CN1619976A - Mobile terminal, joint receiver, activated code channel information detection and allocating device and its method - Google Patents

Mobile terminal, joint receiver, activated code channel information detection and allocating device and its method Download PDF

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CN1619976A
CN1619976A CN 200410096107 CN200410096107A CN1619976A CN 1619976 A CN1619976 A CN 1619976A CN 200410096107 CN200410096107 CN 200410096107 CN 200410096107 A CN200410096107 A CN 200410096107A CN 1619976 A CN1619976 A CN 1619976A
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code channel
information
active
detector
activation
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CN100483962C (en
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李�燮
董霄剑
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Beijing T3G Technology Co Ltd
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Beijing T3G Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

A active code channel detection and configurator contains a active code channel detector and an active code channel configurator wherein the active code channel detector transmit information of received data and frequency channel response estimation information to active code channel configurator, the active code channel configurator makes judgment that whether start the active code channel configurator or utilize it to output code channel configuration information. Said invention can give out active code channel information configuration before demodulating code channel information.

Description

Mobile terminal, joint receiver, activated code channel information detection and configurator and method thereof
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous code division multiple access) terminal in a mobile communication system, and more particularly, to an active code channel detection and configuration apparatus and a detection and configuration method for implementing joint detection in a TD-SCDMA mobile terminal.
Background
In the TD-SCDMA terminal system, the joint detection method is a data estimation method with excellent performance, is one of the important core technologies of TD-SCDMA, and its physical meaning is to estimate all user data sent by the base station system at the same time. The joint detection and estimation method needs to generate a system matrix, wherein the system matrix is determined by the spreading codes of a plurality of users and the corresponding channel impulse responses. The physical channel occupied by each spreading code is called a code channel. The system matrix is a response matrix of the whole system, and not only contains relevant system parameters of the current working time slot, but also contains information of spreading codes of all users of the current working time slot, channel impulse response and the like. It can be seen that the excellent performance of joint detection is based on the known transmitted code channel and channel information, so the code channel information must be allocated in the data detection process.
However, in TD-SCDMA system, the terminal cannot obtain the information of the transmitted code channel accurately in advance. Usually, this information is obtained by means of an estimation of the received data of the current active time slot, so that an estimation error inevitably exists in the code channel information. It is very important how to solve the problem of activating code channel estimation in joint detection, and flexibly apply the direct estimation result and adjust timely.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to an active code channel detecting and allocating device and a method thereof with high robustness.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a joint receiver using the above active code channel detection and configurator.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a mobile terminal using the joint receiver.
The invention relates to an active code channel detection and configurator, which comprises an active code channel detector and an active code channel configurator, wherein the active code channel detector obtains preliminary estimation information according to received data, channel response estimation information and high-level configuration code channel information and outputs the preliminary estimation information to the active code channel configurator, and the active code channel configurator judges whether to output starting information to the active code channel detector or not and outputs the code channel configuration information.
The detection and configuration method of the present invention can generate code channel configuration information according to the received digital baseband signal, high-level code channel configuration information and channel response estimation information, and comprises the following steps: a) obtaining preliminary estimation information according to the received digital baseband signal, the high-level code channel configuration information and the channel response estimation information; b) judging whether to output starting information for activating code channel detection (or whether a detector works and judges whether to use) according to the obtained high-level configuration information; and, c) outputting the code channel configuration information.
The invention has the advantages that the invention can provide the configuration of the activated code channel information before the code channel information is not demodulated, so that the joint detection has wider application conditions and stronger robustness. From the implementation point of view, the invention has the characteristics of low complexity and easy implementation.
Drawings
For further explanation of the invention, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings described below:
fig. 1 shows a structure diagram of a TD-SCDMA mobile terminal according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a structural diagram of a joint receiver of the TD-SCDMA mobile terminal of the present invention, which shows the relationship between the code channel information configuration and the joint detection.
Fig. 3 and 4 illustrate the channel estimation window, Kcell value, and relationship with the user code channel.
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of an active code channel detection and configurator of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a block diagram of an active code channel configurator of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a flow chart showing the operation of activating the code channel configurator to configure the code channel.
