CN118523755A - Pulse output method, pulse output device, source table and storage medium - Google Patents

Pulse output method, pulse output device, source table and storage medium Download PDF

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Publication number
CN118523755A
CN118523755A CN202410978496.3A CN202410978496A CN118523755A CN 118523755 A CN118523755 A CN 118523755A CN 202410978496 A CN202410978496 A CN 202410978496A CN 118523755 A CN118523755 A CN 118523755A
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China
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output
energy
pulse
voltage
control unit
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CN202410978496.3A
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吴宏
陈清
戴德辉
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Hunan Ngi Observation And Control Technology Co ltd
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Hunan Ngi Observation And Control Technology Co ltd
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Abstract

The application discloses a pulse output method, a device, a source meter and a storage medium, which can realize the energy charging of a positive output capacitor group and a negative output capacitor group through an energy detection unit and an energy storage control unit, and the energy storage is finished, and under the control of the main control unit, the output adjusting unit realizes instantaneous output, so that the high-energy pulse signal output is finished. The embodiment of the application does not need to use high-voltage power any more, thereby greatly reducing the cost, greatly reducing the power consumption and reducing the safety risk.

Description

Pulse output method, pulse output device, source table and storage medium
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of source tables, and in particular, to a pulse output method, apparatus, source table, and storage medium.
Background
With the development of semiconductor technology, the test requirements of devices such as semiconductors are higher and higher, the current stage mainly provides requirements for test conditions and environmental temperature, but in actual detection, the power consumed by the tested device under the test conditions can also cause additional temperature rise to the chip, and in many cases, the additional temperature rise of the chip is higher, so that the measurement accuracy is greatly influenced. In both the related art and related industry standards, pulse testing approaches have begun to be used to overcome this problem. However, the products in the present stage are realized by adopting a power supply with larger power when outputting high-energy pulse, the cost of the power supply is higher, the self-heating is serious, and the safety risk is easily brought.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to provide a pulse output method, a pulse output device, a source table and a storage medium, which can reduce cost and safety risks.
The pulse output method according to the embodiment of the first aspect of the application is applied to a source meter output system, wherein the source meter output system comprises a power supply, an energy storage control unit, a positive output capacitor group, a negative output capacitor group, an output power supply circuit, an energy detection unit, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit, and the energy storage control unit, the energy detection unit and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit; the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group are connected between the energy storage control unit and the output power supply circuit; the energy storage control unit is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply to the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the energy detection unit is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the output power supply circuit is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by utilizing the working voltage;
The pulse output method comprises the following steps:
acquiring pulse output setting parameters corresponding to the pulses to be output, which are required to be output by the source table;
Determining a target capacitor group according to the pulse output setting parameters, and controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor group, wherein the target capacitor group is the positive output capacitor group or the negative output capacitor group;
detecting the charging state of the target capacitor group through the energy detection unit;
And under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds an energy output starting preset value, adjusting the working state of the output adjusting unit according to the pulse output setting parameter so that the output adjusting unit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
The pulse output device is applied to a source meter output system, and the source meter output system comprises a power supply, an energy storage control unit, a positive output capacitor group, a negative output capacitor group, an output power supply circuit, an energy detection unit, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit, wherein the energy storage control unit, the energy detection unit and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit; the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group are connected between the energy storage control unit and the output power supply circuit; the energy storage control unit is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply to the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the energy detection unit is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the output power supply circuit is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by utilizing the working voltage;
The pulse output apparatus includes:
the parameter acquisition module is used for acquiring pulse output setting parameters corresponding to the pulses to be output, which are required to be output by the source table;
the charging object determining module is used for determining a target capacitor group according to the pulse output setting parameters and controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor group, wherein the target capacitor group is the positive output capacitor group or the negative output capacitor group;
the state detection module is used for detecting the charging state of the target capacitor group through the energy detection unit;
and the output control module is used for adjusting the working state of the output adjustment unit according to the pulse output setting parameter under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds an energy output starting preset value, so that the output adjustment unit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
According to the source meter, the source meter comprises a source meter output system, wherein the source meter output system comprises a power supply, an energy storage control unit, a positive output capacitor bank, a negative output capacitor bank, an output power supply circuit, an energy detection unit, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit, and the energy storage control unit, the energy detection unit and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit; the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group are connected between the energy storage control unit and the output power supply circuit; the energy storage control unit is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply to the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the energy detection unit is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the output power supply circuit is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by utilizing the working voltage;
Wherein the main control unit is configured to perform the pulse output method according to the embodiment of the first aspect.
