CN1187161A - Appliques for surfaces having complex curvatures - Google Patents
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- CN1187161A CN1187161A CN96194518A CN96194518A CN1187161A CN 1187161 A CN1187161 A CN 1187161A CN 96194518 A CN96194518 A CN 96194518A CN 96194518 A CN96194518 A CN 96194518A CN 1187161 A CN1187161 A CN 1187161A
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Abstract
Ever more stringent environmental restrictions make it ever more challenging to apply coatings by conventional processes like spray painting because of the volatile solvents and hazardous pigments. The present invention is an alternative for applying a coating precisely on a surface. In the method of the invention, we apply appliques of constant Gaussian curvature to the corresponding areas of comparable curvature. We make the appliques on a family of molds of different Gaussian curvature and thereby avoid making a splash mold of the surface of interest to create the appliques or encountering the ridges, creases, or gaps that otherwise occur with attempts to cover the surface with flat planar appliques.
Description
The present invention relates to the lip-deep decalcomania ornament materials of the extraneous air power that particularly is used in aircraft on the surface that is used in composite curvature, and their using method.
All adopt spraying method that the composite curvature surface is applied for a long time, this is because spraying method is controlled well, reliable operation, easy and simple to handle and versatility good, and can also add various adjuvants in the paint and make to be had desirable physical characteristics by sprayed surface.Therefore even spraying method has been acknowledged as the overlayer that also can produce the uniform high-quality characteristic of character under there is the situation of composite curvature on the surface.
Regrettably, spraying method will be subjected to the monitoring of tight environmental protection, and this is to pollute the environment because be used as the volatile solvent or the pigment itself of pigment carrier.Therefore, be necessary to adopt and a kind of the less process of the influence of environment replaced spraying method.
In addition, although spraying method has clear and definite technical manual, by people are known and are used general, but spraying remains a kind of " skill ", the product that the master worker produces always is better than the product of apprentice or new hand's production, even the master worker teaches them how to operate and operates them why like this and also not necessarily can do very beautifully.
Sprayed coating also lacks permanance usually, and this just in time is the frequent requirement of user that quality mind is arranged.Coating surface must be handled meticulously and keep clean.Pollution to environment during spraying application must be controlled.Also have, coating is damaged easily, and local damage may require the large tracts of land place under repair, such as possibly whole plate face being sprayed again.
At last, spraying also will cause inevitably and the paint waste that can't estimate, this is because spray paint " skill " has comprised very big operation skill, and inappropriate method of operating is in that to cause a sheet of holiday be can not be detectable owing to little misoperation before doing over again in order to eliminate.
Narrated the sheet material (a kind of decalcomania material) that a kind of suitable surface has pattern about the paper that reduces frictional resistance in 4,986, No. 496 United States Patent (USP)s that propose by Marentic, may be used on air-flow control surface on the aircraft to reduce the resistance of aircraft.This material is because the flexible nature of its carrier is carrier film thereby can not occur fracture, bubble or wrinkle on being attached to curved surface the time.The decalcomania material of Marentic is made into plane, spreads into then on the surface with simple curvature.Problem may take place in this spreading over after after a while, such as shrinking when the material of being sprawled, will expose one section space between adjacent decalcomania material, the interface between this surface, space and decalcomania material and quilt subsides surface will be subjected to the erosion of Exposure to Sunlight and wind and rain piping and druming.The problem that occurs in sprawling makes uses the decalcomania of Marenic to be restricted on the surface in curved transition slowly.We only with this patent as a reference.
Decalcomania ornament materials with composite curvature involved in the present invention can be used to replace spraying process so that form the covering of complete, no bubble, no wrinkle together continuously on the composite curvature surface, and significantly not flexible, otherwise will produce the space from the teeth outwards.Method of the present invention has been given up the injection of paint pigment, and is therefore more favourable to the protection environment.
This method comprises following these steps:
(a) analyzing will be by the Gaussian curvature of decalcomania ornament materials covering surfaces, with the conformal map curve of Gauss's curvature such as determining;
(b) determine lip-deep minimal path line;
(c) needed extensibility is coordinated in the decalcomania ornament materials fusion of analyzing the adjacent area that Gaussian curvature is different;
(d) utilize a whole set of mould manufacturing to have the decalcomania ornament materials piece sheet of different Gaussian curvatures;
(e) Gauss's line of curvature and connect the minimal path line such as mark from the teeth outwards; And
(f) will spread into the decalcomania ornament materials that different Gaussian curvatures are matched mutually respectively on the corresponding site on surface, thereby form similar with the conventional spray paint layer together from the teeth outwards, the covering of complete, no bubble, no wrinkle is reduced to the stroke of any a slice ornament materials minimum degree simultaneously finally to finish coating.
