CN1463147A - Transmitter for transmitting orthogonal frequency-division multiplying signal by way of time division and its method - Google Patents
Transmitter for transmitting orthogonal frequency-division multiplying signal by way of time division and its method Download PDFInfo
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- CN1463147A CN1463147A CN02147959A CN02147959A CN1463147A CN 1463147 A CN1463147 A CN 1463147A CN 02147959 A CN02147959 A CN 02147959A CN 02147959 A CN02147959 A CN 02147959A CN 1463147 A CN1463147 A CN 1463147A
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- ofdm
- information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
- H04L27/2627—Modulators
- H04L27/2634—Inverse fast Fourier transform [IFFT] or inverse discrete Fourier transform [IDFT] modulators in combination with other circuits for modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
- H04J13/0007—Code type
- H04J13/0022—PN, e.g. Kronecker
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
- H04L1/0042—Encoding specially adapted to other signal generation operation, e.g. in order to reduce transmit distortions, jitter, or to improve signal shape
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2602—Signal structure
- H04L27/2605—Symbol extensions, e.g. Zero Tail, Unique Word [UW]
Abstract
An OFDM transmitter capable of increasing transmission rate of an allocated frequency band is provided. An OFDM transmitter includes a plurality of FEC code units for coding data relative to a server; a plurality of inverse discrete Fourier transformers perform inverse discrete Fourier transform that rearranges OFDM signals, which were formed based on frequency output from FEC code units, in terms of time; a plurality of guard interval insertion units insert a guard interval for restraining interference between the OFDM signals that have been inverse-discrete-Fourier-transformed; a plurality of synchronous information insertion units insert pseudo noise sequence into OFDM signals outputing from guard interval insertion units; a multi-switching unit switches OFDM signals outputing from synchronous information insertion units according to service type and sending speed; a pulse shaping filter for filtering OFDM signals outputing from the multi-switching unit; and a RF upconversing unit for conversing OFDM signal outputing from the shaping filter according to service type and sending speed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to OFDM (OFDM) transmitter and method thereof, more specifically, relate to a kind of COS and use time division way to send the OFDM transmitter of ofdm signal with its method according to ofdm signal.
Background technology
Usually, high definition TV (HDTV) broadcast system roughly is divided into image encoding unit and image modulation unit.The digital data compression of about 1Gbps that the image encoding unit will be imported from the high-definition image source becomes the data of 15-18Mbps.The limited frequency band passage of image modulation unit by about 6-8MHz sends to receiving terminal with the numerical data of tens Mbps.HDTV uses the ground synchronous broadcasting method, and wherein the ground synchronous broadcasting method uses the very high frequency(VHF)/hyperfrequency (VHF/UHF) that distributes as the television broadcasting purpose.
In Europe, OFDM (OFDM) method that has adopted one of Ditital modulation method is as the DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting method, and this DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting method has the advantage that can improve the transmission speed on each bandwidth and prevent to disturb.
The OFDM method is that a kind of symbol row of input in proper order converts the parallel data in the predetermined block unit to, and with the multichannel multiplexing method of this parallel symbol data multiplex to different sub-carrier frequencies.This OFDM method is used multicarrier, and significantly different with the existing method of using single carrier.Multicarrier has orthogonality between each carrier wave." orthogonality " is meant that the product of two carrier waves is the attribute of zero (0), and orthogonality is to use the necessary condition of multicarrier.The OFDM technology can obtain by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and invert fast fourier transformation (IFFT), by the definition of orthogonality between the carrier wave and FFT, can easily obtain fast Fourier transform (FFT) and invert fast fourier transformation (IFFT).
Use the advantage of OFDM method as follows:
Because TV ground sending method has following channel characteristic, promptly send quality and depend critically upon reflected wave that in the signal process of transmitting, produces and the interference that depends in this same channels and its adjacency channel, so the transmitting system designing requirement is very complicated.But OFDM is very capable for multi-path environment.In other words, because the OFDM method is used a plurality of carrier waves, the symbol transmitting time can be elongated.Therefore, system is to the interference signal relative insensitivity that becomes, and thus, even occurring under the situation of echo (echo) signal relatively for a long time, the deterioration that is caused also is less.OFDM is very strong to the signal capabilities that exists, and less to the influence from the interference of same channels thus.Because these characteristics can be set up single frequency network (SFN).Here, ' SFN ' is meant that the single broadcasting of using single-frequency broadcasting covers the situation in the whole nation.Because the OFDM method is that ability is strong in this environment, so even when occurring disturbing in passage, it also is within the acceptable range.As described,, can effectively utilize limited frequency resource by using single frequency network.
