CN1658672A - Adaptive residual error frame operation method bused on video image complexity - Google Patents
Adaptive residual error frame operation method bused on video image complexity Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
This invention relates to a self-adaptable remaining different frame operation method used to compress video image based on the complexity of video images. This invention forecasts whether the remaining different frame operation will bring better compressing effect by defining the complexity of video images, and does the self-adaptable remaining different operation according to the forecasting result. The self-adapted remaining different frame operation method brought forward by this invention makes the mode of the remaining difference operation change with the content of the video images, to ensure using the redundancy among frames furthest to video image flow of any content, and also avoid the blight bought by the scene diversion or the background break to the remaining different frame operation at the same time. The method of this invention can be applied not only in the self-adaptable remaining different frame operation of the single-frame video images, but also in the self-adaptable remaining different operation of video image frame groups composed of a certain quantity of video image frames.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the video image compression technology field, be specifically related to a kind of self adaptation residual frame method of operation based on video image complexity.
Background technology
In the video image compression coding process, owing to there is very big correlation between the picture frame of front and back,, simplify image to be encoded so operate the image redundancy that can remove time orientation usually by residual frame, improve compression efficiency and quality.The video image compression algorithm of current forefront has all comprised the residual frame operation.No matter be estimation and the motion compensation [1] in mpeg standard, still primitive frame group and the residual frame group interleave method [2] in 3D-DWT-SPIHT all utilized residual frame to operate to obtain better compression effectiveness.
In above-mentioned method, the pattern of residual frame operation is all fixed.For example, the estimation in the mpeg standard and motion compensation are adopted and are equally spaced inserted I frame (primitive frame), to avoid because the decline of the caused residual error effect of the accumulation of error that lossy compression method causes.And in document [2], the pattern of picture frame group residual error operation is also fixed, and comprises a primitive frame group in promptly per two frame groups.
Yet fixed mode residual frame operation obviously is not optimized.When comprising scene transfer or background sudden change in the content of video flowing, the residual frame operation can produce very adverse influence to compression effectiveness on the contrary, just should in time insert primitive frame or primitive frame group (note by abridging and be primitive frame (group)) in this case; On the other hand, when the content of video flowing when time orientation is very steady, the insertion of primitive frame (group) just can suitably increase at interval, with the interframe redundancy by residual frame operation removal video image better.So fixed mode residual frame operation causes the residual frame operation to obtain the effect of optimum removal interframe redundancy, even goes back the decline that regular meeting causes serious compression effectiveness owing to not adjusting its operator scheme according to the content change of video flowing.
The present invention proposes a kind of brand-new self adaptation residual frame method of operation based on video image complexity, can dynamically change the insertion interval of primitive frame (group) according to the content of video flowing, fundamentally solve the contradiction between the interframe redundancy that prevents the accumulation of error and remove video image as far as possible, and avoided scene in the video flowing to shift or the loss of the great compression quality that the background sudden change is caused.
List of references (References)
[1]Didier?J.LeGall.，“The?MPEG?video?compression?algorithm，”in?Signal?Processing：Image?Communication，4(2)：129-140，Apr.1992。
[2]Jia?Hu，Wen-Qi?Ding，Li-Ming?Zhang，and?Bo?Hu，“Research?on?a?novel?3D-DWT-SPIHTcoding?by?alternate?groups?of?original?and?residual?error?frame，”in?J.Infrared?Millim.Waves，vol.23，No.4，pp.265-270，Aug.2004。
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose a kind of decay accumulation of preventing, and remove the self adaptation residual frame method of operation of the interframe redundancy of video image as far as possible.
Practical video streaming stationarity in time is constantly to change.When the time stationarity very poor, when frequent scene transfer or background sudden change are promptly arranged, image after the residual frame operation will become more more complicated than original image, to next further compressed encoding is very unfavorable, therefore at this moment just do not proceed the residual frame operation, and insert a primitive frame (group) because of this because of this; Fine when the time stationarity, promptly image is accurate static or regular moving, and then should constantly carry out the residual frame operation, till the accumulation of error will be lower than the effect of not carrying out the residual error operation on the contrary to the compression effectiveness that carries out the residual frame operation.So just can guarantee that the interframe redundancy of video image is farthest utilized.