The fact that this method is confirmed is: each curved surface with identical Gaussian curvature can be mapped in topology ground conformal map.This fact shows, if you have a Gaussian curvature to be (5 feet)
-2Curved surface, be used for replacing making about many molds of this curved surface so as to make multiple decalcomania ornament materials whole work in fact only need be (5 feet) a curvature
-2The model mould on the compacting curvature be (5 feet)
-2Ornament materials.For example this mould perhaps is a spheroid.The ornament materials that extrudes from the model mould will not have on the actual curved surface of fitting to of bubble, no wrinkle.
When carrying out the construction of accurate coating (this coating is very important for modern commerce and military aircraft when considering aerodynamic resistance and other factors), spraying method is reliable inadequately comparatively speaking.This be because from a position to the spraying process at another position in order to obtain accurately consistent coating, control shower nozzle and injection conditions and have any problem.Frequent unheeded variable factor is the variation of situation when a position forwards another position in to the japanning construction of aircraft in this process.This variation is the natural result (this cumulative departure is because the control limit deviate that each other part is allowed in assembling causes) of error accumulation.And the decalcomania trailing can be controlled preferably to tectal construction, so that make it have the right spectrum characteristic by the rational allocation to pigment and adjuvant on whole combination with decorative surfaces.Therefore must not spend more manpower and materials and go to wipe off whole coating and just can overcome the difficulty that occurs in the accurate work progress that coating carries out in order to obtain ideal behavior, this coating may be because defectiveness and do not meet quality requirements and the strength that must cost a lot of money is wiped construction again by force off again.
Using the decalcomania decorative method also can adopt the replacement method to carry out the repairing of small size to the accurate overlayer of aircraft surfaces.This method need only scrape off damaged part and stick again suitable, newly formed decalcomania patch simply.And spraying method just has many troubles when handling this situation.Because the spraying meeting is scattered between zone of being wiped off and former coating and is come.For example, in order to repair the defective of a small size, possibly whole screen board is all sprayed one time again when adopting conventional art.The decalcomania decoration technique then demonstrates and allows to wipe rejected region simply off and use a new ornament materials that is complementary with it to go to repair this surface.
For the ease of construction, the decalcomania ornament materials has individual layer or double shielding paper usually.One deck protection sheet covers on the surface of ornament materials, and this surface will fit with decorated surface and bond together.This surface also has tackiness so that can be bonded on the surface of metal or compound aircraft component.On another exposed surface of material, also have the similar protection sheet of one deck to be used for reinforcing material, and can be in transportation and position fixing process protective material, and after correctly locating, just be stripped from.Distinguishing mark and operation instruction can be imprinted on this paper so that utilize the family to use.
Although this has cementability ornament materials on its surface of contact, but still uses independent bonding agent possibly, ornament materials itself also can possess enough cementabilities, so just can save other bonding agent.
Fig. 1 is a synoptic diagram that the surface of composite curvature is arranged, and Gauss's line of curvature and minimal path line such as has shown.
Fig. 2 is the synoptic diagram that is used for making the elliposoidal model mould of decalcomania ornament materials.Gauss's line of curvature and minimal path line are arranged on this mould etc.
Fig. 3 is the floor map of typical decalcomania ornament materials.
Fig. 4 is the sectional schematic diagram of ornament materials shown in Figure 3, and it has comprised the protection sheet on surface in contact and exposed surface.
Fig. 5 is the outside drawing of an airplane, has shown the outside surface that composite curvature is arranged, the available ornament materials coating of the present invention in this surface.
The method of making the decalcomania ornament materials is well-known, so this explanation will only be done limited description to it.We will be United States Patent (USP) 4,986, and No. 496 as a reference, and it has proposed to be used for the method for making of the plane decoration material of air-flow control surface.This technology can be used for the present invention equally.
