CN1331255C - Zinc-alkaline battery containing lambda-Mn02 - Google Patents

Zinc-alkaline battery containing lambda-Mn02 Download PDF

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CN1331255C
CN1331255C CNB028229681A CN02822968A CN1331255C CN 1331255 C CN1331255 C CN 1331255C CN B028229681 A CNB028229681 A CN B028229681A CN 02822968 A CN02822968 A CN 02822968A CN 1331255 C CN1331255 C CN 1331255C
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mno
battery
negative electrode
manganese dioxide
anode
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CN1618138A (en
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W·L·鲍登
K·布兰德
P·A·克里斯汀
Z·姜
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Duracell US Operations Inc
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Gillette Co LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
    • H01M4/244—Zinc electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/502—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese for non-aqueous cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/06—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid
    • H01M6/08—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid with cup-shaped electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
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    • H01M2004/023—Gel electrode
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0002—Aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0014—Alkaline electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

An alkaline battery includes a cathode including lambda-manganese dioxide, an anode including zinc, a separator between the cathode and the anode, and an alkaline electrolyte contacting the anode and the cathode.

Description

Contain λ-MnO 2Zinc-alkaline battery
The method that the present invention relates to a kind of alkaline battery and make this alkaline battery.
Battery, be used as the energy usually such as alkaline battery and use.Usually, alkaline battery has negative electrode, anode, slider and alkaline electrolyte solution.Negative electrode can comprise cathode material (for example manganese dioxide or nickel hydroxide), strengthen the carbon granule and the binding agent of cathodic conductivity.Anode can be formed by the gel that comprises the zinc particle.Slider is placed between anode and the negative electrode.The alkaline electrolyte solution that is scattered in the entire cell can be a hydroxide aqueous solution, such as potassium hydroxide solution.
Alkaline battery comprises the negative electrode that contains manganese dioxide and the anode that contains zinc, and wherein manganese dioxide has spinel crystal structure (λ-MnO for example 2).Alkaline battery can have the average closed circuit voltage of about 1.3V, sufficient two-forty performance and sufficient memory capacity conservation rate under low discharge speed.λ-manganese dioxide (for example C/30 or 10mA/g active material of cathode) under low rate can have the ratio discharge capacity (specificdischarge capacity) greater than 310mAh/g for the cut-ff voltage of 0.8V.At least about the average closed circuit voltage of 1.3V can provide and commercially available manganese dioxide-Zinc-alkaline battery between voltage compatibility.
On the one hand, alkaline battery comprises negative electrode, and this negative electrode contains the active material of cathode that comprises λ-manganese dioxide; Anode, this anode contains zinc; Slider between anode and the negative electrode; And the alkaline electrolyte that contacts with anode with negative electrode.Under the discharge rate of the active material of cathode that is equivalent to 20mA/g or 10mA/g, for the cut-ff voltage of 0.8V, active material of cathode has greater than 290mAh/g, greater than 300mAh/g, greater than 310mAh/g or greater than the ratio discharge capacity of 320mAh/g.
On the other hand, the method for preparing alkaline battery comprises: provide anodal, described positive pole comprises the active material of cathode that contains λ-manganese dioxide; And form the battery that comprises electrode and contain the negative pole of zinc particle.Provide the step of electrode to comprise and prepare λ-manganese dioxide by the following method: make water and formula Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4Compound contact, wherein x be-0.02-+0.02 or-0.005-+0.005; Acid added in entry and the compound to form mixture be 1 or littler until the pH of mixture value; From water and acid, isolate solid; And optionally dry in a vacuum this solid under 150 ℃ or lower temperature is to obtain λ-manganese dioxide.Under the discharge rate that is equivalent to the 10mA/g active material of cathode, alkaline battery has the ratio discharge capacity greater than 300mAh/g for the cut-ff voltage of 0.8V.
λ-manganese dioxide can have at 1-10m 2B.E.T. surface area between the/g is (for example greater than 8m 2/ g), 0.05-0.15cm 3Total pore size volume between the/g or less than the average pore size of 100 .Described acid can be sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, toluenesulfonic acid or trifluoromethane sulfonic acid.The concentration of acid solution can be between 1-8 mol (molar).Final pH value can be 1 or littler, 0.7 or littler or between 0.5-0.7.This method can comprise that water washs isolated solid from water and acid, has the pH value of 6-7 until cleaning solution.
Can be under the temperature between 20-120 ℃, 30-90 ℃ or 50-70 ℃ dry this solid.
Water is contacted with compound comprise the formation slurries.Slurries can be maintained at about the temperature between 5-50 ℃.In the process that adds acid, can keep the temperature constant of slurries basically.
Can obviously find out other features and advantages of the present invention from specification and accompanying drawing and claims.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of battery.
Fig. 2 shows by stoichiometry LiMn 2O 4λ-the MnO of spinelle precursor preparation 2The comparison of the x-ray powder diffraction pattern of powder.
