CN1245354A - Connector with inductance near zero - Google Patents
Connector with inductance near zero Download PDFInfo
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- CN1245354A CN1245354A CN 99111096 CN99111096A CN1245354A CN 1245354 A CN1245354 A CN 1245354A CN 99111096 CN99111096 CN 99111096 CN 99111096 A CN99111096 A CN 99111096A CN 1245354 A CN1245354 A CN 1245354A
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- conductive layer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
- Power Conversion In General (AREA)
- Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A DC connector is composed of input terminal connected to DC power supply and output terminal connected to electric device. Said input terminal includes high-voltage and low-voltage input conducting layers, which have similar shape and size, are parallel, and isolated by input insulating layer. Said output terminal includes high-voltage and low-voltage output conducting layers, which have similar shape and size, are parallel and isolated by output insulating layer. Said DC connector also has high-voltage and low-voltage connecting layers.
Description
The present invention relates generally to the structure and the method for designing of electric connector.More particularly, the present invention relates to make and assemble a kind of novel electric connector and the method for designing that is used for power-supply system,, reduce the voltage drop that is produced because of the load current dynamic change so that almost zero inductance to be provided.
The technical difficult problem that power supply industry is run into now be computer and many dissimilar hand-held electric devices with low direct current (DC) voltage, promptly 3.3 volts or lower dc voltage, reach high load currents work.Provide the main consideration point of dc power supply to be that the dynamic load electric current changes the voltage drop that the connector inductance that produced is caused to computer or hand-held device.Figure 1A is a circuit diagram, the connector that display voltage source 10 and microprocessor are 20.Conventional connector comprises the sealing current loop that is made of two leads usually.Produce capacitor parasitics 30 and inductor 40 between lead.During microprocessor is in sleep pattern, there is very small stable DC electric current to guide to microprocessor 20 from power-supply system 10.In the moment that microprocessor activates, the immediate current rate of change is about 200 amperes of every microseconds on the lead, and promptly 2 * 10
8A/ μ s.Under the inductance of 2/1000000000ths Henry (2.0nH), reduce to by the transient voltage that the connector inductance produces:
L (dI/dt)=(1 * 10
-9) (2 * 10
8)=0.2 volt (1)
Wherein (dI/dt) is current changing rate, and L is an inductance.According to this equation, 0.2 volt voltage drop is because the generation of high electrical current fluctuations rate.Because the inductance of connector, microprocessor 20 experiences an obvious voltage drop shown in Figure 1B.When microprocessor 20 activated, electric current had moment to increase, and responded the violent voltage drop of microprocessor 20 experience with it.Violent thus voltage drop produces serious problems, and even voltage is reduced to following a period of time of the required minimum of microprocessor, and some information may be lost in data handling procedure.Even voltage drop does not cause data degradation, the delay that it might cause microprocessor to activate.Microprocessor performance reduces because of the inductance inductive drop.
Therefore, need a kind of power-supply system that connect to solve an above difficult problem to the improvement connector of microprocessor.In particular, need a kind of novel connector and method for designing thereof, inductance is reduced to the very little order of magnitude.Have the connector of zero inductance almost and can reduce the connector inductance and stand dynamic current and change the voltage drop that is produced, also can reduce the heat that it produces.The activation that microprocessor is caused because of transient voltage falls postpones can solve by the low-down electric connector of inductance is provided thus.
Therefore the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of novel connector and design and production method that microprocessor is provided electric power.This improved novel connector can obviously reduce the connector inductance during big current changing rate, can overcome the aforementioned limitations and the difficult problem that run in the prior art.
In particular, an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of connector and design and production method, it is in order to provide electric power to microprocessor, and the conduction of current pattern that is had makes the magnetic field cancellation of electric current generation.
By roughly offsetting the magnetic field that electric current produces, inductance is reduced to the low-down order of magnitude.Voltage drop that connector causes and hot product can obviously reduce.
Another object of the present invention is by utilizing parallel electrically conductive layer transmitting direct current electric current that a kind of connector and design and production method are provided, and wherein the magnetic flux that produces of electric current is cancelled out each other.This novel pattern is applied to input and output can roughly eliminate the connector inductance on both.
A further object of the present invention is by utilizing the conduction of parallel electrically conductive layer to be subjected to the isolated direct current electric current of a heat conductivity insulating barrier that a kind of connector and design and production method are provided.And connector is subjected to a heat conductivity dielectric protection layer through assembling, and the heat energy that electric current produced of conduction in the connector is removed more effectively.