Will corrugate or be torn when the plane decoration material is used on the surface of composite curvature, this is because the telescopicing performance deficiency of material substrate.Eliminate wedge angle or wedge cleaving to constitute the profile of some composite curvature shape though can resemble in the clothes stitching process way commonly used, expect that overlayer complete, jointless, bubble-free and that do not have a wrinkle then needs to carry out careful plan and skilled sewing skill.The method that adopts sewing not only will be wasted some materials but also can not be dealt with some uniqueness, irregular shape on the real surface.Adopt bind need suppose that each quilt of same model aircraft is coated with the surface identical profile is arranged in other words.But in fact for the aircraft that labyrinth is arranged, the surface curvature of every airplane and architectural feature all have delicate still serious difference.Go to handle respectively thereby can not produce in enormous quantities with the way of sewing with regard to requiring for these delicate difference.
The present invention adopted at first to the curvature that is coated with the surface carry out the piecemeal evaluation analysis with determine its etc. Gauss's line of curvature.Be designed to the solid model of each other part and can carry out the preassembled words of digital simulation (adopting as Boeing 777 aircrafts) if be coated with the surface, this analysis can be simplified to a certain extent.Curvature then can be utilized and have traditional laser coordinate measuring instrument, and the contour curve analyzer of photoplotter or similar devices is determined.More useful by the actual curvature of the method for profile profile analysis being determined the measurand surface than the theoretical curvature of coming out from calculation of design parameters.In order to obtain accurate overlayer, the contour curve analyzer equipment that may be absolutely necessary.The equipment of draw outline curve also is useful to Gauss's line of curvature 25 and minimal path line 50 (see figure 1)s such as mark on the measurand surface.So each ornament materials is drawn out with regard to the method for available " by numeral mark color ".We just can determine the position of each packaged exterior material by making " mark ".Doing this mark can utilize projection lamp or more common labeling method (as using chalk, pencil etc.) to finish.
The decalcomania ornament materials is normally made plane, and softness is easy to bending.We can be used for the ornament materials of this form flat surface and simple curved surface such as the face of cylinder, the conical surface and rolling flexure plane.For those shapes that comprise composite curvature more complex surfaces then only can stretch and avoid corrugating and tear Shi Caineng and be capped when material.If the elasticity deficiency of material, nominally then can adopt sewing ways such as cutting overlapping overlap joint, elimination wedge cleaving and wedge angle to expand the range of application of the decalcomania ornament materials that is plane.But this way was not only time-consuming but also can be with material damage, and if material have certain specific directivity (for example strip material) and use also and may go wrong.
A kind of to be used for covering complex-curved possible alternative be to utilize mould to make cladding material, and the shape on the surface that this mould should finally will cover with material is complementary.Though this way is effectively, but still is not ideal enough, because this need make a large amount of moulds, particularly under the outer surface shape ten minutes complicated situation of various different aircrafts.Because it is of all kinds to be coated with the surface, may all need large quantities of independent moulds for each frame in a collection of aircraft, and the expense of making and store these moulds will be very considerable.
Method involved in the present invention is between above-mentioned two kinds of methods.It comprises the manufacturing of mould according to the prefabricated decalcomania ornament materials 100 of Gaussian curvature (GC) classification (seeing Fig. 2 and Fig. 3), suppose that certain material has certain elasticity, the decalcomania ornamental blocks that this material of a kind of usefulness is made especially will be applicable to Gaussian curvature those curved surfaces in a certain scope.A certain compound curved surface then can be divided into and corresponding several zones of each Gaussian curvature scope, just can use certain with the independent prefabricated decalcomania material of mould in each zone.The same as utilizing these planar materials to cover those suitable surfaces, though each regionally may comprise many difform curved surfaces, only be subordinated to a certain specific Gaussian curvature scope.This mould method for prefabricating will significantly reduce the demand to special dies, because fully used a whole set of sphere or symmetrical saddle-shaped standardization curve mold here, and their shape is not to be that final surface is peculiar.