Yet, realize this idea, just must know that the compression effectiveness of when doing the residual frame operation can drop to the effect that is lower than when not doing the residual frame operation.Obviously these two kinds of picture frames (group) all can not be recovered out through overcompression and decompression, and calculate, relatively whether both Y-PSNR (PSNR) back decisions are finally carried out residual frame to this picture frame (group) and are operated.Will be very huge if do operand like this.So, find a kind of method that can just can dope its recovery picture frame (group) PSNR height from picture frame to be encoded (group) itself.
Self adaptation residual frame method of operation proposed by the invention has been introduced the empirical equation (value defined of empirical equation is an image complexity) of a tolerance image complexity, and through a large amount of experimental verification image complexity high more, corresponding low more this fact of PSNR of recovering picture frame (group) not needing to have realized picture frame (group) is recovered to come out just can predict its compression effectiveness.By comparing predicting the outcome of primitive frame (group) and residual frame (group); just can determine at once to carry out ensuing compressed encoding to primitive frame (group) or to residual frame (group); realization guarantees that according to the insertion position of the content-adaptive ground adjustment primitive frame (group) of video flowing the PSNR that recovers frame of video (group) reaches maximization all the time under any video streaming content.
1, the definition of image complexity
Image has three complexities, corresponds respectively to three color components (three colors are red, blue, black).Because during video image compression, three color components are encoded respectively, so not influence mutually between three complexities of image.Here, the primary system of three of image color components is called the pixel value of image.The complexity of image depends on the variation density and the change intensity of image pixel value, mainly is presented as the edge of object in the image or texture etc.When the close image of two content frames was made residual error, a large amount of object edge and textures were cancelled out each other, and the complexity of residual image significantly reduces; And when the very big image of two content frame difference is made residual error (no matter whether having passed through motion compensation), object edge and texture not only can't be cancelled each other, and have been superimposed upon on the contrary together, and residual image becomes more complicated as a result.The definition of image complexity is consistent with the complexity of intuitive image among the present invention.
Edge and texture information in order to reflect object in the image, at first image is carried out the primary space difference operation: with original image respectively vertically with pixel of horizontal direction translation, then original image and it are subtracted each other.That is,
D(row，col)＝I(row，col)-I(row+1，col+1)???????????????????????????(1)
In the formula, D represents the space parallax partial image, and I represents original image.Row and col are respectively the capable sequence number and the row sequence number of image.
Space parallax partial image after subtracting each other value in the identical or close zone of the pixel value of original image is zero or very little, and is very big in the object edge or the texture place value of original image, and edge or texture contrast are obvious more, and the space parallax partial image is just big more in the value at this place.Why with original image respectively vertically with pixel of horizontal direction translation, be to go for the edge of level and vertical direction or texture all being reflected in the space parallax partial image.Next, the quantity of non-zero pixels in the statistical space difference image changes density with the pixel value of understanding original image; Simultaneously, calculate the root-mean-square value of these non-zero pixels values, to understand the pixel value change intensity of original image.If the quantity of non-zero pixels in the space parallax partial image is designated as Cnt, the root-mean-square value of these non-zero pixels values is designated as RMS, the complexity of original image is designated as Comp, then the empirical equation of image complexity is
Comp＝Cnt·ln(RMS)/100?????????????????????????????????????????????(2)
2, the relation of image complexity and recovery picture frame (group) PSNR value
The compression experiment of hundreds of video image under different compression ratios shown, the defined image complexity of the present invention and this image (single frames residual error situation), or be the monotone decreasing relation by the PSNR value of the recovery picture frame (group) of the picture frame group (frame group residual error situation) of the image construction of similar complexity.The part experimental data is seen shown in Figure 1.
As shown in Figure 1, video image complexity is high more, and the quality of recovering frame of video (group) is just poor more.
