CN1416781A - Fast iterative reconstruction method of high-resolution heat source image in positive-electron tomographic scanning - Google Patents
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Abstract
In the present invention, the fast high-resolution image reconstruction of PET projection data is realized by introducing the organic combination of super-laxation speeding factor and variable background constraint, the reconstruction speed and spatial resolution are superior to available ordered subset expectation maximum (OSEM) process, and the antijamming capacity is superior to traditional filtering back projection (FBP) process. The present invention is the improvement of OSEM, and said algorithm combines several kinds of data processing technology in the reconstruction of the heat source image to obtain reconstructed image with high spatial resolution and low noise.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of fault imaging image processing method, relate to the method for thermal source high-resolution rapid image iterative approximation in a kind of position emissron tomography (Hot-spot High Spatial Resolution is abbreviated as HHSR) particularly.
Background technology
PET (positron emission tomography) scanner PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is the nuclear medicine technology of current highest level, and it also is one of generally acknowledged state-of-the-art large-scale medical diagnosis imaging device of current medical circle.Positron emission tomography has become the indispensable important method in tumor, the heart, disease of brain diagnosis and the pathological study.
The PET video picture is a kind of have higher specific functional image and molecule video picture based on the electronic collimation technology, mainly is the function information that relevant internal organs and pathological changes thereof are provided on molecular level.If the spike drug main that PET is used
18F-FDG short life positron radionuclide, they are to form the basis of organism tissue and can participate in metabolic process.The biochemistry of most of diseases changes prior to anatomical variation, so PET can provide the early stage information of a lot of diseases in evolution, can diagnose in advance.
Radionuclide
18F is the short life positron radionuclide, is suitable for quick dynamic studies.PET is very high for the sensitivity of tracer concentration, can detect the improper increase of metabolic process accurately quantitatively and provide distinct image (so-called thermal source imaging), and this is very suitable for the early diagnosis of tumor.
On structure, PET is by closed-loop geometric pattern frame and detector 1, and front end electronics amplifies and meets system 2, main control computer 3 and detect bed 4 formations, sees Fig. 1.
Human body injects the positron radioactivity nucleic
18Behind the F, lie in and detect on the bed 4, be pushed into detector rings 1 then.β+decay takes place and produces positron in the positron radioactivity nucleic that injects human body, and positron is buried in oblivion with the electronics in the tissue, produces two a pair of γ photons that have 511 kilo electron volts but fly out round about.Closed-loop geometric pattern detector 1 carries out coincidence measurement to these back-to-back photons.Coincidence measurement forms projection line, amplifies and meet system 2 through front end electronics to form primary SINO data, and primary SINO data are delivered to main control computer 3, utilize these data for projection of Computer Processing can reconstruct increased radioactivity to be measured.
Wherein detector rings 1 is made up of scintillator (BGO) slice, photoelectric device, its function is to survey the position of crystal bar on the ring that a pair of γ photon convert to when positron annihilation hit respectively, and these position signallings are converted to the signal of telecommunication, the energy signal of related γ photon and the temporal information of due in are delivered to follow-up front end electronics together and are amplified and meet in the system 2 and go.The function that meets processing is to determine to meet, and promptly is to judge whether a pair of γ photon is sent by once burying in oblivion example.After this just the coordinate of the two basic points detector bar that meets example really and hit through selecting machine interface as calculated, the main control computer 3 of delivering to the back goes.The function of computer and corresponding each software kit is to finish data acquisition, system monitoring and correction, image reconstruction and Flame Image Process, and realizes the requirement of various clinically scan operations and diagnosis.Scan operation comprises empty scanning, transmission scan and emission scan, wherein be divided into again static state, dynamically, gate and whole body, head, heart scanning etc.
PET surveys the radiated signal that sends in the human body, handles through meeting with acquisition system, forms projection line, and deposits in the hard disc of computer in SINO figure mode.Computer is input with SINO figure, calls image reconstruction module, calculates human body cross-cutting fault image.
Image reconstruction is a key technology in the PET development, and its algorithm mainly comprises analytic method and iterative method.Analytic method is the back projection's process based on center section theorem, be divided into the method (FilterBack-Projection of filtered back projection, FBP), backprojection-filtration method and convolution back projection method, the advantage of this method is easy and simple to handle, is easy to clinical realization, but noise resisting ability is poor, often be difficult to obtain gratifying reconstructed image, and its quantitative accuracy relatively poor for owing relatively under sampling and thermal source size less (as the early stage little tumor) situation in image data.