A computer readable storage medium according to an embodiment of a fourth aspect of the present application stores computer executable instructions for performing the pulse output method according to the embodiment of the first aspect described above.
According to the pulse output method, the pulse output device, the source meter and the storage medium, the energy charging of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group can be achieved through the energy detection unit and the energy storage control unit, energy storage is completed, and under the control of the main control unit, the output adjustment unit can achieve instantaneous output, and high-energy pulse signal output is completed. The embodiment of the application does not need to use high-voltage power any more, thereby greatly reducing the cost, greatly reducing the power consumption and reducing the safety risk.
Additional features and advantages of the application will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the application.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or additional aspects and advantages of the application will become apparent and may be better understood from the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an embodiment of a source table output system provided by the present application;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a pulse output method provided by the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of a four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit provided by the present application;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a pulse output device provided by the present application.
Reference numerals:
a power supply 101, an energy storage control unit 102, an energy storage unit 103, an output power supply circuit 104, an energy detection unit 105, a main control unit 106, a set output unit 107, an output control unit 108, a four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit 109, a hardware protection circuit 110, a sampling unit 111,
A circuit upper arm 301, a first output source 302, a first voltage stabilizing unit 303, a first voltage dividing unit 304, a first power MOS tube 305, a circuit lower arm 306, a second output source 307, a second voltage stabilizing unit 308, a second voltage dividing unit 309, a second power MOS tube 310, a source meter output end 311, a source meter output ground end 312, a first voltage stabilizing unit,
Pulse output device 400, parameter acquisition module 410, charging object determination module 420, state detection module 430, and output control module 440.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present application are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar elements or elements having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative only and are not to be construed as limiting the application.
In the description of the present application, the description of first, second, etc. is for the purpose of distinguishing between technical features only and should not be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated or implicitly indicating the precedence of the technical features indicated.
In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the direction or positional relationship indicated with respect to the description of the orientation, such as up, down, etc., is based on the direction or positional relationship shown in the drawings, is merely for convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the apparatus or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present application.
In the description of the present application, unless explicitly defined otherwise, terms such as arrangement, installation, connection, etc. should be construed broadly and the specific meaning of the terms in the present application can be determined reasonably by a person skilled in the art in combination with the specific content of the technical solution.
The following description of the embodiments of the present application will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described below are some, but not all embodiments of the application.
In order to better describe the pulse output method, the device, the source table and the storage medium of the embodiment of the application, the embodiment of the application provides a source table output system, referring to fig. 1, the source table output system comprises a power supply 101, an energy storage control unit 102, a positive output capacitor group, a negative output capacitor group, an output power supply circuit 104, an energy detection unit 105, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit 106, wherein the energy storage control unit 102, the energy detection unit 105 and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit 106; the positive output capacitor set and the negative output capacitor set are connected between the energy storage control unit 102 and the output power supply circuit 104; the energy storage control unit 102 is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply 101 to the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the energy detection unit 105 is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitance set and the negative output capacitance set; the output power supply circuit 104 is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by using the working voltage.
The power supply 101 may be a power supply having a small power, for example, about 20W. In the related art, if a high-power supply is used, about 1000W is required.
The energy storage control unit 102 may adjust the charging speed of the positive output capacitor set and the negative output capacitor set by adjusting the charging current. The energy storage control unit 102 can realize adjustment of the charging speed under the control of the main control unit 106, or a controller built in the energy storage control unit 102 can be adopted, so that the energy storage control unit 102 can finish adjustment of the charging speed according to the detection result of the energy detection unit 105.
The positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group form the energy storage unit 103, and the energy storage unit 103 can comprise more positive output capacitor groups and negative output capacitor groups with different capacitance values, so as to realize the requirements on high-voltage output and low-voltage output.
The output power supply circuit 104 can condition the electric signal output by the energy storage unit 103, so as to better provide the working voltage for the output adjusting unit.
