CN1390090A - 培育具有降低的水分含量的番茄的方法及该方法的产品 - Google Patents
培育具有降低的水分含量的番茄的方法及该方法的产品 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
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- A01H6/82—Solanaceae, e.g. pepper, tobacco, potato, tomato or eggplant
- A01H6/825—Solanum lycopersicum [tomato]
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- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
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Abstract
本发明涉及培育番茄植物的方法,所述番茄植物结出具有降低的果实水分含量的番茄,所述方法包括以下步骤:将至少一种番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)植物与一个番茄物种(Lycopersicon spp.)杂交以产生杂种种子,收集第一代杂种种子,从第一代杂种种子生长植物,给最近的杂种世代的植物授粉,收集由最近的杂种世代结出的种子,从最近的杂种世代的种子生长植物,使植物在过了正常成熟点后仍保留在藤上,筛选降低的果实水分含量,所述降低的果实水分含量由成熟果实的延长保存和果皮具皱(wrinkling)指示。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及培育番茄的方法,所述番茄具有降低的水分含量和/或具有在仍连接在藤上时干燥的性状的,并涉及具有降低的水分含量的番茄以及该方法的产品。
背景技术
脱水番茄产品是番茄工业的重要部分。生产番茄酱、番茄沙司及其它加工番茄产品依赖于需要能量的脱水步骤。“日光干燥的”番茄产品的生产由在日光下或者在干燥箱中将番茄果实的切片脱水组成。
成熟番茄果实的干物质含量约在5-10%的范围内(Davies,J.N.和Hobson,G.E.1981.The constituents of tomato fruit-the influence ofenvironment,nutrition and genotype.CRC Critical Reviews in FoodSci and Nutr.15:205-280),其很大程度上取决于果实大小。通常,加工番茄栽培品种结出具有约94-95%的更高水分含量的成熟果实。更小的鲜重10-20克的“樱桃”型番茄果实通常具有更高浓度的固体(干重),因此具有约90%的降低的水分含量(10%干重)。
通常,番茄果实发育期可以分类为呼吸高峰前的时期、呼吸高峰期以及呼吸高峰后的时期或衰老期,其中呼吸高峰前的时期由果实生长直至开始成熟的早期组成。一旦果实完全成熟,就发生组织解体,病原体对组织解体有贡献,并且与“过分成熟”有关的特征以及随后的果实腐烂变得明显(Grierson,D和Kader,A.A.1986.Fruitripening and quality.In:Atherton,J.G.and Rudich,J.Eds.:The TomatoCrop.Chapman and Hall,伦敦,pp.241-280)。
自葡萄浆果(葡萄)生产葡萄干是众所周知的,在该生产中通过水从蜡状表皮扩散进行脱水过程(Martin,R.J.L.和Scott,G.L.1957.The physical factors involved in the drying of Sultana grapes.AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research.8:444-459)。对于完整葡萄浆果,干燥过程通常由浆果的各种浸渍处理辅助,如碱液浸渍方法(Nury,F.S.,Brekke,J.E.和Bolin,H.R.1973.Fruits.In:Van Arsdel,W.B.,Copley,M.J.和Morgan,A.I.,Eds:Food Dehydration.Avi Publishing Co.,Westport,Conn.vol.2,pp.158-198)。简单地说,在该方法中,在约200°F的温度下将浆果在0.2-0.3%的苛性钠(氢氧化钠)溶液中浸渍几秒,然后在脱水前用冷水淋洗。浸渍的目的是改性浆果表皮,以使水蒸气透过表皮的蒸发以更快的速度进行。