Fig. 8 illustrates two configurations of the code channel activation information.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a TD-SCDMA mobile terminal according to the present invention. The TD-SCDMA mobile terminal 100 is applied in the third generation mobile communication system.
The TD-SCDMA mobile terminal 100 includes an antenna end 101, a radio frequency front end 102, an analog baseband processor 103, an analog-to-digital converter 104, an RRC (Root-raised Cosine) filter 105, a joint detector 106, an active code channel detection and configuration device 107, and a decoder 108.
Firstly, a wireless signal reaches an antenna end 101 of a mobile terminal through a space transmission channel, and a radio frequency front end 102 performs frequency point selection, frequency mixing, amplification and other processing on the received wireless signal and outputs a zero intermediate frequency signal. The zero intermediate frequency signal passes through an analog baseband processor 103 for acquiring an analog baseband signal from the zero intermediate frequency signal, an analog/digital converter 104 for converting the analog baseband signal into a digital baseband signal, and an RRC filter 105, and then becomes a baseband digital signal that can be processed by the joint detector 106 and the active code channel detection and configuration device 107, and is output to the joint detector 106 and the active code channel detection and configuration device 107, respectively. The spreading sequence over the radio channel is "recovered" and despread by the joint detector 106 to obtain user soft bit information, which is output to the decoder 108. The user soft bit information is decoded by the decoder 108 to obtain and output final user bit information. Therefore, the performance of the TD-SCDMA mobile terminal mainly depends on the quality of the joint detection. And the configuration of the activation code channel information is crucial to joint detection.
For convenience of description, we define "activated" and "inactivated" as follows. If a spreading sequence code is used by the base station in the current working time slot, i.e. used as a spreading code of a physical channel, the code channel of the spreading sequence code is called active, otherwise, the code channel is inactive.
In joint detection, the active code information will give which code channels are active, which is the information that must be known by joint detector 106.
For further explanation of the joint detection, please refer to fig. 2 to 4. FIG. 2 shows the relationship between code channel information configuration and joint detection; fig. 3 and 4 illustrate the channel estimation window, Kcell value, and relationship with the user code channel. Here, "Kcell" refers to the maximum number of training sequences (midambles) available in the operating cell in TD-SCDMA.
Here, we take a joint detection algorithm, minimum mean square error linear block equalization (MMSE-BLE), as an example.
Referring to fig. 2, the joint detector 106 first receives the baseband digital signal from the RRC filter 105, which has 864 chips as a timeslot including a training sequence, a data portion and a guard time slot. Wherein, the training sequence is used to estimate the channel response of the user (which reflects the wireless transmission characteristics experienced by the transmitted information of one user), the data part is used to detect the code channel activation and demodulate the user information, and the base station does not transmit any data during the guard time slot.
The joint detector 106 obtains channel response estimation information from the received baseband digital signal and outputs it to the active code channel detection and configurator 107. The channel response estimation information is not only used for generating a system matrix, but also used for activating code channel detection and the like.
The active code channel detection & configurator 107 obtains some code channel configuration information of the system from the higher layer, obtains channel response estimation information from the joint detector 106, and obtains received data from the RRC filter 105, and then determines the code channel configuration information according to the signal detection method, and outputs the code channel configuration information to the joint detector 106. The code channel information is used to determine which code channels are activated and which code channels are not activated in the process of the joint detection. The active code track will have a corresponding convolution vector in the system matrix. Based on the output code channel information, the joint detector 106 detects and outputs user soft bit information.
Here, the joint detector 106 and the active code channel detection and configurator 107 are interdependent, the joint detector 106 needs information of the active code channel configuration, and the active code channel detection and configurator 107 also needs information of channel response estimation of the joint detector 106.
The core of the joint detection lies in the system matrix, and the activation code channel information is the necessary information for generating the matrix. For clarity, the relationship between the channel estimation window and the code channel and Kcell is first described. In TD-SCDMA, there are three types of training sequence allocation, which are "COMMON", "defiault", and "SPECIFIC", respectively.