The energy detecting unit 105 may be a voltage detecting device, and may determine the charging state of the current charging by detecting the voltages across the positive output capacitor set and the negative output capacitor set, for example, up to 50%, up to 70%, up to 85%, full, and so on.
The output adjusting unit is provided with the working voltage by the output power supply circuit 104, the magnitude of the working voltage can directly influence the amplitude of the pulse signal output by the output adjusting unit, and meanwhile, the output adjusting unit can realize the adjustment of the duty ratio under the control of the main control unit 106, so that the output of the high-energy pulse can be realized.
The pulse output method, the pulse output device, the pulse output source table and the pulse output storage medium according to the embodiment of the application are described below based on the source table output system.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a flowchart of a pulse output method according to an embodiment of the present application, the pulse output method includes steps S210 to S240:
Step S210, acquiring pulse output setting parameters corresponding to the pulses to be output, which are required to be output by the source table;
Step S220, determining a target capacitor bank according to the pulse output setting parameters, and controlling the energy storage control unit 102 to charge the target capacitor bank, wherein the target capacitor bank is a positive output capacitor bank or a negative output capacitor bank;
Step S230, detecting the charge state of the target capacitor group by the energy detecting unit 105;
Step S240, when the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor set exceeds the energy output start preset value, the working state of the output adjustment unit is adjusted according to the pulse output setting parameter, so that the output adjustment unit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
In the embodiment of the application, the energy detection unit 105 and the energy storage control unit 102 can charge the positive output capacitor set and the negative output capacitor set to finish energy storage, and the output adjustment unit can realize instantaneous output under the control of the main control unit 106 to finish high-energy pulse signal output. The embodiment of the application does not need to use high-voltage power any more, thereby greatly reducing the cost, greatly reducing the power consumption and reducing the safety risk.
The pulse output setting parameters may be generated from setting data input by the user through the source list operation interface, and for example, the user may perform mode setting, output value or output range setting, pulse duty ratio setting, and pulse output number setting through the operation interface, and the main control unit 106 may obtain the pulse output setting parameters after receiving these setting information.
The target capacitance set may be determined according to a pulse output setting parameter, where the pulse output setting parameter may indicate whether positive output or negative output is currently required, so that the positive output capacitance set or the negative output capacitance set may be selected as the target capacitance set.
Furthermore, under the condition that the positive output capacitor group or the negative output capacitor group has a plurality of groups, the pulse output setting parameters carry numerical information, so that the corresponding positive output capacitor group or negative output capacitor group can be selected according to the numerical information.
The charging state is obtained by detecting the target capacitor group by the energy detecting unit 105, and the capacitor voltage can intuitively reflect the charging state of the capacitor.
The above-mentioned adjustment of the working state of the output adjustment unit according to the pulse output setting parameters needs to be performed again when the target capacitor bank has enough energy, so as to avoid the occurrence of insufficient pulse energy caused by pulse output when the target capacitor bank is insufficiently charged. In this embodiment, an energy output starting preset value is set to determine whether energy is enough, and for setting the energy output starting preset value, flexibility adjustment can be performed according to actual application requirements, for example, 100% charging energy, 85% charging energy and the like can be adopted.
In some embodiments, controlling the energy storage control unit 102 to charge the target capacitor bank includes:
Controlling the energy storage control unit 102 to charge the target capacitor bank at a first charging speed under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds the output energy high threshold;
Controlling the energy storage control unit 102 to charge the target capacitor bank at the second charging speed under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank is lower than the low output energy threshold; the second charging speed is lower than the first charging speed, the output energy high threshold is higher than the output energy low threshold, and the energy output starting preset value is not lower than the output energy high threshold;
and when the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank is between the output energy high threshold and the output energy low threshold, controlling the energy storage control unit 102 to charge the target capacitor bank at the charging speed in the previous state.
In this embodiment, under the condition that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds the output energy high threshold, the target capacitor bank is charged quickly, and under the general working condition, the requirement of pulse release is satisfied sufficiently by the quick charge, when the stored energy in the target capacitor bank is lower than the output energy low threshold after the pulse is continuously released, the quick charge cannot be adopted, and the quick charge is required, so that the power supply 101 is prevented from directly entering the protection state due to the quick energy extraction of the target capacitor bank.
In addition, in this embodiment, the control principle of hysteresis control is adopted, and thus the charging control can be completed only by setting the high output energy threshold and the low output energy threshold.