Usually, the ofdm signal along time shaft will be provided with respect to the ofdm signal that frequency axis produced of a given service that provides for predetermined frequency band the OFDM transmitter of Domain Synchronous (TDS).Before forming ofdm signal along time shaft, the OFDM transmitter will protect at interval (GI) to be inserted between the signal suppressing and disturb, and synchronizing information is inserted in before the GI, then with this ofdm signal transmission.
Figure 1A and 1B are the schematic diagrames that is used for sending according to COS the conventional method of ofdm signal.
With reference to Figure 1A and 1B, the service 1 and 2 of ofdm signal is mutual each other incoherent information.Traditional OFDM transmitter is one and sends the single service of bandwidth assignment.Therefore, to be unit with the frame send service 1 (Reference numeral 10) with respect to time shaft (t) to the OFDM transmitter continuously, promptly with service 1-1, service 1-2 ..., the order transmission of service 1-(N-1) and service 1-N.Same OFDM transmitter also is that unit sends service 2 (Reference numerals 20) continuously with respect to time shaft (t) with the frame, promptly with service 2-1, service 2-2 ..., service 2-(N-1) and the order transmission of serving 2-N.
But traditional OFDM sending method only can use the frequency speed of being distributed to send single service, therefore can not send the various services such as audio frequency, video and A/V information.And traditional OFDM transmitter provides service by single sending method, and do not consider such as receive the place be move and static various environment.
Therefore, for example when the ofdm signal that sends service position by conventional method to being in when resembling static reception or moving the service-user of the specific reception environment that receives, the chance that occurs the received signal do not expected at receiving terminal is very high.
Therefore, the service-user of the ofdm signal service that sends by conventional method is inconvenient, because they can not use their required various types of services.
And therefore the situation that significant data does not stably receive often appears in the importance of the data of not considering to be sent out because traditional OFDM transmitter sends data continuously by allocated frequency band.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of OFDM transmitter, it can use given frequency band to send various types of services (service) with time division way.
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of OFDM transmitter, and it can send service according to reception environment, and this service can receive selectively at receiving terminal.
A further object of the present invention provides a kind of OFDM transmitter, and it can stably send data when having considered to be sent out the importance of data.
To achieve these goals, comprise according to OFDM of the present invention (OFDM) transmitter:
A plurality of FEC (forward error correction) coding unit is used to the data relevant with various services of encoding, to proofread and correct the mistake that appears in the process of transmitting in the receiver;
With the described as many inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete of FEC coding unit quantity (IDFT) unit, be used for respectively the coded data from the frequency domain of described FEC coding unit output is carried out inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete, be transformed into the OFDM symbol in the time domain;
Insert the unit with the as many protection interval of described FEC coding unit quantity (GI), be used for protection interval (GI) is inserted into respectively between the OFDM symbol of described inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete unit output, disturb with inhibition;
With the as many synchronous insertion of described FEC coding unit quantity unit, be used for PN (pseudo noise) sequence is inserted into the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI that inserts unit output from protection interval (GI), with each type of serving of indication; And
The multichannel switch unit is used for the transmission rate according to COS and service, the OFDM symbol from the output of synchronous insertion unit is carried out multichannel continuously switch;
Pulse shaping filter is used for after switching continuously the OFDM symbol from the output of multichannel switch unit being carried out pulse shaping filtering; And
Radio frequency (RF) up conversion (up-converting) unit is used for according to COS and service transmission rate the ofdm signal from pulse shaping filter output being carried out up conversion.
The PN sequence comprises service mode information.COS is at least a in digital data information, digitized audio message, digital image information, digital motion picture information and digital broadcasting information, digital audio and the video information.Digital image information, digital motion picture information and digital broadcasting information comprise the resolution of image and at least one in the display size.
For achieving the above object, OFDM (OFDM) method of using in OFDM according to the present invention (OFDM) transmitter comprises step:
The data relevant with various services of encoding are to proofread and correct the mistake that appears in the process of transmitting in the receiver;
Respectively the data relevant with various services of encoding are carried out inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete in described coding step, to form the OFDM symbol;
To protect interval (GI) to be inserted between the described OFDM symbol, to suppress interference;
The PN sequence is inserted in the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI, with the type of each service of indication; And
According to the transmission rate of COS and service, the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted the PN sequence is carried out multichannel continuously switch;
OFDM symbol after switching is continuously carried out pulse shaping filtering; And
According to COS and service transmission rate, the ofdm signal after the paired pulses shaping filter carries out up conversion.