As shown in FIG. 3, the COMMON mode means that all code channels currently share a training sequence. When the Midamble Allocation is COMMON, the channel response window is 128-point long, and all SF code channels correspond to a unique channel impulse response, where SF refers to the length of the spreading sequence.
In fig. 3, the training sequence allocation mode is set to COMMON, all code channels share one training sequence, and the estimated channel response window is a 128-point complex sequence. All SF code channels then correspond to this one channel window, i.e. the channel impulse response of each code channel is the same regardless of the size of the Kcell value. At least one of the code channels from 1 to SF is active.
As shown in fig. 4, the defiault mode refers to SF code channels using Kcell training sequences. When the distribution mode of the training sequence is DEFAULT, the channel response window is a window with the length of W point, W is the maximum positive integer less than 128/Kcell, and all SF code channels correspond to Kcell channel impulse responses hk(k=1,2,...,Kcell)。
In fig. 4, the training sequence allocation mode is set to DEFAULT, and at this time, the channel impulse response contains at most Kcell activation windows, and according to the TD-SCDMA protocol, the ith activation window corresponds to Mi(i ═ 1, 2., Kcell) code channels. In FIG. 4, the numbers are from 1 to M1Corresponding to the activation window h1Serial number from (M)1+1)~(M1+M2) Corresponding to the activation window h2That is to say 1 to M1In which at least one code channel is active, (M)1+1)~(M1+M2) At least one code channel is active; and corresponds to an inactive window h3~hKcellOf (M)1+M2None of the +1) -SF code channels is active.
Referring to fig. 5 to 8, fig. 5 is a structural diagram of an active code channel detector and configurator according to the present invention. (ii) a FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an active code channel configurator of the active code channel detection and configurator; FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of activating a code channel configurator to configure code channels; fig. 8 illustrates two configurations of the code channel activation information.
In fig. 5, the active code channel detector and configurator 107 includes an active code channel detector 109 and an active code channel configurator 110, and the joint detector 106 has a channel estimator 111 therein.
The channel estimator 111 estimates the current wireless channel response using the training sequence to obtain channel response estimation information, and outputs the channel response estimation information to the active code channel detector 109.
The active code channel configurator 110 determines the received high-level configuration code channel information, and outputs a response according to the determination: (1) outputting the start information to the active code channel detector 109; (2) the code channel configuration information is output to joint detector 106. This judgment process will be described later in detail.
The active code detector 109 is a preliminary code detector, and is an error detecting device. Whether a certain characteristic signal (here, specifically a spreading sequence) exists is judged according to a certain signal detection criterion. For example, the received data is matched and filtered according to the input high-level configuration code channel information, and weighted by channel estimation, so as to obtain the energy corresponding to all the spreading sequences, and these energy values mark the existence of the spreading sequences, and obtain the preliminary code channel activation information according to a certain determination method. For example, the active code channel detector 109 may be an active code channel detector similar to the detector disclosed in patent application No. CN03156572.7 patent application "detector for detecting the number of active code channels and their spreading codes" published 5.5.2004.
After receiving the start information input by the active code channel configurator 110, the active code channel detector 109 obtains preliminary estimation information according to the received data, the channel response estimation information and the high-level configuration code channel information, and outputs the preliminary estimation information to the active code channel configurator 110.
For a further understanding of the present invention, reference is made to FIG. 6, wherein the dotted line portion represents the active code channel configurator 110.
The active code channel configurator 110 includes an active code channel decider 112, an active code channel information merger 113 and an information output selector 114.
Wherein, the active code channel decision device 112 receives the high-level configuration information and decides the information. The output of (1) outputting "direct configuration information" to the information output selector 114; (2) outputs the "predicted code channel information" to the active code channel information merger 113; (3) the "startup information" is output to the active code channel detector 109.
The active code channel information combiner 113 combines the "preliminary estimation information" from the active code channel detector 109 and the "predicted code channel information" from the active code channel decider 112, and outputs the "combined estimation information" to the information output selector 114.
Based on the high-level configuration information, the information output selector 114 selects to output "direct configuration information" or "merged estimation information". The "direct configuration information" or the "merged estimation information" is output to the joint detector 107 as code channel configuration information.
