CN1240033C - Display device - Google Patents
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- CN1240033C CN1240033C CNB998091103A CN99809110A CN1240033C CN 1240033 C CN1240033 C CN 1240033C CN B998091103 A CNB998091103 A CN B998091103A CN 99809110 A CN99809110 A CN 99809110A CN 1240033 C CN1240033 C CN 1240033C
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- display device
- image
- projecting plane
- forming element
- light
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005262 ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F19/00—Advertising or display means not otherwise provided for
- G09F19/12—Advertising or display means not otherwise provided for using special optical effects
- G09F19/18—Advertising or display means not otherwise provided for using special optical effects involving the use of optical projection means, e.g. projection of images on clouds
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- Marketing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Projection Apparatus (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
- Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
- Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
- Holo Graphy (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Telephone Function (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a display device for displaying visual information, comprising: at least one image-forming element; at least one light source for generating a light beam, which in cooperation with the image-forming element produces an illuminated image; optical means for processing the light beam and/or illuminated image; and a projection surface for receiving the illuminated image, wherein the image-forming element is flat and the projection surface forms at least a part of a cylinder wall.
Description
The present invention relates to the display device that is used for display visual information according to claim 1.
In current information society, there be the demand such as the graphic presentation material of a large amount of display visual information.The example of display visual information such as billboard, information panel, screen or the like.Billboard comprises usually and can or can not adopt static state (printing) information of various ways with the change ad content in the advertising device of determining.The information panel that has variable information normally is made of replaceable panel component or independent controllable light pixel.Can or not use the specific light pixel drive to show definite information by displacement panel component and/or use.The normally limited and information that they comprised of this panel resolution rate also is limited (for example, only some numerals and letter) usually.It is to have such possibility that screen has a benefit; Being actually that picture information represented is hard-core.But shortcoming is that the shape of screen is smooth basically, and need the structure can see from behind or have to telecurie irradiation it.Therefore the authority of using is limited.
German patent application DE19500693 shows a kind of right cylinder that links to each other with ceiling or the advertisement and infosystem on cone projecting plane of having.The inside on this projecting plane is provided with a dia or video frequency projector.This dia or video frequency projector by means of mirror-image system directly with image projection on the projecting plane.Dia or video frequency projector are placed on the turntable, can on the projecting plane, produce mobile image by rotating this projector.
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of display device that is used for display visual information, this device can combine the very big degree of freedom of the visual form of the composition with the dirigibility and the high quality image that change image.
The present invention provides a kind of display device that is used for display visual information for this purpose, comprising: at least one image forming element, and at least one is used to produce the light source of light beam, and wherein this light source produces an image that illuminates with image forming element; Be used to handle the described optical devices that illuminate image, and be used to receive a described projecting plane illuminating image, wherein, this image forming element is smooth, and this projecting plane constitutes cylindrical wall, it is characterized in that, these optical devices with the cylindrical image projection of illuminating on this projecting plane, wherein, this projecting plane is made by transparent material, make the image that projects to described cylindrical wall inboard also can see, and this image formation component is connected to one to its computing machine of controlling from the outside of cylindrical wall.
These optical devices preferably include at least one reverberator, and this reverberator can adopt the form of at least a portion of coned face or pyramid.In addition, can also use a kind of intermediate form between a kind of cone or the pyramid, for example a polygon.Use this display device, can on projecting plane, show an image that is illuminated with any size with bent cylindrical hull shape shape.During each part on projecting plane was illuminated, the continous cylindrical projection of image on the projecting plane made image stability also more clear.Another superiority of disclosed projection arrangement is that device of the present invention is provided with mechanical movable part in German Gebrauchsmuster; This makes device usability of the present invention better (low noise), and is more reliable, not easy care.Another benefit on a kind of projecting plane like this is; For the application of wide scope, not only for regulating height, such as signpost, video conference demonstration, virtual reality pillar etc., it can produce very attractive outward appearance.Here should be noted that as desirable, its inboard or the outside are considered to main projecting plane.In the application of described signpost, for example, in big incident, exhibition and the shopping center, stadium and airport, the specific outside of pillar is relative projecting plane.In the pillar of virtual reality content was used, it used in contrast, make its inboard as the projecting plane so that to small part by cylindrical metope around the people can place oneself in the midst of in the illusion for varying environment.Another selection can comprise makes at least a portion projecting plane as so-called " touch-screen ", can change the visual information that is projected by touching described screen thus.Because use display device according to the present invention shows this completely new concept such as the such visual information of picture material, many current application that can not exist all will become possibility.By using the optical devices of reverberator form, can limit its cost.Use the reverberator of cone or pyramid shape, can realize a kind of simple structure in conjunction with cylindrical wall shape projecting plane in addition.Another benefit here is, uses described reverberator, can control because the pattern distortion that image forming element produced.
