CN1332852A - Current measuring method and device - Google Patents
Current measuring method and device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1332852A CN1332852A CN 99815423 CN99815423A CN1332852A CN 1332852 A CN1332852 A CN 1332852A CN 99815423 CN99815423 CN 99815423 CN 99815423 A CN99815423 A CN 99815423A CN 1332852 A CN1332852 A CN 1332852A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- fluoride
- described method
- current
- sensor
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
- C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
- C03C13/041—Non-oxide glass compositions
- C03C13/042—Fluoride glass compositions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
- G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
- G01R15/24—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices
- G01R15/245—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using magneto-optical modulators, e.g. based on the Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
- G01R15/246—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using magneto-optical modulators, e.g. based on the Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect based on the Faraday, i.e. linear magneto-optic, effect
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Measuring Instrument Details And Bridges, And Automatic Balancing Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A method of determining the magnitude of an exceptionally large current in a conductor (4) which comprises measuring the angle of rotation of polarized light (6, 7, 8) from a light source (1, 2) in a magnetic field created by the current with a glass fiber (3) sensor composed of a fluoride glass having a low Verdet constant and a photoelastic coefficient not over about 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm<2>).
Description
The application is from No. the 99400015.6th, the european patent application of submission on January 5th, 1999 and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application S.N.60/116 that submitted on January 22nd, 1999, the rights and interests of the right of priority of No. 660 requirements under 35 U.S.C. § 119.
Invention field
The present invention briefly relates to the measurement of big electric current and is used for the pick-up unit of this purpose.
Background of invention
According to Faraday effect, fibre optic current sensor has the advantage of the long-range electric current of many measurements.These advantages comprise wide dynamic range, fast response, little and cost is low to vulnerability to jamming, the size of electromagnetic interference (EMI).As a result, many fibre optic current sensors are investigated in recent years.Mainly, they have used single mode, clad silica fiber (SMF).
Since correctness and degree of stability deficiency, the on-the-spot actual stage of using of these sensors no show still.Mainly be because the intrinsic linear birefrigence with induction makes measured faraday's rotational distortion.Correctly measure the big electric current such as surge or fault current and produced specific question from the silicon optical fiber impotentia.This current anomaly is big, arrives 180kA in some cases greatly.Generally, owing to the fault such as short circuit produces this electric current.
When linearly polarized photon is propagated in the transparent material parallel with magnetic field in the magnetic field by being placed on, by this phenomenon of Faraday effect, described linearly polarized photon will rotate.The size of the rotation angle that definition provides with the number of degrees (θ) is:
(1) θ=VHL wherein, H is magnetic field intensity (A/m), V is the Verdet constant of material, and the path-length (m) that L is magnetic field to work.
Measure magnetic field intensity, multiply by the number of turns (T) with ampere (A) of per unit length and represent (AT/m), wherein m is a rice.Because it is represent value with a circle, so this factor implies, rather than tangible.Therefore, provide intensity with the ampere (A) or the kiloampere (kA) of per unit path-length (with rice (m) expression) traditionally.
The rotation angle that Verdet constant V is removed by the per unit length magnetic field intensity.Can represent this angle with the custom unit of any measurement of angle, but degree of employing here.Unless point out separately, be represented as with the number of degrees that (kA * T/m) field intensity of m is removed and represented the Verdet constant value.
Provide magnetic induction (B) value by expression formula around the endless straight conductor:
(2) B=(μ
o/ 4 π) (2I/a) wherein, I is an electric current, μ
oBe the specific inductive capacity of free space, leave the radial distance of conductor and a is magnetic field.Provide the relation of magnetic field and magnetic induction by simple relation:
(3) B＝μ
oH
Combination equation 1 to 3 provides the proportionate relationship between rotation and the electric current, causes:
(4) θ=VI wherein, θ shows that with kilsyth basalt V is the Verdet constant, and I represents with kiloampere (kA).Therefore, what kind of correctness the sensitivity of measuring the method for the electric current measurement that depends on the angle rotation has.
Take measurement of an angle the rotation in sensitivity be subjected to another factor, birefringence, influence.Mainly produce birefraction from the bending or the stress that causes of other distortion of optical fiber on its layout.Linear birefrigence rate in single-mode fiber comprises the residual stress of manufacturing, bending, contact and thermal stress (" Extremely Small Stress-optic Coefficient Glass Single Mode Fibers For Current Sensor " Optical Fiber Sensors of people such as Yamashita, Sapporo Japan, paper We2-4, page168 (1996) (" Yamashita ").
