CN1220920C - Master and slave circuit board capable of readlizing live insrtion and withdraw and method for realizing live insertion and withdraw - Google Patents
Master and slave circuit board capable of readlizing live insrtion and withdraw and method for realizing live insertion and withdraw Download PDFInfo
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- CN1220920C CN1220920C CNB021300348A CN02130034A CN1220920C CN 1220920 C CN1220920 C CN 1220920C CN B021300348 A CNB021300348 A CN B021300348A CN 02130034 A CN02130034 A CN 02130034A CN 1220920 C CN1220920 C CN 1220920C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a subboard and a motherboard capable of realizing electriferous insertion and withdrawing and a method for realizing electriferous insertion and withdrawing. The present invention has the project that the electrical connection between a subboard and a motherboard is divided into an earth connection, a power supply connection and a signal connection, wherein the earth connection between the subboard and the motherboard can be directly conducted by a connector. The closure/disconnection of the power supply connection and the signal connection can be controlled by a corresponding switch unit, and the switch unit can be controlled by a special control unit. The control unit controls the conduction or disconnection order of the power supply connection and the signal connection according to the received subboard inserting signals and subboard withdrawing request signals, and the operation of safe electriferous insertion and withdrawing is realized. The present invention can use a common connector to realize the electriferous insertion and withdrawing between the motherboard and the subboard which are spliced horizontally, and the operation is simple and reliable to effectively reduce the product cost. The present invention can be applied in a motherboard and a subboard systems which are spliced perpendicularly.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to being electrically connected between the circuit board in electronic product, more particularly, relate to the master and slave circuit board and the warm swap implementation method thereof that can realize warm swap.
Background technology
At a lot of electronic products, in the high backbone layer equipment of for example present telecommunication apparatus, the particularly bit comparison of network ground, be strict for the requirement of aspects such as system reliability, serviceability, maintainability.Generally speaking, these telecommunication apparatus all require system to be supported in not interrupt or influence to delete, add under the prerequisite of normal operation of existing business or some parts of exchange device more.And delete, add or change the operation finish after, add or change after new parts can begin normal operation automatically.That is to say and require its vitals must possess warm swap (also claiming hot plug) characteristic.Circuit board (often claiming veneer in the industry) is as one of parts the most basic in the equipment, and the warm swap characteristic is its prerequisite key characteristic naturally.
At present the circuit board warm swap characteristics design of comparative maturity as shown in Figure 1, wherein, daughter board 5 (also claiming subcard) structurally is orthogonal with motherboard 4 (also claiming master card, main card or mainboard).Motherboard 4 generally adopts passive design and structurally fixes; 5 of daughter boards can be movable, is contained on the motherboard by connector 6.Aspect the signal interconnection between motherboard and daughter board, general directly public affairs (Straight Male) connector that adopts of motherboard, daughter board then generally adopts curved female (Right AngleFemale) connector.
In order to realize the warm swap characteristic of daughter board, in charged insertion or withdrawal process, the signaling interface between daughter board and the motherboard (i.e. the connector of being made up of connector) must satisfy following basic demand:
(1), when the group strip is electrically interposed in: ground connects at first contact, and power supply connects secondly contact, and other signal connects last contact;
(2), when group strip electricity is extracted: opposite with said sequence, other signal connects at first and breaks away from, and secondly power supply connects and break away from, and ground connects last the disengaging.
Present most widely used method is to select the appropriate signal connector for use, and the length of the physical length of each contact pin by connector is distinguished contact and the disengaging order that realizes the variety classes signal.For example the contact pin that ground is connected designs the most longly, and the contact pin that power supply connects takes second place, and the contact pin of other signal designs the most shortly, then can satisfy above-mentioned two requirements in the process of inserting and extracting.But need to use the connector through particular design like this, can not select common connector for use, the direct result that causes is exactly the cost that has increased product.