Fig. 3 shows under the discharge rate of the active material of cathode of the cut-ff voltage of 0.6V and C/30 or 10mA/g, negative electrode contains λ-MnO 2Or the discharge performance of the alkaline button cell of commercially available electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD).
Fig. 4 illustrates the negative electrode that utilizes Stepped Potential Electro-Chemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) to measure and contains λ-MnO 2The discharge capacity increment and the maximum power of alkaline button cell.
Fig. 5 illustrates discharge capacity increment and the maximum power that the negative electrode that utilizes Stepped Potential Electro-Chemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) to measure contains the alkaline button cell of commercially available EMD.
Among Fig. 1, battery 10 comprises negative electrode 12 (positive pole) and anode 14 (negative pole), slider 16 and cylinder blanket 18.Battery 10 also can comprise current-collector 20, seal 22 and as the negative metal top cap 24 of battery cathode end.Negative electrode and housing contacts, and the positive terminal of battery is at the offside of battery cathode end.Electrolyte solution is scattered in the entire cell 10.Battery can be for example AA, AAA, AAAA, C or D battery.
Anode 14 can be formed by employed any standard zinc material in the galvanic anode.For example, anode can be to comprise zinc metallic particles, gelling agent and the minute quantity additive zinc slurries such as foaming inhibitor.In addition, a part of electrolyte solution can be scattered in the anode.
The zinc particle can be common employed any zinc particle in the pulpous state anode.The example of zinc particle for example comprise US application No.08/905254, US application No.09/115867 or US application No.09/156915 described those, this paper is whole with reference to quoting described document.Anode can comprise the zinc particle of for example 60wt%-80wt%, 65wt%-75wt% or 67wt%-71wt%.
Electrolyte can be the aqueous solution of alkaline hydrated oxide such as potassium hydroxide or NaOH.The alkaline hydrated oxide that can contain 15wt%-60wt%, 20wt%-55wt% or 30wt%-50wt% in the electrolyte aqueous solution.Electrolyte can contain the basic anhydride of 0-6wt%, such as zinc oxide.
The example of gelling agent comprises polyacrylic acid, grafted starch material, polyacrylic salt, CMC, CMC salt (for example sodium cellulose glycolate) or its combination.Polyacrylic example comprises CARBOPOL 940 and 934 (being obtained by Goodrich) and POLYGEL 4P (being obtained by 3V), and the example of grafted starch material comprises that WATERLOCK A221 or A220 are (by Grain Processing Corporation, Muscatine, IA obtains).The example of polyacrylic salt comprise ALCOSORB G1 (by Ciba Specialties obtain).Anode can comprise the gelling agent of 0.05-2wt% for example or 0.1-1wt%.
Foaming inhibitor can comprise that inorganic material is such as bismuth, tin or indium.Also alternatively, foaming inhibitor can comprise that organic material is such as phosphate, ionic surface active agent or non-ionic surface active agent.The example of ionic surface active agent for example comprise patent US patent No.4777100 disclosed those, this paper is whole with reference to quoting the document.
Slider 16 can be conventional battery slider.In some embodiments, slider 16 can be formed by two-layer non-woven, non-membrane material, wherein one is placed on the surface of another layer.For example, provide when making slider 16 volume minimums battery efficiently, each layer non-woven, non-membrane material all have about 54 grams/square metre basic weight, and have the thickness of about 5.4mil when dry and have the thickness of about 10mil when wetting.This layer does not have filler basically, such as inorganic particle.
In other embodiments, slider 16 can comprise the combination of one deck glassine paper and one deck non-woven material.Slider also can comprise other nonwoven material layer.Cellophane layer can be adjacent with negative electrode 12 or anode.Non-woven material can contain polyvinyl alcohol and the artificial silk of 18wt%-22wt% and the surfactant of trace of 78wt%-82wt%, and for example non-woven material is that the trade mark that is obtained by PDM is the material of PA25.
Shell 18 can be a primary alkaline battery conventional shell commonly used.Shell can comprise that metal inner surface and nonconducting exterior material are such as heat-shrinkable plastics.Alternatively, conductive material layer can be placed between inwall and the negative electrode 12.This layer can be along the inner surface of inwall and/or being provided with of negative electrode 12 on every side.Conductive layer can be by for example carbonaceous material (for example aquadag) such as LB1000 (Timcal), Eccocoat 257 (W.R.Grace﹠amp; Co.), Electrodag 109 (AchesonColloids Company), Electrodag EB-009 (Acheson), Electrodag 112 (Acheson) and EB0005 (Acheson) form.For example Canadian Patent No.1263697 discloses the method for coated with conductive layer, and this paper is whole with reference to quoting the document.
Current-collector 28 can be made such as brass by suitable metal.Seal 30 can be made by for example nylon.
Negative electrode 12 comprises active material of cathode and conductive carbon particle.Alternatively, negative electrode 12 also comprises oxidizability additive and/or binding agent.Usually, negative electrode can comprise that for example weight is the cathode material of 60%-97%, 80%-95% or 85%-90%.
