CN1185399C - Allochroic glass and window made of the glass - Google Patents
Allochroic glass and window made of the glass Download PDFInfo
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- CN1185399C CN1185399C CNB001307584A CN00130758A CN1185399C CN 1185399 C CN1185399 C CN 1185399C CN B001307584 A CNB001307584 A CN B001307584A CN 00130758 A CN00130758 A CN 00130758A CN 1185399 C CN1185399 C CN 1185399C
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Abstract
An aluminium alloy window is commonly used at present, and the glass is generally blue. If blue is darkened or lightened, and even colorless by pushing a button, such window must be liked by many people. The present invention uses current to control chemical components of allochroic liquid between two layers of transparent glass so as to control the color of the allochroic liquid and change the appearance color of the glass. The color change is reversible. Thus, the present invention provides allochroic glass with the advantages of convenient use and continuous control of colors, and a window made of the glass so that the color of windows of ordinary households and offices can be optionally regulated.
Description
The present invention relates to glass and glazing.
An aluminum alloy window is a window which is very commonly used at present, and most of glass of the aluminum alloy window is blue. If the button is pressed, the blue color becomes darker or lighter, or even colorless, and the window is certainly popular.
Therefore, conventionally, a method of injecting a colored solution into the middle of a double glass to change the color of the glass of a window has been proposed, and patents are filed for the method, such as "method of manufacturing a window with adjustable transmittance" in application No. 98116596, "electrically controlled color-changing glass window in application No. 95212818," method of manufacturing liquid photochromic glass in application No. 97105703, and the like.
The techniques of the three patents are different, and an infusion pump and a container for containing liquid are required to be arranged for each window, so that the window is heavy and not easy to move, and the practicability of the window is limited.
The invention aims to provide the color-changing glass which is convenient to use and can be continuously adjusted in color, and the window made of the glass, so that the color of the window of a common family or office can be adjusted at will.
The invention also relates to a method for injecting solution between two layers of transparent glass to change the color of the glass. In contrast, the solution used in the present invention is a color-changing liquid that can change its own chemical composition by being controlled by an electrochemical reaction, thereby changing the color and changing the apparent color of the glass. And this change in color is reversible.
The method for changing the color of the glass comprises the following steps: the direct current is introduced into the discoloring liquid sealed between the two layers of transparent glass through the electrodes, and the chemical composition or the local chemical composition of the discoloring liquid is changed by utilizing the electrochemical reaction, so that the color of the discoloring liquid is correspondingly changed.
The color-changing glass comprises at least two layers of transparent glass, and is characterized in that the color-changing glass also comprises color-changing liquid, electrodes and a direct current power supply, wherein: the color-changing liquid is sealed between the at least two layers of transparent glass; the electrode is at least kept in contact with the color-changing liquid when electrified and is connected with the direct current power supply.
The color changing liquid is an electrolyte solution containing a color changing agent, when the chemical composition of the color changing liquid is controlled by the electrochemical reaction on an electrode and changes along a specific direction, the color changing liquid can cause corresponding change of the color changing agent, and the change is reversible. Here, the color-changing agent is a liquid capable of changing colorA key. Many substances can act as color changing agents, such as various indicators used in chemical titration, including acid-base indicators, redox indicators, and other indicators, including some electrolysis capable of providing a variable valence color changing ionA substance or a simple substance. For example, an aqueous solution of phenolphthalein which is colorless at pH 7, but when [ OH]is present in the solution-]The solution turns red when the pH is increased to 10, because the phenolphthalein molecules change color. If the solution is then made to have [ OH]-]The solution was reduced to pH 8 and the original colorless state was recovered again. Here, phenolphthalein is the color-changing agent, and hydroxyl ion (OH)-) Is the component for changing the color of the color changing agent (phenolphthalein). For another example: FeCl2Is green, this is Fe2+If an electrode reaction is used to react Fe2+Is oxidized into Fe3+The solution turns yellow. The iron ions are valence-changing color-changing ions.
In order to make the photochromic glass or the photochromic window practical, the color change reaction of the photochromic liquid must be reversible. That is, when the chemical composition of the color-changing liquid is changed in a specific direction by the electrochemical reaction on the electrode, a corresponding change in color of the color-changing agent is caused, and the change is reversible.