For a more clear description of the above activation of the code channel configurator 110, a detailed description of its operation will be made below in conjunction with fig. 6 and 7.
First, the active code channel decision device 112 receives high-level configuration information, which at least includes the following three parts: a training sequence configuration mode; the available activation window, i.e., Kcell value, in the working cell; and, the length of the code channel spreading sequence, i.e., the SF value.
The active code channel decision device 112 firstly determines whether SF is 1 according to the high-level information, if SF is 1, according to the TD-SCDMA protocol, at this time, there is no spread spectrum, and data of only one code channel is currently modulated and transmitted, then directly outputs the information activated by the first code channel, that is, "information for activating the current code channel is output" in fig. 7 to the information output selector 114 (step 1). At this time, the active code channel detector 109 does not operate.
If SF ≠ 1, i.e. SF > 1, it is checked whether there is any code channel activation information that can be predicted in advance, i.e. "whether there is a code channel requiring special protection" in fig. 7, and if so, it is output to the activation code channel merger 113 (step 2).
Then, the code channel decision unit 112 determines whether the training sequence configuration is "COMMON" or "defiault". If the training sequence configuration is "COMMON", the active code channel detector 109 is activated, or the active code channel detector 109 is activated at a constant time, and it is determined that the information of the active code channel detector 109 is utilized, and the preliminary estimation information generated by the active code channel detector 109 is output to the active code channel information combiner 113. The active code channel information combiner 113 combines the preliminary estimation information with the specially protected code channel information in step 2 according to the rule of union set, and outputs the combined code channel estimation information to the information output selector 114 (step 3).
If the training sequence configuration mode is "DEFAULT", then further determining whether Kcell < K, where K is a parameter value that can be preset, i.e., a threshold value, e.g., 2 < K < 16. When Kcell < K, the active code channel detector 109 is activated, or the active code channel detector 109 is activated normally, and at this time, it is determined that the information of the active code channel detector 109 is utilized, and the preliminary estimation information generated by the active code channel detector 109 is output to the active code channel information combiner 113. The active code channel information combiner 113 combines the preliminary estimation information with the specially protected code channel information in step 2 according to the rule of union set, and outputs the combined code channel estimation information to the information output selector 114 (step 4).
If the training sequence configuration mode is "DEFAULT", then further determining whether Kcell < K, or the active code channel detector 109 is always started when Kcell < K is not satisfied, and at this time, determining that the information of the active code channel detector 109 is not utilized, but directly configuring code channel activation information according to the mode one or the mode two shown in FIG. 8, and outputting the configured code channel activation information to the active code channel information combiner 113. The activation code channel information merger 113 merges the configured code channel activation information and the specially protected code channel information in step 2 according to the rule of merging set. The code channel information obtained by the merging can also be called "direct configuration information" because all the code channel information is obtained by direct configuration. The code channel information merger 113 is activated to output it to the information output selector 114 (step 5).
The information output selector 114 receives the higher layer configuration information, the direct configuration information and the combined code channel estimation information, wherein the direct configuration information and the combined code channel estimation information are code channel configuration information. Based on the higher layer configuration information, the information output selector 114 selects to output the direct configuration information and the combined code channel estimation information (step 6).
Fig. 8 shows, as an example, the configuration modes of the code channel activation information, i.e., mode one and mode two, followed in step 5. By considering it as corresponding to the activation window h1And h2Code channel 1 to (M)1+M2) The state is active, the state is set to "1", the other code channels are inactive, and the state is set to "0". The second way is to consider that all the code channels 1-SF are activated at present, and set the state to be '1'.
The information output selector 114 selects to output the direct configuration information and the combined code channel estimation information, which are output to the joint detector 106. Based on this information and the received data from RRC filter 105, joint detector 106 may obtain the user soft bit data and output it to decoder 108, and decoder 108 obtains the user data, thereby implementing data reception for the mobile terminal.
The invention combines the working characteristics of TD-SCDMA (TSM and TDD-LCR), and can provide the configuration of the activated code channel information before the code channel information is not demodulated, so that the joint detection has wider application condition and stronger robustness. From the implementation point of view, the invention has the characteristics of low complexity and easy implementation.