Gaussian curvature is a kind of character of surface, can be used to measure composite curvature.This problem is normally discussed in differential geometric textbook, and is not known by people in field of engineering technology.Will deeply understand this notion can be by considering an abovementioned mathematical plane, and this plane has comprised the curved surface normal vector at a specified point place on certain curved surface.The curve that plane and surface intersection form is called as the normal direction curve.If this plane is around the axis rotation of being determined by surface normal then can produce infinite many normal direction curves.On a certain specific direction, the curvature of a maximum will obtain.The beyond thought result who derives from infinitesimal geometry is: the normal direction curve of a curvature minimum results from the plane and revolves when turning 90 degrees.These two curvature are called as principal curvatures, and can be used for explaining by a simple formula curvature of the curve on other direction Normal planes.Each principal curvatures can be represented with this inverse of locating radius-of-curvature.And Gaussian curvature is exactly the simple product of these two principal curvaturess.Two examples the most basic will help to illustrate this notion.For on the cylindrical surface certain a bit for, an one principal curvatures is zero (promptly the track that moves along the longitudinal axis direction of point is a straight line) on this curved surface, so Gaussian curvature is zero.For every other its Gaussian curvature of surface that is formed through bending by planar materials also is zero.Another simple example is exactly a sphere.Clearly, whole sphere has same Gaussian curvature, and it equals the inverse of the radius of a ball square.Negative gauss curvature will appear in shape of a saddle surface, and this is because its center of curvature is positioned at the not ipsilateral of curved surface.The most general situation is: Gaussian curvature changes in the both sides of crossing over curved surface.Another good and commonplace example is exactly oblate ellipsoid (just like a rugby), in its two end Gaussian curvature maximums.
Decalcomania ornament materials 100,200 grades that have particular Gaussian curvature (GC) can be made with the mould with symmetric shape (such as spherical or symmetrical shape of a saddle mould).Used material should be flexible, and the decalcomania ornamental blocks of making like this can not have being attached on any other surface with identical GC of wrinkle, even the surface is crooked with asymmetric.It should be noted that especially the material direction of wanting of what is the need in office all can use.As previously mentioned, if material can stretch, it just should be able to be suitable for covering the surface that the GC value changes in a certain scope.In addition, also can use the decalcomania material block that ellipsoid shape mould is made transition type, its GC value has certain variable gradient.
It is on the aircraft of feature that the method for the prefabricated decalcomania ornament materials of this employing mould piece can be used for the curve form complexity, and a kind of alternative alternative coating construction method is provided.Though it may be of great value on the business aircraft that this method is used in, it is specially adapted to those needs to change external skins rapidly so that wear camouflage and other need on the military aircraft of stealthy coating.This decalcomania trailing may all have tangible commercial value in the big class commodity as automobile, naval vessel and wide range in many other fields.
Fig. 2 represents an ellipsoid mould, its be marked with from the center 10 be to two ends symmetrical distribution etc. Gauss's line of curvature (10,20,30 and 40).This line of curvature is shape linearly from the teeth outwards, and extends abreast each other on the cross-sectional direction of ellipsoid mould.This line is corresponding with the terrestrial latitude line on the general map.Fig. 2 has also shown the minimal path line 50 that marks in its surface, this line from the utmost point of ellipsoid to another utmost point with neat beautiful curve longitudinal extension, just like the meridian on the global map.Each decalcomania ornamental blocks is center and diamond shaped with each bar marginal ridge line (being warp and weft) all.
For the ease of discussing, having drawn the shortest line between 2 on the curved surface is the minimal path line.On a sphere, the minimal path line between 2 will be the part of circle.Article one, the minimal path line has a null buckling vector and the principal normal consistent with surface normal is arranged.
The nominal Gaussian curvature of decalcomania piece 100 is 10; The nominal Gaussian curvature of decalcomania piece 200 is 20, and the rest may be inferred by analogy for it.The decalcomania piece 400 of two terminations is relatively large cup-shaped or tulip shape 400.Various decalcomania pieces just stick together can wrinkle can not occur, space or bubble with whole surface coverage.
The decalcomania ornament materials can be made on mould shown in Figure 2, is transferred to then on aircraft (Fig. 5), naval vessel, vehicle or other similar products.For example decalcomania piece 100 can be placed on the coated surface with Gaussian curvature be on 10 the corresponding position of curve.Thereby all available similar mode of other decalcomania pieces is fetched and is placed whole surface coverage.
The size of decalcomania piece depends on the severe degree of curved transition.If the variable gradient of curvature very big (promptly Gaussian curvature changes very big in short distance) just needs less piece sheet.Obviously, Gaussian curvature is that to can be used for cylindrical surface, plane and other Gaussian curvatures be on any wide area surface of zero for zero plane decalcomania ornamental blocks sheet.
The mould of an available cover different size is produced the decalcomania ornamental blocks of positive gauss curvature, and makes negative gauss curvature ornamental blocks corresponding with it with another set of similar shape of a saddle mould.