The glass used in the invention is generally colorless and transparent, and of course, colored transparent glass can also be used, and the appearance color of the glass is the superposition of the color of the glass and the color of the color-changing liquid. The color-changing glass can be used as a window, a glass wall, a door and a show window of a shop, even a large-sized glass curtain wall, or a goldfish bowl, and the like.
Many stores now prefer to use the entire clear glass wall to attract consumers. FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a color-changing glass that can be used as a glass wall, door or window. Colorless transparent glass 1 and glass 2 are parallel to each other, and vertically lay, and the distance between two glasses is 5 ~ 15 millimeters. The sealing ring 3 is clamped between the two pieces of glass and is firmly bonded with the two pieces of glass to jointly form a rectangular container for containing the color-changing liquid 9. The dashed line 7 is the level of the colour change liquid. The vent hole 8 prevents the pressure in the container from being excessively high. The electrode 4 is a strip-shaped lead electrode with a layer of lead sulfate covered on the surface at the bottom of thecolor-changing liquid. The electrode 6 is a strip-like inert electrode, typically made of graphite, which is also immersed in the colouring fluid 9.
The color-changing liquid comprises the following components: 4% sodium sulfate, 0.1% litmus and the balance water. (all are in weight percent, the same below)
The procedure for discoloring the glass was as follows:
first, the electrode 4 is connected to the positive electrode of a dc power supply, and the electrode 6 is connected to the negative electrode of the dc power supply, so that dc power is supplied. The specific current density can be selected according to '50-1000 mA/1L of color-changing liquid'. After energization, the reactions at the electrodes are roughly:
on the electrode 4
On the electrode 6
As the reaction proceeds, [ OH]in the color-changing solution-]When the pH value of the solution is more than 8, the color-changing liquid is completely changed into blue.
When the current is reversely applied (with the electrode 4 as a cathode and the electrode 6 as an anode), the reaction at the electrode is roughly:
on the electrode 4
On the electrode 6
As the reaction proceeds, [ H]in the color-changing solution+]The color-changing liquid turns into red completely when the pH value of the solution is less than 5.
The above discoloring reaction can be repeated, and the apparent color of the discolored glass can change back and forth between red and blue, and stay at the intermediate color between red and blue.
In order to make the appearance color of the color-changing glass uniform as soon as possible, a stirring device can be arranged in the color-changing liquid, or the electrode 6 can be made into a mesh electrode with a large coverage area. The inert electrode wire can also be wound into artistic patterns such as flowers, grass, insects or animals and the like to replace the electrode 6, so that the covering range of the electrode 6 is increased, and the aesthetic feeling of the color-changing glass is also increased. As for the inert wire electrode, it is most commonly made by coating a conductive adhesive containing graphite powder on a wire. When the stirring device is used, a fiber layer 5 can be added, the fiber layer covers the electrode 4 and plays a role in protection, and the color-changing liquid can permeate the fiber layer 5 to reach the surface of the electrode 4.
In the above-mentioned color-changing liquid, litmus is a color-changing agent whose color changes with the concentration of a certain component (here, hydroxide ion or hydrogen ion) in the solution, as long as the electrode reaction is used to control [ H]in the color-changing liquid+]The color of the litmus can be controlled. Obviously, other acid-base indicators may be used instead of litmus to obtain other color changes, and even mixed indicators may be used.