Birefraction due to the counter stress quantizes to represent with coefficient, is referred to as photoelastic constant (or photoelastic coefficient).Can be photoelastic coefficient (B
P) be defined as the difference of refractive index (n (par)) on stress direction and refractive index in vertical direction (n (per)) and the relation of the stress value that applied:
(5) n (par)-n (per)=B
PIt is that the phase shift of unit is divided by every square centimeter kilogram stress ((kg/cm that σ also can think with the wavelength of every path-length (is unit with centimetre (cm)) (is unit with nanometer (nm))
2) be unit).So, the unit of value is that (nm/cm is divided by kg/cm
2).
The photoelastic coefficient of ideal glass fiber is zero, is zero thereby make the birefraction due to any stress.Yet verified being difficult to obtains this situation together with other desired characteristic.Therefore, thought approaching-null value, for example, the value in-0.2 to 0.2 scope is suitable for some purposes.
In measuring surge current, keeping rotation angle is very important below 90 degree.Because glass fibre has big Verdet constant, the fault current measurement is easy to produce the rotation angle greater than 90 degree.Rotation angle will be carried out identical record less than 90 degree with rotation angle greater than 90 degree.Under the contrast, when measuring the major break down electric current, the device with optical fiber of low Verdet constant will not have so big rotation angle.Therefore, it will correctly measure this electric current.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of improved method and apparatus, be used to measure the big electric current such as surge and fault current.
Another purpose provides a kind of glass that is applicable to this improved method and apparatus.
Another purpose provides a kind of method of making glass, that true glass has is approaching-zero photoelastic coefficient and low Verdet constant.
Still another purpose provides a kind of method, is used to reduce the photoelastic coefficient of the glass with low Verdet constant.
Brief summary of the invention
A part of the present invention is a kind of method, be used for reducing the photoelastic coefficient of fluoride glass at the wavelength place that is suitable for measuring, described fluoride glass has low Verdet constant, and comprise the principal ingredient of zirconium fluoride as its composition, described method be included in glass form in conjunction with the step of low amount of fluorinated lead.
The present invention is a kind of method again, is used for definite surge or fault current value up to 200kA, and described method comprises:
The glass fibre current sensor is provided, the composition that described glass has mainly is made up of zirconium fluoride, and comprise lead fluoride up to 3%, have low Verdet constant at the wavelength place that is used to measure, and can make the rotation angle of polarized light less than 0.45 °/kA by this wavelength place at every turn;
Center on the magnetic field of conductor with foundation by the conductor conduction current;
Current sensor is placed in the magnetic field of foundation like this;
Polarized light is propagated into the glass fibre current sensor;
The rotation angle of the polarized light of measurement in the glass fibre sensor; And
Determine current value from the rotation angle of polarized light.
The accompanying drawing summary
Individual drawing in the accompanying drawings is a kind of device, is used to carry out the method according to this invention.
Invention is described
The present invention relates to a kind of method and apparatus, be used for determining the value of unusual big electric current. When light passes in magnetic field When broadcasting by optical fiber, measure current value by the anglec of rotation that the measurement electric current produces in polarised light. When drawing When the glass of optical fiber processed had low Verdet constant, the anglec of rotation was littler. Especially, from according to of the present invention The optical fiber of fluoride glass manufacturing will have the Verdet constant that is lower than 0.45 degree/kA. Therefore, when making light When fibre suffers up to the current value of 200kA at least, during unusual big electric current, it will record less than 90 ° revolve Corner, and will correctly measure electric current.
With reference to a kind of optical fiber that shows cladded-fiber, it consists essentially of fibre core and outside cladding. Fibre core is The functional parts of current measurement. Yet the crowd knows that fibre core need to be than the covering of low-refraction, with at light Prevent light loss from core in the propagation.
Except refractive index characteristic, require the characteristic of cladding glass and those core glasses in cladded-fiber Approach coupling. Correspondingly, usually in practice core and covering are adopted the glass of same composition series. Remove The modification cladding glass give than outside the low-refraction, cladding glass has identical composition with core glass.
Lead fluoride (PbF) is added in the selected fluoride glass composition, with transposing sodium fluoride (NaF) And the manufacturing fibre core. Can use to have same composition, but wherein omit PbF and the glass that recovers NaF As cladding glass. Other transposing such as with barium fluoride and/or zirconium fluoride, can reduce cladding glass Index. For example, can use NaF, or other alkali fluoride earth metal such as calcirm-fluoride or manganous fluoride is transferred Change barium fluoride or zirconium fluoride so that lower refractive index to be provided. Can melt two kinds of glass, and use the crowd to know Two smelting furnace technology draw cladded-fiber.