According to the present invention, insert synchronously the unit and will represent that the PN sequence of OFDM symbol of the service type information of a plurality of services is inserted in the OFDM symbol that will be sent out, and then the multichannel switch unit with each COS required switching of transmission rate multichannel and output OFDM symbol.As a result, by allocated frequency band, can provide various services.And owing to use allocated frequency band that a plurality of services are provided, so the utilization rate of frequency band has increased.Further, using the condition according to receiving terminal is variable modulator approach, according to each COS to be variable variable transmission frequency execution service transmission.And, in the channel environment of difference, use more stable modulator approach to send service information, even make under the low situation of signal to noise ratio, still can be to the information on services execution demodulation that is received.
Description of drawings
By the description of with reference to the accompanying drawings the preferred embodiments of the present invention being carried out, above-mentioned purpose of the present invention and characteristics will become apparent, wherein:
Figure 1A and 1B are the schematic diagram of expression according to the conventional method of the transmission ofdm signal of COS;
Fig. 2 is the block diagram of OFDM transmitter according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;
The frame assumption diagram of the ofdm signal of separating method when Fig. 3 is to use;
Fig. 4 is the more detailed schematic diagram of the multichannel switch unit of Fig. 2; And
Fig. 5 is the OFDM sending method of using in OFDM transmitter according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
Hereinafter, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings in more detail.
Fig. 2 represents the block diagram of OFDM transmitter according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
The OFDM transmitter comprises a plurality of error correction forward (FEC) coding unit 100-1; 100-2; 100-3, a plurality of inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete (IDFT) unit 200-1; 200-2; unit 300-1 is inserted in 200-3, a plurality of protection (GI) at interval, 300-2, and 300-3, a plurality of synchronizing information are inserted unit 400-1; 400-2,400-3, multichannel switch unit 500, pulse shaping filter 600 and radio frequency (RF) up-conversion unit 700.
FEC coding unit 100-1,100-2, the 100-3 data relevant with various services of encoding respectively are to proofread and correct the mistake that appears in the process of transmitting in the receiver thus.
IDFT unit 200-1,200-2,200-3 be respectively to from described FEC coding unit 100-1,100-2, and the coded data in the frequency domain of 100-3 output is carried out inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete, is transformed into the OFDM symbol in the time domain.
Unit 300-1 is inserted in protection at interval (GI), and 300-2,300-3 will protects interval (GI) to be inserted into respectively at IDFT unit 200-1, and 200-2,200-3 are in the OFDM of inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete symbol, to suppress the interference between the adjacent OFDM symbol.
Insert unit 400-1 synchronously, 400-2,400-3 are inserted into the PN sequence in the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI, with the type of each service of indication.
600 pairs of OFDM symbols that switch continuously from multichannel switch unit 500 of pulse shaping filter carry out pulse shaping filtering.The OFDM symbol that 700 pairs of passages through which vital energy circulates of radio frequency (RF) up-conversion unit are washed into after mode filter 600 shaping filters carries out up conversion, makes it to become radiofrequency signal.
Be called pseudo noise (PN) sequence in the synchronous synchronizing information of inserting in the unit 400 of inserting.A plurality of information on services about the OFDM symbol are included in the PN sequence, then insert unit 400 synchronously the PN sequence is inserted in the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI.Service comprises digital data information, digitized audio message, digital image information, digital moving picture information, digital broadcasting information and digital audio and video information.Such digital image information, digital moving picture information, digital broadcasting information and digital audio and video information comprise the information relevant with display size with the resolution of image.
Inserting unit 400 synchronously is inserted in the PN sequence that comprises the information relevant with each service in the OFDM symbol of a plurality of services, and multichannel switch unit 500 multichannels are switched this OFDM symbol, and the transmission data with this COS expectation send this OFDM symbol in a frequency band then.Therefore, can provide various services by given frequency band.
The frame structure of the ofdm signal of separating method when Fig. 3 is to use.