If using Ag-Ag2SO4(silver electrode covered with silver sulfate on surface) as an electrode 4, Fe2(SO4)30.5-10% of sulfuric acid solution with pH of 1-2 is used as a color-changing solution, and the electrode 6 is a mesh inert electrode, so that when direct current is introduced by taking the electrode 4 as an anode and the electrode 6 as a cathode, silver on the electrode 4 is oxidized, and ferric ions (Fe) in the color-changing solution3+) Will be reduced into ferrous ions (Fe)2+) The color of the solution changes. When the current is reversely applied, i.e., the electrode 4 is used as a cathode and the electrode 6 is used as an anode, divalent iron ions (Fe)2+) Can be oxidized into ferric ion (Fe)3+)。
If Ag-AgCl (silver electrode with silver chloride covered on the surface) is used as the electrode 4, SnCl is used40.5-5 percent of hydrochloric acid solution with the pH value of 0-1 is used as color changing liquid, a redox indicator with the color changing potential of +0.4 to + 1.0V, such as sodium diphenylamine sulfonate (the oxidized form of which is purple, and the reduced form is colorless), is added into the color changing liquid, a reticular inert electrode is used as an electrode 6, so when the electrode 4 is used as an anode, the electrode 6 is used as a cathode and direct current is introduced, silver (Ag) on the electrode 4 is oxidized into AgCl, and tetravalent tin ions (Sn) in the color changing liquid4+) Will be reduced into divalent tin ions (Sn)2+)，Sn2+Can reduce the diphenylamine sodium sulfonate into a colorless reduced state, and the color of the solution can be changed. When the current is reversely applied, i.e. the electrode 4 is used as the cathode and the electrode 6 is used as the anode, the chlorine ions (Cl) in the solution-) Will be oxidized to chlorine (Cl)2) And Cl2Can oxidize the diphenylamine sodium sulfonate into a purple oxidation state, so that the color-changing liquid can be controlled to change from colorless to purple by utilizing the electrode reaction. The sodium diphenylamine sulfonate is a color-changing agent in the color-changing liquid, and the hydrochloric acid with the pH value of 0-1 is an electrolyte solution. Obviously, many redox indicators can be substituted for sodium diphenylamine sulfonate, provided that the color-changing reaction is ensured to proceed smoothly. However, the electrode voltage should be carefully controlled during energization, and it is preferable to select a material having a high hydrogen evolution potential as the electrode 6,avoid hydrogen (H) as much as possible2) And (4) precipitating. The electrode 6 is a mesh inert electrode capable of generating chlorine gas (Cl)2) Are uniformly distributed in the solution.
The electrolyte solution which forms the main component of the color-changing liquid is an aqueous solution containing at least one electrolyte which can be matched with the color-changing agent and the electrode to enable the color-changing liquid to change color smoothly; in a specific case, the electrolyte capable of generating a valence-changing color-changing ion as the color-changing agent may be the same as the electrolyte constituting the electrolyte solution.
For example, Ag-AgCl (silver electrode with silver chloride covered on the surface) is used as the electrode 4, metal platinum (Pt) is used as the electrode 6, and a concentrated potassium iodide (KI) solution is used as the color-changing liquid 9. Here KI acts both as a colour change agent and as an electrolyte. When a direct current is applied to the substrate with the electrode 4 as a cathode and the electrode 6 as an anode, KI is oxidized to I on the electrode 62And dissolved in KI solution to form brown I3 -. Obviously, as long as the power is reversed, the brown color I3 -Will be reduced to colorless I-. Though I3 -It is possible to oxidize the silver on the electrode 4, but since the process is slow, the brown color of the discoloring liquid can be maintained for a considerable time as long as the stirring is stopped after the end of energization. If starch is added into the color-changing liquid, the color-changing liquid can also be changed into blue。
It can be seen that different electrodes are required to be matched due to the different chemical compositions of the color-changing liquid. Each color-changing liquid has certain requirements on the number, chemical composition, structure and even position of the electrodes, so that the color-changing reaction of the color-changing liquid can be repeatedly and smoothly carried out. Therefore, the electrodes of the present invention must be matched with the color-changing liquid in number, chemical composition, structure and position so that the color-changing reaction of the color-changing liquid can be smoothly performed.
The color-changing glass achieves the purpose of color change by the color change of one layer of color-changing liquid between two layers of glass. Obviously, two or three layers of color-changing liquid can be used, so that the color change of the color-changing glass is more abundant. Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing a structure of a color-changing glass in which two layers of color-changing liquid are sandwiched between three layers of colorless transparent glass, and a front view thereof (fig. 2(a)) is identical to fig. 1(a), except that a bottom view thereof (fig. 2(b)) is provided with a glass 11, a seal 12, and an electrode 13 in addition to fig. 1 (b). If the color change of the first layer of color changing liquid is "colorless ← → color 1" and the color change of the second layer of color changing liquid is "color 2 ← → color 3" (color 1, color 2, color 3 each represent one color), then the apparent color of the color changing glass can be changed back and forth between "color 2" and "color 3" when the color state of the first layer of color changing liquid is "colorless"; when the color state of the first layer of the color-changing liquid is 'color 1', the appearance color of the color-changing glass changes back and forth between 'color 1+ color 2' and 'color 2+ color 3'. In addition, a plurality of intermediate colors are provided, and the color change of the color change glass formed by three layers of glass and two layers of color change liquid is much more complex and abundant. However, when the number of glass layers of the color-changeable glass exceeds four, it is not necessary.