Briefly, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention discloses a direct current (DC) connector.Direct current electric connector comprises that an input is connected to a direct current piezoelectric voltage source and an output is connected to an electric device.Input comprises an input high voltage conductive layer and an input low-voltage conductive layer, and input low-voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to input high voltage conductive layer and completely cuts off by an isolated input layer and its.Output comprises an output HIGH voltage conductive layer and an output LOW voltage conductive layer, and the output LOW voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to the output HIGH voltage conductive layer and completely cuts off by an isolated input layer and its.Direct current electric connector further comprises a high voltage articulamentum and is used to interconnect input high voltage conductive layer and output HIGH voltage conductive layer.Connector further comprises and roughly has the low-voltage articulamentum identical shaped and big or small with the high voltage articulamentum, and the low-voltage articulamentum is parallel and isolate from the high voltage articulamentum that is used to interconnect input low-voltage input conductive layer and output LOW voltage conductive layer.In a preferred embodiment, direct current electric connector further comprises one first insulation protection cover covering high voltage articulamentum and one second insulation protection cover covering low-voltage articulamentum.Connector further comprises a gripping mechanism in order to clamp and firmly to keep the first insulation protection cover and the second insulation protection cover, becomes a folder pincers sub-assembly to press down and to keep connector.In another preferred embodiment, the isolated input layer is made up of a kind of heat conductivity insulating material with the output insulating barrier.
To those skilled in the art, after the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED in reading the following drawings, will clear and definite above and other objects and advantages of the present invention.
Description of drawings
Figure 1A is for showing the circuit diagram that is connected between a power supply and the microprocessor with capacitor parasitics and stray inductance device;
Figure 1B is the electric current that shows microprocessor connector when sleep pattern activates and the variation of voltage;
Fig. 2 A and Fig. 2 B are respectively the drawing in side sectional elevation and the perspective view of connector of the present invention, and wherein the magnetic flux of electric current generation is cancelled out each other; And
Fig. 3 is connected the functional-block diagram that dc voltage is provided for showing the almost nil connector of inductance of the present invention between a power supply and a computer.
10: voltage source 135: the output LOW voltage thin conductive layer
20,200: microprocessor 140: the output insulating barrier
30: capacitor parasitics 145: the isolated input layer
40: inductor 150: the top insulating barrier
100: electric connector 155,165: inner conducting layer
105: the positive voltage utmost point 155: the high voltage articulamentum
110: the negative voltage utmost point 157,167: inner insulating layer
115: input high voltage thin conductive layer 160: end insulating barrier
120: input low-voltage thin conductive layer 165: low-voltage articulamentum
125: isolated input layer 170,180: gripping mechanism
130: output HIGH voltage thin conductive layer 190: power supply
Fig. 2 A and Fig. 2 B are respectively has the almost drawing in side sectional elevation and the perspective view of the novel connector of zero inductance.Electric connector 100 comprises an input and is connected to a positive voltage utmost point 105 and a negative voltage utmost point 110.Positive pole 105 is connected to an input high voltage thin conductive layer 115 and negative pole 110 is connected to an input low-voltage thin conductive layer 120.Input high voltage thin conductive layer 115 is isolated with input low-voltage thin conductive layer 120 by an isolated input layer 125.Electric connector 100 further comprises an output.Similarly, output comprises an output HIGH voltage thin conductive layer 130 and the output LOW voltage thin conductive layer 135 that is completely cut off by an output insulating barrier 140.More than be sandwiched in 160 of a top insulating barrier 150 and an end insulating barriers by the isolated conductive layer of an insulating barrier.Each top insulating barrier 150 and end insulating barrier 160 have an inner conducting layer 155 and 165 respectively.Inner conducting layer 155 is in input high voltage thin conductive layer 115 and output HIGH voltage thin conductive layer 130 and electrically contacts.Inner conducting layer 165 is in input low-voltage thin conductive layer 120 and output LOW voltage thin conductive layer 135 and electrically contacts.Top insulating barrier and end insulating barrier 150 and 160 are made up of the electrical insulating material with high heat-conduction coefficient.Preferably, this kind layer can be the insulating barrier that institute of Du Pont (DuPont) production heat conductivity insulating material forms.Top inner conducting layer and end inner conducting layer 155 and 165 are by being additional to inner conducting layer 155 and 165 inner surfaces and opposed facing inner insulating layer 157 and 167 and further mutually isolated respectively.Guarantee thus inner conducting layer 155 not can with inner conducting layer 165 short circuits.Top insulating barrier 150 and end insulating barrier 160 clamps are in the same place with 180 with two folders 170 then, make above conduction and insulating barrier firmly be maintained at the fixed position.