In some embodiments, the source table output system further includes a hardware protection circuit 110, where the hardware protection circuit 110 is at least configured to perform overcurrent protection on an output terminal of the output adjustment unit.
In the present embodiment, the hardware protection circuit 110 is used for the overcurrent protection, so that the response is faster and the probability of protection failure is smaller than that of the software protection.
In some embodiments, the hardware protection circuit 110 includes a plurality of overcurrent protection sub-circuits controlled by the main control unit 106, where the plurality of overcurrent protection sub-circuits are all used for performing overcurrent protection on the output end of the output adjustment unit, and the overcurrent protection values corresponding to the plurality of overcurrent protection sub-circuits are all different;
Before adjusting the working state of the output adjustment unit according to the pulse output setting parameter, the pulse output method further comprises the following steps:
Determining a target protection sub-circuit from a plurality of overcurrent protection sub-circuits according to the pulse output setting parameters, wherein an overcurrent protection value corresponding to the target protection sub-circuit is larger than an amplitude value corresponding to the pulse output setting parameters;
Enabling the target protection subcircuit.
In this embodiment, in order to better implement the output overcurrent protection, a plurality of overcurrent protection subcircuits are provided, and when pulse signals with different energies are output, the corresponding target protection subcircuits can be determined according to the size of the pulse signals which need to be output.
The above-mentioned pulse signal is obtained by the main control unit 106 controlling the output adjustment unit according to the pulse output setting parameter, so that when the main control unit 106 obtains the pulse output setting parameter, the determination of the target protection sub-circuit can be completed according to the pulse output setting parameter.
In some embodiments, the positive output capacitor set and the negative output capacitor set have multiple groups, the capacitance values of the multiple groups of positive output capacitor sets are different, and the capacitance values of the multiple groups of negative output capacitor sets are different; the target capacitor bank is any positive output capacitor bank or any negative output capacitor bank.
In this embodiment, when there are multiple positive output capacitor sets or negative output capacitor sets, the pulse output setting parameter itself carries numerical information, so that the corresponding positive output capacitor set or negative output capacitor set can be selected according to the numerical information. The circuit structure of the plurality of groups of positive output capacitance groups and the negative output capacitance groups is adopted, so that different detection requirements can be better met.
In some embodiments, the output adjustment unit includes an output control unit 108, a four-quadrant power adjustment circuit, connected in sequence;
the method for adjusting the working state of the output adjusting unit according to the pulse output setting parameters comprises the following steps:
Generating a pulse output control signal according to the pulse output setting parameter;
and adjusting the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit according to the pulse output control signal so that the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
In this embodiment, the output adjusting unit is provided with a four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit and an output control unit 108, and the output control unit 108 can perform adaptive analysis on the pulse output control signal and output a corresponding control waveform to complete the output control of the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit. The configuration in which the independent output control unit 108 is provided in the output adjustment unit has higher stability than the case of directly controlling by the main control unit 106, and can reduce the computational power pressure of the main control unit 106.
In some embodiments, the main control unit 106 and the output control unit 108 are further provided with a setting output unit 107, and the setting output unit 107 may generate a pulse output control signal according to the pulse output setting parameter, and then the output control unit 108 performs adaptive analysis on the pulse output control signal, and outputs a corresponding control waveform to complete the output control of the four-quadrant power supply adjustment circuit. In this way, parameter acquisition, signal generation and circuit output control are divided into three parts, so that the real-time performance and stability of control can be better improved.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 3, the source table output system further includes a sampling unit 111 connected to the output control unit 108, and the four-quadrant power adjustment circuit includes a circuit upper arm 301, a circuit lower arm 306;