Preferably this reverberator is provided with near the columniform end side surface of determining this cylindrical wall.By means of this structure, can use whole cylindrical wall to come display visual information, thereby can realize a kind of compact display apparatus.
In another most preferred embodiment, this image forming element is linked to each other with the computing machine that is used to control it.The control of image forming element makes can make the image that changes projection as required.Therefore, can make visual information adapt to actual conditions.Can also show with this image forming element and move image.Computer-controlled another benefit is, can be to being compensated by the image that image forming element produced in optical devices.When having understood the distortion of optical devices, can control this image forming element so that the image of projection can obtain desired form by means of standardization.Therefore, can come the distortion of compensate for optical device by means of the standardization conversion.By means of computer-controlled another benefit be, thereby can make the required image of this computer programing projection by means of cable or remote receiver.Therefore can not need to come this display device place in the change of the image that shows at a distance.
In a most preferred embodiment, constitute image forming element by display screen by promptly be called as the such light of LCDs (L.C.D.) such as the display that has liquid crystal.Another kind of modification is to be called as ferroelectric liquid Crystal (F.L.D).This light preferably is set between light source and the optical devices by display screen.Can provide and obtain this light by Hei-Bai and color version and pass through display screen.This display device can be configured to very simple, passes through display screen when for example projector a branch of light of such light source projects passes light, and the image that is illuminated thus directly is projected on the projecting plane subsequently by these optical devices.Can make this display device like this, its major part can use the element of easy acquisition to constitute.In fact, usually light can be placed in the projector so that be located between the lens of light source and projector by display screen.This solution also makes device succinct and be easy to install in addition.
In another most preferred embodiment, the reflecting surface of the combination by some parts constitutes described image forming element, and wherein each part can be located separately, such as digital mirroring apparatus (D.M.D).This image forming element reflection projects the light beam on it, and this folded light beam constitutes an image that illuminates.Can also use a computer and control D.M.D.This image forming element is handled (D.L.P.) this name because of its digital light and is understood.
The most handy transparent material is made the projecting plane so that can see the image that is incident upon this cylindrical wall inside in the outside of cylindrical wall.Preferably image forming element, light source and optical devices are arranged on all by in the determined right cylinder in projecting plane.Like this display device of Gou Chenging can make its outside be the face of cylinder and do not have related elements to be positioned at this cylindrical outside.The display device that has aesthetic attractive outward appearance can be provided like this and can in various environment, use this display device.According to for the selection of cylindrical wall material and/or the arrangement of protectiveness shell, this display device ability is destroyed.Other benefit is that the projection arrangement in this display device does not take the right cylinder space outerpace, can increase possibility of its application yet.
In a particular embodiment, this display device has the partial reflection ball, through this ball, is projected in by projector's emitted light beams on the projecting plane of cylindrical housings form existence.When this device adopts various ways: wherein, two opposed facing parts of this reflection sphere are set on the projecting plane that exists with the cylindrical housings form, and have and arrange central opening is arranged on it, can obtain extraordinary result so that the light beam that is sent by two projectors passes through.Use this embodiment, can obtain good effect in practice, the image that on whole of cylindrical wall, can obtain to become clear.
In order to increase the brightness of image on the cylindrical housings, preferably constitute this projecting plane by cylindrical Fresnel lens.This structure is characterized in that on the surface of cylindrical housings water jacket being arranged, so that the zigzag structure with the sawtooth of sole mode interconnection occurs having in xsect.Therefore, limited light beam on the inboard vertical direction of the cylindrical Fresnel lens extension angle of (that is, being parallel to the direction of principal axis on right cylinder wall shape projecting plane), these lens are level and smooth and are coated with so-called high-gain material in most preferred embodiments.Its result causes in residue optical taper body more light being arranged, and therefore produces one such as the tangible image of twice.An example of this high-gain material is the holographic optical diffuser.Impinge upon on the diffuser screen of placing around lens by the Fresnel lens emitted light beams.