Generally, the relative positions of the electrodes and the color-changing liquid can be three types: the first one is immersed in a color-changing liquid; the second one is that the edge of the color-changing liquid keeps contact with the color-changing liquid; and thirdly, the movable electrode is made into a movable electrode, can be above the liquid level of the color changing liquid when not electrified, and can be immersed into the color changing liquid when electrified, and can move up and down on the liquid level of the color changing liquid to play a role in stirring, so that the convection of the color changing liquid is accelerated. The electrode [6]in FIG. 1 described above can be modified to be the active electrode.
The color-changing glass can be further divided into at least two areas, each area is provided with color-changing liquid and an electrode, when the color-changing glass is electrified, at least one area is taken as an anode area, at the same time, at least one area is taken as a cathode area, and the color-changing liquid of the anode area and the color-changing liquid of the cathode area are communicated through a liquid gate or (and) a liquid guide pipe.
The color-changing glass can be used as a window regardless of subareas or non-subareas.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of a color-changing glass mainly used for a color-changing window of a common home and office, wherein two pieces of colorless and transparent glass 20 and glass 21 which are 1 cm apart, an electrode22 and a sealing strip 23 which are clamped between the two pieces of glass and firmly bonded with the two pieces of glass jointly enclose a rectangular space with the thickness of 1 cm, a color-changing liquid 24 is contained in the rectangular space, a dotted line 25 is the liquid level of the color-changing liquid, the electrode 26 divides the color-changing glass into a bright area 27 and a dark area 28, and only a liquid door 30 and a liquid guide pipe 29 can communicate the color-changing liquid in the bright area and the dark area; the electrodes 22 and 26 are made of graphite or other inert conductive materials, and only play a conductive role, and the electrodes do not participate in chemical reaction; and the electrode 26 is coated with an inert insulating coating on the side facing the dark area; the rectangular area enclosed by the shielding line 31 is the light-transmitting area, and the window frame is installed along the shielding line, so that the finished window can only see the window frame and the glass and the color-changing liquid in the whole light-transmitting area.
The color-changing liquid comprises the following components: 22% of ethanol, 5% of sodium sulfate, 0.007% of phenolphthalein, 0.007% of thymolphthalein and the balance of water (the weight percentages are the same below). The solution was nearly neutral and thus initially colorless.
The electrode is connected with a direct current power supply, and the voltage of the power supply is adjustable within 0-10V. With the electrode 22 as an anode and the electrode 26 as a cathode, and a current of 20 to 1000 milliamperes is applied (the specific magnitude depends on the size of the window and the desired color change speed), the electrochemical reaction occurring at the contact surface of the electrode 26 and the bright area color change solution is probably:
the reaction increases the pH value of the color-changing liquid in the bright area, and the phenolphthalein and the thymolphthalein gradually change the color along with the reaction, so that the color of the color-changing liquid gradually changes from pink to dark purple. This color is also the color of the transparent area in the window frame that we see. If colored transparent glass is used, the color that we see is the superposition of the colors of both the discoloring liquid and the glass.
The electrochemical reaction that occurs at the interface of the electrode 22 and the dark-space discoloring liquid, as opposed to the bright area, is presumably:
this reaction causes the discoloring liquid in the dark zone to become acidic and the pH to decrease.
As the reaction proceeds, cations (including Na) accumulate in the anode region (dark region) and anions accumulate in the cathode region (light region), and to achieve electrical balance, cations (including Na) accumulate in the dark region+And H+) Will migrate to the bright area through the sluice or the catheter, and at the same time, the anions (including SO) in the bright area4 2-And OH-) And also migrate to dark areas through the port or catheter.
Therefore, during the reaction, the liquid gate should be opened to allow the ions in the color-changing liquid to smoothly migrate so as to maintain the electrical balance of the solution; when the reaction is completed (the power supply is stopped), the liquid gate should be closed to prevent the color-changing liquid in the bright area and the dark area from convecting, so that the color of the bright area can be kept unchanged for a long time.
When the window is needed to be colorless and transparent, the electrode 22 is used as the cathode and the electrode 26 is used as the anode by reverse operation, the same current is introduced, and the [ OH]in the bright area is carried out along with the reaction-]The color-changing liquid is continuously reduced, and becomes colorless and transparent when the pH value is reduced to be less than 9.5.
In practical use, the color-changing liquid can be dripped to slightly change color by 0.1N NaOH in advance, namely the pH value is about 9.5-9.7, and then the color-changing liquid is filled between two layers of glass. Thus, the color change speed of the color changing liquid is much faster when electricity is applied.
