal, touch same string at last; E sound and F sound can be analogized with reference to this figure.
(4) be the black key cross-sectional view: visible black key one is connected by the sheet metal C that erects with black key three; F is that wooden key is wider than and the plastic front board together wide with black key in black key three tops; H is preceding pin and pad.
(5) be white key cross-sectional view: visible white key two is connected by the sheet metal C of setting with Bai Jiansi; F is wider than the wooden key plastic front board together wide with black key for white key two and white key four tops; H is preceding pin and pad.
Figure 13: the another kind of reference scheme of on piano, implementing for the present invention's two keyboards " four row's formula keyboards ", compare with Fig. 6, just the lever at key rear portion cuts off, coupled with metallic interconnect and a pin, dotted line is the metallic interconnect that inserts and puts wherein, as seen the hole that wherein connects pin, longer than pin diameter; Like this, when playing under leverage, former and later two keys that same sheet metal connects, the gravity that is born is identical, do not have the former and need many problems with some strength, but technology complexity slightly.Wherein:
Cross-sectional view when (1) not pressing for black key: I is a lever, i.e. the rear portion of the existing wooden key of piano; M is the pin that lever is connected with sheet metal, and L is the hole that is connected with pin on the sheet metal, and the hole is slightly long, and pin can be with pressing and slide freely; J is preceding pin and packing ring, and this pin must be fixed by an end, and the other end cooperates its hole, the accurately suitable volume and the degree of depth must be arranged, make the key body that the space of whereabouts of fixing be arranged, up and down freely, and vertical direction is fixed, about guaranteeing that black key three is parallel with one while of black key, and can not an end perk; O is a keyboard board.
Cross-sectional view when (2) pressing: dotted line figure when not pressing wherein for black key; Solid line is the figure of pressing; Can know and see that this moment, lever tilted, and black key three and black key one, but be parallel whereabouts simultaneously.
(3) be the planimetric map of lever and metallic interconnect junction, I is a lever, and C is the metallic interconnect that inserts and puts wherein.
Figure 14: be above-mentioned keyboard front, each key illustration of every row, a visible row is higher than a row 0.5cm, wherein:
(1) be the plain edition key, visible black key one is met other key row metallic interconnect because it plays Shi Buhui, so the key body is slightly wideer than other row's key; Bai Jiansi, black key three and white key two key bodies are narrower, and upper plastic panel F slightly is wider than the key body and white key is together wide, to cover the metallic interconnect between two keys; D is that metallic interconnect is set in the top in the key, and E is that metallic interconnect stretches out the bottom that is connected with other key; J is the direction under the bullet, and the position that is bound to the end, as seen accurate space must be arranged herein, guarantees that when a key bullet went down, the F panel can not met the E metallic interconnect of another key.
(2) be narrow type key, visible key face tilt, plastic front board needn't be wider than the key body.
Figure 15: be this " four row's formula keyboards " transversal section outside drawing, from left to right, order is positive square Bai Jiansi and rectangle black key three, Bai Jian two and black key one; Three A of place mark every row's key joining place; Other row's formula keyboard can be analogized with reference to this figure.
(1) be fingerboard, the left side keys plane is higher than right hand side keys 0.5cm; And the right hand side keys left end is sloping type, and is than this key plane 0.5cm that subsides, so the joining place height differs 1cm, identical with piano button whereabouts amplitude.
(2) be electronic organ keyboard, shallow than piano because of its button whereabouts amplitude, so the only poor 0.2cm of every row's key height, the A place that two rows are connected differs 0.5cm.
(3) be the another kind of design of above-mentioned electronic organ keyboard, every row's key end is with high, and one, two, three rows tilt, and the A place differs 0.5cm.
Five. specific embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
Barnyard in the arc line type keyboard in the middle of the camber line can be provided with mellotron display screen and various function key, on the angle at outer camber line two ends audio amplifier can be set.Such gamut mellotron, the I of qin bulk area reaches vertical wide 38cm, and 92cm grows crosswise.
Embodiment 2:
As Fig. 3 and shown in Figure 5, each key is compiled last two phoneme numbers, arrange from closely being in toward far away: first row, every key is No. 1 and No. 2, second row's black key is No. 3 and No. 4, the Bai Jianwei that the 3rd row repeats No. 5 and No. 6.