The OFDM symbol of special services N comprises information on services, i.e. PN sequence, protection be (GI) and OFDM data at interval.At this, it is the OFDM data of reproducing at receiving terminal.GI is interval predetermined between a plurality of OFDM data, is used for suppressing to disturb.In this embodiment, be inserted in the synchronizing information about the information of the COS of OFDM data, this synchronizing information is inserted in the OFDM data of wherein having inserted GI then.Therefore, receiving terminal can be according to the COS of the OFDM data that are included in the service type information district office reception in the synchronizing information.Receiving terminal can also only reproduce and be determined the OFDM data that are suitable for condition of acceptance.
Fig. 4 illustrates in greater detail the multichannel switch unit 500 of Fig. 2.Insert unit 400 synchronously the PN sequence is inserted among corresponding service 1~N, and output to multichannel switch unit 500.Multichannel switch unit 500 switches the service 1~N that has wherein inserted the PN sequence according to the needed transmission rate multichannel of each service type information.In service 1 is the information that is suitable for the receiving terminal in the static reception environment, and to serve 2 be to be suitable under the situation of information of the receiving terminal in the mobile reception environment, multichannel switch unit 500 is carried out multichannel according to time shaft and is switched, and it is more frequent than the transmission of service 1 wherein to serve 2 transmission.And, be audio-frequency information and to serve 2 be in the situation of motion picture information in service 1, multichannel switch unit 500 is carried out multichannel according to time shaft and is switched, and it is more frequent than the transmission of service 1 wherein to serve 2 transmission.
According to the present invention, insertion unit 400 is inserted into the service type information of the OFDM symbol of a plurality of services in the OFDM symbol that will be sent out synchronously, and multichannel switch unit 500 is carried out the multichannels switching and exported this OFDM symbol with the transmission rate of each COS then.As a result, by allocated frequency band, can provide multiple service.
And owing to use allocated frequency band that multiple service is provided, the utilance of frequency band has increased.
And, by the variable modulator approach and the service of carrying out on the transmission frequency flexibly variable according to the transmission rate of each COS send according to the condition of receiving terminal.And in relatively poor channel circumstance, more stable modulator approach is used to send service information, even make under the low situation of signal to noise ratio, still can be easily to the demodulation of carrying out of the service signal that received.
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the OFDM sending method used in the OFDM transmitter according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
With reference to Fig. 5, at step S10, FEC coding unit 100-1,100-2,100-3 encode respectively about the data of each service, to proofread and correct the mistake that appears in the receiver in process of transmitting.
At step S20, IDFT unit 200-1,200-2,200-3 carries out inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete respectively to form the OFDM symbol respectively to the coded data of coding step gained.
At step S30, GI inserts unit 300-1, and 300-2,300-3 will protect interval (GI) to be inserted in the OFDM symbol to suppress the interference of OFDM symbol.
At step S40, insert unit 400-1 synchronously, 400-2,400-3 are inserted into the PN sequence in the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI, with the type of each service of indication.
At step S50, multichannel switch unit 500 is according to the transmission rate of COS and service, to from synchronous insertion unit 400-1,400-2, the OFDM symbol of 400-3 output changeably, continuously the OFDM symbol of step S40 gained is carried out multichannel and switches.
At step S60,600 pairs of OFDM symbols that switch continuously in step S50 of pulse shaping filter carry out pulse shaping filtering.
At step S70,700 pairs of OFDM symbols after step S60 of RF up-conversion unit carry out up conversion, make it to become radiofrequency signal.
Although described the preferred embodiments of the present invention in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention should be not limited to described preferred embodiment.In the spirit and scope of the invention defined by the appended claims, can produce various changes and modification.
Claims (8)
1. an OFDM (OFDM) transmitter comprises:
A plurality of FEC coding units are used to the data relevant with various services of encoding, to proofread and correct the mistake that appears in the process of transmitting in the receiver;
With the described as many inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete of FEC coding unit quantity (IDFT) unit, be used for respectively the coded data from the frequency domain of described FEC coding unit output is carried out inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete, be transformed into the OFDM symbol in the time domain;
Insert the unit with the as many protection interval of described FEC coding unit quantity (GI), be used for protection interval (GI) is inserted into respectively between the OFDM symbol of described inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete unit output, disturb with inhibition;
With the as many synchronous insertion of described FEC coding unit quantity unit, be used for PN (pseudo noise) sequence is inserted into the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI that inserts unit output from protection interval (GI), with each type of serving of indication; And
The multichannel switch unit is used for the transmission rate according to COS and service, the OFDM symbol from the output of synchronous insertion unit is carried out multichannel continuously switch;
Pulse shaping filter is used for after switching continuously the OFDM symbol from the output of multichannel switch unit being carried out pulse shaping filtering; And
Radio frequency (RF) up-conversion unit is used for according to COS and service transmission rate the ofdm signal from pulse shaping filter output being carried out up conversion.