Fig. 1 illustrates the embodiment of device of the present invention. Best, use aforesaid cladded-fiber 3. So And, can use any glassware, such as a bulk of glass (not shown). The effect of optical fiber 3 is Path as polarised light. Conductor 4 is loaded with the electric current that produces magnetic field. Best, twine light around conductor 4 Fibre 3, as shown in the figure, to increase the length of light-path. Also have, preferably optical fiber 3 and conductor insulation.
Device also comprises the source of light ray 1, so places the source, causes failing light ray guiding fiber 3 Enter end. Generally, the source of light ray 1 is laser instrument. Polarizer 2 is placed on the neighbour in the source of light ray 1 Closely, cause linearly polarization of light ray. Analyzer 5 is placed on the output of optical fiber 3.
Analyzer 5 obtains the rotatory polarization component that produces pro rata with the electric current that flows through by conductor 4. Also Comprise a kind of means 8, be used to indicate the measurement electric current corresponding to the output of analyzer 5. Generally, means 8 Photodetector 6 and display equipment 7. Photodetector 6 receives and detects the output of analyzer 5. Device 7 receive the output of photodetector 6, and the output of photodetector 6 is offered display.
Selectively, analyzer can be such as the described Wollaston prism of the people such as Yamashita. Then, The polarised light that is divided into two quadratures from the light ray of optical fiber output. Means 8 detect the output of each signal, And indication is corresponding to the measurement electric current of output.
Can determine the electric current of normal power generation station in operating by using vitreous electricity flow sensor (best) with the form of cladded-fiber.For fear of birefringence effect, the glass with low photoelastic coefficient is used in requirement, and is best, is zero or approaching zero.Then the Verdet constant of glass can resemble usually big so as much as possible, to increase definite sensitivity.As mentioned above, in measuring unusual big electric current, require low Verdet constant now.Avoid making the rotation angle of polarized light above 90 ° like this.
Up to now, fused quartz has been provided at available minimum Verdet constant in the unorganic glass, is 0.1 °/kA in this value of 1150nm place.Yet fused quartz also has big photoelastic coefficient, is 3.5 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm at the 560nm place
2).This causes seeking and has analogous Verdet constant and a kind of glass low, the photoelastic coefficient near zero.
It has been seen in that some fluoride glass has quite little photoelastic coefficient.In addition, they also have little Verdet constant.Know a kind of fluoride glass of being abbreviated as ZBLAN with particular reference to the crowd.It was reported that the composition of described glass comprises to be represented with mole percentage: 53ZrF
4, 20BaF
2, 4LaF
3, 3AlF
3And 20NaF.Measurement to this glass represents to have 0.22 °/kA of needed low Verdet constant at the 633nm place, and has photoelastic coefficient 0.34 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm at the 546nm place
2).
In order to measure unusual big electric current, even require lower photoelastic coefficient.We find, can be the lead fluoride (PbF of amount up to about 3mol%
2) add ZBLAN type glass to and form.Best, add with this and to change sodium fluoride (NaF).
We find that further this interpolation causes glass to have the photoelastic coefficient of reduction.Find that according to these core fibre that is used for this purpose preferably consists essentially of (calculating with mol%):
52-56％ ZrF
4
14-24％ BaF
2
3-6％ LaF
3
3-6％ AlF
3
14-22％ NaF
Up to about 3% PbF
2
Specific embodiment
Form three kinds of glass of preparation according to ZBLAN.In two kinds of glass are formed, with low amount of fluorinated lead (PbF
2) replacement sodium fluoride (NaF).Otherwise, do not change the composition of ZBLAN.
Carry out the measurement of Verdet constant at the 633nm place, and a kind of glass is measured at the 1150nm place, and in 546nm place measuring light elasticity coefficient (B).Table I illustrates the PbF that represents with mole and weight %
2Content, and the measured value of Verdet constant and photoelastic coefficient.
Table I
PbF
2Mole % weight % V (633 nm) V (1150 nm) B (546 nm)
0.0 0.0 0.22 - 0.34
0.7 1.43 0.22 0.12 0.25
2.0 4.28 0.20 - 0.18
These data representations increase PbF
2Substitute will provide the photoelastic coefficient of convergence zero.Yet, make to form to melt to become more difficult.
Prepare at the glass shown in the Table I by the suitable batch of material of mixed fluoride thing composition, batch of material is placed in the platinum smelting furnace of lid keeping fluoride, and located to melt about 40 minutes at 800 ℃.Open the lid of smelting furnace then, and when covering, make the thawing thing carry out 2-3 hour thermal treatment with gaseous state sulphur hexafluoride.Pour the mould that is heated to 260 ℃ into melting thing then, and make glass in this temperature place annealing.Glass through annealing is through cleaning, and the setup test piece is tested the measured value that obtains writing down in the Table I.