The design only with existing keyboard c major scale fingering, promptly is that example is kept accent DO, RE, MI, FA, SO, LA, SI, DO with the right hand, with 12312341 (or 5) fingering, by the arrangements of 6 phonemes of three rows, just can play the scale of all 12 accent easily.
The following number of marking all is the different label of phoneme on each key except that " fingering ":
(1), be example with one of the present invention keyboard (keyboard that is not mingled with Bai Jian among the black key row), fingering is transferred with C in flat tuning rank, big difficulty for existing keyboard, used the white key of the 3rd row's repeat tone now, special-purpose at an easy rate brachydactylia is pressed black key (for eye-catching, the following just mark " black key " of this second row), it is as follows to play the phoneme label:
F transfers the 3rd row 66666
5 5
Respectively transfer fingering identical below the fingering 12312341 (or 5), so omit
bB transfers the 3rd row 55555
Black key 444
bE transfers the 3rd row 5555
Black key 4 (4) is parenthetic to be 5 to refer to phonemes, as follows
3 3 3
bA transfers
The 3rd row 555
Black key 44 (4)
3 3 3
bD transfers the 3rd row 55
Black key 444 (4)
3 3 3
bG transfers the 3rd row 5
Black key 444 (4)
3 3 3
(2), C is in harmonious proportion sharp and arranges performances and play also more conveniently, but fingering is identical with existing keyboard, so that the phoneme label is only lifted is two as follows:
C transfers 22222
First row 111
Fingering 12312341 (5)
D transfers black key 33
First row 222 (2)
1 1 1
(3), another characteristics of the design, be that each accent all has two kinds of phoneme fingering, in performance, all might need; Utilize the white key of repeat tone, C transfers and can close use to the white bond of two row; Sharp transfers then available existing keyboard flat to transfer fingering:
C transfers the 3rd row 55555
Black key
First row 222
Fingering 12312341 (5)
G transfers in the 3rd row 666666 and the existing keyboard
bG transfers fingering identical
5
Fingering 23412312 (4)
D transfers in the 3rd row 555555 and the existing keyboard
bD transfers fingering identical
Black key 44
Fingering 23123412 (4)
A transfers the 3rd row 55555
Black key is omitted below 4.
3 3
Fingering 23123412 (4)
(4), flat another fingering of transferring, promptly existing keyboard fingering, so the phoneme label is only lifted two examples:
F transfers black key 3
2 2 2 2 (2)
First row 111
Fingering 12341231 (4)
bB transfers black key 333
2 2 2
First row 111
Fingering 21231234
Embodiment 3: one of the present invention's keyboard, be mingled with white key among the black key row, and play more conveniently, be that the example fingering is as follows with three row's formulas:
(1) only except that transferring, C also has two with an accent of arranging key:
B transfers: only with B black key row, can play complete B scale with 12312341 or 5 fingering.
bD transfers: only use
bD black key row can play complete with 12312341 or 5 fingering
bThe D scale.
(2) only also have three outward with another F of accent team and G that arranges a key:
bIt can B black key row be main that G transfers, and a subtonic can be played out complete scale with a white key, and fingering is as follows:
The B black key arranges 1231231 or 5
bG transfers can
bD black key row is that main only the 4th sound can be played out complete scale with a white key, and fingering is as follows:
bThe D black key arranges 123231 or 5
1
E transfers: can B black key row be main, only the 4th sound can be played out complete scale with a white key, and fingering is as follows:
The B black key arranges 1231231 or 4
bA transfers can
bD black key row is main, and a subtonic can be played the scale of finishing with white key, and fingering is as follows:
bThe D black key arranges 1231232
(3) with other row two keys and three keys, fingering is omitted.
Claims (17)
1. a keyboards for musical instruments is characterized in that, divides row before and after whole keyboard original position sound and the flats, and original position sound and flats are divided into, and position, the left and right sides does not tie up mutually has a row of one's own; The original position sound is different with flat color, and in accordance with international practices, the original position sound is white key, and flats are black key; The bond distance of each key is than the corresponding shortening of bond distance of the key of existing keyboard; Whole keyboard can be made of plurality of rows, but white key and black key how many rows no matter, arrange before and after it be white, black alternate.
