CN1332876C - 将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件 - Google Patents

将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件 Download PDF

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CN1332876C
CN1332876C CNB2004100778457A CN200410077845A CN1332876C CN 1332876 C CN1332876 C CN 1332876C CN B2004100778457 A CNB2004100778457 A CN B2004100778457A CN 200410077845 A CN200410077845 A CN 200410077845A CN 1332876 C CN1332876 C CN 1332876C
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米罗斯拉夫·波德霍尔斯基
阿尔布雷赫特·布伦纳
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Abstract

本发明涉及将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件，其中催化反应在板催化剂表面发生，构建所述组件使得含烃燃料气体在进入催化室之前流经管式热交换器，借助该热交换器，利用重整的生产气体的热含量来预热含烃燃料气体，以及使得含有催化剂的板以热交换器的形式设计，阴极废气和来自催化燃烧室的废气流经此板，其中在生产气体中存在的氢、二氧化碳、和一氧化碳的残余量在电化学过程后被催化燃烧。特别地，本发明的重整组件的特征在于重整组件具有一个连通到管式热交换器上游的旁路入口，通过它，冷含烃燃料气体可以通进催化室。这提供了催化重整过程的最佳工艺控制而不影响总体积流的优点。

Description

将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件
技术领域
本发明涉及一种将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件，此催化转化发生在板催化剂表面。
背景技术
具有现代配置的燃料电池极适合集中或者分散能量供给，这归因于它们的小型化设计。通常，现代燃料电池如熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(MCFC)或者固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)，使用氢来操作。尤其在移动单元使用这种燃料电池存在氢供给问题。如通常所知，氢的传送有安全和储备工艺问题。在压缩气罐中的氢和在适当的绝缘罐中深度冻结的氢也都隐匿有非常大的潜在危险。而且，可运输的量通常非常小，当燃料电池在汽车工程上使用时，例如，导致非常有限的巡航范围。
从而，使用含氢生产气体供给燃料电池的一个较好的选择是将含烃化合物重整为含氢生产气体。
这种类型的重整可以用不同的方式发生。一方面，含烃化合物可以在外部重整反应器中被转化成含氢生产气体。然而，这有缺点，即必须提供这个吸热过程所必须的大量能量，并且燃料电池单元的总体能量平衡显著恶化。
在燃料电池的发展中多年来已知，在燃料电池的电化学反应中所得到的热量足以维持氢吸热重整为含氢生产气体。这个发现导致许多有关烃的内部重整的概念，被应用于由它们的高工作温度促进的SOFC和MCFC。有关内部重整的概念基本分成两个变种，即直接内部重整(DIR)和间接内部重整(IIR)，也称为综合重整。
间接内部重整(IIR)包括在重整催化剂上的高级烃(high hydrocarbon)的反应，其与燃料电池组紧密热接触，但空间上与其分开。一方面，通过与燃料电池组的电池接触的板重整装置，可以在结构上实现IIR。然后，来自每板的重整产品被传送进组中。另一方面，重整催化剂可以应用在一组中每个单个电池的气体分布中。这样做，在重整装置和燃料电池组之间的紧密热接触具有积极的效果。来自电化学燃料电池反应的反应热只能由位于最接近重整装置的电池足量释放，这通常是不利的。
在直接内部重整(DIR)中，重整反应在燃料电池的阳极内发生。在MCFC的情况下，通过将重整催化剂放置在燃料电池的通道中来实现。在SOFC中，操作温度很高，使得含氢化合物的重整可以在燃料电池的阳极直接进行，因此其具有足够高的镍含量。DIR相对于IIR或外部重整的优势在于在燃料电池组和重整区域之间的良好的直接热传递和高度的化学整合。作为在池中的电化学反应的产物的蒸汽，可以被直接偶合为重整反应的初始产物，使得与IIR相比较，产生较少的用于重整的蒸汽，这样就提高了燃料电池的电效率。燃料电池中电化学反应产生的热量大致为重整反应所需要的热量的两倍。在DIR中重整和电池之间的良好热传递，大大简化了燃料电池的冷却，其通常通过使气流通过电池来实现。与IIR相比，这些措施还提高了整个体系的电效率。DIR相对于IIR和尤其是外部重整的其它优点在于：由于特殊的分离重整装置不是必须的，从而降低了系统成本；更加均匀的氢形成导致更加均匀的温度分布；更高的烃转化率。
然而，内部重整也有很大优点。因此，例如燃烧电池组的硬件必须改进使得可以引进重整催化剂。重整催化剂可以由于燃料中的杂质或烧结过程而失活，这将导致整个燃烧电池组的失效。在燃烧电池操作期间，两个作用即电化学反应和重整的综合可以减少灵活性。完全的内部重整可以导致阳极室中的碳沉积，其使重整催化剂失活。而且，在完全内部重整期间，在燃烧入口区域出现高温梯度，这是由于重整的广泛冷却效应，归因于其非常快速的反应速度。这导致燃料电池的材料的强热应力。首先，综合重整的燃烧电池的启动常常证明是有问题的，因为必须从外面将重整必须的能量供给到整个燃料电池组。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一个将含烃燃料重整为含氢生产气体的重整装置单元，同时避免上述的缺点，所述单元将外部重整在灵活性和调制性方面的优点与内部重整中发生的紧密热接触方面的优点结合。
如本发明所教导的，实现了该目的，因为构建了将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件，其中催化反应发生在板催化剂表面，使得含烃燃料气体在进入催化室之前流经管式热交换器，借此，通过利用重整生产气体的热含量来预热含烃燃料气体，并且含有催化剂的板被设计成热交换器形式，阴极废气和来自催化燃烧室的废气流经该热交换器，其中在生产气体中存在的氢、二氧化碳、和一氧化碳的残余量在电化学过程后被催化燃烧。
特别地，本发明的重整组件的特征在于其具有一个连通到管式热交换器上游的旁路入口，通过它，冷含烃燃料气体可以通进催化剂室。这提供了催化重整过程的最佳工艺控制而不影响总体积流的优点。
有利地，阴极废气和来自催化燃烧室的废气，在鼓风机的帮助下被输送通过以板热交换器形式构造的催化剂载体，以确保最佳利用废气中所含能量。
为了最佳使用辐射热以及燃料电池中电化学过程的辐射热，借助于大面积，重整装置组件被有利地连接到燃料电池。
为了确保最大可能的灵活性和富余度，用于预热含烃燃料气体的管式热交换器单元和板热交换器形式的催化剂载体都以组件方式设计，并可以单独改变。
附图说明
图1示出本发明重整装置组件的一个有利实施方案，但实际上不局限于此。
具体实施方式
含烃燃料气体(1)进入管式热交换器组件(6)和流进板催化剂组件(7)，如气体流(9)所代表。在管式热交换器组件(6)中，重整后包含在含氢生产气体(12)中的热能用来预热含烃的燃料气体(1)。在板催化剂组件(7)中，利用阳极废气(2)和阴极废气(3)在催化燃烧室(8)中的催化燃烧产生的废热，将其重整成含氢生产气体(12)。为了最佳利用催化燃烧室(8)中所得到的能量，借助于鼓风机(4)将废气从所述室抽取，并使其通过板催化剂组件(7)。随后，它们作为废气(11)流出。对于重整装置组件内的最佳温度控制，所述组件具有冷含烃燃料气体(10)的旁路入口和适当的气体分布(5)。
附图标记列表
1、含烃燃料气体
2、阳极废气
3、阴极废气
4、鼓风机
5、气体分布旁路
6、管式热交换器组件
7、板催化剂组件
8、催化燃烧室
9、经过管式热交换器之后的燃料气体流
10、用于冷含烃燃料气体的通道入口
11、鼓风机后的废气流
12、含氢生产气体至燃料电池