Claims (10)
1. method that is used to reduce the photoelastic coefficient of fluoride glass, described fluoride glass has low Verdet constant at the wavelength place that is suitable for measuring, and comprising the principal ingredient of zirconium fluoride as its composition, described method is included in the step that comprises low amount of fluorinated lead in the glass composition.
2. method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, described method is included in the fluoride glass composition and comprises the lead fluoride amount that is no more than about 3.0mole%.
3. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, it mainly is to comprise lead fluoride during the fluoride glass of fluoride of zirconium fluoride and the barium that comprises less amount, lanthanum, aluminium and sodium is formed that described method is included in.
4. method as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, described method is included in the glass composition and comprises lead fluoride, and described glass is formed and represented mainly to comprise 53%ZrF with mole%
4, 20%BaF
2, 4%LaF
3, 3%AlF
3And 20%NaF.
5. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, described method comprises photoelastic coefficient is reduced to less than about 0.20 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm
2) value.
6. one kind is used for determining the method up to the unusual big current value of about 200 kA, it is characterized in that described method comprises the following steps:
The glass fibre current sensor is provided, the composition of its glass of fiber core mainly comprises zirconium fluoride, and comprises the lead fluoride up to about 3mole%, has low Verdet constant at the wavelength place that is used to measure, and when passing through with this wavelength, the angle rotation that can make polarized light is less than 0.45 °/kA at every turn;
By the conductor conduction current, to set up magnetic field around conductor;
Current sensor is placed in the magnetic field of foundation like this;
Polarized light is propagated in the glass fibre current sensor;
In the glass fibre sensor, measure the rotation angle of polarized light; And
Determine current value from the rotation angle of polarized light.
7. method as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, described method comprises makes a coil to the vitreous electricity flow sensor, and conductor extension is by this coil.
8. method as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, described method comprises provides photoelastic coefficient to be no more than 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm
2) the glass fibre sensor.
9. a glass fibre sensor is used for measuring the unusual big electric current in magnetic field, and glass of fiber core has fluoride glass to be formed, and described fluoride glass is formed and comprised ZrF
4As principal ingredient, and comprise the PbF that is no more than 3mole percentage
2Thereby, the photoelastic coefficient of glass is reduced to is no more than 0.25 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm
2) value.
10. glass fibre sensor as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, glass of fiber core calculates with mol% and consists essentially of:
52-56％ ZrF
4
14-24％ BaF
2
3-6％ LaF
3
3-6％ AlF
3
14-22％ NaF
Up to about 3% PbF
2
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99400016A EP1018492A1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 1999-01-05 | Current measuring method and device |
| EP99400016.4 | 1999-01-05 | ||
| US11670699P | 1999-01-22 | 1999-01-22 | |
| US60/116,706 | 1999-01-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1332852A true CN1332852A (en) | 2002-01-23 |
Family
ID=26153633
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99815423 Pending CN1332852A (en) | 1999-01-05 | 1999-12-15 | Current measuring method and device |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1153306A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2003525829A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1332852A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU3122400A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2357427A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000040979A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102918291A (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2013-02-06 | 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 | Clutch central separator |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014219515A1 (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-03-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Optical current transformer |
| DE102014219516A1 (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-03-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Optical current transformer |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4348587A (en) * | 1980-11-17 | 1982-09-07 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Fiber optic transducer for measuring current or magnetic field |
| US4733938A (en) * | 1981-11-09 | 1988-03-29 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Magneto-optic rotator |
| GB9104780D0 (en) * | 1991-03-07 | 1991-04-17 | Tatam Ralph P | Apparatus and methods for measuring magnetic fields and electric currents |
| US5299210A (en) * | 1992-04-28 | 1994-03-29 | Rutgers University | Four-level multiply doped rare earth laser system |
| US5856882A (en) * | 1995-02-15 | 1999-01-05 | Hoya Corporation | Optical fibers and optical fiber amplifiers |
-
1999
- 1999-12-15 JP JP2000592647A patent/JP2003525829A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-12-15 EP EP99965273A patent/EP1153306A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-12-15 AU AU31224/00A patent/AU3122400A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-15 CN CN 99815423 patent/CN1332852A/en active Pending
- 1999-12-15 WO PCT/US1999/029779 patent/WO2000040979A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-15 CA CA002357427A patent/CA2357427A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102918291A (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2013-02-06 | 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 | Clutch central separator |
| CN102918291B (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2015-07-22 | 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 | Clutch central separator |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1153306A1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
| JP2003525829A (en) | 2003-09-02 |
| WO2000040979A9 (en) | 2001-11-01 |
| CA2357427A1 (en) | 2000-07-13 |
| AU3122400A (en) | 2000-07-24 |
| WO2000040979A1 (en) | 2000-07-13 |
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