the circuit upper arm 301 comprises a first output source 302, a first voltage stabilizing unit 303, M first voltage dividing units 304 and M+1 first power MOS tubes 305 which are sequentially connected in series; the M first voltage division units 304 are sequentially connected and connected in series with the first voltage stabilizing unit 303 to form a voltage division upper arm circuit, the voltage division upper arm circuit is connected between the positive electrode of the first output source 302 and the source meter output end 311, the first voltage stabilizing unit 303 is arranged close to the source meter output end 311, and the negative electrode of the first output source 302 is connected with the source meter output ground end 312; the drain electrode of the first power MOS tube 305 at the last position is connected with the positive electrode of the first output source 302, the source electrode of the first power MOS tube 305 at the first position is connected with the source meter output end 311, the drain electrode of the first power MOS tube 305 at the previous position is connected with the source electrode of the first power MOS tube 305 at the next position, and the grid electrodes of the M first power MOS tubes 305 from the second position to the last position are correspondingly connected with one ends of the M first voltage dividing units 304 close to the first voltage stabilizing unit 303; the source meter output end 311 and the source meter output ground end 312 are used for connecting a unit to be tested; m is a positive integer;
The lower arm of the circuit comprises a second output source 307, a second voltage stabilizing unit 308, M second voltage dividing units 309 and M+1 second power MOS tubes 310 which are sequentially connected in series; the M second voltage division units 309 are sequentially connected and serially connected with a second voltage stabilizing unit 308 to form a voltage division lower arm circuit, the voltage division lower arm circuit is connected between the negative electrode of the second output source 307 and the source meter output end 311, the second voltage stabilizing unit 308 is arranged close to the source meter output end 311, and the positive electrode of the second output source 307 is connected with the source meter output ground end 312; the drain electrode of the second power MOS tube 310 at the last position is connected with the negative electrode of the second output source 307, the source electrode of the second power MOS tube 310 at the first position is connected with the source meter output end 311, the drain electrode of the second power MOS tube 310 at the previous position is connected with the source electrode of the second power MOS tube 310 at the next position, and the grid electrodes of the M second power MOS tubes 310 at the second position to the last position are correspondingly connected with one ends of the M second voltage division units 309 close to the second voltage stabilizing unit 308; the polarity of the second power MOS transistor 310 is opposite to the polarity of the first power MOS transistor 305; the grid electrode of the first power MOS tube 305 and the grid electrode of the first second power MOS tube 310 are connected with the output control unit 108;
The sampling unit 111 is used for collecting detection voltage between the source meter output ground 312 and the source meter output 311;
the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit is adjusted according to the pulse output control signal, and comprises:
Determining a set output voltage of the pulse output control signal at the current moment;
acquiring a detection voltage at the current time acquired by the sampling unit 111;
the working states of the m+1 first power MOS transistors 305 and/or the m+1 second power MOS transistors 310 are controlled according to the set output voltage and the detection voltage to output pulse signals.
The first voltage dividing unit 304 and the second voltage dividing unit 309 may select devices having voltage dividing capability, for example, resistors may be selected.
The first voltage stabilizing unit 303 and the first voltage stabilizing unit 308 may select devices with voltage stabilizing capability, for example, directly use a voltage stabilizing chip, or design a voltage stabilizing circuit according to requirements.
The sampling unit 111 may employ a voltage dividing circuit, an operational amplifier circuit, or the like, and the sampling unit 111 is configured to adjust the voltage between the source table output ground 312 and the source table output 311 to a range that can be read by the ADC channel of the output control unit 108. When the output control unit 108 does not have an ADC channel, an ADC chip may be added to the sampling unit 111, so that the converted digital signal may be directly transmitted to the output control unit 108 for use by the output control unit 108.
The polarity of the second power MOS transistor 310 is opposite to that of the first power MOS transistor 305, so that the upper circuit arm 301 and the lower circuit arm 306 can output voltages with different polarities, and when the voltage of the unit to be tested is higher than the output voltage, the upper circuit arm 301 and the lower circuit arm 306 can realize the suction, so as to complete the change of the output from the power supply 101 to the analog load. For example, the first power MOS transistor 305 may be a P-channel MOS transistor, the second power MOS transistor 310 may be an N-channel MOS transistor, or the first power MOS transistor 305 may be an N-channel MOS transistor, the second power MOS transistor 310 may be a P-channel MOS transistor, which may be specifically selected according to actual requirements.
The pulse output control signal may be understood as a control waveform signal with a voltage continuously varying, and when the four-quadrant power supply adjustment circuit needs to be completed by using the pulse output control signal, the control of the four-quadrant power supply adjustment circuit may be actually completed by using a real-time level signal. It is understood that when the output of the control waveform signal output according to the pulse output control signal to the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit is completed, the output of the pulse signal is completed.
Specifically, taking the example that the upper arm 301 outputs a positive output source and the lower arm 306 outputs a negative output source, the working principle of the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit in the embodiment of the application is briefly described.