Conductive carbon particle can comprise graphite granule.Graphite granule can be synthetic graphite particle or nonsynthetic native graphite or its combination that comprises porous graphite.Suitable graphite granule can be by for example Brazilian Nacional de Grafite of Itapecerica, MG Brazil (for example NdG level MP-0702X) Chuetsu Graphite Works, Ltd. (for example Chuetsu level WH-20A and WH-20AF), Japan or Timcal America of Westlake, Ohio (for example Timcal level EBNB-90).Negative electrode can comprise the mixture of for example 2wt%-35wt%, 3wt%-10wt% or 4wt%-8wt% carbon granule or carbon granule.
The example of binding agent comprises polyethylene, polyacrylamide or the fluorocarbon resin polymer such as PVDF or PTFE.The example of polyethylene binder is that the brand name of selling is the binding agent of COATHYLENE HA-1681 (deriving from Hoechst).Negative electrode can comprise the binding agent of 0.05wt%-5wt% for example or 0.1wt%-2wt%.
Part electrolyte solution can be scattered in the negative electrode 12, and percetage by weight what determine after disperseing electrolyte solution again.
Cathode material comprises λ-manganese dioxide (λ-MnO 2), can carry out oxidation by the lithium manganese oxide spinel precursor that various synthetic methods are obtained and take off lithium technology and synthesize described λ-MnO with specific physical property 2For example, can prepare suitable lithium manganese oxide spinel precursor according to US patent No.4246253, No.4507371, No.4828834, No.5245932, No.5425932, No.5997839 or the described method of No.6207129, this paper is whole with reference to quoting described patent.Especially, the lithium manganese oxide spinel precursor can have general formula Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4, wherein x is between-0.05-+0.05, and preferably between-0.02-+0.02, more preferably between-0.005-+0.005.。Also alternatively, can by Kerr-McGee Chemical ÷ Company (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) or Carus Chemical Company (Peru Illinois) obtains lithium manganese oxide spinel.
Table 1 has been summarized some commercially available LiMn that obtained by some suppliers 2O 4Physics, micro-structural and the chemical property of type spinelle sample.Utilized use Cu K αThe Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer of radiation has been measured LiMn 2O 4The x-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRD) of type spinelle powder.The spinelle powder (spinelle B) that derives from Carus Chemical has maximum proper (refined) cubic cell constant a 0, and also have and stoichiometric LiMn 2O 4The chemical composition that spinelle is very approaching.(for example ICDD PDF No.35-0782) the stoichiometry LiMn that is reported 2O 4The cubic lattice constant of spinelle is 8.248 .The proper cubic lattice constant that derives from the XRD coatings that the another kind of spinelle powder (spinelle A) of Kerr-McGee had is 8.231 .This a 0Value and the common lithium amount of reporting (are Li just over stoichiometry 1+xMn 2-xO 4, wherein x is between 0.005-0.1) this value of spinelle more consistent.The a of this spinel-like 0Value along with the x value in the increase the between-0.1-0.25 and linear the reduction.For example whole with reference to the US patent No.5425932 that quotes referring to this paper.
Oxidation is taken off lithium technology and for example can be may further comprise the steps:
1. in distilled water or deionized water, form the slurries of spinelle powder precursor, and be adjusted to 10-50 ℃, preferred 15-30 ℃ temperature by stirring.
2. under constant stirring condition, with the speed of keeping constant slurry temperature with aqueous acid, the aqueous solution such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, toluenesulfonic acid or trifluoromethane sulfonic acid is added in the slurries, until the pH of slurries value stabilization be usually less than about 2, be lower than about 1 or be lower than about 0.7 but greater than about 0.5 value, and this value keeps 0.75 hour (also alternatively, can further proceed 24 hours stirring) at least.
3. from supernatant, isolate solid product by for example modes such as suction strainer, press filtration or centrifugation, and the distilled water or the deionized water of umber such as utilization wash, have pH neutral (for example between about 6-7) until cleaning solution.
In a vacuum with solid product at 30-120 ℃, preferred 50-90 ℃ or more preferably under 60-70 ℃ the temperature dry 4-24 hour.