Claims (24)

1. An active code channel detection and configurator comprises an active code channel detector (109) and an active code channel configurator (110), wherein the active code channel detector (109) obtains preliminary estimation information according to received data, channel response estimation information and high-level configuration code channel information and outputs the preliminary estimation information to the active code channel configurator (110), and the active code channel configurator (110) judges whether the active code channel detector (109) is started or not according to the received high-level configuration code channel information or whether the active code channel detector (109) is utilized or not and outputs the code channel configuration information.
2. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 1, wherein the active code channel configurator (110) comprises an active code channel decider (112), an active code channel information combiner (113) and an information output selector (114), wherein,
an activated code channel decision device (112) judges the received high-level configuration information and outputs information according to the judgment result;
activating a code channel information merger (113) to merge the obtained information and outputting a merging result to an information output selector (114);
an information output selector (114) selects the received information and outputs it as code channel configuration information.
3. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 2, wherein the high layer configuration information comprises at least the following three parts of information:
training sequence configuration modes, including three modes, namely 'COMMON', 'DEFAULT' and 'SPECIFIC';
the available activation window, i.e., Kcell value, in the working cell;
and the length of the code channel spreading sequence, i.e., the SF value.
4. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 3,
when the activation code channel decision unit (112) decides that SF is 1, the information of the activation of the unique code channel is directly output to the information output selector (114).
5. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 3,
when the active code channel decision unit (112) decides that SF ≠ 1, i.e., SF > 1, it checks whether there is code channel active information that can be predicted in advance, and if so, outputs it to the active code channel merger (113).
6. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 5,
when the activation code channel decision device (112) further determines whether the training sequence configuration mode is 'COMMON', when the training sequence configuration mode is 'COMMON', the activation code channel detector (109) is started, or the activation code channel detector (109) is started normally, and at this time, the preliminary estimation information generated by the activation code channel detector (109) is output to the activation code channel information merger (113) by determining the information of the activation code channel detector (109), and the activation code channel information merger (113) merges the preliminary estimation information and the code channel information predicted in advance according to the merging set principle.
7. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 5,
when the active code channel judger (112) further judges whether the training sequence configuration mode is 'DEFAULT', when the training sequence configuration mode is 'DEFAULT' and Kcell is less than a preset value K, the active code channel detector (109) is started, or the active code channel detector (109) is started normally, and at the moment, the information of the active code channel detector (109) is judged to be utilized, the preliminary estimation information generated by the active code channel detector (109) is output to an active code channel information merger (113), and the active code channel information merger (113) merges the preliminary estimation information and the code channel information which is predicted in advance according to the rule of a union set.
8. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 7, wherein the predetermined value K is 2 "K" 16.
9. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 5,
when the active code channel judger (112) further judges whether the training sequence configuration mode is 'DEFAULT', when the training sequence configuration mode is 'DEFAULT' and Kcell is not less than the preset value K, or the active code channel detector (109) is started frequently, at the moment, the information of the active code channel detector (109) is not utilized, the code channel active information is directly configured according to a certain mode, the configured code channel active information is output to the active code channel information merger (113), and the active code channel information merger (113) merges the configured code channel active information and the code channel information which is predicted in advance according to the merging set principle.
10. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 9, wherein the certain manner is: the code channels corresponding to the active window are considered active and the other code channels are inactive.
11. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 9, wherein the certain manner is: all code channels are considered to be active currently.
12. The active code channel detector and configurator of claim 9, wherein the predetermined value K is 2 "K" 16.
13. A joint receiver comprising a joint detector (106) and an active code channel detection and configuration unit (107) according to claims 1-12, the joint detector (106) outputting channel response estimation information to the active code channel detection and configuration unit (107) based on the received digital baseband signal, the active code channel detection and configuration unit (107) generating and outputting code channel configuration information to the joint detector (106) based on the received digital baseband signal, the higher layer code channel configuration information and the channel response estimation information, the user soft bit information being obtained and output by the joint detector (106).