In order to accelerate the convection of the solution and make the appearance color of the color-changing glass uniform as soon as possible, a stirring device can be arranged in the bright area of the color-changing liquid.
Hydrogen and oxygen generated during the reaction are discharged through the gas discharge hole 32, which causes the color-changing liquid to lose a little moisture. Therefore, after the color-changing operation is repeated several times, water, ethanol, and even color-changing agents (phenolphthalein and thymolphthalein) should be appropriately added. The exhaust hole 32 can be made into a structure similar to a valve core of a bicycle, so that the exhaust can be realized, and the color-changing liquid can be prevented from being naturally volatilized.
As for the liquid gate and the liquid guide, both are provided for maintaining the electrical balance of the solution. The catheter is only a long and thin tube, has simple structure and convenient use, but is always open, so the color of a bright area is influenced for a long time (because the concentration of the color-changing liquid partin the bright area is different from that in the dark area). The color of the fortunate bright areas can be readjusted at any time. Although the liquid gate can completely separate the bright area from the dark area, the structure of the liquid gate is complicated. In practice, there should be at least one port or port between the bright and dark areas, but not necessarily as many ports or ports as in fig. 2. Whether the liquid gate or the catheter or both are used can be selected according to actual conditions.
The current is proportional to the color change speed, and large current should be used as much as possible to achieve high color change speed of the color change glass. But also the problem of the electrode voltage has to be taken into account. If a large current is obtained by a high voltage, a number of side reactions may be caused, which is disadvantageous for long-term use of the color-changing liquid. Therefore, it is tried to use a larger current (for example, increase the electrode area, etc.) on the basis of selecting an appropriate electrode voltage to avoid excessive side reactions.
The application of an inert insulating coating to the surface of the electrode 26 facing the dark areas, which is rendered an inactive surface, ensures that the electrode 26 only reacts with the color-changing fluid in the bright areas.
The components of the electrode and the color-changing liquid can be simplified by partitioning the color-changing glass, and the graphite electrode and the sodium sulfate are cheap and easily available products. Meanwhile, the color change reaction of the color change liquid is simple. The color-changing liquid can be durable as long as the durable indicator is selected and the voltage on the electrode is well controlled.
The water lost in the color-changing reaction can be supplemented as required, the color-changing agent can also be supplemented,and even all the color-changing liquid can be replaced through the vent hole.
Electrolyte which can lower the freezing point of the solution, help the color-changing agent to dissolve or (and) lower the resistance of the solution and does not hinder the color-changing reaction can be added into the color-changing solution; a solvent which can lower the freezing point of the solution or (and) help the color-changing agent to dissolve, does not prevent the color-changing reaction from proceeding and has good water compatibility can also be added.
In the color-changing liquid, the sodium sulfate mainly has the functions of reducing the resistance of the solution and keeping the electrical balance of the solution, and the concentration of the sodium sulfate can be adjusted as required; the main function of ethanol is to help the color-changing agent (phenolphthalein and thymolphthalein) dissolve and reduce the freezing point of the solution, and the concentration can be adjusted according to the requirement. If a water-soluble color-changing agent is used, ethanol is not necessarily added. On the premise of not influencing the smooth proceeding of the color change reaction, the content of the ethanol can even exceed the content of water in the color change liquid. The color-changing liquid is made to be a "water-containing solution" rather than an "aqueous solution".
In the structure of fig. 3, the bright area may be further divided into two or more regions. The division into two zones is now described as an example:
referring to fig. 4, the bright regions are divided into bright regions 34 and bright regions 36 separated by an insulating layer 35; the dark area is also divided into two areas, dark area 37 and dark area 38, separated by insulating layer 39; the bright area 34 and the dark area 37 form a group (first group), and the middle part is communicated with a liquid gate and a liquid guide pipe; the bright area 36 and the dark area 38 form a set (second set) and a port and a catheter are arranged between the bright area and the dark area. Thus, the color-changing fluid used in the first group may be different from that used in the second group, and thus, the bright areas 34 and 36 may have completely different color changes. Of course, the design of the electrode must accommodate this variation.