3, residual frame operational norm
According to the relation between the quality of image complexity proposed by the invention and recovery frame of video (group), can just can predict before formally carrying out compressed encoding that whether doing the residual frame operation can bring better compression effectiveness.If the image complexity through the residual frame operation is lower, the PSNR that then recovers picture frame (group) accordingly is higher, and should carry out next step compressed encoding this moment to residual frame (group); Otherwise when higher through the image complexity of residual frame operation, the PSNR that then recovers picture frame (group) accordingly is lower, just should abandon the residual frame operation this moment, and primitive frame (group) is directly carried out next step compressed encoding.
4, frame group complexity
When coding unit is single-frame images, participate in the primitive frame of residual frame operation and the recovery frame that reference frame is frame to be encoded and former frame respectively.When coding unit is the frame group that is made of some two field pictures, participate in the primitive frame of residual frame operation and reference frame and be respectively each two field picture in the frame group to be encoded and the recovery frame of the last frame image in the former frame group.In order to reduce amount of calculation and complexity, get the complexity of the complexity of a certain picture frame (being called typical frame) in the frame group to be encoded as whole frame group to be encoded, and with this frame in the complexity after the residual frame operation as the complexity of whole frame group to be encoded after the residual frame operation.In order to make the typical frame image can represent the entire frame group, with the typical frame of that two field picture that is in frame group to be encoded center as this frame group.The frame number of common frame group to be encoded is an even number, and the picture frame that then is in the center has two frames, and wherein any frame can be as typical frame.
According to above-mentioned definition and criterion, the present invention proposes a kind of self adaptation residual frame method of operation based on video image complexity.
This method is as follows in the operating procedure of coding side:
(1) obtains the recovery frame of former frame or former frame group last frame, as the reference frame;
(2) press the difference image that (1) formula is calculated frame to be encoded or frame group typical frame to be encoded;
(3) by (2) formula calculate frame to be encoded or complexity, be designated as Comp1;
(4) frame to be encoded or frame group typical frame to be encoded and reference frame are made residual error (can be simple or the band motion compensation), obtain residual frame;
(5) press the difference image that (1) formula is calculated residual frame;
(6) by the complexity of (2) formula calculating residual frame (group), be designated as Comp2;
(7) compare Comp1 and Comp2; If Comp1＞Comp2, the residual frame (group) of then treating coded frame (group) is carried out next step compressed encoding, and adds a bit 1 in output code flow, and as residual frame operation indication bit, expression present frame (group) has adopted the residual frame operation; If Comp1＜Comp2 then directly carries out next step compressed encoding to original frame to be encoded (group), and adds a bit 0 in output code flow, as residual frame operation indication bit, expression present frame (group) does not adopt the residual frame operation.
Annotate:, then do not carry out the residual frame operation if frame to be encoded (group) is first frame (group) in the video flowing.If frame to be encoded (group) is the last frame (group) in the video flowing, does not calculate it after then its compressed encoding being finished and recover frame.
This method is as follows in the concrete operations step of decoding end:
(1) deposits former frame or the former frame group last frame that recovers to come out in buffering area, as possible reference frame;
(2) carry out common decode operation;
(3) residual frame that reads present frame (group) is operated indication bit.If bit 1, then the picture frame (group) that will recover out at present adds the reference frame (can be simple or the band motion compensation) of buffering area, gets recovery frame (group) to the end; If residual frame operation indication bit is a bit 0, do not carry out the residual frame operation when then showing compressed encoding, the picture frame (group) that has recovered out at present is last recovery frame (group).
The pattern that the inventive method dynamically changes residual frame operation by the content change with video flowing realizes recovering the quality optimization of video image.The method that adopts the present invention to propose can avoid scene to shift or the very big decline of the compression effectiveness that the background sudden change is caused, and detecting error accumulation automatically, dynamically (but not regularly) insertion primitive frame (group) is obtained the utilization maximization of video image interframe redundancy.Method of the present invention both can be applied to the self adaptation residual frame operation of single frames video image, also can be applied to the self adaptation residual frame operation of the video frame image group that the video frame image by some constitutes.Experiment showed, that the method that the present invention proposes has greatly improved the quality of recovering video image under identical compression multiple.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is for recovering the relation curve of picture frame Y-PSNR (PSNR) and image complexity.