与葡萄一样,番茄在植物学上被分类为浆果,并且在果实表皮具有蜡状表皮(Baker,E.A.,Bukovac,M.J.和Hunt,G.M.1982.Composition of tomato fruit cuticles as related to fruit growth anddevelopment.In:Cutler,D.F.,Alvin,K.L.和Price,C.E.,Eds:The PlantCuticle.Academic Press,伦敦,pp.33-44)。但是,如果成熟后番茄仍留在藤上,则它们通常会进行降解。在番茄的情况中,通常将收获的果实切成两半以增加脱水速度。或者,可以将整个果实刺破以便于液体运动(Ojimelukwe,P.C.1994.Effects of processing methodson ascorbic acid retention and sensory characteristics of tomato products.J.Food Sci.Technol.31:247-248)。可以在日光下或者在各种形式的基于非太阳能输入的干燥箱中干燥切片或者刺破的番茄果实。
日光干燥有缺点,因为其依赖于天气条件,恶劣的天气导致损失。类似地,使用干燥箱也有缺点,因为其是消耗能量的。日光干燥和干燥箱干燥都可能导致食物品质的损失。例如,番茄在人饮食中的重要的营养成分,抗坏血酸的水平随日光干燥或者干燥箱干燥而显著下降(Ojimelukwe,P.C.1994.Effects of processing methods onascorbic acid retention and sensory characteristics of tomato products.J.Food Sci.Technol.31:247-248)。另外,在干燥过程前将番茄果实切成两半的需要不允许生产完整的干燥番茄果实。
番茄(Lycopersicon)属的野生种,如L.hirsutum,可能它们的基因组成中含有通常在番茄(L.esculentum)种中不存在的表达特征。这些遗传性状可以被传递到所栽培的番茄上。例如,蔗糖累积的遗传性状存在于Eriopersicon亚属(包括L.hirsutum,L.chmiliewskii和L.peruvianum)的成熟果实中,并且通过使用经典遗传育种技术和分子遗传技术将这些性状传递给番茄(Schaffer,A.A.,Petreikov,M.,Miron,D.,Fogelman,M.,Spiegelman,M.,Bnei-Moshe,Z.,Shen,S.,Granot,D.,Hadas,R.,Dai,N.,Levin,I.,Bar,M.,Friedman,M.,Pilowsky,M.,Gilboa,N.和Chen,L.1999.Modification of carbohydrate content indeveloping tomato fruit.Hortscience 34:12-14)。但是,番茄属的野生种也可以用作能对所栽培的植物的价值作出贡献的未表达的性状的来源(Bernacchi,D.,Beck-Bunn,T.,Eshed,Y.,Lopez,J.,Petiard,V.,Uhlig,J.,Zamir,D.和Tanksley,S.1998.Advanced backcross QTLanalysis in tomato.Identification of QTLs for traits of agronomicimportance from Lycopersicon hirsutum.Theor.Appl.Genet.97:381-397)。
发明概述
本发明提供一种培育番茄的方法,所述番茄的果实在还连接在番茄植物上时就自然脱水,因此其具有降低的水分含量,并且本发明涉及具有降低的水分含量的番茄,以及该方法的产品。
具有在仍连接在藤上时就自然脱水的性状,而不伴随导致果实腐烂的降解过程的番茄品种的开发对于番茄工业的各部分都是很有价值的。其有利于在生产番茄酱、沙司和番茄沙司时降低加工成本和能量消耗。其有利于生产高品质的干和半干(葡萄干型)的番茄产品。由于运输材料的体积将被降低,因此其有利于改善番茄果实的运输。因为降低的水分含量将伴随有增加的可溶性固体浓度,而增加的可溶固体浓度有利于抵抗微生物酸败,因此其能够改善番茄果实的贮藏性能。