2. keyboards for musical instruments as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, whole keyboard is divided into three row's keys, 7 white keys of first row near the player, contain in order in the C, the D that arrange, E, F, G, A, the B sound preface on each key respectively, the 3rd row is first row's repetition fully, second 5 of the rows are black strong, contains respectively on each key to arrange in order
bD,
bE,
bG,
bA,
bIn the B sound preface one, above-mentioned 19 keys constitute a sound group, and this keyboards for musical instruments contains at least 1 such sound group.
3. keyboards for musical instruments as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, three row width of key, length are identical, and each key is a rectangle, and each key laterally is wide vertically for long; The bond distance of each key shortens to approximately 1/3rd than the bond distance of the keyboards for musical instruments that row's key is only arranged is corresponding, and the ratio of the length and width of each key is about 2: 1.
4. as keyboards for musical instruments as described in the claim 3, it is characterized in that, contain more than one sound group, and a back sound group is always than the high octave of previous sound group, the lateral attitude of each key lays respectively between per two adjacent key of the first row Bai Jianzhong in second row's black key, and second row's black key in the sound preface is
bE and
bBetween the G space of no key,
bB and next group
bAlso the space of no key between the D.
5. as keyboards for musical instruments as described in the claim 4, it is characterized in that whole keyboard contains seven and half such sound groups, near player's first row for the original position sound from A
2To c
5Totally 52 keys, second row for flats from
bB
2Extremely
bb
4Totally 36 black strong, the 3rd row for and first arrange 52 identical white keys.
6. as keyboards for musical instruments as described in the claim 5, it is characterized in that this keyboard is linear pattern or arc line type.
7. keyboards for musical instruments as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that, close player's interior arc length is shorter than the outer camber line away from the player, make key and strong between the gap near player's one end less than away from player's one end, the inside and outside camber line end points that is positioned at homonymy in four end points of outer camber line and interior camber line is line in twos, article two, the extended line of line can intersect, and the extended line of two lines makes whole keyboard formation fan-shaped with outer camber line.
8. keyboards for musical instruments as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, on the sound group basis of 19 keys, add row's black key again, this black key number is 5, thereby constitutes the sound group of 24 keys of totally four rows, the 4th row's black key and second row's black key are identical, and this keyboards for musical instruments contains at least one such sound group.
9. keyboards for musical instruments as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, on the sound group basis of 19 keys, deducts the white key of the 3rd row, constitutes the two rows sound group of totally 12 keys, and this keyboards for musical instruments contains sound group such more than 1.
10. the application of the described keyboards for musical instruments of claim 1-9 in piano, accordion, mellotron, organ, pipe organ.
11. keyboards for musical instruments as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, it is 7 keys that Bai Jian arranges every group, does not have black key between key, contains in order a sound in the C, the D that arrange, E, F, G, A, the B sound preface on each key respectively; Black key is arranged every group of 7 keys, 5 black strong, and two white keys are arranged between key, contains respectively on each black key to arrange in order
bD,
bE,
bG,
bA,
bA sound in the B sound preface, two white keys between the black key lay respectively at black key sound preface and are
bB and next group
bBetween the D, and
bE and
bBetween the G; Above-mentioned every group of key be with two rows, three rows, four rows or more than five rows, constitute respectively B black key row, Bai Jian row with
bA sound group of the different model keyboard that D black key row is alternate; This keyboards for musical instruments contains sound group such more than 1.
12. the keyboards for musical instruments as claim 11 is characterized in that, the height of white key and black key is respectively arranged in front and back, and is always front-seat a little more than back row; The width with black key is identical with length respectively with length for the width of Bai Jian; Each key is and has now the approaching common key of the white width of key of keyboard, or is narrower narrow type key; The bond distance of each key correspondingly shortens to the about 1/3rd of the existing white key of keyboard, and the wide ratio in front and back length and the left and right sides is about 2: 1 rectangle, or each key is 1: 1 positive square.
13. as keyboards for musical instruments as described in the claim 12, it is characterized in that whole keyboard contains seven and half such sound groups, the white key of promptly every row is the original position sound from A
2To c
5Totally 52 keys, every row's black key be flats from
bB
2Extremely
bb
436 black strong, and the B, E two sounds that are respectively B black key row are from B
2To b
415 white keys; Or be
bD black key row's C, F two sounds are from C
1To c
515 white keys; Two kinds of black key rows, full row is black and white totally 51 keys.