14. A mobile terminal of a wireless communication system, comprising:
an antenna terminal (101) for receiving a wireless signal arriving at the mobile terminal via a spatial transmission channel;
the radio frequency front end (102) is used for carrying out frequency point selection, frequency mixing and amplification on the received wireless signals and outputting zero intermediate frequency signals;
an analog baseband processor (103) for deriving an analog baseband signal from the zero intermediate frequency signal;
an analog/digital converter (104) for converting the analog baseband signal into a digital baseband signal;
an RRC filter (105) for filtering the digital baseband signal;
a joint receiver for obtaining and outputting user soft bit information according to the received digital baseband signal and the high-level code channel configuration information;
a decoder (108) for converting the user soft bit information into user bit information output,
the method is characterized in that:
the joint receiver is the joint receiver of claim 13.
15. A method for detecting and configuring an active code channel detector and configurator according to claim 1, wherein the code channel configuration information is generated according to the received digital baseband signal, the higher layer code channel configuration information and the channel response estimation information, comprising the steps of:
a) obtaining code channel preliminary estimation information according to the received digital baseband signal, the channel response estimation information and the high-level configuration information;
b) judging according to the obtained high-level configuration information and outputting the information;
c) merging the code channel information; and the number of the first and second groups,
d) and selecting output code channel information.
16. The detection and configuration method of claim 15,
in the above b), the method comprises:
judging the received high-level configuration information and outputting direct code channel configuration information; or,
judging whether to output starting information or to output starting information frequently for received high-level configuration information
Judging whether to utilize the preliminary code channel detection information or not in time; or,
judging the received high-level configuration information, judging whether the code channel information is predicted,
in the step c), when the initial code channel estimation detection information and the predicted code channel information exist at the same time, merging the code channel estimation information according to a union principle; and
in the above d), the received higher layer configuration information is determined, and selected from the direct code channel configuration information or the merged code channel estimation information, and output as the final code channel configuration information.
17. The detecting and configuring method of claim 16, wherein the high-level configuration information comprises at least the following three parts:
training sequence configuration modes, including three modes, namely 'COMMON', 'DEFAULT' and 'SPECIFIC';
the available activation window, i.e., Kcell value, in the working cell;
and the length of the code channel spreading sequence, i.e., the SF value.
18. The detection and configuration method of claim 17,
when the SF is judged to be 1, the information of the activation of the unique code channel is directly output.
19. The detection and configuration method of claim 17,
when the SF is judged to be not equal to 1, namely SF is larger than 1, whether code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance exists is checked, if yes, the code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance is output, whether the training sequence configuration mode is COMMON is further judged, when the training sequence configuration mode is COMMON, the activation code channel detector (109) is started, or the activation code channel detector (109) is started normally, at the moment, the judgment is made that the information of the activation code channel detector (109) is utilized, preliminary estimation information is generated, and the preliminary estimation information and the code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance are merged according to a union set principle.
20. The detection and configuration method of claim 17,
when SF & lt 1 & gt is judged, namely SF & gt 1, whether code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance exists is checked, if yes, the code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance is output, whether the training sequence configuration mode is DEFAULT is further judged, when the training sequence configuration mode is DEFAULT and Kcell is smaller than a preset value K, an activation code channel detector (109) is started, or the activation code channel detector (109) is started normally, at the moment, the preliminary estimation information which is generated by using the information of the activation code channel detector (109) is judged, and the preliminary estimation information and the code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance are combined according to a union principle.
21. The detection and configuration method of claim 17,
when SF is judged to be not equal to 1, namely SF is larger than 1, whether code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance exists is checked, if so, the code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance is output, whether a training sequence configuration mode is DEFAULT is further judged, when the training sequence configuration mode is DEFAULT and a Kcell is not smaller than a preset value K, or an activation code channel detector (109) is started normally, at the moment, the information of the activation code channel detector (109) is judged not to be utilized, the code channel activation information is directly configured according to a certain mode, and the configured code channel activation information and the code channel activation information which can be predicted in advance are combined according to a union set principle.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the certain manner is: the code channels corresponding to the active window are considered active and the other code channels are inactive.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the certain manner is: all code channels are considered to be active currently.
24. The method as claimed in claim 20 or 21, wherein the predetermined value K is 2 "K" 16.
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