CN1279547C - Method and system for subcritical nuclear rubbish treatment and nuclear fuel production based on fissioner neutron breeding - Google Patents
Method and system for subcritical nuclear rubbish treatment and nuclear fuel production based on fissioner neutron breeding Download PDFInfo
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- CN1279547C CN1279547C CN 03152870 CN03152870A CN1279547C CN 1279547 C CN1279547 C CN 1279547C CN 03152870 CN03152870 CN 03152870 CN 03152870 A CN03152870 A CN 03152870A CN 1279547 C CN1279547 C CN 1279547C
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a methods and a system for subcritical nuclear waste treatment and nuclear fuel production based on fission neutron breeding, which has the technical scheme that an outer neutron source generating area is successively covered with actinide element processing area, a fissionable fuel breeding area, fission product processing area, and a reflecting and shielding area, wherein the areas are separated by structural material; the actinide element processing area comprises actinide elements, a fissionable fuel mixture and coating structural material; the fissionable fuel breeding area comprises natural uranium or thorium or depleted uranium and coating structural material; the fission product processing area comprises high-radioactive fission products, coating structural material and a neutron moderator; the reflecting and shielding area is composed of graphite, boron carbide, stainless steel, lead, etc. The present invention has the advantage that fission products having long service life and high toxicity are converted into fission products having stability and no toxicity or short service life and low toxicity through neutron reactions.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to nuclear energy technology, relate to the method and system of the production of a kind of processing of nuke rubbish and nuclear fuel in particular.
Background technology
The long-lived radioactivity waste material be the long-lived radioactivity fission product (as
99Tc,
129I,
137Cs etc.) and actinide (as Pu, Np, Am, Cm etc.) toxicity is big, the life-span is long, extremely difficult processing.The general recommendations method of early time treatment long-life nuke rubbish comprises following 3 kinds in the world: the first, and buried, make its natural decay.This method needs for a long time (millions of years to several ten million years), Yucca Mountain Project as the U.S. costs nearly 2,000,000,000 dollars, yet can not guarantee that in 1,000,000 years geologic structure does not change, high-level waste may also can enter biosphere again.The second, utilize custom-designed thermal reactor and fast neutron reactor transmuting nuclear waste.But improper or flux is too low or the criticality safety problem because of power spectrum, treatment effect is all undesirable.The 3rd, carry out transmuting long-lived fission product and actinide about utilizing outer neutron source such as fusion reactor or spallation neutron source, the result of study identification effective transmuting fissioning nucleus power station main fission product of the U.S. before the eighties
90Sr requires fusion neutron wall load greater than 10MW/m
2, just can reach the effective half-life in 5 years, so high neutron wall burden requirement obviously is unpractical at that time and even now, thereby once this kind approach is held negative decision in the world.
In order to reach high efficient, to above-mentioned the third method, the outer neutron source strength of general requirement is very high, but this all is difficult to realize on technology and engineering.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of subcritical nuclear waste disposal and nuclear fuel production method and system, add fissible heavy element plutonium and uranium in internal system and breed neutron system effectiveness is improved greatly by utilizing based on the fissile material neutron multiplication.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
The method of producing based on the subcritical nuclear waste disposal of fissile material neutron multiplication and nuclear fuel, it is characterized in that producing outer source neutron by the spallation reaction of fusion reaction or high energy proton and target material generation, these outer source neutrons enter long-lived radioactivity actinide treatment region, with steel series elements generation fission reaction in the actinide treatment region, produce a large amount of new neutrons with wherein fissionable plutonium 239 or uranium 233 generation fission reactions simultaneously; Subdivision enters in the fissionable fuel breeding blanket in these, with wherein depleted uranium or natural uranium or natural thorium generation neutron-capture reaction, generate fissionable plutonium 239 or uranium 233, use with the recycle of supplying with the actinide treatment region, perhaps other purposes is made in output; The neutron that leaks from the fissionable fuel breeding blanket enters the fission product treatment region, with the radioactive fission product generation capture reaction that wherein is blended in the neutron moderator, highly toxic fission product of long-life is transformed into stablizes avirulence or the hypotoxic fission product of short life, the heat that produces in each district adopts coolant cools, adopts structured material to separate between each district.