14., it is characterized in that this keyboard is linear pattern or arc line type as keyboards for musical instruments as described in the claim 13.
15. the keyboards for musical instruments as claim 14 is characterized in that, near player's interior arc length, is shorter than the outer camber line away from the player, make key with strong between the gap, close player's one end is less than away from player's one end; In four end points of outer camber line and interior camber line, the inside and outside camber line end points that is positioned at homonymy is line in twos, and the extended line of two lines can intersect, and it is fan-shaped that whole keyboard is constituted.
16. the keyboards for musical instruments as claim 13 is characterized in that, is one of following three kinds of keyboards:
A) be three row's formula keyboards, a middle row is white key; Front and back are that black key is identical, and the white key that is mingled with in the black key, two row's black keys that the position is identical, sound is inequality;
B) or be four row's formula keyboards, in above-mentioned a) described three row's formula keyboard fronts, add a row and the identical white key of middle row's contained sound of white key again;
C) or be two row's formula keyboards, last is arranged black keys and removes above-mentioned a) described three row's formula keyboards;
D) or be white, black five alternate row's formulas or six row's formula keyboards.
17. the application of the described keyboards for musical instruments of claim 11-16 on the musical instrument of all band keyboards such as piano, accordion, mellotron, organ, pipe organ.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200510004831 CN1694162B (en) | 2004-06-11 | 2005-02-02 | Line separated musical instrument keyboard |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200410048003.9 | 2004-06-11 | ||
| CN200410048003 | 2004-06-11 | ||
| CN 200510004831 CN1694162B (en) | 2004-06-11 | 2005-02-02 | Line separated musical instrument keyboard |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1694160A true CN1694160A (en) | 2005-11-09 |
| CN1694162B CN1694162B (en) | 2010-09-15 |
Family
ID=35353096
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200510004831 Expired - Fee Related CN1694162B (en) | 2004-06-11 | 2005-02-02 | Line separated musical instrument keyboard |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1694162B (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101916561A (en) * | 2010-08-31 | 2010-12-15 | 舒敬平 | Twelve-tone system playing music and full-key portamento keyboard |
| CN102339617A (en) * | 2010-07-22 | 2012-02-01 | 英业达股份有限公司 | Melodizing system based on step-counting data and method thereof |
| CN103714800A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-04-09 | 常丽文 | Piano for blind |
| CN106875928A (en) * | 2015-10-22 | 2017-06-20 | 尔阿披通·祂内特 | Accordion and electronic accordion |
| CN107464549A (en) * | 2016-06-03 | 2017-12-12 | 郑国忠 | Musical instrument device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2225085Y (en) * | 1995-01-07 | 1996-04-17 | 邵明 | Electronic piano keyboard with twelve rows |
| US6093879A (en) * | 1999-01-19 | 2000-07-25 | Pye; T. Wilfred | Bicameral scale musical instruments |
| EP1282111B1 (en) * | 2000-08-28 | 2006-07-05 | Tokyo Yusyo Co., Ltd | Keyboard for musical instrument |
-
2005
- 2005-02-02 CN CN 200510004831 patent/CN1694162B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102339617A (en) * | 2010-07-22 | 2012-02-01 | 英业达股份有限公司 | Melodizing system based on step-counting data and method thereof |
| CN102339617B (en) * | 2010-07-22 | 2014-06-25 | 英业达股份有限公司 | Melodizing system based on step-counting data and method thereof |
| CN101916561A (en) * | 2010-08-31 | 2010-12-15 | 舒敬平 | Twelve-tone system playing music and full-key portamento keyboard |
| CN103714800A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-04-09 | 常丽文 | Piano for blind |
| CN103714800B (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2016-09-07 | 常丽文 | A kind of piano for blind |
| CN106875928A (en) * | 2015-10-22 | 2017-06-20 | 尔阿披通·祂内特 | Accordion and electronic accordion |
| CN107464549A (en) * | 2016-06-03 | 2017-12-12 | 郑国忠 | Musical instrument device |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1694162B (en) | 2010-09-15 |
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