On the other hand, along with the application of modular design method in telecommunication apparatus more and more widely, it is more and more to be similar to the plane shown in Figure 2 use of splicing board structure of circuit in electronic product.In this structure, motherboard 7 and daughter board 8 are on the same plane, and realize signal interconnection by curved public (Right AngleMale) and curved female (Right Angle Famale) connector 9.In the actual application of product, also require daughter board can on motherboard, realize warm swap.If still adopt said method to solve this problem, just need satisfy the curved public affairs of warm swap requirement, curved female connectors in design, can be seldom but design at present is ripe for the kind of the curved public connector of selecting for use, and can satisfy the requirement of daughter board warm swap curved public connector kind still less, and these connectors cost an arm and a leg, adopt the circuit board of these connectors because the cost height does not have competitive power basically.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the above-mentioned defective of prior art, the invention provides a kind of master and slave circuit board and warm swap implementation method thereof that realizes warm swap, by improving the circuit design of motherboard and daughter board, adopt common connector between the motherboard of vertical splicing and level splicing and daughter board, to realize warm swap, do not need to use between different motherboards and the daughter board be connected and through the connector of particular design.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is: with being electrically connected between daughter board and the motherboard with being divided into be connected, power supply connects and signal connects, and power supply is connected and signal connects and controls by switch, wherein, on described motherboard, be respectively equipped with and connect power switch unit and the signal switching unit that is connected with signal at the described power supply of motherboard side cut-off/close, also be provided with first, second motherboard side incoming line that connects power supply respectively through pull-up resistor; Described daughter board is provided with can be by first, second daughter board side output line of the corresponding connection with described first, second motherboard side incoming line of described connector; The direct ground connection of the described first daughter board side output line, the described second daughter board side output line is often opened trigger switch ground connection by one; Also be provided with a control module on the described motherboard, described first, second motherboard side incoming line is connected to the input end of described control module, be respectively applied for input ' daughter board insertion signal ' and ' daughter board is extracted request signal ', the output terminal of described control module is connected respectively to described power switch unit and signal switching unit, is respectively applied for the cut-off/close of described two switch elements of control.
In the present invention, the control module of described motherboard also is provided with daughter board duty output line, described daughter board is provided with can be by the daughter board duty incoming line of described connector with the corresponding connection of described daughter board duty output line, and described daughter board duty incoming line is connected the negative terminal of the light emitting diode of a positive termination power.
The present invention also provides the method that realizes warm swap between a kind of master and slave circuit board, and it comprises the steps:
Whether A, described control module detect ' the daughter board insertion signal ' imported by the described first motherboard side incoming line and change, if execution in step B then, otherwise execution in step E;
B, described control module are judged again described ' daughter board insertion signal ' whether negative edge change, if execution in step C then, otherwise get back to steps A;
C, described control module make the control signal of power switch unit closure to described power switch unit output, make the on-off circuit closure in the described power switch unit, thereby make described motherboard be connected conducting with power supply between the daughter board;
D, at interval after one period schedule time, described control module makes the control signal of signal switching unit closure again to described signal switching unit output, make described signal switching unit closure, thereby make described motherboard be connected conducting, get back to steps A then with signal between the daughter board;
Whether E, described control module detect has ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' to be imported by the described second motherboard side incoming line, if execution in step F then, otherwise get back to steps A;
F, described control module disconnect described signal switching unit to the control signal that described signal switching unit output disconnects signal switching unit, are connected with signal between the daughter board thereby disconnect described motherboard;
G, at interval after one period schedule time, the control signal that described control module disconnects power switch unit to described power switch unit output again, described power switch unit is disconnected, be connected with power supply between the daughter board, get back to steps A then thereby disconnect described motherboard.
According to method of the present invention, after finishing described step D, described control module is ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of output low level also, by described daughter board duty output line, connector and daughter board duty incoming line, makes the light emitting diode on the described daughter board shinny; After finishing described step G, described control module is also exported ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of high level, and described light emitting diode is extinguished.
The present invention has overcome the limitation of traditional circuit-board aspect warm swap, by improving the circuit design of motherboard and daughter board, and cooperates control corresponding software, adopts common connector to realize warm swap between the motherboard of level splicing and daughter board.By on-off circuit and software Based Intelligent Control ground is connected, power supply connects the conducting that is connected with signal and disconnection in proper order, need be at a kind of contact pin of the design connector different in size separately that is connected between each different motherboard and the daughter board, operation is simple and reliable, and can effectively reduce cost of products.The present invention also can use in vertical motherboard that splices and daughter board system.