Light beam from projector normally is linear polarization.Because the usefulness of Fresnel lens is to depend on polarization, therefore, promptly taking place to produce considerable color change in the deflection of different polarization light between the kind discord edge in cylindrical housings with relative wide-angle.In order to eliminate above-mentioned phenomenon, preferably use the depolarization element that it is placed between projector and the reflection sphere.Such example is: 1/4 λ plate, wedge shape depolariser and Fresnel rhomb.This element all provides identical degree of polarization (or not having) for all light colors, the change of color just no longer takes place thus.
For the purpose of protection, outside right cylinder is preferably placed around the projecting plane by this way: i.e. the cylindrical housings that is made of Fresnel lens and around the diffuser screen of its placement.When the inside and outside of this external cylindrical had lens arrangement, the light beam that can guarantee to come from Fresnel lens was particularly to come from propagating with the direction of axle quadrature from cylindrical housings, that is, and and the horizontal direction when this right cylinder is vertically placed.
Non-limiting example further describes the present invention shown in inciting somebody to action with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 shows the part cut-away, perspective view according to device of the present invention,
Fig. 2 shows the part cut-away, perspective view according to an alternative embodiment of apparatus of the present invention,
Fig. 3 shows the schematic sectional view of passing the most preferred embodiment of display device according to the present invention,
Fig. 4 shows the sectional view that passes with the part projecting plane that has " fresnel structure " cylindrical housings form, and
Fig. 5 shows the exterior three dimensional figure of display device embodiment as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 1 shows the display device 1 that wherein is provided with a projector 2.The light beam that is sent by this projector 2 transmits through the logical screen 3 of light.The logical screen 3 of light links to each other with computing machine 4 and leads to image on the screen 3 so that can change light continuously or discontinuously in simple mode.The light beam that transmits through the logical screen 3 of light is projected onto on the cone reverberator 5, afterwards this reflected light is projected on the inboard of cylindrical wall 6.This cylindrical wall 6 is a kind of transparent materials so that can externally see the image that projects its inside.Therefore, can see the image 7 that conforms to image on the logical screen 3 of light from the outside of cylindrical wall 6.Obviously, because the shape of the reflection of reverberator 5 and cylindrical wall 6 can make the pattern distortion on the logical screen 3 of light.The accessory problem that is caused is that if do not proofread and correct, the shot densities that then is positioned at cylindrical wall 6 tops will change with the light intensity of cylindrical wall 6 bottoms.Can compensate the change of described distortion and optical density by means of the shape of the Based Intelligent Control of the logical screen 3 of light and screen 3.Therefore display device 1 forms a kind of column construction that has any required displayed image 7 and can make it move or not move arbitrarily in cylindrical wall 6.
Fig. 2 shows a kind of display device 8.This device 8 is wherein arranged door 10 to such an extent that make visitor 11 can enter the inside of right cylinder 9 by being made up of cylindrical structure 9.Projector 12 is suspended in the right cylinder 9.The light beam that is sent by projector 12 transmits and by the inboard of reverberator 14 reflected back cylindrical structures 9 through the logical screen 13 of light.The logical screen 13 of light must link to each other with the computing machine that is used to control purpose, and this computing machine is not shown in the drawings.By means of connecting link 15 projector 12 and the logical screen 13 of light are suspended in the right cylinder 9.
The shape of reverberator 14 is cones and can be illuminated in inside.To be projected on the inside wall of right cylinder 9 by reverberator 14 beam reflected, therefore form a projecting plane.That is, observe from the inboard according to the display device 8 of Fig. 2 opposite with the situation of as shown in fig. 1 display device.As if therefore the observer 11 who enters right cylinder 9 can place oneself in the midst of among such a case: he is in the different reality.
Fig. 3 shows a kind of display device 16, and wherein arranging has two parts reflection sphere 17,18, and they all have central opening 19,20.These parts of reflection sphere form with cylindrical housings is placed in the projecting plane 21, two projectors 22,23 that can launch image can be arranged on it.Therefore projector 22 can be transmitted in image on the part of reflection sphere 18, this image be reflected back toward subsequently projecting plane 21 among the Fig. 3 that is in the cylindrical housings form than on the lower part.Projector 23 through opening 20 with beam emissions to partial reflection ball 17, this light beam is reflected to the top on the projecting plane 21 that is in the cylindrical housings form then.Schematically show a kind of projection situation in back by means of light beam 24.Therefore, best synchronous operation projector 22,23.