According to Fig. 2 A and Fig. 2 B, the present invention discloses a kind of direct current electric connector, and it comprises, and an input is connected to a direct current piezoelectric voltage source and an output is connected to an electric device.Input comprises an input high voltage conductive layer 115 and an input low-voltage conductive layer 120, and input low-voltage conductive layer 120 has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to input high voltage conductive layer 115 and isolated by an isolated input layer 125 and its.Output comprises an output HIGH voltage conductive layer 130 and an output LOW voltage conductive layer 135, and output LOW voltage conductive layer 135 has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to output HIGH voltage conductive layer 130 and isolated by an isolated input layer 145 and its.Connector further comprises a high voltage articulamentum 155 and is used to interconnect input high voltage conductive layer 115 and output HIGH voltage conductive layer 130.Connector further comprises and roughly has the low-voltage articulamentum 165 identical shaped and big or small with high voltage articulamentum 155.Low-voltage articulamentum 165 is parallel and isolate from the high voltage articulamentum 155 that is used to interconnect input low-voltage conductive layer 120 and output LOW voltage conductive layer 135.In a preferred embodiment, direct current electric connector further comprises one first insulation protection cover covering high voltage articulamentum and one second insulation protection cover covering low-voltage articulamentum.Connector 100 further comprises a gripping mechanism, for example gripping mechanism 170 and 180, to clamp and firmly to keep the first insulation protection cover 150 and the second insulation protection cover 160, becomes a folder pincers sub-assembly to press down and to keep connector 100.In another preferred embodiment, isolated input layer 125 is made up of a kind of heat conductivity insulating material with output insulating barrier 140.In another preferred embodiment, isolated input layer 125 and output insulating barrier 140 are thickness a kind of insulating barriers between 0.01 to 0.05 millimeter scope.In another preferred embodiment, the first insulation protection cover 150 and the second insulation protection cover 160 are made up of a kind of heat conductivity insulating material.
The present invention further discloses a kind of method of making direct current electric connector.The method includes the steps of: (a) by forming an input high voltage conductive layer and an input low-voltage conductive layer is connected to a direct current piezoelectric voltage source to form an input, this input low-voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to input high voltage conductive layer and is completely cut off by an isolated input layer and its; (b) be connected to an electric device by forming an output HIGH voltage conductive layer and an output LOW voltage conductive layer to form an output, this output LOW voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to the output HIGH voltage conductive layer and is completely cut off by an isolated input layer and its; (c) form a high voltage articulamentum and interconnect input high voltage conductive layer and output HIGH voltage conductive layer; And (d) form a low-voltage articulamentum, and it has shape and the size roughly the same with the high voltage articulamentum, and it is parallel and isolate from the high voltage articulamentum that is used to interconnect input low-voltage input conductive layer and output LOW voltage conductive layer.In a preferred embodiment, the method further comprises following steps: (e) utilize one first insulation protection cover covering high voltage articulamentum and utilize one second insulation protection cover to cover the low-voltage articulamentum; And (f) utilize a gripping mechanism to clamp and firmly keep the first insulation protection cover and the second insulation protection cover, become a folder pincers sub-assembly to press down and to keep connector.
In brief, the present invention also discloses a kind of direct current electric connector 100, and it comprises one first electric installation, for example conductive layer 115 and 155 and 130, is connected to a high-voltage output terminal with the high voltage utmost point with a direct current piezoelectric voltage source.This connector further comprises one second electric installation, for example conductive layer 120 and 165 and 135, is connected to a low-voltage output with the low-voltage utmost point with a direct current piezoelectric voltage source.First electric installation and second electric installation produce the magnetic field that magnetic field that one first electric current produces and one second electric current produce respectively through setting, wherein the magnetic field cancellation that roughly produced by second electric current of the magnetic field that produces of first electric current.In a preferred embodiment, connector 100 further comprises a heat conductivity seal, for example heat conductivity insulating barrier 125 and 140, with isolated first electric installation and second electric installation.
The present invention further discloses a kind of method of making direct current electric connector.The method includes the steps of: (a) form one first electric installation and be connected to a high-voltage output terminal with the high voltage utmost point with a direct current piezoelectric voltage source; (b) form one second electric installation and be connected to a low-voltage output with the low-voltage utmost point with a direct current piezoelectric voltage source; And (c) set the magnetic field that first electric installation and second electric installation produce with the magnetic field that produces one first electric current respectively and produce and one second electric current, the magnetic field cancellation that roughly produces of the magnetic field that produces of first electric current wherein by second electric current.