The dark area may also be non-partitioned, i.e. the dark area 37 and the dark area 38 are connected to form a single area, so that the bright area 34 and the bright area 36 are both connected to the dark area via a port, a catheter, or in fact both bright areas are connected around a circle. In this case, the color-changing liquid used in the bright area 34, the bright area 36 and the dark area is the same, but when the bright area 34 is used as the cathode area (or the anode area) and current is applied, the dark area is used as the anode area (or the cathode area) correspondingly, the bright area 34 changes color, and the bright area 36 does not change color because no current is applied. Clearly, with this arrangement, it is possible to have either the bright areas 34 or 36 change color alone, as well as both bright areas changing color simultaneously.
The invention has the advantages that the appearance color of the glass can be freely adjusted between at least two extreme colors (colorless and one color), continuously changed and can stay at any intermediate color. Meanwhile, the opening and closing movement of the window is not influenced basically. And the cost of manufacturing and using the product is also lower.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a photochromic glass, in which fig. 1(a) is a front view and fig. 1(b) is a bottom view.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a color-changing glass containing a two-layer color-changing liquid, wherein fig. 2(a) is a front view and fig. 2(b) is a bottom view.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the inner structure of a partitioned stained glass, in which fig. 3(a) is a front view and fig. 3(b) is a bottom view.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing an inner structure of a color-changeable glass divided into a plurality of regions, in which fig. 4(a) is a front view and fig. 4(b) is a bottom view.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of another color-changeable glass divided into two regions, in which fig. 5(a) is a front view and fig. 5(b) is a bottom view.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of a color-changing glass with a mesh electrode, wherein fig. 6(a) is a front view and fig. 6(b) is a bottom view.
Example 1, a color-changeable glass useful as a glass wall, door or window.
Referring to fig. 5, two transparent glass plates 41 and 42 are parallel to each other and vertically arranged, and the distance between the two glass plates is 12 mm. The electrode 43 is wound around the outer edges of the glass 41 and the glass 42, and serves as both an electrode and a sealing ring to seal the color changing liquid 46 between the two pieces of glass. The dashed line 47 is the level of the color-changing liquid. The electrode 45 divides the color-changing glass into a light area 49 and a dark area 48, the color-changing liquid 46 is simultaneously divided, and only the liquid gate 50 can lead the color-changing liquid in the light area to be communicated with the color-changing liquid in the dark area. The dotted line 51 is a shielding line, and the parts except the shielding line can be shielded by metal, plastic or evenpaper, and only a middle rectangular light-transmitting area is left, so that the appearance is elegant. The exhaust pipe 52 can eliminate the internal pressure. The stirrer 53 can rotate simultaneously when the electrodes are electrified, so that the color-changing liquid in the bright area can be convected in time.
The remaining components except the electrode 43 are mounted between the glass 41 and the glass 42, and since transparent glass is used, these components are drawn by solid lines. All figures have similar conditions and are not described again.
The contact surface of the electrode 43 and the bright area color changing liquid and the contact surface of the electrode 45 and the dark area color changing liquid are coated with inert insulating coatings, so that the electrode 43 can only exchange electrons with the color changing liquid in the dark area, and the electrode 45 can only exchange electrons with the color changing liquid in the bright area. Both electrodes are made of graphite material.
The color-changing liquid comprises the following components: the ferrous sulfate and the ferric sulfate are respectively 1-3%, and the balance is 0.1M sulfuric acid.
The color changing method comprises the following steps:
when direct current is applied to the dark space discoloring liquid by using the electrode 43 as an anode and the electrode 45 as a cathode, the electrochemical reaction between the electrode 43 and the contact surface of the dark space discoloring liquid should be as follows:
and the electrochemical reaction of the contact surface of the electrode 45 and the bright area color-changing liquid is as follows:
thus, as the reaction proceeds, the color of the bright zone changes from yellow-green to green. Obviously, the result of the reverse energization is that the color of the bright area changes from green to yellow-green and then to yellow. The color of the glass can be varied back and forth between the above colors by appropriately controlling the current and voltage, controlling the degree of reaction progress, and minimizing the occurrence of side reactions.
The color-changing liquid 46 can be easily replaced to obtain various color effects. For example, changing to 3% sodium sulfate solution and adding 0.1% p-nitrophenol, the new color-changing liquid can change the color of the color-changing glass back and forth between colorless and yellow. The color-changing liquid can be used as long as the color-changing reaction of the color-changing liquid can be smoothly carried out by the electrode support.
Example 2, color-changing glass was used as a goldfish bowl.