Fusion reaction is meant the D-T fusion reaction, and the spallation reaction target material is meant plumbous bismuth or uranium; Actinide is meant that radioactive fission product refers to from the long-life actinide neptunium in the fission Nuclear Power Station's Exhausted Fuels, americium, curium etc.
99Tc,
129I,
137Cs etc., structured material is meant graphite, silit, steel etc., neutron moderator is selected graphite or heavy water for use, cooling medium selection principle is as follows: 1, to fusion neutron source situation, select LiPb alloy and high-pressure helium (processing also can be selected heavy water to fission product), 2, to proton spallation neutron source situation, select the PbBi alloy.
The content of actinide treatment region neutron multiplication material fissionable plutonium 239 or fissible uranium 233 accounts for this zone percent by volume below 10%, exist with oxide or metal form, concrete content can require to decide by solving system neutron-transport equation and burn up equation in the reload variation limitation of time cycle of operation according to system power density, system's critical factor and they.Radioactive fission product and neutron moderator and volume ratio be below 5%.
The system that produces based on the subcritical nuclear waste disposal of fissile material neutron multiplication and nuclear fuel, it is characterized in that neutron source produces outer actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and the shadow zone of being surrounded by successively, district outside, separate with structured material between each district, the actinide treatment region comprises: actinide, fissionable fuel potpourri and clad structure material place cooling medium; The fissionable fuel breeding blanket comprises: natural uranium or thorium or depleted uranium and clad structure material place cooling medium; The fission product treatment region comprises: height is put fission product and clad structure material, neutron moderator, places cooling medium.Reflection is made up of graphite, boron carbide, stainless steel, lead etc. with the shadow zone.
Described outer neutron source region is a sphere or almost spherical, ball is surrounded by actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and shadow zone outward successively, and its outside surface is sphere or almost spherical, separates with structured material between each district.
Described outer neutron source region is a cylindrical or near cylindrical, cylinder is surrounded by structured material outward, the outside surface of actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and the shadow zone that surrounds successively outside the outer neutron source region is cylindrical or near cylindrical, separates with structured material between each district.
Described outer neutron source region is an annular ring or sub-circular circle, annular ring is surrounded by structured material outward, actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and the shadow zone that surrounds successively outside the outer neutron source region is the annular ring that surrounds successively, separates with structured material between each district.
Among the present invention, when adopting helium as cooling medium, the reactive material in each district is piled up with particles with different sizes shape bead and is formed, and the total solid volume accounts for 60%～90% of cumulative volume.When cooling medium is liquid metal, liquid metal can be Li-Pb alloy or lead bismuth alloy, heavy element is with metal, compound or also can the fused salt form exist, the reactive material in each district can be made the suspension of bead shape or be submerged in the cooling medium, perhaps makes the tabular cooling medium that places with holes.
The present invention has following technical advance:
(1) utilizes the interaction of different materials different qualities to make subcritical system realize many purposes simultaneously, comprise and produce isotope (as tritium etc.), handle level radioactive nuclear waste and produce fissionable nuclear fuel;
(2) utilize fissile material propagation neutron that the production of subcritical system or treatment effeciency are improved greatly, early stage scientist attempts with (n such as BE, 2n) reaction propagation neutron improves the efficient of nuclear waste disposal and nuclear fuel production but effect is unsatisfactory, and the principle that the present invention uses the each fission of the isotope of fissible heavy element plutonium and uranium to emit 2～4 neutrons is increased work efficiency greatly;
(3) utilize the fissile material amount of in subcritical system, packing into suitable to come the subcritical coefficient of regulating system to make system power and work efficiency held stationary, the security that simultaneously also improves system, supercritical accident etc. can not appear, principle is that plutonium and other heavy element of dress just consumes in time, the reactivity of reduction system, and system has new fissionable fuel to generate, the reactivity of increase system, the two is cancelled out each other, the system response variable quantity is controlled in the very little scope, guarantees the stability and the security of system power output.