Fig. 2 is for taking from a two field picture of " salesman ".
Fig. 3: be the reference frame that from " Salesman ", takes out.
Fig. 4: be the reference frame that from " Children ", takes out.
Fig. 5: be the residual image of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
Fig. 6: be the residual image of Fig. 2 and Fig. 4.
Embodiment
Below by concrete emulation, further introduce embodiments of the present invention.
Suppose that frame of video to be encoded is Fig. 2.Reference frame is divided into two kinds of situations: a kind ofly be and the similar image of content frame to be encoded that as Fig. 3, this is corresponding to video flowing situation more stably; Another kind is and the content of frame to be encoded very mutually image not that as Fig. 4, this is corresponding to the situation that background sudden change or scene conversion have taken place.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show residual frame image in both cases respectively.As seen from Figure 5, when video flowing was steady, the residual frame between frame to be encoded and the reference frame was comparatively simple, and the static background of large amount of complex is cancelled, and image complexity is lower.In this example, the image complexity of Fig. 5 is 2145.As seen from Figure 6, when background sudden change or scene conversion had taken place, it is very complicated that the residual frame between frame to be encoded and the reference frame will become, and wherein comprised all labyrinths that participate in two two field pictures of residual error, and its image complexity is higher.In this example, the image complexity of Fig. 6 is 2883.For frame to be encoded (Fig. 2), its image complexity is 2414.
According to self adaptation residual frame method of operation, as Fig. 3 during as the reference frame, because the complexity of residual frame (Fig. 5) is lower than the complexity of frame to be encoded (Fig. 2), thus residual frame (Fig. 5) is carried out next step compressed encoding, and in output code flow, add a bit 1; As Fig. 4 during, because the complexity of residual frame (Fig. 6) is higher than the complexity of frame to be encoded (Fig. 2), directly carry out next step compressed encoding, and in output code flow, add a bit 0 so treat coded frame (Fig. 2) as the reference frame.
The test of the compression effectiveness of various video flowings and comparison.
Concrete simulated conditions is as follows:
48 two field pictures are formed video flowing, and the transform domain coding method adopts the 3D-DWT-SPIHT algorithm of document [2], with 8 two field pictures as a frame group.The method that adopts the present invention to propose is carried out the residual frame operation.As a comparison, also carried out emulation for raw residual frame processing method that adopts document [2] and the scheme of not doing the residual frame operation.The title of the normal video image that uses during emulation and they the appearance order in whole video stream all marks in table 1.
Experimental result such as following table:
| Compression multiple | Adopt the inventive method | Do not adopt the inventive method | Do not do the residual frame operation |
| There is not background sudden change (1～48:Salesman) | |||
| ????50 | ????34.7589 | ????33.7980 | ????33.0904 |
| ????100 | ????31.8451 | ????30.9602 | ????30.3929 |
| ????200 | ????29.5058 | ????28.8493 | ????28.2788 |
| ????400 | ????27.6309 | ????27.1547 | ????26.7327 |
| Background sudden change (1～8:Salesman in 5 places is arranged, 9～16:Children, 17～24:Salesman, 25～32:Children, 33～40:Salesman, 41～48:Children) | |||
| ????50 | ????33.3057 | ????31.0055 | ????33.3057 |
| ????100 | ????30.3207 | ????28.6575 | ????30.3207 |
| ????200 | ????28.0992 | ????27.0075 | ????28.0992 |
| ????400 | ????26.4730 | ????25.3706 | ????26.4730 |
| 1 place background sudden change (1～40:Salesman, 41～48:Children) are arranged | |||
| ????50 | ????34.3538 | ????32.6324 | ????33.1654 |
| ????100 | ????31.3648 | ????30.0117 | ????30.3678 |
| ????200 | ????29.0947 | ????28.0793 | ????28.2153 |
| ????400 | ????27.2843 | ????26.4373 | ????26.6289 |
Table 1 adopts the Y-PSNR (PSNR/dB) of the different resulting recovery video images of residual frame method of operation
By simulation result as seen, do not have the background sudden change in video flowing, when promptly video flowing was quite steady in time, the residual frame operation was owing to utilized the interframe redundancy of video image, and compression result is better than does not carry out the residual frame method of operating.But, because the original method of document [2] does not adopt self adaptation residual frame method of operation proposed by the invention, so the time redundancy of video image does not make full use of, hang down about 1dB to such an extent as to recover the result of the maximum comparable employing self adaptation residual frame methods of operation of PSNR of image.