Description of drawings
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, in the accompanying drawing:
The simplified schematic diagram of Fig. 1 when to be that daughter board is vertical with motherboard splice;
Simplified schematic diagram when Fig. 2 is daughter board and the splicing of motherboard level;
Fig. 3 is the theory diagram that can realize the master and slave circuit board of warm swap among the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the process flow diagram that the control module among the present invention is handled warm swap.
Embodiment
Ultimate principle of the present invention as shown in Figure 3.In the present invention, will be electrically connected abstract three parts that are divided into by what connector 3 realized between existing motherboard 1 and the daughter board 2: ground is connected, power supply connects is connected with signal, has also increased simultaneously to be used to realize control linkage of the present invention.Wherein,
(1), connects between expression motherboard and the daughter board set by owning of being connected of connector conducting ' ' contact pin;
(2), power supply connects the set of owning ' power supply ' contact pins that is connected by the connector conducting between expression motherboard and the daughter board;
(3), signal connect expression except above-mentioned power supply connect, connect and following control linkage the set of all users ' signal ' contact pin, just usually said signal;
(4), control linkage then represents to be exclusively used in the set of the present invention with ' control signal ' contact pin of realization daughter board warm swap.
As can be seen from Figure 3, on motherboard 1, be provided with control module 11, power switch unit 12 and signal switching unit 13, wherein, control module 11 is to realize core of the present invention, it can be according to ' daughter board insertion signal ' and ' daughter board be extracted request signal ' of input, export the control signal that is used to control power switch unit and signal switching unit by its power supply control output line 111 and signal controlling output line 112, and by its daughter board duty output line 115 outputs ' daughter board duty indicator signal '.Power switch unit 12 can disconnect or closed above-mentioned power supply connection in motherboard side, and signal switching unit 13 can connect at the signal that motherboard side disconnects or closure is above-mentioned.Suppose that a pair of motherboard needs to provide two kinds of supply voltages to daughter board, then can in power switch unit 12, adopt two electronic switches to control its disconnection or closure; Suppose that a pair of motherboard needs to provide three kinds of signals to daughter board, then can in signal switching unit 13, adopt three electronic switches to control its disconnection or closure; The electronic switch here can adopt the on-off circuit of prior art to realize, and by the control utmost point output control signal of control module 11 to on-off circuit, when on-off circuit disconnected, it externally exported the high-impedance state that shows as in the three-state.
On motherboard 1, also be provided with through pull-up resistor 14 and connect the first motherboard side incoming line 114 of power supply and connect the second motherboard side incoming line 113 of power supply through pull-up resistor 15.Correspondingly, on daughter board 2, be provided with the second daughter board side output line 213 that the directly grounded first daughter board side output line 214 reaches by trigger switch 21 ground connection; Be connected by connector 3 conductings between daughter board side output line and the motherboard side incoming line, be respectively applied for ' daughter board insertion signal ' and ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' are input to control module 11.
As can be seen from Figure 3, control module at motherboard also is connected with daughter board duty output line 115, be provided with the LED (light emitting diode) 22 of a positive termination power on daughter board, daughter board duty output line 115 is connected with the negative terminal conducting of LED with daughter board duty incoming line 215 by connector 3.
As can be seen from Figure 3, ' daughter board insertion signal ' among the present invention belongs to the level indicator signal, and when daughter board and motherboard disconnection annexation, the signal of Input Control Element is a high level; When daughter board and motherboard linked together, the signal of Input Control Element was a low level.Therefore, the level state of ' daughter board duty indicator signal ' can represent accurately that " plate is on the throne " state of daughter board, high level represent daughter board (breaking away from motherboard) not on the throne; Low level is then represented daughter board (being communicated with motherboard) on the throne.The variation tendency of ' daughter board insertion signal ' has also embodied specific mode of operation simultaneously, represents just to have daughter board to insert when negative edge; Representing when rising edge just has daughter board to extract, and this signal demand goes dithering process in motherboard side.