When a positive output source is required to be output, the output control unit 108 generates a positive voltage output control signal according to the set output voltage when the set output voltage determined according to the pulse output control signal is higher than the voltage of the connected unit to be tested, meanwhile, because the polarity of the second power MOS tube 310 is opposite to that of the first power MOS tube 305, after the positive voltage output control signal is output to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 in the upper circuit arm 301 is turned on, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is turned off, so that the first output source 302 can realize the output of the positive output source through the upper circuit arm 301, and the positive voltage output control signal can also adjust the first power MOS tube 305 to the same degree, thereby realizing the adjustment of the output power source 101, and enabling the final output result to be consistent with the set output voltage.
When a negative output source is required to be output, the output control unit 108 generates a negative voltage output control signal according to the set output voltage when the set output voltage determined according to the pulse output control signal is higher than the voltage of the connected unit to be tested, meanwhile, because the polarity of the second power MOS tube 310 is opposite to that of the first power MOS tube 305, after the negative voltage output control signal is output to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 in the upper circuit arm 301 is turned off, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is turned on, so that the second output source 307 can realize the output of the negative output source through the lower circuit arm 306, and the negative voltage output control signal can also adjust the second power MOS tube 310 to the same extent, thereby realizing the adjustment of the output power source 101, and enabling the final output result to be consistent with the set output voltage.
In addition, when the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit is output, the power supply 101 is arranged in the unit to be detected which is connected with the outside, and when the voltage of the power supply 101 is larger than the output voltage, the self-adaptive adjustment of converting the output into the input can be realized. Specific principles may be referenced as follows.
When the positive output source is set and output, but at this time, the voltage of the unit to be tested, that is, the detection voltage detected by the acquisition unit, is greater than the set output voltage, at this time, the source meter cannot be used as the output power source 101 any more, at this time, the output control unit 108 generates a positive electrode pressing output signal and outputs the positive electrode pressing output signal to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 is cut off under the control of the positive electrode pressing output signal, the output is stopped, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is conducted under the control of the positive electrode pressing output signal, and the conduction degree of the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is adjusted according to the magnitude of the detection voltage, so that the conversion from the output positive output source to the analog load of the source meter is realized.
When the negative output source is set and output, but the voltage of the unit to be tested, that is, the detection voltage detected by the acquisition unit, is greater than the set output voltage, at this time, the source meter cannot be used as the output power supply 101 any more, at this time, the output control unit 108 generates a negative electrode pressing output signal and outputs the negative electrode pressing output signal to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 is turned on under the control of the negative electrode pressing output signal, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is turned off under the control of the negative electrode pressing output signal, the output is stopped, and the adjustment of the conduction degree of the first power MOS tube 305 in the upper circuit arm 301 is completed according to the magnitude of the detection voltage, so that the conversion from the negative output source to the analog load of the source meter is realized.
In this embodiment, the positive and negative output source multistage adjustment circuit structure can be formed by the plurality of first power MOS transistors 305, the plurality of second power MOS transistors 310, the voltage division upper arm circuit and the voltage division lower arm circuit, so that four-quadrant operation can be realized, and large-scale and high-precision control can be realized by changing the conduction degree of the first power MOS transistors 305 and the second power MOS transistors 310, so that the requirement of high-precision application can be met. In addition, the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit can adjust the number of stages according to the use requirement, so that the use requirement of a larger application range can be met.
In some embodiments, M is determined according to the set range of the source table, the circuit loss, and the response speed of the first power MOS transistor 305 and the response speed of the second power MOS transistor 310.
M is the number of stages of the first power MOS transistor 305 and the second power MOS transistor 310, the number of stages determines the set range with the source table, and when the range is set, the circuit loss and the response speed need to be considered, for example, when the range is set to 3060V, the first output source 302 and the second output source 307 need to be set to 1500V, and the number of stages of the first power MOS transistor 305 and the second power MOS transistor 310 need to be designed according to the set range of 1500V.
Specifically, when the first output source 302 and the second output source 307 are set to 1500V, the detected voltage between the source meter output terminal 311 and the source meter output ground terminal 312 is 3060V, which at least needs to meet the requirement of 2700V for pressurization, and further considering the margin, 3000V may need to be selected, and if the withstand voltage of the single first power MOS transistor 305 and the second power MOS transistor 310 is 500V, six stages are needed, that is, six MOS transistors need to be connected in series.