Iterative method is the initial pictures from width of cloth hypothesis, adopt the method for progressively approaching, theoretical projection value is compared with the actual measurement projection value, under instructing, certain optimization criterion seeks optimal solution, common several iterative methods comprise algebraic reconstruction technique (Algebraic Reconstruction Technique, ART), while iterative reconstruction technique (Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique, SIRT), conjugate gradient method (Conjugate Gradient Method, CGM), weighted least squares (Weighted-Last Square, WLS, Iterative Least-Square Technique, ILST), method of maximum likelihood (Maximum Likelihood Expectation-Maximization, EM-ML) etc.One of iterative method advantage be can according to concrete image-forming condition introduce relevant with space geometry or with the big or small relevant constraints of measured value, as carrying out the correction of spatial discrimination inhomogeneities, the geometry of objects constraint, the operation of control such as flatness constraint iteration, under some occasion, such as owing relatively to sample, can bringing into play its high-resolution advantage in the nuclear medicine of low counting.The shortcoming of iterative method maximum is that amount of calculation is big, and computational speed is slow, the difficult demand that satisfies clinical real-time reconstruction.In order to improve iterative method image reconstruction speed, people have carried out number of research projects, many solutions have been proposed, as people such as Hudson H.M order subset maximum expected value method (Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization has been proposed, OSEM), realize the quickening of convergence rate by the refreshing frequency of accelerating reconstructed image in the iterative process.OSEM is the perfect iteratively faster algorithm for reconstructing of development in recent years, and it has advantages such as spatial discrimination is good, and anti-noise ability is strong, widely uses in novel nuclear medicine fault image equipment.For satisfying the requirement on the statistics, the subclass number of partitions is generally the factor of total projection angle number among the OSEM, and promptly number of subsets is not continuously adjustable arbitrarily.Can cause bigger reconstruction noise when number of subsets is excessive, the very few operation time of iterative approximation that causes again of number of subsets is long, and the controllability of subclass number parameter in practicality is subjected to certain limitation in a word.
People such as Lewitt R.M have proposed to add the algorithm for reconstructing of overrelaxation (Over-Relaxation) factor, and " step-length " by strengthening iteration is to accelerate convergence rate.Schmidlin reduces alternative manner the Unified Form of two adjustable parameter relaxation factors and subclass exponent number, compared the convergence rate that ML-EM adds overrelaxation factorization method and order subset method, reconstructed image quality, proved the equivalence relation between the two, but in iterative process minus pixel value appears, value to the overrelaxation factor limits, and introduces the overrelaxation factor simultaneously and carry out the secondary acceleration in the OSEM alternative manner.Because introduce the overrelaxation factor in OSEM after, pixel negative value can occur and be lower than the irrational low count value of background.
The unreasonable situation that pixel value is lower than background also appearred in the research field of recovering at the image of some other thermal source (as high-energy astrophysics), for overcoming this difficulty, people introduce the variable bound constraint of object space, make not occur excessive or too small and even minus image value in the iterative process.Survey on high-resolution ground under the pattern of small " focus ", the lower limit constraint is exactly to be variable minimum background constraint, and this minimum background constraint is what to be extracted by suitable approximating method from measurement data before reconstruction.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to present PET device characteristics and its image reconstruction algorithm theoretical research and clinical practice present situation, novel algorithm is proposed to shorten the iterative algorithm reconstruction time, improve PET and rebuild the faultage image spatial resolution, satisfied clinically to PET tomographic image reconstructing high speed, accurate requirement, satisfy the requirement of PET to quick high-resolution thermal source image reconstruction algorithm.In addition the existing PET machine of finishing networking and Data Format Transform is carried out being treated to main post processing with the thermal source full resolution pricture.
The objective of the invention is to accelerate the OSEM reconstruction speed in the PET date processing, be increased in the spatial resolving power of OSEM, prevent negative value simultaneously and be lower than the irrational low count value of background, the quantitatively behavior preferably that keeps reconstructed image small and weak thermal source.