As United States Patent (USP) 4,986,496 is described, the decalcomania ornament materials can have surface detail, and can comprise flexibility agent, increase the extensibility agent, antioxidant, the ultra-violet radiation resisting stabilizing agent, coloring agent, loading pigment, enhanced rad ability agent (as if silit), anti-fracture dose or continuous fiber reinforcing agent, and other analogous components.All above-mentioned various compositions are all adopted by traditional decalcomania ornament materials.
It is a kind of organic resin synthetic materials that typical decalcomania is decorated base material 500, generally be polyurethane (being cyanate), polyester particularly, polyester and polyether urethane potpourri, polyimide or similar organic synthesis material, and with the suitable cementing agent, particularly pressure-sensitive of base material layering or be heated can recovery type cementing agent 600.Cementing agent is generally silica-base material or elastomeric polymkeric substance or co-polymer.Base material should be tough, erosion durable and that can stand Exposure to Sunlight and wind and rain piping and druming.We recommend to adopt urethanes.
The common portion of decalcomania ornament materials has individual layer or bilayer shifts protection sheet with convenient use to them.One deck protection sheet 700 covers on the surface that need bond together that contacts with coated surface of decalcomania ornament materials, and this surface has tackiness so that can be bonded on the surface of metal or aircraft component.On another exposed surface of material, also have the similar protection sheet 800 of one deck to be used for reinforcing material, and in transportation and position fixing process protective material, and after correctly locating, just be stripped from.Distinguishing mark and operation instruction can be imprinted on this paper so that utilize the family to use.
Though we are described preferred embodiment,, should be understood that: under the prerequisite of not violating key concept of the present invention, can make some change, change and improvement for those professionals who is proficient in this technology.Therefore, to the abundant explanation of the claim fully suitable with general skill of the present invention all based on above-mentioned explanation.The example that provides is for explanation that invention is illustrated, and is not construed as limiting.Therefore, the scope of claim just relates to requisite that part in the relevant technologies content noted earlier.
Claims (16)
1. decalcomania ornament materials with composite curvature, can be used on the surface of a composite curvature very complete together to form, do not have bubble and do not have the overlayer of wrinkle; Its base material is a kind of organic resin built up membrane, and is pressed into the piece sheet that has pre-determined Gaussian curvature numerical value with mould, scribbles bonding agent so that base material is bonded on the surface with identical Gaussian curvature at least one face of base material.
2. according to the described ornament materials of claim 1, it is characterized in that the material of built up membrane is a urethanes.
3. according to the described ornament materials of claim 1, its piece plate plane figure assumes diamond in shape.
4 according to the described ornament materials of claim 1, also will comprise selectively being used for the transfer protection sheet of protecting group bottom material, and this paper should stick on the base material at least.
5. according to the described ornament materials of claim 1, it is characterized in that its base material should be chosen from following one group of material:
Polyurethane, polyester and polyimide.
6. according to the described ornament materials of claim 5, it is characterized in that bonding agent is a pressure-sensitive.
7. according to the described ornament materials of claim 5, it is characterized in that bonding agent is heated can the recovery type.
8. according to the described ornament materials of claim 5, it is characterized in that, should comprise the adjuvant of from a following group reagent, choosing of at least a sufficient amount in the base material:
Flexibility agent, increase extensibility agent, antioxidant, ultra-violet radiation resisting stabilizing agent, coloring agent, loading pigment, the agent of enhanced rad ability and fiber enhancer.
9. decalcomania ornament materials piece, be to make through mold pressing with a kind of organic resin base material, and has a composite curvature that has pre-determined Gaussian curvature numerical value, therefore when being used on the surface of identical Gaussian curvature, it just can form one no bubble, the covering of no wrinkle, this ornament materials comprises one deck urethane ester film, the adjuvant of from a following group reagent, choosing that contains at least a sufficient amount in the membraneous material, they are flexibility agents, increase the extensibility agent, antioxidant, the ultra-violet radiation resisting stabilizing agent, coloring agent, loading pigment, the agent of enhanced rad ability, and fiber enhancer scribble cementing agent at least one face of film, so that ornament materials and surface are bonded together, ornament materials piece sheet can be by suppressing urethanes to come out in having the model mould that has pre-determined Gaussian curvature.