As can be seen from Figure 3, ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' among the present invention belongs to pulse type signal, whenever depresses trigger switch 21 one time, just sends a pulse signal.When daughter board and motherboard were off-state, the signal of Input Control Element remained constant high level; When daughter board and motherboard link together, because trigger switch 22 disconnects under default setting, so the signal of Input Control Element also is a high level, if the user depresses trigger switch 21, then to control module input a low level pulse, i.e. ' daughter board is extracted request signal '.Trigger switch automatically restores to off-state afterwards, and the signal of Input Control Element becomes high level again.
Among the present invention, the control module 11 of motherboard is also exported ' daughter board duty indicator signal ' to the LED22 of daughter board.When daughter board is inserted on the motherboard and during operate as normal, ' the duty indicator signal ' of output is low level, makes LED luminous, the expression daughter board is in normal operating conditions; When daughter board is inserted on the motherboard but operate as normal or when daughter board was not on motherboard, ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of output was high level not, this moment, LED was not luminous, and the expression daughter board is in abnormal operating state.
One, daughter board inserts flow process:
1, when the user inserts daughter board, because being connected with ground between the motherboard, daughter board do not have on-off circuit to be separated by, therefore connection at first contacts and keeps being communicated with, simultaneously, ' daughter board insertion signal ' pulled down to ' ', become low level by high level, the negative edge of this signal represents just to have a daughter board to insert.
2, the control module of motherboard has recognized the daughter board insertion according to the negative edge of ' daughter board insertion signal ', just (for example 10 milliseconds) export the control signal that makes the power switch unit closure after certain interval of time, make the on-off circuit closure in the described power switch unit, thereby make described motherboard be connected conducting with power supply between the daughter board;
3, after the certain interval of time (for example 10 milliseconds), the control module of motherboard is exported the control signal that makes the signal switching unit closure again, makes the on-off circuit closure in the signal switching unit, realizes conducting thereby daughter board is connected with signal between the motherboard.
4, at this moment, daughter board is connected with ground between the motherboard, power supply connects to be connected with signal and realizes conducting successively, at last, control module becomes low level with ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of its output by high level, make LED shinny, the charged insertion operation of expression daughter board is finished, and daughter board begins operate as normal.
Two, daughter board is extracted flow process
1, before extracting daughter board, the user can judge daughter board present located duty by observing, and the result determines operation steps according to the observation.Daughter board has two kinds of duties, i.e. normal condition and abnomal condition.If LED goes out, represent that then daughter board is in abnomal condition, the user can skip for the 2nd, 3,4 steps, directly entered for the 5th step; If LED is bright, represent that then daughter board is in normal operating conditions, need enter next step.
2: the user sends a pulse signal by pressing the trigger switch 21 on the daughter board 2, i.e. ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' is input to the control module of motherboard.
3, the control module of motherboard receives effectively ' daughter board is extracted request signal ', just (for example 10 milliseconds) export the control signal that signal switching unit is disconnected after certain interval of time, described signal switching unit is disconnected, be connected with signal between the daughter board thereby disconnect described motherboard.
4: after the certain interval of time (for example 10 milliseconds), control module is exported the control signal that power switch unit is disconnected again, and described power switch unit is disconnected, and is connected with power supply between the daughter board thereby disconnect described motherboard.
5, at this moment, daughter board is connected with signal between the motherboard to be connected successively with power supply and is disconnected, control module becomes high level with ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of its output by low level, LED is no longer luminous, and the expression daughter board is in abnormal operating state, and the user can extract daughter board.
6, the user extracts daughter board, and connector disconnects, and makes ground between daughter board and the motherboard connect and also is disconnected, and daughter board is connected with signal between the motherboard, power supply connects the disconnection successively that is connected with ground thereby finished, and daughter board is charged to be extracted to operate and finish.
Three, the workflow of control module
Among the present invention, control module can carry out Intelligent treatment by flow process as shown in Figure 4.