(4) the non-uniform Distribution characteristic of the outer neutron source space distribution of taking into account system, place the space diverse location but will have the nuke rubbish in different transmutings cross section and fertile nuclei fuel, thereby be guaranteed system's diverse location nuclear waste disposal and nuclear fuel production efficiency are basic identical.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing is a structural representation of the present invention.
Embodiment
Referring to accompanying drawing, 1,2,3,4,5 represent nuclear waste disposal of the present invention and nuclear fuel production system the 1st district, the 2nd district, the 3rd district, the 4th district, the 5th district respectively among the figure, separate with steel plate between each district.
This accompanying drawing is the cross section view of cylindrical structure.The planform of actual device can be column type, sphere and annular or their approximate shapes, depends primarily on outer neutron source generation device kind.
The 1st district: outer neutron source produces the district, and outer neutron source can be produced or be produced by the high energy proton spallation reaction by the D-T fusion reaction, and they all have higher energy.
The 2nd district: the actinide treatment region, put actinide, fissionable fuel, cooling medium and structured material etc. by height and form.The wherein high waste material of putting refers to from the long-life actinide (mainly refer to Np, Am, Cm etc.) of fission in the Nuclear Power Station's Exhausted Fuels, and they will fission be taken place by the high-energy neutron bombardment and processedly fall, and produce a large amount of heat energy; Fissionable fuel mainly refers to Pu239 and U233, product from the 3rd district, produce 2～4 neutrons by each fission reaction and play the neutron multiplication effect, its concrete content can calculate by finding the solution neutron-transport equation and nucleic burn up equation by the constraint of engineerings such as system's waste disposal target and thermal power density; Cooling medium is to be operated in 300～500 ℃ alloy, and purpose is to take away the fission nuclear energy in this district.Coating actinide such as structured material graphite and fissionable fuel potpourri bead suspend or are submerged in the cooling medium, play a part fixing or protect the actinium series waste material not to be scattering in the cooling medium.
The 3rd district: the fissionable fuel breeding blanket, form by uranium or thorium, cooling medium and structured material etc.Natural uranium or thorium or come depleted uranium and neutron effect in the spentnuclear fuel of self-fission power station to generate fissionable Pu239 and U233 are supplied with the 2nd district through off-line or online fuel recycle and are made neutron multiplication agent usefulness, and remainder also can be supplied with the fissioning nucleus power station and use.Coating uranium such as structured material graphite or thorium bead suspend or are submerged in 300～500 ℃ the alloy cooling medium.
The 4th district: the fission product treatment region, put fission product by height
99Tc,
129I,
137Compositions such as Cs etc., neutron moderator, cooling medium and structured material, mainly utilize low energy neutron and fission product generation capture reaction after the slowing down to handle long-life fission product waste material, they come in the spentnuclear fuel in self-fission power station, the processing back is present in local area with oxide form, and the neutron moderator of local area can be selected graphite or heavy water for use.Height is put fission product dispersion and is made bead or coat the back as in the heavy water with structured material in graphite, and high-pressure helium or heavy water also can select to do cooling medium.
The 5th district: reflection and shadow zone, can form by common neutron reflection material and shielding material, as graphite, boron carbide, stainless steel, lead etc., do not leak with the radioactive ray that guarantees system.
Claims (7)
1, the method for producing based on the subcritical nuclear waste disposal and the nuclear fuel of fissile material neutron multiplication, it is characterized in that producing outer source neutron by the spallation reaction of fusion reaction or high energy proton and target material generation, these outer source neutrons enter long-lived radioactivity actinide treatment region, with actinide generation fission reaction in the actinide treatment region, produce a large amount of new neutrons with wherein fissionable plutonium 239 or uranium 233 generation fission reactions simultaneously; Subdivision enters in the fissionable fuel breeding blanket in these, with wherein depleted uranium or natural uranium or natural thorium generation neutron-capture reaction, generate fissionable plutonium 239 or uranium 233, use with the recycle of supplying with the actinide treatment region, perhaps other purposes is made in output; The neutron that leaks from the fissionable fuel breeding blanket enters the fission product treatment region, with the radioactive fission product generation capture reaction that wherein is blended in the neutron moderator, highly toxic fission product of long-life is transformed into stablizes avirulence or the hypotoxic fission product of short life, the heat that produces in each district adopts coolant cools, adopt structured material to separate between each district, total system adopts the shielding material shielding.