Fig. 4 shows a cross section through the cylindrical hull shape of part projecting plane 21, can see clearly that wherein the inboard 25 of this cylindrical housings is level and smooth, and this outside with the cylindrical housings projecting plane 21 that has a plurality of grooves 26 is different." fresnel structure " in the figure has a benefit to be, with different angles be transmitted on the projecting plane 21 light beam 27,28 by more or less with the 21 vertical form flashes in projecting plane.The light intensity that is positioned at the image on the diffusion screen of placing around projecting plane 21 31 is therefore with respect to level and smooth projecting plane, both sides and Yan Gengda.Level and smooth inboard 25 preferably also is coated with so-called high-gain material, and this does not illustrate in the drawings.
At last, Fig. 5 shows the display device 16 of array configuration.Here preferably for the protection purpose, place external cylinder around cylindrical housings projecting plane 21 and cylindrical diffusion screen 31.Clearly show that partial reflection ball 17,18 among the figure, wherein removed the projector 22,23 that does not illustrate in the drawings.Whole unit as shown in Figure 3 is placed on the bottom 29, has wherein arranged a control section.The top on projecting plane can also be installed by means of a lid 30 in this case.
Although described the present invention with reference to several embodiment, obviously, of the present invention all be not limited to described and shown in these embodiment.On the contrary, to those skilled in the art, without departing from the present invention, other modification can be arranged.Therefore, can change the shape of reverberator, a plurality of reflector arrangements can be provided, be used for the Different Light and/or the projecting plane parts of different colours, and or the like.
Claims (18)
1. display device (1,8,16) that is used for display visual information comprising:
-at least one image forming element (3,13),
-at least one is used to produce the light source (2,12,22,23) of light beam (24,27,28), and wherein this light source and image forming element (3,13) produce an image that illuminates (7) together;
-be used to handle the described optical devices (5,14,17,18) that illuminate image (7), and
-be used to receive a described projecting plane (6,9,21) of illuminating image (7),
Wherein, this image forming element (3,13) is smooth, and this projecting plane (6,9,21) formation cylindrical wall,
It is characterized in that, these optical devices (5,14,17,18) the cylindrical image (7) that illuminates is projected in this projecting plane (6,9,21) on, wherein, this projecting plane is made by transparent material, make the image that projects to described cylindrical wall inboard also can see, and this image formation component is connected to one to its computing machine of controlling from the outside of cylindrical wall.
2. display device as claimed in claim 1 (1,8,16), wherein these optical devices (5,14,17,18) comprise at least one reverberator (5,14,17,18).
3. display device as claimed in claim 2 (1,8,16), wherein this reverberator (5,14,17,18) can adopt such form: a part that is coned face at least.
4. display device as claimed in claim 2 (1,8,16), wherein this reverberator (5,14,17,18) is a pyramid.
5. display device as claimed in claim 2 (1,8,16) wherein is provided with this reverberator (5,14,17,18) near an end side surface of the cylinder of determining cylindrical wall (6,9,21).
6. display device as claimed in claim 1 (1,8,16) wherein constitutes described image forming element (3,13) by a logical screen (3,13) of light that has the display of liquid crystal.
7. display device as claimed in claim 6 (1,8,16) wherein is arranged on the logical screen (3,13) of this light between light source (2,12,22,23) and the optical devices (5,14,17,18).
8. display device as claimed in claim 1 (1,8,16) wherein forms described image forming element (3,13) by a reflecting surface that is made of several portions, and described part can be provided with separately.
9. display device as claimed in claim 8 (1,8,16), wherein said part is digital mirroring apparatus.
10. display device as claimed in claim 1 (1,8,16) wherein all is arranged on image forming element (3,13), light source (2,12,22,23) and optical devices (5,14,17,18) by in the determined right cylinder in projecting plane (6,9,21).
11. display device as claimed in claim 1 (1,8,16), wherein this device (1,8,16) have reflexive spheroid part (17,18), will be through this spheroid part by projector (2,12,22,23) Tou She light beam projecting is on the projecting plane (6,9,21) of circular cylindrical shell shape.