The goldfish bowl is rectangular and is provided with a rectangular bottom surface and four rectangular vertical surfaces (walls), wherein the bottom surface and the vertical surfaces are both made of double-layer glass, the color changing liquid is filled between the double-layer glass, the bottom surface is used as a dark area, the four vertical surfaces are used as a bright area, and the bright area is communicated with the dark area through a liquid guide pipe or a liquid gate. The electrodes in the light area and the dark area are inert electrodes, but the electrodes in the light area can be made of filiform or sheet material into patterns of flowers, grass, butterflies and the like to increase the aesthetic feeling. The color-changing liquid can be sodium sulfate aqueous solution containing acid-base indicator, and the pH value of the solutioncan be firstly adjusted to be near the color-changing point, and then the solution is injected between the double-layer glass.
The color changing speed of the wall of the goldfish bowl is not required to be fast, so that a stirrer is not required to be arranged.
In addition, the bottom surface can be divided into two areas according to diagonal lines, and the four vertical surfaces are divided into two areas at the same time, so that one area of the bottom surface and two adjacent vertical surfaces (the other area) are combined into a group (comprising an anode area and a cathode area); at the same time, another area of the bottom surface is matched with another two adjacent vertical surfaces to form another group. The color-changing liquids of the two groups are not communicated with each other, so that the color-changing liquids of each group can have different color changes (because different acid-base indicators can be selected), and the color change of the goldfish bowl is more colorful.
Example 3:
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a color-changing glass with a mesh electrode, wherein a colorless and transparent glass 61 and a glass 62 are parallel to each other, and the distance between the two glasses can be selected to be a value between 2 mm and 20 mm. The electrode 63 and the sealing strip 65 are sandwiched between two pieces of glass, and form a container together with the two pieces of glass, the container contains a color-changing liquid 66, and a dotted line 69 is the liquid level of the color-changing liquid. The electrode 64 is also sandwiched between the two pieces of glass and separates the discoloring liquid into two parts, one part is in the bright area 67, the other part is in the dark area 68, and only the liquid gate 70 and the liquid guide tube 71 can enable the discoloring liquid in the bright area to be communicated with the discoloring liquidin the dark area. The mesh electrode 73 is connected to the electrode 64 and becomes the main part of the bright area electrode.
All electrodes are made of an inert material (e.g., graphite) and the dark space facing surface of electrode 64 is coated with an inert insulating material so that electrode 64 cannot pass current directly into the dark space discoloring liquid.
The color-changing liquid comprises the following components: 0.1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used as mother liquor, about 0.1-10% of ferric trichloride is added (the specific concentration depends on the thickness of the discoloring liquid layer and the required color depth, because Fe3+Itself also colored) and certain redox indicators (hereinafter referred to as a) are added.
When the open area is used as an anode area, and direct current is introduced:
chlorine gas oxidizes A to the oxidized form ("color O"). While the dark regions (as cathode regions) have:
when the power is reversely electrified, the bright area has:
Fe2+a (oxidized form) was reduced to a reduced form (color "color H"). Meanwhile, dark areas have:
the generated chlorine gas oxidizes the reduced A into an oxidized A.
Repetition ofBy the above operation, the color of the bright-area color-changing liquid can be changed back and forth between the "color O" and the "color H". The actual color is also added with Fe3+Yellow in color (c).
The color-changing potential of the color-changing agent used, i.e., redox indicator a, should theoretically be between 1.36 v and 0.77 v (meaning the potential at pH 0), and the redox indicator having the intermediate value between the two, i.e., the color-changing potential of about 1.06 v, such as p-nitrodiphenylamine, p-phenylanthranilic acid, etc., should be selected as much as possible. And the color can be repeatedly changed by actual measurement.
In short, when the acid-base indicator is used as the color-changing agent, the hydrogen ion concentration in the color-changing liquid can be increased or decreased by controlling the electrode reaction as a result of the cooperation between the color-changing liquid and the electrode; when the redox indicator is used as the color-changing agent, an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent which change the color of the color-changing agent back and forth can be generated in the color-changing liquid as a result of the color-changing liquid being mixed with the electrode. Furthermore, the indicator should be selected to be light resistant and resistant to electrode reactions to avoid failure of the indicator due to too rapid decomposition by light or electrode reactions.