Algorithm of the present invention is that the variable bound constrained procedure of the overrelaxation factor acceleration mechanism that can regulate continuously and object space is applied in the OSEM algorithm for reconstructing of PET jointly, making OSEM after the improvement obtain secondary quickens, overcome negative pixel value problem simultaneously and improve the spatial discrimination of small " focus " and more effectively eliminate the pseudo-shadow of high-frequency noise, wherein rebuild and optimize definite greater than choosing of 1 the overrelaxation factor by simulating PET repeatedly.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, thermal source high-resolution rapid image in a kind of position emissron tomography iterative reconstruction approach is provided, the radial objects data for projection that described method arrives according to detector measurement calculates object tomography cross section radioactivity and distributes, described method comprises step: with the position emissron tomography instrument patient's that injects the radiosiotope medicine in in-vitro measurements in advance gamma photons projection signal is gathered, after treatment, deposit the original projection line in SINO map file mode; In the computer that carries out image is rebuild, read in the SINO diagram data in advance, the required parameter of calling; Select reconstruction parameter; SINO figure is carried out pretreatment, ask the bound constraint; Dividing subset is also determined iterations n; Order is carried out iterative computation N time, and N is the number of plies; The human body crosscut data image of iteration gained is carried out post processing, filtering etc. and shows the image of last gained.
Find by checking, suitable lower limit constraint not only can prevent negative value and be lower than the irrational low count value of background, also can eliminate the pseudo-shadow of high frequency in the reconstructed image, can improve resolution to small " focus ", the pixel point value is less than a certain constant in the restriction reconstructed image, pixel greater than this value is thought high-frequency noise, and the lower limit constraint is adopted general nonlinear fitting method or other technologies to find the solution from the data for projection of observation and drawn.When the overrelaxation factor equaled 1 (condition does not promptly impose restriction), this algorithm was exactly common OSEM.
The present invention adopts computer simulation data and clinical PET data for projection to carry out preliminary identification, and the result shows, compares with prior art, and this algorithm has fast convergence rate, and reconstruction time is short, suppresses picture noise, the reconstructed image spatial resolution advantages of higher.
Brief Description Of Drawings
To the detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is clearer that above-mentioned purpose of the present invention and advantage will become by with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a PET image-forming principle sketch map;
Fig. 2 is the flow chart according to thermal source high-resolution rapid image iterative reconstruction approach (HHSR) in the position emissron tomography technology of the present invention (PET);
Fig. 3 is the former figure of 2D ghosted view (Phantom) of computer simulation; And
Fig. 4 is traditional method for reconstructing and the reconstructed results comparison diagram that adopts according to HHSR method for reconstructing of the present invention.
The specific embodiment
Thermal source high-resolution rapid image iterative reconstruction approach (HHSR) is based on common OSEM method in the position emissron tomography technology of the present invention (PET), method of the present invention is introduced the overrelaxation factor and bound variable bound condition simultaneously and is obtained modified model OSEM, thereby solves technical problem proposed by the invention.
Specify flow chart below according to thermal source high-resolution rapid image iterative reconstruction approach (HHSR) in the position emissron tomography technology of the present invention (PET).
With reference to Fig. 2, at first with PET the patient's that injects the radiosiotope medicine in in-vitro measurements in advance gamma photons projection signal is gathered at step S1, through these signals being modulated processing such as amplification, AD conversion, correction by follow-up electronic installation, carrying out merge sort on the time and space according to certain rule, is that SINO map file mode is deposited the original projection line with sinogram afterwards.At step S2, in the computer that carries out image is rebuild, read in the SINO diagram data, and call the required all parameters of this method, as probability matrix, traditional algorithm for reconstructing parameter such as cut-off frequency, filter order, iterations, subclass number etc., also comprise the power time, the overrelaxation factor of distinctive parameter of this algorithm such as background polynomial fitting etc.At step S3, according to specific circumstances, select reconstruction parameter.At step S4, SINO figure is carried out pretreatment, ask the bound constraint; At step S5, dividing subset is also determined iterations n; At step S6, order is carried out iterative computation N time, and N is the number of plies; At step S7, the human body crosscut data image of iteration gained is carried out post processing, filtering etc. and shows the image of last gained.
In said method, iterations is n, and the number of plies is N, both differences.N is determined that by PET hardware n is an optional reconstruction parameter in the HHSR method.Once among the typical PET N shell original projection figure is being arranged, promptly N two-dimentional SINO figure can call the HHSR method to each and carry out two-dimentional iterative approximation, and its loop iteration number of times is n.The reconstructed results of each two-dimentional SINO figure is a two-dimensional image, i.e. human body cross-cutting fault image, and N two-dimentional SINO figure all rebuilds, and the result provides the N shell cross-sectional image, has promptly finished the image reconstruction task of PET.