When having the backgrounds sudden change of 5 places in the video flowing, all be higher than and do not make the residual frame operation complexity because each frame group is made complexity after the residual frame operation, so whole video stream should not carry out the residual frame operation.Therefore, the result who adopts self adaptation residual frame method of operation with do not do coming to the same thing of residual frame operation.And adopt the fixedly method of the document [2] of residual frame operation, then owing to do not evade background the declining to a great extent of the compression efficiency that causes of suddenling change, it is many that the range of decrease of PSNR can reach 2dB.
When having the background sudden change of 1 place in the video flowing, method of the present invention had both been evaded the decline of the compression efficiency that the background sudden change brings, made full use of the time redundancy in the video flowing again, so its compression effectiveness is than document [2] and do not do all get well much of residual frame operation.Although it should be noted that the sudden change of background has only taken place, to such an extent as to it is the result of so significantly document [2] even has been lower than the result who does not do the residual frame operation the influence of compression efficiency.
To sum up, the self adaptation residual frame method of operation based on video image complexity that the present invention proposes can both obtain optimized residual frame operating effect under any video streaming content.
Claims (2)
1, a kind of self adaptation residual frame method of operation based on video image complexity is characterized in that the concrete steps of coding side are as follows:
(1) obtains the recovery frame of former frame or former frame group last frame, as the reference frame;
(2) press the difference image that (1) formula is calculated frame to be encoded or frame group typical frame to be encoded;
(3) by (2) formula calculate frame to be encoded or complexity, be designated as Comp1;
(4) frame to be encoded or frame group typical frame to be encoded and reference frame are made residual error, obtain residual frame;
(5) press the difference image that (1) formula is calculated residual frame;
(6) by the complexity of (2) formula calculating residual frame (group), be designated as Comp2;
(7) compare Comp1 and Comp2; If Comp1＞Comp2, the residual frame (group) of then treating coded frame (group) is carried out next step compressed encoding, and adds a bit 1 in output code flow, and as residual frame operation indication bit, expression present frame (group) has adopted the residual frame operation; If Comp1＜Comp2 then directly carries out next step compressed encoding to original frame to be encoded (group), and adds a bit 0 in output code flow, as residual frame operation indication bit, expression present frame (group) does not adopt the residual frame operation;
D(row，col)＝I(row，col)-I(row+1，col+1)???????????????????????(1)
In the formula, D represents the space parallax partial image, and I represents original image.Row and col are respectively the capable sequence number and the row sequence number of image;
Comp＝Cnt·ln(RMS)/100???????????????????????????????????????(2)
In the formula, Comp is the complexity of original image, and Cnt is a non-zero pixels value in the space parallax partial image, and RMS is the root-mean-square value of these non-zero pixels values.
2, self adaptation residual frame method of operation according to claim 1 is characterized in that the concrete steps of decoding end are as follows:
(1) deposits former frame or the former frame group last frame that recovers to come out in buffering area, as possible reference frame;
(2) carry out common decode operation;
(3) residual frame that reads present frame (group) is operated indication bit; If bit 1, then the picture frame (group) that will recover out at present adds the reference frame of buffering area, gets recovery frame (group) to the end; If residual frame operation indication bit is a bit 0, do not carry out the residual frame operation when then showing compressed encoding, the picture frame (group) that has recovered out at present is last recovery frame (group).
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