After handling, with respect to LiMn 2O 4The initial weight of spinelle powder precursor, the solid of drying demonstrates about 25% weightlessness usually.Stoichiometry LiMn 2O 4The lithium total amount of spinelle is about 4.3wt%.Observed weightlessness is owing to lithium ion that migrates to the spinel particle surface and Mn + 2The dissolving of ion, the described LiMn that derives from 2O 4The Mn of spinelle lattice + 2Ion may produce owing to disproportionated reaction, in described disproportionated reaction, and the Mn on spinel particle surface + 3Ion is converted into undissolved Mn + 4Ion and leaving over from the teeth outwards, and the Mn of solubility + 2Ion is dissolved in the acid solution according to equation 1:
2LiMn +3Mn+O 4+4H +→3λ-Mn +4O 2+Mn +2+2Li++2H 2O (1)
Utilized use Cu K αThe Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer of radiation has been measured λ-MnO 2The X-ray diffraction figure of powder.λ-the MnO of various dryings 2The XRD coatings of powder and the λ-MnO that is reported 2(for example ICDD PDF No.44-0992) is consistent for the XRD figure of powder.For example whole with reference to the US patent No.4246253 that quotes referring to this paper.Table 1 has provided the λ-MnO by method for preparing 2The lattice constant a of the proper cubic units lattice of sample 0a 0The scope of value is between 8.035 -8.048 .Fig. 2 shows the λ-MnO by the precursor spinelle preparation of acid treatment (0.75 hour or 16 hours) 2Powder and derive from the lithium amount of Kerr-McGee just over the stoichiometric Li of nominal 1.05Mn 1.95O 4The comparison of the corresponding x-ray powder diffraction pattern of precursor spinelle powder.λ-MnO 2Powder and lithium amount as shown in Figure 2 are just over the stoichiometric Li of nominal 1.05Mn 1.95O 4The X-ray diffraction figure of precursor spinelle sample has any different, and through the corresponding λ-MnO of acid treatment 0.75 hour or 16 hours 2The diffraction maximum position of powder is offset to 2 higher θ angles with respect to the precursor spinelle.
The precursor spinelle can have nominal stoichiometric composition, for example x formula Li between-0.02-+0.02 1+xMn 2-xO 4Composition, such as Li 1.01Mn 1.99O 4, can realize taking off lithium more completely by this precursor, and generally speaking, can avoid or reduce that lithium ion is replaced by proton by the ion-exchange reactions shown in equation 2.This is considered to: exist proton can cause negative electrode to contain the thermal instability of alkaline battery of this material and the discharge capacity of reduction in the lattice position that is occupied by lithium ion before.
Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4→Li 3x[Mn 4+ 1.5+0.5xLi x]O 3+3x→H 3x[Mn 4+ 1.5+0.5xLi x]O 3+3x (2)
Wherein, 0.02＜x＜0.33.
According to P.W.Atkins at " Physical Chemistry ", the 5th edition, New York:W.H.Freeman﹠amp; Co., 1994, the described B.E.T method of pp990-2, determine various λ-MnO by multiple spot nitrogen absorption isotherm 2The specific area of powder.Find that the B.E.T. surface area measurements is basically greater than the specific area of corresponding precursor spinelle powder.Referring to table 1.The obvious increase of roughness or porosity is consistent in the increase of this specific area and the particle surface micro-structural, and described roughness or porosity are by precursor spinel particle relatively and for example λ-MnO accordingly 2The SEM photo (10000X) of particle and observed.In addition, to precursor spinelle powder and corresponding λ-MnO 2The pore measurement result of particle shows: to λ-MnO 2Take off after the lithium, more than the original twice of total pore volume ratio, and average cell size has reduced nearly 80%.
Table 1
The precursor spinelle Spinelle A Spinelle B
Lattice constant, a 0Spinelle () 8.231 8.242
Lattice constant, a 0λ-MnO 2() 8.048 8.035
B.E.T.SSA, spinelle (m 2/g) 0.44 3.43
B.E.T.SSA，λ-MnO 2(m 2/g) 4.98 8.30
Average grain diameter, spinelle (μ m) 12 14.6
Average pore size, spinelle () 157
Average pore size, λ-MnO 2() 36.5
Total pore size volume, spinelle (cc/g) 0.05
Total pore size volume, λ-MnO 2(cc/g) 0.11
Compacted density, spinelle (g/cm 3) 2.10 2.08
Real density, spinelle (g/cm 3) 4.225 4.196
Real density, λ-MnO 2(g/cm 3) 4.480 4.442
The spinelle stoichiometry, Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4，x＝？ 0.06-0.08 0.01
In some embodiments, can select to prepare λ-MnO of the present invention by following principle 2The precursor spinelle: (1) chemical general formula is Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4, wherein the scope of x is-0.05-+0.05, and is preferred-0.02-+0.02, more preferably-and 0.005-+0.005; (2) the B.E.T. specific area of precursor spinelle powder is at about 2-10m 2Between/the g; (3) total pore size volume of precursor spinelle powder is at 0.02-0.1cm 3Between/the g; And (4) average pore size of precursor spinelle powder is between about 100-300 .
Assessed the present invention λ-MnO of making by spinelle B of method as described above 2The thermal stability of powder is to determine that (for example drying, coating, compacting etc.) various heat treatments are to the influence of cell discharge performance in cathode fabrication process.Under vacuum, at λ-MnO of 4 hours of 120 ℃ of heating 2λ-MnO of 16 hours of the following 70 ℃ of dryings of the XRD coatings of powder sample and vacuum 2The XRD coatings of the bulk sample of powder are consistent, and this shows the enough thermal stabilitys under this temperature.Under vacuum, at λ-MnO of 4 hours of 150 ℃ of heating 2The XRD coatings of powder sample demonstrate the λ-MnO that broadens a little 2The peak, the new broad peak that occurs at 2 about 20 ℃ θ angles shows λ-MnO 2Begin mutually to decompose.Under vacuum, at 180 ℃ of heating λ-MnO 2Powder sample reaches 4 hours result: in XRD figure, and λ-MnO 2The characteristic peak complete obiteration, and several broad peaks have appearred, this is hinting and is forming one or more cenotypes.These appearance that are difficult to the new peak of resolution are because there is β-MnO 2And ε-MnO 2Phase.