因此,根据本发明的优选实施方案,本发明提供培育番茄植物的方法,所述番茄植物结出具有降低的果实水分含量的番茄,所述方法包括以下步骤:将至少一种番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)植物与一个番茄物种(Lycopersicon spp.)杂交以产生杂种种子,收集第一代杂种种子,从第一代杂种种子生长植物,给最近的杂种世代的植物授粉,收集由最近的杂种世代结出的种子,从最近的杂种世代的种子生长植物,使植物在过了正常成熟点后仍保留在藤上,以及筛选降低的果实水分含量,所述降低的果实水分含量由成熟果实的延长保存和果皮具皱(wrinkling)指示。
根据本发明的优选实施方案,重复至少一次授粉、收集种子和生长植物的步骤。
另外,根据本发明的优选实施方案,授粉步骤包括自体受粉。
更进一步根据本发明的优选实施方案,授粉步骤包括与番茄植物回交。
另外,根据本发明的优选实施方案,所述番茄物种是Lycopersicon hirsutum植物。
根据本发明的优选实施方案,所述方法另外包括以下步骤:将源自杂种种子的植物与番茄植物杂交,所述源自杂种种子的植物的后代显示降低的果实水分含量,生长杂交的植物,以及选择与来自未杂交的番茄的果实相比,番茄果实具有增加的干重百分比的植物。杂交和选择的步骤可以重复至少一次。杂交可以包括有性或无性杂交。无性杂交可以包括体细胞杂交。
另外,根据本发明的优选实施方案,所述方法另外包括繁殖带有具有期望特征的番茄果实的植物的步骤。繁殖步骤可以包括营养繁殖或者通过种子繁殖。
根据本发明的优选实施方案,所述方法另外包括以下步骤:将源自杂种种子的植物与番茄植物杂交,所述源自杂种种子的植物的后代显示降低的果实水分含量,生长杂交的植物,在果实有脱水迹象前采摘成熟番茄果实,以及在从植物摘除后使果实脱水。
根据本发明的优选实施方案,还提供了一种番茄果实,其特征在于其具有当在番茄植物上时自然脱水的能力,自然脱水定义为当使番茄果实在过了正常成熟采摘期后仍保留在植物上时番茄果皮具皱,所述自然脱水通常不伴有微生物酸败。
根据本发明的优选实施方案,还提供了一种番茄果实,其特征在于未经处理的果皮,所述果皮允许果实脱水,从而得到具皱的果皮,所述脱水通常不伴有微生物酸败。
具体实施方式
以下说明培育番茄的方法,当所述番茄的果实仍连接于番茄植物上时就自然脱水,且具有降低的水分含量。
这种培育番茄植物的方法包括首先将至少一种番茄植物与一个野生番茄物种植物杂交。然后使番茄植物的果实成熟并且收集杂种(F1)种子。然后种植所收集的F1种子,F1植物生长并使之自体受粉。自交可以在至少另外一代继续,或者可以使F1植物与番茄亲本植物杂交。使来自自交或回交世代的果实在过了正常成熟点后仍保留在藤上,正常成熟由果实的颜色变化确定,并筛选自然脱水的存在。自然脱水,或降低的水分含量如下指示:当使果实在正常红色成熟采摘期后仍保留在藤上时,果皮具皱。
来自任何自交世代的植物可以通过繁殖而加以利用,繁殖通过营养繁殖方法如微繁殖或通过有性繁殖方法进行。也可以使该植物与其它番茄栽培品种杂交以产生引入除降低的水分含量以外的特征的变种。然后可以通过营养繁殖或有性繁殖而繁殖该变种。
来自任何自交世代的植物也可以与番茄回交至少一代。使最后回交世代的果实在过了正常成熟点后仍保留在藤上。通过果实表皮具皱证明的脱水的出现指示果实中降低的水分含量。然后因该性状而被选择的植物可以通过营养繁殖或基于种子的繁殖而繁殖。然后所选择的植物也可以与其它番茄栽培品种杂交,以产生引入了除降低的果实水分含量之外的特性的变种。然后可以通过营养繁殖或有性繁殖而繁殖该变种。
以下说明本发明的实施例。
实施例1
用野生L.hirsutum(LA1777)种对番茄品系1630(Volcani Institute雄性不育培育品系,用于简化种间杂种的产生)授粉。生长杂种F1植物并使之自体受粉,产生F2种子。在筛选室播种F2种子,生长约350株植物,并使之进行自体受粉。分别分析来自各结果的植物的成熟果实的可溶性固体(折射法),以确保该品系也包括高可溶性固体的特征。只有25株种间F2植物自由地结出果实。当成熟时基于高糖分(白利(Brix)超过10)选择三株F2植物。例如,F2-82果实每克果实(鲜重)有71mg由蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖组成的糖,测定方法如本文以下所述。播种F3种子,并且生长此三株F2选择株(F2-24、F2-82和F2-134)的F3植物各10株,并使果实在过了正常成熟和采摘期后仍保留在藤上。当成熟时,来自这些F3植物的果实通常是黄色的,并且即使正常成熟期后也不变红。在F3植物中,一株植物(F3-203-10,源自F2-134)表现出果实脱水的迹象的特征,果实脱水由果皮具皱证明。