Whether step 401, control module detect ' the daughter board insertion signal ' imported by the first bus bar side incoming line 114 and change, if execution in step 402 then, otherwise execution in step 407;
Step 402, judge whether negative edge changes ' daughter board insertion signal ' again, if then expression has daughter board just to be inserted into, this moment execution in step 403, otherwise execution in step 406;
Step 403, at interval (for example 10 milliseconds) after one period schedule time, control module is exported control signal to power switch unit, makes the power switch unit closure, thereby makes motherboard be connected conducting with power supply between the daughter board;
Step 404, at interval (for example 10 milliseconds) after one period schedule time, control module to signal switching unit output control signal, makes the signal switching unit closure again, thereby makes motherboard be connected conducting with signal between the daughter board;
Step 405; ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of control module output low level, output to the negative terminal of sub-onboard led by daughter board duty output line 115 and connector, make LED luminous, the expression daughter board has inserted and has been in normal operating conditions, gets back to step 401 then;
If step 406 ' daughter board insertion signal ' changes for rising edge, then expression has just had daughter board to be pulled out, and this moment, power supply and signal switching unit kept disconnecting, and ' daughter board duty indicator signal ' keeps high level;
Whether step 407, control module detect has effectively ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' by 113 inputs of the second bus bar side incoming line, if execution in step 408 then, otherwise execution in step 411;
Step 408, at interval (for example 10 milliseconds) after one period schedule time, control module is exported control signal to signal switching unit, and signal switching unit is disconnected, and is connected with signal between the daughter board thereby disconnect described motherboard;
Step 409, at interval (for example 10 milliseconds) after one period schedule time, control module to power switch unit output control signal, disconnects power switch unit again, is connected with power supply between the daughter board thereby disconnect described motherboard;
Step 410, control module output high level ' daughter board duty indicator signal ' make LED be gone out by bright change, and this moment, the user can extract daughter board.If the user does not extract daughter board, power supply and signal switching unit will keep disconnecting, and ' daughter board duty indicator signal ' keeps high level;
Step 411, expression did not both receive that ' daughter board insertion signal ' do not receive ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' yet, and power supply and signal switching unit keep original state.
In sum, the present invention realizes that by the method for on-off circuit design and software Based Intelligent Control signal is connected, power supply connects the closure/disconnection order that is connected with ground.The present invention both can be applicable to the daughter board and the motherboard of level splicing, also can use in vertical daughter board that splices and motherboard.
Claims (4)
1, can realize the master and slave circuit board of warm swap, described daughter board is connected with motherboard by connector, being electrically connected between the two connects with comprising, power supply connects and signal connects, it is characterized in that, on described motherboard, be respectively equipped with and connect power switch unit and the signal switching unit that is connected with signal at the described power supply of motherboard side cut-off/close, also be provided with first, second motherboard side incoming line that connects power supply respectively through pull-up resistor; Described daughter board is provided with can be by first, second daughter board side output line of the corresponding connection with described first, second motherboard side incoming line of described connector; The direct ground connection of the described first daughter board side output line, the described second daughter board side output line is often opened trigger switch ground connection by one; Also be provided with a control module on the described motherboard, described first, second motherboard side incoming line is connected to the input end of described control module, and the output terminal of described control module is connected respectively to described power switch unit and signal switching unit.
2, the master and slave circuit board of realizing warm swap according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the control module of described motherboard also is provided with daughter board duty output line; Described daughter board is provided with can be by the daughter board duty incoming line of described connector with the corresponding connection of described daughter board duty output line, and described daughter board duty incoming line is connected the negative terminal of the light emitting diode of a positive termination power.