In some embodiments, the upper circuit arm 301 is used to output a positive output source and the lower circuit arm 306 is used to output a negative output source;
controlling the working states of the m+1 first power MOS transistors 305 and/or the m+1 second power MOS transistors 310 according to the set output voltage and the detection voltage includes:
when the set output voltage is positive, and the value of the set output voltage is larger than the value of the detection voltage, generating a positive voltage output control signal according to the set output voltage;
The positive voltage output control signal is output to the first power MOS tube 305 at the first position and the second power MOS tube 310 at the first position, so that the M+1 first power MOS tubes 305 are conducted, the M+1 second power MOS tubes 310 are cut off, and the conduction degree of the M+1 first power MOS tubes 305 is adjusted.
When a positive output source is required to be output, the output control unit 108 generates a positive voltage output control signal according to the set output voltage when the set output voltage determined according to the pulse output control signal is higher than the voltage of the connected unit to be tested, meanwhile, because the polarity of the second power MOS tube 310 is opposite to that of the first power MOS tube 305, after the positive voltage output control signal is output to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 in the upper circuit arm 301 is turned on, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is turned off, so that the first output source 302 can realize the output of the positive output source through the upper circuit arm 301, and the positive voltage output control signal can also adjust the first power MOS tube 305 to the same degree, thereby realizing the adjustment of the output power source 101, and enabling the final output result to be consistent with the set output voltage.
In some embodiments, the upper circuit arm 301 is used to output a positive output source and the lower circuit arm 306 is used to output a negative output source;
controlling the working states of the m+1 first power MOS transistors 305 and/or the m+1 second power MOS transistors 310 according to the set output voltage and the detection voltage includes:
When the set output voltage is negative, and the value of the set output voltage is larger than the value of the detection voltage, generating a negative voltage output control signal according to the set output voltage;
and outputting a negative voltage output control signal to the first power MOS tube 305 at the first position and the second power MOS tube 310 at the first position, so that the M+1 first power MOS tubes 305 are cut off, the M+1 second power MOS tubes 310 are conducted, and the conduction degree of the M+1 second power MOS tubes 310 is adjusted.
When a negative output source is required to be output, the output control unit 108 generates a negative voltage output control signal according to the set output voltage when the set output voltage determined according to the pulse output control signal is higher than the voltage of the connected unit to be tested, meanwhile, because the polarity of the second power MOS tube 310 is opposite to that of the first power MOS tube 305, after the negative voltage output control signal is output to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 in the upper circuit arm 301 is turned off, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is turned on, so that the second output source 307 can realize the output of the negative output source through the lower circuit arm 306, and the negative voltage output control signal can also adjust the second power MOS tube 310 to the same extent, thereby realizing the adjustment of the output power source 101, and enabling the final output result to be consistent with the set output voltage.
In some embodiments, the upper circuit arm 301 is used to output a positive output source and the lower circuit arm 306 is used to output a negative output source;
controlling the working states of the m+1 first power MOS transistors 305 and/or the m+1 second power MOS transistors 310 according to the set output voltage and the detection voltage includes:
when the set output voltage and the detection voltage are both positive, and the value of the set output voltage is smaller than that of the detection voltage, generating a positive electrode pressing output signal according to the detection voltage;
The positive electrode suppresses output signals to the first power MOS tube 305 at the first position and the second power MOS tube 310 at the first position, so that the m+1 first power MOS tubes 305 are turned off, the m+1 second power MOS tubes 310 are turned on, and the adjustment of the conduction degree of the m+1 second power MOS tubes 310 is completed.
When the positive output source is set and output, but at this time, the voltage of the unit to be tested, that is, the detection voltage detected by the acquisition unit, is greater than the set output voltage, at this time, the source meter cannot be used as the output power source 101 any more, at this time, the output control unit 108 generates a positive electrode pressing output signal and outputs the positive electrode pressing output signal to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 is cut off under the control of the positive electrode pressing output signal, the output is stopped, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is conducted under the control of the positive electrode pressing output signal, and the conduction degree of the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is adjusted according to the magnitude of the detection voltage, so that the conversion from the output positive output source to the analog load of the source meter is realized.