Following mask body is done concrete introduction to step S4, S5 and S6 in the algorithm of the invention described above:
1) determines the bound constraint among the step S4
Constraints below adopting among the present invention:
f
(k)(i，j)≥f
low(i，j) f
(k)(i，j)≤f
up(i，j) (1)
F wherein
(k)(i j) is the k time reconstructed image after the iteration, f
Up(i, j)=const, be the maximum possible value of pixel, set f according to priori
Low(i j) is calculated by observed data, with spatial position change.Suppose to wait that the increased radioactivity of rebuilding tomography is made up of some isolated point sources and a whole background, background is gradual with respect to point source.In order to extract background information the data for projection from observation, adopt the nonlinear iteration approximating method, at first choose a low order multinomial, suppose that it can describe background distributions well:
Following formula is m
r+ 1 multinomial, a is a fitting coefficient in the formula, and α, β are positive integer, and the alpha+beta maximum occurrences is k, can determine that a priori if k=2, then the match background is a second order polynomial according to the background knowledge to reconstructed image.The theoretical data for projection of this background is:
Under the least square meaning, obtain this background count polynomial f
Back, with the d that calculates
Back(n
a, m) with actual measurement SINO data d (n
a, m) contrast, n
aBe the angle index of tomography SINO data, m is the positioning index on the detector rings, A (i, j, n
a, m) be probability matrix, if satisfy:
Then revise d (n
a, m) be:
K 〉=0 is a fitting parameter, and then by new d (n
a, the m) f that makes new advances of match
Back, so repeatedly, up to d (n
a, m) no longer change till.
2) dividing subset among the step S5
The projection SINO data of a tomography are divided into several subclass by angle, and after each subclass was proofreaied and correct each pixel point value of reconstructed image, reconstructed image just was updated once, and all subclass computings one time are called iterative process one time.This method neutron concentrate the projection number be 4 or 8 comparatively suitable.
3) HHSR iterative algorithm among the step S6
HHSR iterative algorithm formula of the present invention:
Wherein k ' is the iteration sequence number, and l is a subset division sequence number in each iterative process, and z is the overrelaxation factor, and (i j) carries out iteration and upgrades, and addition of constraints formula (1), until convergence to reconstructed image f according to (6) formula.
By the comparison of Fig. 3 and 4, can clearly be seen that the technique effect that method reached that adopts the invention described above.
Fig. 3 is the former figure of 2D ghosted view (Phantom) of computer simulation.In Fig. 3, the simulation that uses a computer produces a circular tomography.Wherein evenly background is 10 (comparative countings), and maximum is 70.Consequent data for projection is that a calculated value with this tomography is the Poisson distribution of average, and grand total is about 10
6, the total projection number, promptly the angle number of samples is P=32, and the element of each projection is 64.
Fig. 4 computer simulation, adopt S=8 respectively, the OSEM of S=16, the reconstructed results figure that the HHSR of the HHSR of S=8 (k=2, z＞1) and the conditional that throws the reins to (3) and (5) rebuilds, reconstructed image is 64 * 64.S is the subset division number, and z is the overrelaxation factor, and n is an iterations, and k is the exponent number of low order background polynomial fitting.The reconstructed results of Fig. 4 computer simulation (a): OSEM wherein, S=8, iterations n=1; (b) OSEM, S=8, n=2; (c) OSEM, S=16, n=1; (d) HHSRk=2, S=8, n=2, z=2; (e) HHSRk=2, S=8, n=2, z=3.5; (f) HHSR removes the result of constraint, S=8, n=1, z=3.5.
As seen from Figure 4, (identical exponent number S=8 under the same terms, iterations n=1) HHSR (k=2, Fig. 4 (e) when Fig. 4 during z=2 (d) and z=3.5) reconstructed results is significantly better than the OSEM under the same terms (Fig. 4 (a)), and the former also is better than 2-4 iteration of latter's iteration (Fig. 4 (b)) or the iteration result of higher order subclass (S=16) (Fig. 4 (c)) more.This illustrates that HHSR method of the present invention (k=2, z＞1) has with the close quickening astringent effect of subclass technique effect.Fig. 4 (f) illustrates to throw the reins in the method and can cause the pseudo-shadow of noise too much in the reconstructed image.Contrast several algorithm for reconstructing and produce needed computation time of close iteration result, see Table 1.