Except assessment λ-MnO 2Outside the thermal stability of powder, also assessed the λ-MnO in containing the compacting composite cathode of conductive carbon particle and binding agent 2Thermal stability.After 120 ℃ of described compacting composite cathodes of following heating 4 hours, its XRD coatings demonstrate the λ-MnO that broadens 2Peak and several new peak, ε-MnO 2The wide weak peak that causes mutually shows λ-MnO 2Begin mutually to decompose.Therefore, with independent λ-MnO 2Powder is compared, the λ-MnO in the compacting composite cathode 2In addition lower temperature under begin to decompose.In the XRD figure of the negative electrode of 150 ℃ or 180 ℃ heating, all relevant λ-MnO 2The all complete obiterations of the peak of phase, and only have ε-MnO 2The broad peak characteristic of phase.In addition, with λ-MnO 2The situation difference of powder in the XRD figure in the composite cathode of 180 ℃ of heating, can not be recognized β-MnO 2The peak.
Prepare in its negative electrode according to following embodiment and to contain λ-MnO 2Battery (button cell).
Embodiment 1
Prepare λ-MnO in the following way 2Powder sample.Under stirring condition, about 120g nominal is consisted of Li 1.01Mn 1.99O 4Approaching stoichiometric lithium manganese oxide spinel (spinelle B, Carus Chemical Co.) add in about 200ml distilled water, be cooled to 15 ℃ slurries with formation.Under constant stirring condition, dropwise add the H of 6M 2SO 4, until the pH of slurries value stabilization about 0.7.Under the condition of pH=0.7, further slurries were stirred 20 hours.Regulate the adding speed of acid, with the temperature maintenance of slurries at 15 ℃.By utilize the spun bonded fabric polypropylene screen (Dupont, Tyvek) press filtration of carrying out or suction strainer, from liquid, isolate solid, and utilize the distilled water cleaning solution to wash, have neutral pH value (for example being about 6 pH) until washings.Under vacuum, reach 4-16 hour at 70 ℃ of following dry cakes.Dry λ-MnO 2The weight of product is about 87g, and this is the equal of about 27.5% weightlessness.
Utilize mortar and pestle to come manual mixing λ-MnO 2(Nacionalede Grafite, MP-0702X), contain the KOH electrolyte solution of 38wt%KOH and 2wt% zinc oxide, their mixing ratio is 60: 35: 5 for powder sample, native graphite.The cathode mix of about 0.5g is pressed into nickel wire grid (wire grid) and it is welded in the cathode casing bottom of 635 type alkaline button cells.The polymer insulation seal is inserted in the cathode casing.The spacer of disk shape is saturated and be placed on the negative electrode disk with electrolyte solution.By utilizing vacuum further to add other electrolyte, so that electrolyte solution permeates spacer and wetting negative electrode fully.On the upper surface of spacer, apply the anode mixture layer that contains zinc particle, electrolyte and gelling agent.The lid of anode case is placed on the battery component, and is machined to ripple, thereby seals this battery.
Measured the open circuit voltage of new assembled battery and this results are shown in table 2.In embodiment 1a, 1b and 1c, battery discharges under several different constant currents (discharge rate that is equivalent to C/30, C/15 and the C/3) condition of 30mA, 6mA and 3mA respectively.For example, the discharge rate of C/30 is equivalent to the discharge rate that battery capacity was discharged in 30 hour time period.The discharge rate of C/30, C/15 and C/3 also is equivalent to 10mA/g, 20mA/g and 30mA/g active material of cathode.Table 2 has provided under each galvanostatic conditions, battery by continuous discharge weight discharge capacity during to 1V and 0.8V cut-ff voltage.It is closely similar to be discharged to the capability value that 0.8V obtains under C/30 and the C/15 discharge rate, but under corresponding discharge rate as shown in Figure 3, but contains EMD but not λ-MnO than negative electrode 2The high about 10-15% of respective battery (referring to comparative example 1).