Claims (8)
1. The color-changing glass comprises at least two layers of transparent glass and is characterized in that the color-changing glass also comprises color-changing liquid, electrodes and a direct current power supply, wherein: the color-changing liquid is sealed between the at least two layers of transparent glass; the electrode is at least kept in contact with the color-changing liquid when electrified and is connected with the direct current power supply.
2. The photochromic glass according to claim 1, wherein the photochromic glass is further divided into at least two regions, each region having a photochromic liquid and an electrode, when energized, at least one region serves as an anode region and at least one region serves as a cathode region, and the photochromic liquid in the anode region and the photochromic liquid in the cathode region are communicated with each other through a liquid gate or (and) a liquid guide tube.
3. A window made of color-changing glass comprises a window frame and the color-changing glass in the window frame, wherein the color-changing glass is composed of at least two layers of transparent glass, and is characterized in that the color-changing glass also comprises color-changing liquid, electrodes and a direct current power supply, wherein: the color-changing liquid is sealed between the at least two layers of transparent glass; the electrode is at least kept in contact with the color-changing liquid when electrified and is connected with the direct current power supply.
4. A window according to claim 3, characterized in that the color-changing glass is further divided into at least two zones, each zone having a color-changing liquid and an electrode, at least one zone being an anode zone and at the same time at least one zone being a cathode zone when energized, and the color-changing liquids of the anode and cathode zones being in fluid communication with each other via a liquid gate or (and) a liquid conduit.
5. The color-changing glass according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the color-changing liquid is an electrolyte solution containing a color-changing agent, and when the chemical composition of the color-changing liquid is controlled by the electrochemical reaction at the electrode to change in a specific direction, the change results in a corresponding change in the color of the color-changing agent, and the change is reversible; the electrodes are matched with the color-changing liquid in number, chemical composition, structure and position, so that the color-changing reaction of the color-changing liquid can be smoothly carried out.
6. The color-changing glass according to claim 5, wherein the color-changing agent is an acid-base indicator, a redox indicator or other indicators, or an electrolyte or a simple substance capable of generating a valence-changing color-changing ion; the electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution containing at least one electrolyte which can be matched with the color-changing agent and the electrode to enable the color-changing liquid to change color smoothly; in a specific case, the electrolyte capable of generating a valence-changing color-changing ion as the color-changing agent may be the same as the electrolyte constituting the electrolyte solution.
7. The photochromic glass according to claim 6, wherein the photochromic liquid is further added with an electrolyte capable of lowering the freezing point of the solution, assisting the dissolution of the photochromic agent or (and) lowering the resistance of the solution, and not hindering the progress of the photochromic reaction; a solvent which can lower the freezing point of the solution or (and) help the color-changing agent to dissolve, does not prevent the color-changing reaction from proceeding and has good water compatibility can also be added.
8. A method for changing the apparent color of the color-changing glass according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that a direct current is introduced into the color-changing liquid sealed between two layers of transparent glass through electrodes, and the chemical composition or local chemical composition of the color-changing liquid is changed by an electrochemical reaction, so that the color of the color-changing liquid is correspondingly changed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB001307584A CN1185399C (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2000-10-18 | Allochroic glass and window made of the glass |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB001307584A CN1185399C (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2000-10-18 | Allochroic glass and window made of the glass |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1349035A CN1349035A (en) | 2002-05-15 |
| CN1185399C true CN1185399C (en) | 2005-01-19 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB001307584A Expired - Fee Related CN1185399C (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2000-10-18 | Allochroic glass and window made of the glass |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN1185399C (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102326997A (en) * | 2011-06-22 | 2012-01-25 | 太仓南极风能源设备有限公司 | Electric mirror |
| CN103032018A (en) * | 2012-12-19 | 2013-04-10 | 绍兴文理学院 | Intelligent photochromic window and use method thereof |
| CN104544831A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2015-04-29 | 上海乐田网络科技有限公司 | Acid rain indicating umbrella |
| CN106050072A (en) * | 2016-07-21 | 2016-10-26 | 广西大学 | Color-changing light shielding board |
| CN107386896A (en) * | 2017-07-08 | 2017-11-24 | 佛山市正略信息科技有限公司 | A kind of color changing type intelligent window |
| CN109372388B (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2023-09-22 | 北方工业大学 | Absorption type photo-thermal independent automatic adjusting light-transmitting structure, glass curtain wall and outer wall window |
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2000
- 2000-10-18 CN CNB001307584A patent/CN1185399C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN1349035A (en) | 2002-05-15 |
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