12. display device (1 as claimed in claim 11,8,16), two relative reflectivity spheroid parts (17 wherein, 18) be set at the projecting plane (6 of circular cylindrical shell shape, 9,21) in, and have arrangement and be used for thereon by by two projectors (2,12,22,23) central opening (19,20) of institute's projecting beam.
13. display device as claimed in claim 1 (1,8,16), wherein the Fresnel lens by the circular cylindrical shell shape constitutes described projecting plane (6,9,21).
14. display device as claimed in claim 13 (1,8,16) is wherein placed a diffusion screen (31) around the Fresnel lens of described circular cylindrical shell shape.
15. as claim 13 or 14 described display device (1,8,16), the inboard of the Fresnel lens of wherein said circular cylindrical shell shape (25) are level and smooth and are coated with the holographic optical diffuser.
16., wherein between projector (2,12,22,23) and described reflectivity spheroid part (17,18), place a depolarization element as any the described display device (1,8,16) in the claim 12 to 14.
17. as claim 13 or 14 described display device (1,8,16), wherein external cylinder (31) is around being placed by the projecting plane (6,9,21) of the circular cylindrical shell shape that Fresnel lens constituted.
18. display device as claimed in claim 17 (1,8,16), wherein the inboard or the outside of external cylinder (31) have lentoid.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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NL1009506A NL1009506C2 (en) | 1998-06-26 | 1998-06-26 | Display device. |
NL1009506 | 1998-06-26 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1311888A CN1311888A (en) | 2001-09-05 |
CN1240033C true CN1240033C (en) | 2006-02-01 |
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Family Applications (1)
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CNB998091103A Expired - Fee Related CN1240033C (en) | 1998-06-26 | 1999-06-24 | Display device |
Country Status (15)
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US (1) | US6644816B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1090385B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002519735A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1240033C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE228699T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU4658999A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9911997A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2335885A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69904174T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1090385T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2189440T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1039200A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA01000194A (en) |
NL (1) | NL1009506C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000000949A1 (en) |
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DE3741541A1 (en) * | 1987-12-08 | 1989-06-22 | Marjanowic Jakob | Cylindrical device for advertising purposes |
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US6356296B1 (en) * | 1997-05-08 | 2002-03-12 | Behere Corporation | Method and apparatus for implementing a panoptic camera system |
JP2916142B1 (en) * | 1998-08-10 | 1999-07-05 | 洋夫 岩田 | All-round spherical screen projector |
US6669346B2 (en) * | 2000-05-15 | 2003-12-30 | Darrell J. Metcalf | Large-audience, positionable imaging and display system for exhibiting panoramic imagery, and multimedia content featuring a circularity of action |
-
1998
- 1998-06-26 NL NL1009506A patent/NL1009506C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-06-24 JP JP2000557447A patent/JP2002519735A/en active Pending
- 1999-06-24 MX MXPA01000194A patent/MXPA01000194A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-06-24 ES ES99929957T patent/ES2189440T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-24 DK DK99929957T patent/DK1090385T3/en active
- 1999-06-24 EP EP99929957A patent/EP1090385B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-24 BR BR9911997-8A patent/BR9911997A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-06-24 CN CNB998091103A patent/CN1240033C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-24 US US09/720,605 patent/US6644816B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-24 CA CA002335885A patent/CA2335885A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-24 AU AU46589/99A patent/AU4658999A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-24 AT AT99929957T patent/ATE228699T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-06-24 WO PCT/NL1999/000393 patent/WO2000000949A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-06-24 DE DE69904174T patent/DE69904174T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-01-16 HK HK02100326.3A patent/HK1039200A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6644816B1 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
MXPA01000194A (en) | 2002-10-23 |
BR9911997A (en) | 2001-03-27 |
NL1009506C2 (en) | 2000-01-04 |
DE69904174D1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
EP1090385B1 (en) | 2002-11-27 |
EP1090385A1 (en) | 2001-04-11 |
JP2002519735A (en) | 2002-07-02 |
CN1311888A (en) | 2001-09-05 |
CA2335885A1 (en) | 2000-01-06 |
ATE228699T1 (en) | 2002-12-15 |
AU4658999A (en) | 2000-01-17 |
DE69904174T2 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
DK1090385T3 (en) | 2003-03-24 |
HK1039200A1 (en) | 2002-04-12 |
ES2189440T3 (en) | 2003-07-01 |
WO2000000949A1 (en) | 2000-01-06 |
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