The comparative example 1
(Nacionale de Grafite, MP-0702X) and 38% KOH electrolyte solution, their mixing ratio is 60: 35: 5 to utilize mortar and pestle to come manual mixing EMD (Kerr-McGee, Trona D) powder, native graphite.The cathode mix of about 0.5g is pressed into the negative electrode disk of 635 type alkaline button cell cathode casing bottom.Finish the assembling of button cell according to embodiment 1 described mode.Measured the open circuit voltage of new assembled battery and this results are shown in table 2.Battery discharges under several different constant currents (discharge rate that is equivalent to C/30, C/15 and the C/3) condition of 30mA, 6mA and 3mA respectively.Table 2 has provided under each galvanostatic conditions, battery is discharged to 1V and weight discharge capacity during the 0.8V cut-ff voltage.Button cell is discharged to the discharge capacity that 0.8V has obtained 282mAh/g and 266mAh/g respectively under C/30 (Figure 10) and C/15 discharge rate.But battery is discharged to the low capacity that 0.8V has obtained 215mAh/g under C/3.
The comparative example of among Fig. 3, compared under the discharge rate of C/30, the average discharge curve of embodiment 1 battery and negative electrode containing commercially available EMD (for example Kerr-McGee, " Trona D ") 2 response curve.Negative electrode contains λ-MnO 2Discharge curve under about 0.95-1V, show the discharge curve steady section of prolongation, this be since second electronics with Mn + 3Be reduced to Mn + 2The result.
The comparative example 2
Except utilizing spinelle A (Kerr-McGee, Grade LMO-210) to replace outside the spinelle B, prepared dry λ-MnO according to the mode identical with embodiment 1 2Sample.Utilize mortar and pestle or high speed Laboratary type blender (for example Waring blender) with λ-MnO 2(Nacionale de Grafite MP-0702X) mixes with the 38%KOH electrolyte solution, and their mixing ratio is 60: 35: 5 for powder, native graphite.
Made the button cell that negative electrode contains this cathode mix according to the mode identical with embodiment 1.Measured the open circuit voltage of new assembled battery and this results are shown in table 2.Battery discharges under 30mA that is equivalent to C/30 and C/15 respectively (comparative example 2a) and 6mA (comparative example 2b) discharge rate.Table 2 also provided under each discharge rate, battery by continuous discharge weight discharge capacity during to 1V and 0.8V cut-ff voltage.Under two kinds of discharge rates, be discharged to capability value that 1V obtains usually all less than the contained λ-MnO of negative electrode 2Be obtained from the capability value of embodiment 1 respective battery of spinelle B in same discharge rate.Under the C/15 discharge rate, be discharged to battery capacity value that 0.8V obtains to a certain extent also less than the contained λ-MnO of negative electrode 2Be obtained from the battery capacity value of spinelle A.
Table 2
The embodiment sequence number Cathode material Vacuum is filled Discharge rate Average OCV (V) Capacity (mAh/g) during to 1V Capacity (mAh/g) during to 0.8V
C1b EMD Do not have C/15 1.60 245 266
C2b λ-MnO 2 Do not have C/15 1.69 204 290
1b λ-MnO 2 Do not have C/15 1.65 220 302
1d λ-MnO 2 Be C/15 1.68 206 289
C1a EMD Do not have C/30 1.61 262 282
1a λ-MnO 2 Do not have C/30 1.65 233 312
C1c EMD Do not have C/3 1.6 164 215
C2a λ-MnO 2 Do not have C/3 1.69 159 218
1c λ-MnO 2 Do not have C/3 1.66 167 187
λ-MnO that negative electrode is contained 2The average OCV value that is obtained from the battery of spinelle A and B is 1.64-1.69V, is 1.60-1.60V and negative electrode contains this value of the battery of commercially available EMD (Kerr-McGee, Trona D).Table 2 shows the capacity when being discharged to 1V and 0.8V cut-ff voltage.This value that provides is the mean value of 4-5 button cell.Under the discharge rate of C/30, λ-MnO that negative electrode is contained 2The capacity of the battery discharge that is obtained from spinelle B during, approximately be 110% of button cell that negative electrode the contains commercially available EMD capacity when being discharged to the 0.8V cut-ff voltage to the 0.8V cut-ff voltage.In addition, under the discharge rate of C/15, λ-MnO that negative electrode is contained 2The capacity of the battery discharge that is obtained from spinelle B during, approximately be 113% of the negative electrode capacity that contains commercially available EMD to the 0.8V cut-ff voltage.But, under the C/15 discharge rate, λ-MnO that negative electrode is contained 2The capacity of the battery discharge that is obtained from spinelle A during, approximately be 110% of the negative electrode battery capacity that contains EMD to the 0.8V cut-ff voltage, and for the contained λ-MnO of negative electrode 2The battery that is obtained from spinelle B only is about 95%.Under C/3 speed, λ-MnO that negative electrode is contained 2To contain the battery capacity of EMD consistent with negative electrode basically for the capacity of the battery discharge that is obtained from spinelle A during to the 0.8V cut-ff voltage.