2, method of producing based on the subcritical nuclear waste disposal and the nuclear fuel of fissile material neutron multiplication according to claim 1 is characterized in that fusion reaction is meant the D-T fusion reaction, and the spallation reaction target material is meant plumbous bismuth or uranium; Actinide is meant that radioactive fission product refers to from long-life actinide neptunium, americium, curium in the fission Nuclear Power Station's Exhausted Fuels
99TC,
129I,
137CS, structured material are meant graphite, silit, steel, and neutron moderator is selected graphite or heavy water for use, cooling medium selection principle is as follows: (1), to fusion neutron source situation, select LiPb alloy and high-pressure helium, (2), to proton spallation neutron source situation select the LiPb alloy.
3, method of producing according to claim 1 based on the subcritical nuclear waste disposal and the nuclear fuel of fissile material neutron multiplication, the content that it is characterized in that actinide treatment region neutron multiplication material fissionable plutonium 239 or fissible uranium 233 accounts for this zone percent by volume below 10%, exist with oxide or metal form, the volume ratio of radioactive fission product and neutron moderator is below 5%.
4, each is described based on the subcritical nuclear waste disposal of fissile material neutron multiplication and the system of the method for nuclear fuel production to realize claim 1-3, it is characterized in that neutron source produces outer actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and the shadow zone of being surrounded by successively, district outside, separate with structured material between each district, total system is shielded by shielding material, the actinide treatment region comprises actinide and fissionable fuel potpourri clad structure material, places cooling medium; The fissionable fuel breeding blanket comprises by natural uranium or thorium or depleted uranium and clad structure material, places cooling medium; The fission product treatment region comprises that height puts fission product and clad structure material and neutron moderator, places cooling medium; Reflection is made up of structured material graphite, boron carbide, stainless steel or lead with the shadow zone.
5, system according to claim 4, it is characterized in that described outer neutron source region is sphere or almost spherical, ball is surrounded by structured material outward, the outside surface of actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and the shadow zone that surrounds successively outside the outer neutron source region is sphere, separates with structured material between each district.
6, system according to claim 4, it is characterized in that described outer neutron source region is a cylindrical or near cylindrical, cylinder is surrounded by structured material outward, the outside surface of actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and the shadow zone that surrounds successively outside the outer neutron source region is cylindrical or near cylindrical, separates with structured material between each district.
7, system according to claim 4, it is characterized in that described outer neutron source region is an annular ring or sub-circular circle, annular ring is surrounded by structured material outward, outer neutron source region, actinide treatment region, fissionable fuel breeding blanket, fission product treatment region, reflection and shadow zone are the annular ring that surrounds successively, separate with structured material between each district.
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| CN1945751B (en) * | 2006-11-21 | 2010-05-12 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | Accelerator driven fast-thermally coupled subcritical reactor |
| CN101377962B (en) * | 2008-09-22 | 2012-07-04 | 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 | Fusion drive subcritical system and method for producing 252Cf neutron source |
| US8989335B2 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2015-03-24 | Global Medical Isotope Systems Llc | Techniques for on-demand production of medical radioactive iodine isotopes including I-131 |
| GB0922352D0 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2010-02-03 | Stfc Science & Technology | Charged particle generator |
| CA2839084C (en) * | 2013-01-17 | 2020-07-14 | Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited | Heterogeneous core designs and thorium based fuels for heavy water reactors |
| CN105405476B (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2016-11-23 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of fast neutron reactor being capable of propagation and burning power and energy |
| KR20210048532A (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2021-05-03 | 티에이이 테크놀로지스, 인크. | Systems and Methods for Electrostatic Accelerator Driven Neutron Generation for Liquid Phase-Based Transformation |
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