Claims (6)

1、一种将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件，其中催化转化发生在板催化剂的表面，特征在于：含烃燃料气体在进入催化室之前流经管式热交换器，借助该热交换器，利用重整的生产气体的热含量来预热含烃燃料气体，以及在于含有催化剂的板以热交换器的形式设计，阴极废气和来自催化燃烧室的废气流经此板，其中在生产气体中存在的氢、二氧化碳、和一氧化碳的残余量在电化学过程后被催化燃烧。
2、如权利要求1所述的重整组件，特征在于该重整组件具有一个连通到管式热交换器上游的旁路入口，通过它，冷含烃燃料气体可以通进催化室。
3、如权利要求1或2的重整组件，特征在于阴极废气和来自催化燃烧室的废气在抽取废气的鼓风机帮助下被输送通过以板热交换器形式构造的催化剂载体。
4、如权利要求1的重整组件，特征在于利用电化学过程废热的重整组件，利用大面积连接到燃料电池。
5、如权利要求1的重整组件，特征在于管式热交换器可以作为组件进行更换。
6、如权利要求1的重整组件，特征在于以板形热交换器形式构造的催化剂载体可以组件形式进行更换。
CNB2004100778457A 2003-09-15 2004-09-15 将含烃燃料气体转化成含氢生产气体的重整组件 Expired - Fee Related CN1332876C (zh)

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EP1517389B1 (de) 2006-08-02

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