Determined that by SPECS negative electrode contains λ-MnO 2Discharge capacity increment and the maximum power P of embodiment 1 alkaline button cell when being discharged to the 0.75V cut-ff voltage Max, this results are shown in Fig. 4.ITE Letters on Batteries, Vol.1, No.6,2000, pp53-64 discloses Stepped PotentiaI Electro-Chemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) method, and this paper is whole with reference to quoting the document.For commercially available EMD material, although common viewed peak concentrates on about 1.25V and 1.12V, but other broad peak all concentrates on about 1.55V and 0.95V in two curves, this shows that for commercially available EMD material the capacity increment that does not observe usually in the discharge process distributes and maximum power.Discharge capacity increment and maximum power when also utilizing SPECS to measure comparative example's 1 alkaline button cell that negative electrode contains EMD (for example Kerr-McGee, Trona D) to be discharged to the 0.9V cut-ff voltage, this results are shown in Fig. 5.By more as can be known, commercially available EMD material demonstrates approximately the broad peak near 1.45V and 1.3V, but not near the peak of 1.55V and 0.95V, and this is λ-MnO 2Characteristic peaks.Therefore, do not exist back one characteristic peak to show: λ-MnO of the present invention 2Cathode material is specially adapted to high-octane high capacity primary alkaline battery.
In addition, for typical commercially available EMD, all there is broad peak (referring to Fig. 5) on capacity increment and the maximum power curve near 0.95V, this be since the initial oblique side's manganite of single electron reduzate (groutite) (promptly, α-MnOOH) is reduced to two-electron reduction product pyrochroite (that is Mn (OH), 2) due to.To λ-MnO 2The electrochemistry two-electron reduction is Mn (OH) 2Carried out extensive studies (for example referring to A.Kozawa, " Batteries; Vol.1; ManganeseDioxide ", K.V.Kordesch edits, New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1974, pp385-515), and illustrate and utilize two step reducing process to handle that described technology relates to the embedding of initial solid-state proton in the first electron reduction process and the decomposition in the second electron reduction process and precipitation (referring to, the ITE Batteries of R.Patrice etc., Vol.2, No.4,2001, ppB6-14).In addition, contain in the alkaline battery of the KOH that contains high concentration in the low surface area conductive carbon particle of relative low content and the electrolyte or zinc oxide γ-MnO in the second electron reduction process at negative electrode 2Considerably less discharge capacity is provided.The result is, (α-MnOOH) be reduced to pyrochroite can be unfavorable for consumer manganese dioxide/zinc alkaline primary battery to oblique side's manganite usually, thereby the additional discharge capacity that obtains when being lower than 0.9V is considerably less.Under identical discharging condition, negative electrode contains λ-MnO 2Battery additional capacity shown in the capacity incremental rate curve of Fig. 4 further is provided when 0.95V.In fact, the quantitative research of this capacity incremental rate curve is shown, when the additional capacity that is provided when the 0.95V by the second electron reduction process is not provided, λ-MnO of embodiment 1 2Specific capacity be about 220mAh/g, and this specific volume value when comprising this additional capacity is about 320mAh/g.This represents the contribution of total discharge capacity of about 100mAh/g or about 30%, and it can directly ascribe to and contain λ-MnO in battery 2Situation under the second electron reduction process.But, also do not determine for λ-MnO 2The detailed reaction mechanism of electrochemistry two-electron reduction process.
Embodiment 2
Prepared dry λ-MnO according to the mode identical with embodiment 1 2Powder sample.Utilize high speed Laboratary type blender (for example Waring blender) with λ-MnO 2Powder, native graphite (Nacionale de Grafite, MP-0702X) and 38% KOH electrolyte solution mix, their mixing ratio is 87: 8: 5.
Made the button cell that negative electrode contains this cathode mix according to the mode identical with embodiment 1.Measured the open circuit voltage of new assembled battery and this results are shown in table 3.Battery discharges under 3mA that is equivalent to C/40 and C/4 respectively (embodiment 2a) and 30mA (embodiment 2b) discharge rate.C/40 and C/4 discharge rate are equivalent to the discharge rate of the active material of cathode of the active material of cathode of 7mAh/g and 70mAh/g respectively.Table 3 also provided under each constant current, battery by continuous discharge the weight discharge capacity during to 1V and 0.8V cut-ff voltage.Under two kinds of discharge rates, be discharged to capability value and the negative electrode that 1V obtains and contain EMD but not λ-MnO 2Respective battery at the capability value basically identical of same discharge rate.Under two kinds of discharge rates, be discharged to battery capacity value that 0.8V obtains and be slightly less than negative electrode and contain EMD but not λ-MnO 2The capability value (referring to comparative example 2) of respective battery.
Embodiment 3
Prepared dry λ-MnO according to the mode identical with embodiment 1 2Powder sample.Utilize high speed Laboratary type blender (for example Waring blender) with λ-MnO 2Powder, native graphite (Nacionale de Grafite, MP-0702X) and 1: 1 mixture of porous graphite (Timcal EBNB-90) and 38%KOH electrolyte solution mix, their whole mixing ratio is 87: 4: 4: 5.