Fig. 3 is connected in the functional block diagram of 200 of a power supply 190 and microprocessors for showing the almost nil connector of inductance of the present invention.Microprocessor can be the high-speed data treatment system that is supported on the printed circuit board (PCB) (not clearly expression).Output HIGH voltage conductive layer 130 and output LOW voltage conductive layer 135 are connected to the last high voltage utmost point of microprocessor one printed circuit board (PCB) (PCB) and an earth electrode respectively.
Also disclosed data handling system among the present invention.This system comprises a power supply and the microprocessor that is supported on the printed circuit board (PCB) (PCB).One electric connector is connected to provide direct current to microprocessor between power supply and microprocessor.Electric connector comprises one first electric installation and is connected to high-voltage output terminal on the printed circuit board (PCB) with the high voltage utmost point with power supply.This connector further comprises one second electric installation and is connected to low-voltage output on the printed circuit board (PCB) with the low-voltage utmost point with power supply.First electric installation and second electric installation produce the magnetic field that magnetic field that one first electric current produces and one second electric current produce respectively through setting, wherein the magnetic field cancellation that roughly produced by second electric current of the magnetic field that produces of first electric current.
Therefore the invention provides a kind of novel connector and design and production method thereof that microprocessor is provided electric power.This novel improvement connector obviously reduces the connector inductance during big current changing rate, can overcome a restriction of the prior art and a difficult problem.In particular, the invention provides the magnetic field cancellation that conduction of current pattern that a kind of connector has produces electric current.By roughly offsetting the magnetic field that electric current produces, inductance is reduced to the low-down order of magnitude.Voltage drop that the connector inductance causes and hot product can obviously reduce.Utilize parallel electrically conductive layer transmitting direct current electric current in this novel connector, wherein the magnetic flux of electric current generation is cancelled out each other.This novel pattern is applied to make on input and the output connector inductance roughly to eliminate.Connector comprises the direct current electric current that the parallel electrically conductive layer is completely cut off by a heat conductivity insulating barrier with conduction.And connector is subjected to a heat conductivity dielectric protection layer through assembling, and the heat energy that electric current produced of conduction in the connector is removed more effectively.
Although the present invention is illustrated with regard to preferred embodiment, should be appreciated that at this this specification is not construed as limiting.After reading above specification, can clearly understand undoubtedly to those skilled in the art multiple different the replacement and modification arranged.Therefore, following appended claims comprise all replacements and the modification in true spirit of the present invention and the scope.
Claims (10)
1. direct current electric connector, it comprises:
One input and an output, this input are connected to a direct current voltage source, and this output is connected to an electric device;
This input comprises an input high voltage conductive layer and an input low-voltage conductive layer, and this input low-voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to this input high voltage conductive layer and passes through an isolated input layer and it completely cuts off;
This output comprises an output HIGH voltage conductive layer and an output LOW voltage conductive layer, and this output LOW voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to this output HIGH voltage conductive layer and completely cuts off by an isolated input layer and its;
One high voltage articulamentum is used to interconnect this input high voltage conductive layer and this output HIGH voltage conductive layer; And
One low-voltage articulamentum, it has roughly identical with this high voltage articulamentum shape and size, and it is parallel and isolate from this high voltage articulamentum that is used to interconnect this input low-voltage input conductive layer and this output LOW voltage conductive layer.
2. direct current electric connector as claimed in claim 1, it further comprises:
One first insulation protection cover and one second insulation protection cover, this first insulation protection cover covers this high voltage articulamentum, and this second insulation protection cover covers this low-voltage articulamentum; And
One folder pincers device, it becomes a folder pincers sub-assembly in order to clamp and firmly to keep this first insulation protection cover and this second insulation protection cover to press down and to keep connector.
3. direct current electric connector as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
This isolated input layer and this output insulating barrier are made up of the heat conductivity insulating material; This isolated input layer and this output insulating barrier are the insulating barrier of thickness between 0.01 to 0.05 millimeter scope; And
This first insulation protection cover and this second insulation protection cover are made up of the heat conductivity insulating material.
4. direct current electric connector, it comprises:
One first electric installation, its high voltage end with a direct current piezoelectric voltage source is connected to a high-voltage output terminal:
One second electric installation, its low-voltage end with a direct current piezoelectric voltage source is connected to a low-voltage output; And
This first electric installation and this second electric installation constitute and produce the magnetic field that magnetic field that one first electric current produces and one second electric current produce respectively, wherein the magnetic field cancellation that roughly produced by this second electric current of the magnetic field that produces of this first electric current.
5. direct current electric connector as claimed in claim 4, it further comprises:
One heat conductivity seal, it is arranged between this first electric installation and this second electric installation and the two completely cuts off with this.