开发系谱培育程序,以获得具有降低的水分含量的番茄,降低的水分含量用作果实脱水的选择系统标志,果实脱水由在红色成熟期后果皮具皱证明。这种培育策略组成如下:自交F3-203-10直至F4世代,以及与番茄培育品系L-27回交,将该杂交产物另外自交四代以产生BC1F4群。此群的品系(品系901和903)以及源自该群和商品化的番茄栽培品种(cv.F139和cv.BR124)杂交的杂种植物产生的植物均显示果实脱水的性状,果实脱水由成熟果皮具皱证明。杂种植物中存在该性状表明该性状是可遗传的,受显性遗传因子控制,并且可以在培育程序的较早世代被选择。
实施例2
将来自一株植物(F2-82)的花粉用于给两株标准工业型番茄(培育品系A701和699)授粉,以产生两个回交F1(BC-F1)群,所述植物(F2-82)的特征在于成熟果实中的高可溶性糖水平(每克果实(鲜重)含71 mg由蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖组成的可溶性糖)。生长来自两个杂种的各一百株BC-F2植物,并且在来自这些F2群的植物果实中观察到由果皮具皱证明的果实脱水迹象的存在。这表明即使在选择程序的早期阶段,在不需大群植物的情况下也能选择该性状。
实施例3
源自在实施例1中描述的品系的较晚品系(advanced line)的后代的果实表现出在藤上脱水的特征,脱水由果实具皱证明,采摘该果实并榨汁,用数字折射计(Atago model X-1)测定所榨果汁的白利。下表给出了一些部分脱水的番茄果实(浆果大小约为15g)的特征白利值。当果实部分具皱但未完全脱水时采摘果实。该试验的结果表明果实脱水的性状和白利值的增加是可选择的遗传性状。与1465-3和浆果栽培品种F139之间的F1杂种一样,亲本选择株(1465-3的自交)部分脱水。这表明该性状在其遗传模式中至少是部分显性的。类似地,存在3株来自源自F1(1465-3xF139)自交的F2群(1730)的显示果皮具皱性状的代表性植物,表明该选择方法能够在分离F2群中使用。表1:在果实具皱可视觉观察的时期从藤上采摘的部分脱水的番茄果实的白利值。果实大小是樱桃型番茄的大小(约10-15g)。番茄植物 杂交 世代 白利1630-1+2 1465-3自交 BC2F2 19.21631-1 1465-3xcv.139 BC3F1 17.41730-3 1631-2自交 BC3F2 22.41730-4 1631-2自交 BC3F2 29.01730-5 1631-2自交 BC3F2 11.1
实施例4
在测试从藤上摘除后脱水过程是否发生的试验中,采摘来自如上的BCF3群的红色成熟果实,并且在没有温度控制下,在实验室长凳上的网状筛上放置和脱水。约一个月后,果实达86.2%干重,并且通常不伴有微生物酸败。干重百分比计算为在60℃在强制空气烤箱中干燥24小时过夜后的重量占在烤箱干燥前的果实重量的百分数。使用十个代表性的果实来计算干重百分比。
这样的果实已经在5℃放置了一年多,并在未控制的环境中在室温下放置了至少5个月,没有进一步的腐烂。这些试验的结果表明,脱水的果实可以在不同脱水期(甚至在脱水开始前)采摘,并且果实的脱水也可以在自藤上摘下后继续。
实施例5
为了表征脱水过程的发展,进行了试验,在该试验中选择来自表现果实脱水性状的植物的14个红色成熟果实,但这些果实自身还没有达到脱水阶段。当红色成熟时采摘这些果实中的七个,并且如下所述立即分析。使另外七个果实仍保持连接在藤上再过十四天,并且当观察到果皮具皱时,如下所述分析。
分别称重每个果实,用折射计测试果汁样品,得到白利值。在新鲜时称重每个果实的另外一份样品,然后如上所述在烤箱中干燥,以计算干重百分比。每个果实的第三份样品如下所述用于分析各可溶性糖水平。
采摘各果实,将果皮的一部分放入80%乙醇中,并加热到70℃以中止酶活性,提取可溶性糖。用80%乙醇以连续变化方式提取三次可溶性糖,然后蒸发。
然后将糖溶解在双蒸水中,在微量离心管中以5000rpm离心15分钟,以除去细胞碎片,将0.5ml等分试样通过0.45微米滤膜,以便用高压液相色谱(HPLC)分析。HPLC分析用BioRad(Richmond,CA,USA)Fast Carbohydrate柱进行,按照制造商的说明分离葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖。根据自Sigma(St.Louis,MO,USA)获得的糖标准品的色谱行为来识别这些糖并对其进行定量。
该研究的结果在表2中给出,结果表明具皱现象是伴随着果实的水分损失的,导致干重百分比的增加、白利值的增加和各糖浓缩的增加。每个果实的干物质大体相同。这表明果实具皱现象、伴随的糖浓度和干物质浓度的增加是果实自然脱水的主要方面,而没有伴随果实干物质含量的损失。表2:性状 红色成熟 具皱鲜重(g/果实) 16.63 12.20干重百分比 12.53 17.89白利 11.51 14.57糖(mg/g fr w.)