Made the button cell that negative electrode contains this cathode mix according to the mode identical with embodiment 1.Measured the open circuit voltage of new assembled battery and this results are shown in table 3.Battery discharges under 3mA that is equivalent to C/40 and C/4 respectively (embodiment 3a) and 30mA (embodiment 3b) discharge rate.C/40 and C/4 discharge rate are equivalent to the discharge rate of the active material of cathode of the active material of cathode of 7mAh/g and 70mAh/g respectively.Table 3 has also provided under each constant current value, battery by continuous discharge weight discharge capacity during to 1V and 0.8V cut-ff voltage.Under C/40 speed, the average size when being discharged to the 0.8V cut-ff voltage is equivalent to negative electrode and contains EMD but not λ-MnO 2Respective battery under same discharge rate capability value (referring to comparative example 2) 110%.
The comparative example 3
Utilize high speed Laboratary type blender (for example Waring blender) with EMD (Kerr-McGee, Trona D), native graphite (Nacionale de Grafite, MP-0702X) and the KOH electrolyte solution of 1: 1 mixture of porous graphite (Timcal EBNB-90) and 38% mix, their whole mixing ratio is 87: 4: 4: 5.
Made button cell according to the mode identical with embodiment 1.Measured the open circuit voltage of new assembled battery and this results are shown in table 3.Battery discharges under 3mA that is equivalent to C/40 and C/4 respectively (comparative example 3a) and 30mA (comparative example 3b) discharge rate.Table 3 has also provided under each constant current value, battery by continuous discharge the weight discharge capacity during to 1V and 0.8V cut-ff voltage.
Table 3
The embodiment sequence number Active cathode material Graphite total content (wt%) Discharge rate Average OCV (V) Capacity (mAh/g) during to 1V Capacity (mAh/g) during to 0.8V
C3a EMD 4+4 C/40 1.62 207 237
3a λ-MnO 2 4+4 C/40 1.71 203 263
2a λ-MnO 2 8 C/40 1.73 196 220
C3b EMD 4+4 C/4 1.62 144 156
2b λ-MnO 2 4+4 C/4 1.73 125 130
3b λ-MnO 2 8 C/4 1.73 142 146
Many embodiments of the present invention have been described.However, it should be understood that for not deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention and can carry out various corrections.For example, can utilize the various oxidizing aqueous dose of oxidations of carrying out the precursor spinelle to take off lithium, these oxidants comprise for example peroxosulphuric hydrogen sodium or potassium, peroxide diphosphate sodium or potassium, sodium perborate, sodium chlorate or potassium, sodium permanganate or potassium, sulfuric acid or cerous nitrate (+4) ammonium, sodium perxenate or utilize the ozone gas of acid solution bubbling.
Non-water oxidant comprises that the hexafluorophosphate or the oleum in the sulfolane of tetrafluoroborate, the nitrous  ion in the propionitrile or the nitre  ion of nitrous  ion in the propionitrile for example or nitre  ion (are SO 3/ H 2SO 4).Compare with the dismutation (equation 1) that takes place in the process of utilizing aqueous acid solution to handle, utilize moisture chemical oxidizing agent such as peroxosulphuric hydrogen salt, ozone or non-water oxidant with LiMnO 4In Mn + 3Be oxidized to Mn + 4Ion can cause less basically manganese solution loss.
Other execution mode also belongs to following claim scope required for protection.

Claims (10)

1. alkaline battery, it comprises:
Negative electrode, this negative electrode comprises the active material of cathode that contains λ-manganese dioxide;
Anode, this anode contains zinc;
Slider between anode and the negative electrode; And
The alkaline electrolyte that contacts with anode with negative electrode,
Wherein λ-manganese dioxide has greater than 8m 2/ g to 10m 2B.E.T. surface area between the/g.
2. the battery of claim 1, wherein λ-manganese dioxide has 0.05-0.15cm 3The total pore size volume of/g.
3. one kind prepares any one the method for alkaline battery of aforementioned claim, and it comprises:
Provide anodal, this positive pole comprises the active material of cathode that contains λ-manganese dioxide; And
Formation comprises the battery of anodal and zinc electrode,
Wherein, prepare λ-manganese dioxide by the following method:
Making water and general formula is Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4Compound contact, wherein x is-0.02-+0.02, and the B.E.T. surface area of compound is at 2-10m 2Between/the g;
Acid is added in entry and the compound, is 1 or littler until pH value of aqueous solution,
From water and acid, isolate solid, and
Dry this solid under 120 ℃ or lower temperature is to obtain λ-manganese dioxide.
4. the method for claim 3, its Chinese style Li 1+xMn 2-xO 4Compound have the spinel type crystal structure.
5. the method for claim 3 wherein is being lower than drying solid under 100 ℃ the temperature.
6. the method for claim 5, wherein drying solid under 50-70 ℃ temperature.
7. the method for claim 3, wherein x is-0.005-+0.005.
8. the method for claim 3 wherein makes water contact with compound and comprises the formation slurries.
9. the method for claim 8 wherein maintains slurries under the temperature that is lower than 50 ℃.
10. the method for claim 3, wherein said acid concentration is between the 1-8 mol.
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