6. method of making direct current electric connector, it comprises:
(a) by forming an input high voltage conductive layer and an input low-voltage conductive layer is connected to a direct current piezoelectric voltage source to form an input, this input low-voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to this input high voltage conductive layer and is completely cut off by an isolated input layer and its;
(b) be connected to an electric device by forming an output HIGH voltage conductive layer and an output LOW voltage conductive layer to form an output, this output LOW voltage conductive layer has roughly the same shape and size and is parallel to this output HIGH voltage conductive layer and is completely cut off by an isolated input layer and its;
(c) form a high voltage articulamentum and be used to interconnect this input high voltage conductive layer and this output HIGH voltage conductive layer; And
(d) form a low-voltage articulamentum, it has shape and the size roughly the same with this high voltage articulamentum, and it is parallel and isolate from and be used to interconnect this high voltage articulamentum that this input low-voltage is imported conductive layer and this output LOW voltage conductive layer.
7. method as claimed in claim 6, it further comprises:
(e) utilize one first insulation protection cover to cover this high voltage articulamentum and utilize one second insulation protection cover to cover this low-voltage articulamentum; And
(f) utilize a folder reed device to clamp and firmly keep this first insulation protection cover and this second insulation protection cover becomes a folder pincers sub-assembly to press down and to keep this connector.
8. method of making direct current electric connector, it comprises:
(a) formation one first electric installation is connected to a high-voltage output terminal with the high voltage end in a direct current piezoelectric voltage source;
(b) formation one second electric installation is connected to a low-voltage output with the low-voltage end in a direct current piezoelectric voltage source; And
(c) form the magnetic field that this first electric installation and second electric installation produce with the magnetic field that produces one first electric current respectively and produce and one second electric current, wherein the magnetic field cancellation that roughly produces of the magnetic field that produces of this first electric current by this second electric current.
9. method as claimed in claim 8, it further comprises:
(c) between this first electric installation and this second electric installation, be provided with a heat conductivity seal and make this two isolated.
10. data handling system, it comprises:
Power supply;
Microprocessor, it is supported on the printed circuit board (PCB) (PCB).
Electric connector, it is connected between this power supply and this microprocessor provides direct current to this microprocessor;
This electric connector comprises that one first electric installation is connected to high-voltage output terminal on this printed circuit board (PCB) with the high voltage end of this power supply;
One second electric installation, its low-voltage end with this power supply is connected to the low-voltage output on this printed circuit board (PCB); And
This first electric installation and this second electric installation constitute and produce the magnetic field that magnetic field that one first electric current produces and one second electric current produce respectively, wherein the magnetic field cancellation that roughly produced by this second electric current of the magnetic field that produces of this first electric current.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US9667498P | 1998-08-15 | 1998-08-15 | |
| US60/096,674 | 1998-08-15 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1245354A true CN1245354A (en) | 2000-02-23 |
| CN1224136C CN1224136C (en) | 2005-10-19 |
Family
ID=22258521
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99111096 Expired - Fee Related CN1224136C (en) | 1998-08-15 | 1999-07-29 | Connector with inductance near zero |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1224136C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE19906498C2 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW429650B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106356116A (en) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-01-25 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Electrical conductor device |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3132203A (en) * | 1961-06-19 | 1964-05-05 | Sperry Rand Corp | Curled bus bar |
| JPS59203305A (en) * | 1983-04-30 | 1984-11-17 | 日本メクトロン株式会社 | High capacitance laminated bus |
| EP0677217A1 (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1995-10-18 | Dr. Fischer Ag | Electric line system |
| US5591034A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1997-01-07 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Thermally conductive adhesive interface |
| US5808240A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-09-15 | Otis Elevator Company | Low-inductance planar bus arrangement |
| DE19647229C1 (en) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-02-12 | Telefunken Microelectron | Plate type component carrier to component carrier connector device for e.g. circuit board |
| US5876238A (en) * | 1997-06-17 | 1999-03-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Device and method for securing integrity of a blind autodock electrical connection |
| JPH1174646A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 1999-03-16 | Oki Systec Tokyo:Kk | Multilayered wiring board and connecting pin |
-
1999
- 1999-01-05 TW TW88100084A patent/TW429650B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-17 DE DE1999106498 patent/DE19906498C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-29 CN CN 99111096 patent/CN1224136C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106356116A (en) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-01-25 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Electrical conductor device |
| CN106356116B (en) * | 2015-07-17 | 2020-05-19 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Electrical conductor arrangement |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE19906498C2 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
| CN1224136C (en) | 2005-10-19 |
| DE19906498A1 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
| TW429650B (en) | 2001-04-11 |
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