总数 66.4 86.4
蔗糖 3.8 6.1
葡萄糖 30.5 38.4
果糖 32.1 41.9水分含量(g/果实) 14.55 10.02干重(g/果实) 2.08 2.18糖(g/果实) 1.10 1.05
总之,用本发明的方法,能够得到番茄果实,所述番茄果实的特征在于未经处理的果皮,该果皮允许果实脱水以获得具皱的果皮,其中脱水通常不伴有微生物酸败。在本发明的另一方面,能够得到番茄果实,其特征在于当其还在番茄植物上时就自然脱水,自然脱水定义为当使果实在正常成熟采摘期后仍保留在植物上时,番茄果实的表皮具皱,其中自然脱水通常不伴有微生物酸败。
或者,注意到番茄果实可以用物质,如用二氧化硫处理,以帮助在脱水期间和脱水之后保持果皮的颜色,如对干果如葡萄干的处理一样。
本领域技术人员将理解,本发明并不限于已经在本文以上具体描述的内容。本发明的范围仅由所附的权利要求定义。
Claims (16)
1.培育番茄植物的方法,所述番茄植物结出具有降低的果实水分含量的番茄,所述方法包括以下步骤:
将至少一种番茄植物与一个番茄物种杂交以产生杂种种子;
收集第一代杂种种子;
从第一代杂种种子生长植物;
给最近的杂种世代的植物授粉;
收集由最近的杂种世代结出的种子;
从最近的杂种世代的种子生长植物;
使植物在过了正常成熟点后仍保留在藤上;
筛选降低的果实水分含量,所述降低的果实水分含量由成熟果实的延长保存和果皮具皱指示。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中重复至少一次授粉、收集种子以及生长植物的步骤。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中授粉步骤包括自体受粉。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中授粉步骤包括与番茄植物回交。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中番茄物种植物是Lycopersiconhirsutum植物。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其另外包括以下步骤:
将源自杂种种子的植物与番茄植物杂交,所述源自杂种种子的植物的后代显示降低的果实水分含量;
生长杂交的植物;以及
选择与来自未杂交的番茄的果实相比,番茄果实具有增加的干重百分比的植物。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中至少重复一次杂交和选择的步骤。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述杂交包括有性杂交。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述杂交包括无性杂交。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述无性杂交包括体细胞杂交。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其另外包括繁殖带有具有期望特征的番茄果实的植物的步骤。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中繁殖步骤包括营养繁殖的步骤。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中繁殖步骤包括通过种子繁殖的步骤。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其另外包括以下步骤:
将源自杂种种子的植物与番茄植物杂交,所述源自杂种种子的植物的后代显示降低的果实水分含量;
生长杂交的植物;
在果实有脱水迹象前采摘成熟番茄果实;以及
在从植物摘除后使果实脱水。
15.番茄果实,其特征在于其具有当在番茄植物上时自然脱水的能力,其中自然脱水定义为当使番茄果实在过了正常成熟采摘期后仍保留在植物上时番茄果皮具皱,所述自然脱水通常不伴有微生物酸败。
16.番茄果实,其特征在于未经处理的果皮,所述果皮允许果实脱水,从而得到具皱的果皮,所述脱水通常不伴有微生物酸败。
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PL2131662T3 (pl) * | 2007-03-30 | 2012-06-29 | Nunhems Bv | Sposób wytwarzania pomidorowej pasty |
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IL164125A (en) | 2004-09-19 | 2014-06-30 | Arthur Schaffer | The visitor's garden has a scattering development in tomato fruit cuticle |
PL2131662T3 (pl) | 2007-03-30 | 2012-06-29 | Nunhems Bv | Sposób wytwarzania pomidorowej pasty |
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CN102652477A (zh) * | 2011-03-04 | 2012-09-05 | 天津朝研种苗科技有限公司 | 一种粉红果番茄的培育方法 |
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AU5562200A (en) | 2001-03-19 |
JP2003507044A (ja) | 2003-02-25 |
EP1211926A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
US7119261B1 (en) | 2006-10-10 |
CN1269396C (zh) | 2006-08-16 |
US20070022504A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
EP1211926B1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
DE60006829T2 (de) | 2004-09-23 |
AU781883B2 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
US20100095393A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
US20150067911A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
ATE254836T1 (de) | 2003-12-15 |
ES2211562T3 (es) | 2004-07-16 |
IL131509A (en) | 2007-03-08 |
DE60006829D1 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
WO2001013708A1 (en) | 2001-03-01 |
CA2382191C (en) | 2014-01-14 |
JP2011200239A (ja) | 2011-10-13 |
AU781883C (en) | 2006-02-09 |
IL131509A0 (en) | 2001-05-20 |
US8895817B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
CA2382191A1 (en) | 2001-03-01 |
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