3, realize the method for warm swap between a kind of master and slave circuit board, be respectively equipped with on the motherboard of described master and slave circuit board and can connect power switch unit and the signal switching unit that is connected with signal, also be provided with first, second motherboard side incoming line that connects power supply respectively through pull-up resistor at the described power supply of motherboard side cut-off/close; Described daughter board is provided with can be by first, second daughter board side output line of the corresponding connection with described first, second motherboard side incoming line of described connector; The direct ground connection of the described first daughter board side output line, the described second daughter board side output line is often opened trigger switch ground connection by one; Also be provided with a control module on the described motherboard, described first, second motherboard side incoming line is connected to the input end of described control module, the output terminal of described control module is connected respectively to described power switch unit and signal switching unit, it is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps:
Whether A, described control module detect ' the daughter board insertion signal ' imported by the described first motherboard side incoming line and change, if execution in step B then, otherwise execution in step E;
B, again judge described ' daughter board insertion signal ' whether negative edge change, if execution in step C then, otherwise get back to steps A;
C, described control module make the control signal of power switch unit closure to described power switch unit output, make the on-off circuit closure in the described power switch unit, thereby make described motherboard be connected conducting with power supply between the daughter board;
D, at interval after one period schedule time, described control module makes the control signal of signal switching unit closure again to described signal switching unit output, make described signal switching unit closure, thereby make described motherboard be connected conducting, get back to steps A then with signal between the daughter board;
Whether E, described control module detect has ' daughter board is extracted request signal ' to be imported by the described second motherboard side incoming line, if execution in step F then, otherwise get back to steps A;
F, described control module disconnect described signal switching unit to the control signal that described signal switching unit output disconnects signal switching unit, are connected with signal between the daughter board thereby disconnect described motherboard;
G, at interval after one period schedule time, the control signal that described control module disconnects power switch unit to described power switch unit output again, described power switch unit is disconnected, be connected with power supply between the daughter board, get back to steps A then thereby disconnect described motherboard.
4, method according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, after finishing described step D, described control module is ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of output low level also, by described daughter board duty output line, connector and daughter board duty incoming line, make the light emitting diode on the described daughter board shinny; After finishing described step G, described control module is also exported ' the daughter board duty indicator signal ' of high level, and described light emitting diode is extinguished.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB021300348A CN1220920C (en) | 2002-08-10 | 2002-08-10 | Master and slave circuit board capable of readlizing live insrtion and withdraw and method for realizing live insertion and withdraw |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB021300348A CN1220920C (en) | 2002-08-10 | 2002-08-10 | Master and slave circuit board capable of readlizing live insrtion and withdraw and method for realizing live insertion and withdraw |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN1474514A CN1474514A (en) | 2004-02-11 |
| CN1220920C true CN1220920C (en) | 2005-09-28 |
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| CNB021300348A Expired - Fee Related CN1220920C (en) | 2002-08-10 | 2002-08-10 | Master and slave circuit board capable of readlizing live insrtion and withdraw and method for realizing live insertion and withdraw |
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Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100463087C (en) * | 2004-10-27 | 2009-02-18 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Method for generating plug-out signal in advance for hot-plug-out board |
| CN100562210C (en) * | 2006-02-22 | 2009-11-18 | 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 | The circuit board combination |
| CN101644951B (en) * | 2008-08-05 | 2012-09-05 | 联想(北京)有限公司 | Power supply control method for standby power supply and power supply and computer thereof |
| CN102981561B (en) * | 2011-09-07 | 2018-04-24 | 技嘉科技股份有限公司 | adapter |
| TW201325361A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-06-16 | Advantech Co Ltd | Motherboard and master board thereof |
| CN103701192B (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2016-05-18 | 力博特公司 | A kind of Modular UPS system and method for supplying power to thereof |
| CN105991000A (en) * | 2015-02-03 | 2016-10-05 | 艾默生网络能源系统北美公司 | Hot plugging circuit of converter |
| CN106652371B (en) * | 2016-11-11 | 2020-10-16 | 北京百卓网络技术有限公司 | Early warning system for plugging and unplugging of board card |
| CN106598902A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-04-26 | 积成电子股份有限公司 | CPU (Central Processing Unit) control board capable of realizing hot plug of board card and implementation method thereof |
| CN107102962B (en) * | 2017-04-27 | 2019-10-18 | 科大讯飞股份有限公司 | Board circuit and computer equipment based on programmable logic device |
| CN112667546A (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-04-16 | 西安易朴通讯技术有限公司 | Control panel and electronic equipment |
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