10. a method that covers construction on a surface with composite curvature comprises the following steps:
(a) Gauss's line of curvature and minimal path line such as draw from the teeth outwards;
(b) corresponding with surface curvature, with the ornamental blocks of Gauss's curvature such as mould suppresses, and cover on this surface so that form the complete covering of not having bubble, no wrinkle together according to size;
(c) thus along corresponding minimal path line and etc. Gauss's line of curvature each decorative board is covered the surface go up to finish and cover construction.
11. in accordance with the method for claim 10, it is characterized in that the surface of indication is the complex-curved part on the airplane.
12. in accordance with the method for claim 10, also be included in the construction surface and go up the step that employed ornament materials is heated, so that finally finish covering.
13. in accordance with the method for claim 10, it is characterized in that ornament materials is choose a kind of and makes through mold pressing from this group organic synthetic resin of polyurethane, polyester and polyimide.
It contains a kind of cementing agent selectively so that ornament materials and surface are coupled together, it also contain at least selectively a kind of quantity enough from by flexibility agent, increase the adjuvant of choosing the group reagent that extensibility agent, antioxidant, ultra-violet radiation resisting stabilizing agent, coloring agent, loading pigment, the agent of enhanced rad ability and fiber enhancer etc. form.
14. in accordance with the method for claim 13, also be included in the construction surface and go up the step that employed ornament materials is heated, so that finally finish covering.
15. be used to cover method, comprise following each step with composite curvature surface:
(a) Gauss's line of curvature and draw the minimal path line on the outer surface such as on selected inside surface, draw, have two different Gaussian curvatures on this outside surface at least;
(b) corresponding to each Gaussian curvature drawn on the curved surface, suppress the ornament materials piece sheet that is used for each Gaussian curvature of drawing with mould, this ornamental blocks sheet with curved shape is from polyurethane, choose in this group organic synthetic resin of polyester and polyimide a kind of also makes through mold pressing, this resin also contain at least selectively a kind of quantity enough from by flexibility agent, increase the extensibility agent, antioxidant, the ultra-violet radiation resisting stabilizing agent, coloring agent, loading pigment, the agent of enhanced rad ability, and the adjuvant of choosing in the group reagent of composition such as fiber enhancer;
(c) the first Gaussian curvature ornamental blocks is spread on the surface along the corresponding Gaussian curvature line of drawing;
(d) the second Gaussian curvature ornamental blocks is spread on the surface along the corresponding Gaussian curvature line of drawing, at this moment between the ornamental blocks of different Gaussian curvatures, formed seam smooth together, no wrinkle, thereby intactly with surface coverage; And
(e) selectively the heating decorative piece finally to finish covering.
16. in accordance with the method for claim 15, it is characterized in that, each sheet ornament materials piece all has one to be central body part and several hypotenuses at center with the Gaussian curvature line of drawing separately, the first Gaussian curvature ornamental blocks little by little contacts and is blended together with the corresponding edge of the second Gaussian curvature ornamental blocks with their hypotenuse, finally forms one complete covering from the teeth outwards.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN96194518A CN1187161A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-06-05 | Appliques for surfaces having complex curvatures |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/486,300 | 1995-06-07 | ||
| US08/477,736 | 1995-06-07 | ||
| CN96194518A CN1187161A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-06-05 | Appliques for surfaces having complex curvatures |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1187161A true CN1187161A (en) | 1998-07-08 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN96194518A Pending CN1187161A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-06-05 | Appliques for surfaces having complex curvatures |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1187161A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6948995B2 (en) | 2001-09-10 | 2005-09-27 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Manufacture method for electron-emitting device, electron source, light-emitting apparatus, and image forming apparatus |
| CN103020153A (en) * | 2012-11-23 | 2013-04-03 | 黄伟 | Advertisement identification method based on videos |
| CN113484464A (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2021-10-08 | 北京航空航天大学 | A warm body dummy for thermal comfort of environment experiment |
-
1996
- 1996-06-05 CN CN96194518A patent/CN1187161A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6948995B2 (en) | 2001-09-10 | 2005-09-27 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Manufacture method for electron-emitting device, electron source, light-emitting apparatus, and image forming apparatus |
| CN103020153A (en) * | 2012-11-23 | 2013-04-03 | 黄伟 | Advertisement identification method based on videos |
| CN113484464A (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2021-10-08 | 北京航空航天大学 | A warm body dummy for thermal comfort of environment experiment |
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