Table 1 algorithms of different produces close reconstructed results contrast computation time (simulation ghosted view (Phantom))
OSEM OSEM OSEM HHSRk＝2
Method
(S＝4，n＝4) (S＝8，n＝2) (S＝16，n＝1) (S＝8，n＝1，z＝2)
0.29 (second) 0.24 (second) 0.15 (second) of time 0.44 (second)
Data declaration in the watch 1 HHSR method of the present invention is the fastest a kind of methods of above-mentioned several algorithm medium velocities, HHSR method (S=8, n=1, z=2) than OSEM (S=8 with exponent number, n=2) fast 1 times, (S=16, n=1) arithmetic speed also wants fast than the OSEM of the higher exponent number of same iterations.In last simulative example, the HHSR algorithm is programmed with VC6.0, moves on 3 microcomputers of running quickly, and the above-mentioned time has only relative meaning.
In actual applications, the HHSR method is applicable to the image reconstruction under the high resolution mode of PET.Such as, under the brain FDG of PET high-resolution drainage pattern, the number of plies is N=63, every layer of SINO figure size is 256*256, and reconstruction matrix is 256*256, and can adopt HHSR (k=3 this moment, z=2) method is carried out the high-resolution reconstruction, and can choose number of subsets is 32, and iterations is n=2.In addition, the HHSR method can also be used for suspicious patient data's secondary high-resolution off-line rebuilds, and (as the small size infantile tumour) carries out a high-resolution reconstruction again when promptly in the FBP reconstructed results suspicious video being arranged.
The present invention adopts computer simulation data and clinical PET data for projection to carry out preliminary identification, and the result shows, compares with prior art, and this algorithm has fast convergence rate, and reconstruction time is short, suppresses picture noise, the reconstructed image spatial resolution advantages of higher.
Method of the present invention is applicable to employing preferably
18F-FDG short life positron radionuclide carries out the image reconstruction of the high-space resolution imaging of electric shape thermal source, also can be used in the accurate location and the identification of X-CT small-medium size metal object.
The invention is not restricted to the foregoing description, any those skilled in the art can obtain various distortion and change under the enlightenment of this description, and therefore, protection scope of the present invention should limit with appending claims.
Claims (7)
1. the thermal source high-resolution rapid image iterative reconstruction approach in the position emissron tomography, the radial objects data for projection that described method arrives according to detector measurement calculates object tomography cross section radioactivity and distributes, and described method comprises step:
With the position emissron tomography instrument patient's that injects the radiosiotope medicine in in-vitro measurements in advance gamma photons projection signal being gathered, after overcorrect etc. is handled, is that SINO map file mode is deposited the original projection line with sinogram;
In the computer that carries out image is rebuild, read in SINO diagram data and the required parameter of calling;
Select reconstruction parameter;
SINO figure is carried out pretreatment, ask the bound constraint;
Dividing subset is also determined iterations n;
Repeat iterative computation N time, N is the number of plies;
The human body crosscut data image of iteration gained is carried out post processing, filtering etc. and shows the image of last gained.
2. image iterative reconstruction approach as claimed in claim 1, wherein said radiosiotope medicine is the short life positron radionuclide
18F-FDG.
3. image iterative reconstruction approach as claimed in claim 1, wherein the desired parameters that reads in the computer that carries out image reconstruction comprises: cut-off frequency, filter order, iterations, subclass number, the power of background polynomial fitting, the overrelaxation factor.
4. as claims 1 described image iterative reconstruction approach, it is characterized in that comprising following substep in the bound constraint step described asking:
The SINO diagram data that taking-up is read in, and be the one-dimensional data dot matrix according to the angle go-on-go to it low order multinomial nonlinear fitting of stipulating, is obtained generation greater than zero lower limit constraints and synthetic lower limit constraint SINO figure.
5. image iterative reconstruction approach as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that comprising following substep described asking in the bound constraint step: upper limit constraints is set at infinity.
6. image iterative reconstruction approach as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that comprising following substep described asking in the bound constraint step: as the case may be, upper limit constraints is defined as an abundant big positive number.
7. as claims 1 described image iterative reconstruction approach, it is characterized in that comprising following substep in the iterative computation step described repeating:
Iterations according to the rules, subclass number, the overrelaxation factor are rebuild, and will use bound constraints in each iteration.
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