2. OFDM transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PN sequence comprises the information of service mode.
3. want 2 described OFDM transmitters as right, wherein COS is a kind of in digital data information, digitized audio message, digital image information, digital motion picture information and digital broadcasting information, digital audio and the video information.
4. OFDM transmitter as claimed in claim 3, wherein digital image information, digital motion picture information and digital broadcasting information comprise the resolution of image and at least one in the display size.
5. OFDM (OFDM) method of using in Orthodoxy Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) transmitter comprises step:
The data relevant with various services of encoding are to proofread and correct the mistake that appears in the process of transmitting in the receiver;
Respectively the data relevant with various services of encoding are carried out inverse discrete Fourier transformer inverse-discrete in described coding step, to form the OFDM symbol;
To protect interval (GI) to be inserted between the described OFDM symbol, to suppress interference;
The PN sequence is inserted in the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted GI, with the type of each service of indication; And
According to the transmission rate of COS and service, the OFDM symbol that has wherein inserted the PN sequence is carried out multichannel continuously switch;
OFDM symbol after the continuous switching is carried out pulse shaping filtering; And
According to COS and service transmission rate, the ofdm signal after the paired pulses shaping filter carries out up conversion.
6. OFDM method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the PN sequence comprises the information of service mode.
7. OFDM method as claimed in claim 5, wherein COS is a kind of in digital data information, digitized audio message, digital image information, digital motion picture information and digital broadcasting information, digital audio and the video information.
8. OFDM method as claimed in claim 7, wherein digital image information, digital motion picture information and digital broadcasting information comprise the resolution of image and at least one in the display size.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR29412/2002 | 2002-05-27 | ||
KR1020020029412A KR100637068B1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | An OFDM Transmitter capable of improving the employment rate of predetermined frequency band for transmitting to OFDM signal |
Publications (2)
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CN1463147A true CN1463147A (en) | 2003-12-24 |
CN1199451C CN1199451C (en) | 2005-04-27 |
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CNB021479593A Expired - Fee Related CN1199451C (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-10-31 | Transmitter for transmitting orthogonal frequency-division multiplying signal by way of time division and its method |
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CN (1) | CN1199451C (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008049284A1 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2008-05-02 | Timi Technologies Co., Ltd | A system and method for generating and detecting the identifier sequence of the bandwidth-limited transmitter |
CN101098161B (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2010-11-10 | 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 | Transmitting sequential detection method, time-domain down synchronization method and cell search method |
CN1870481B (en) * | 2006-04-20 | 2011-04-27 | 华东师范大学 | F_TDM multichannel receiving method |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100852278B1 (en) * | 2002-05-27 | 2008-08-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | OFDM Transmitter capable of preventing the distortion of OFDM signal according to inserting synchronization symbol |
KR20030094914A (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2003-12-18 | 삼성전자주식회사 | OFDM transmitter capable of improving transmission rate and a method compressing OFDM signal thereof |
KR20030095664A (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2003-12-24 | 삼성전자주식회사 | OFDM Transmitter having OFDM frame structure for improving the quality of receiving and a method setting synchronous imformation length |
-
2002
- 2002-05-27 KR KR1020020029412A patent/KR100637068B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-31 CN CNB021479593A patent/CN1199451C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1870481B (en) * | 2006-04-20 | 2011-04-27 | 华东师范大学 | F_TDM multichannel receiving method |
CN101098161B (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2010-11-10 | 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 | Transmitting sequential detection method, time-domain down synchronization method and cell search method |
WO2008049284A1 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2008-05-02 | Timi Technologies Co., Ltd | A system and method for generating and detecting the identifier sequence of the bandwidth-limited transmitter |
US8139622B2 (en) | 2006-10-20 | 2012-03-20 | Timi Technologies Co., Ltd. | System and method for generating and detecting the identifier sequence of the bandwidth-limited transmitter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1199451C (en) | 2005-04-27 |
KR100637068B1 (en) | 2006-10-23 |
KR20030091399A (en) | 2003-12-03 |
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