In some embodiments, the upper circuit arm 301 is used to output a positive output source and the lower circuit arm 306 is used to output a negative output source;
controlling the working states of the m+1 first power MOS transistors 305 and/or the m+1 second power MOS transistors 310 according to the set output voltage and the detection voltage includes:
When the set output voltage and the detection voltage are both negative, and the set output voltage is smaller than the detection voltage, generating a negative electrode pressing output signal according to the detection voltage;
the negative electrode pressing output signal is output to the first power MOS tube 305 at the first position and the second power MOS tube 310 at the first position, so that the M+1 first power MOS tubes 305 are conducted, the M+1 second power MOS tubes 310 are cut off, and the conduction degree of the M+1 first power MOS tubes 305 is adjusted.
When the negative output source is set and output, but the voltage of the unit to be tested, that is, the detection voltage detected by the acquisition unit, is greater than the set output voltage, at this time, the source meter cannot be used as the output power supply 101 any more, at this time, the output control unit 108 generates a negative electrode pressing output signal and outputs the negative electrode pressing output signal to the first power MOS tube 305 and the second power MOS tube 310, the first power MOS tube 305 is turned on under the control of the negative electrode pressing output signal, the second power MOS tube 310 in the lower circuit arm 306 is turned off under the control of the negative electrode pressing output signal, the output is stopped, and the adjustment of the conduction degree of the first power MOS tube 305 in the upper circuit arm 301 is completed according to the magnitude of the detection voltage, so that the conversion from the negative output source to the analog load of the source meter is realized.
In the pulse output method provided by the embodiment of the present application, the execution body may be the pulse output device 400. In the embodiment of the present application, the pulse output device 400 is described by taking the pulse output method performed by the pulse output device 400 as an example.
As shown in fig. 4, the embodiment of the present application further provides a pulse output device, where the pulse output device includes:
The parameter obtaining module 410 is configured to obtain a pulse output setting parameter corresponding to a pulse to be output that needs to be output by the source table;
The charging object determining module 420 is configured to determine a target capacitor set according to the pulse output setting parameter, and control the energy storage control unit 102 to charge the target capacitor set, where the target capacitor set is a positive output capacitor set or a negative output capacitor set;
A state detection module 430, configured to detect a charging state of the target capacitor bank through the energy detection unit 105;
The output control module 440 is configured to adjust an operation state of the output adjustment unit according to the pulse output setting parameter when the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds the energy output start preset value, so that the output adjustment unit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
The pulse output apparatus 400 in the embodiment of the present application may be an electronic device, or may be a component in an electronic device, such as an integrated circuit or a chip. The electronic device may be a terminal, or may be other devices than a terminal. The electronic device may be a Mobile phone, a tablet CompUter, a notebook CompUter, a palm CompUter, a vehicle-mounted electronic device, a Mobile internet device (Mobile INTERNET DEVICE, MID), an augmented reality (aUgmented reality, AR)/virtual reality (VirtUal reality, VR) device, a robot, a wearable device, an Ultra-Mobile perSonal CompUter (UMPC), a netbook or a personal digital assistant (perSonal DIGITAL ASSISTANT, PDA), or may be a server, a network attached storage (NetWork AttaChed Storage, NAS), a personal CompUter (perSonal CompUter, PC), a television (teleViSion, tV), a teller machine, a self-service machine, or the like, which is not particularly limited.
The embodiment of the application also provides a source table, which comprises the source table output system, wherein the control unit (107) is used for executing the pulse output method. The source table provided by the embodiment of the application can realize each process realized by the embodiment of the source table output system and achieve the same beneficial effects, and in order to avoid repetition, the description is omitted here.
Embodiments of the present application also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions that are executed by a processor or control module to cause the processor to perform the pulse output method of the above embodiment, for example, to perform the method described above.
It should be understood that the application is not limited to the particular arrangements and instrumentality described above and shown in the drawings. For the sake of brevity, a detailed description of known methods is omitted here. In the above embodiments, several specific steps are described and shown as examples. The method processes of the present application are not limited to the specific steps described and shown, but various changes, modifications and additions, or the order between steps may be made by those skilled in the art after appreciating the spirit of the present application.
The functional blocks shown in the above block diagrams may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. When implemented in hardware, it may be, for example, an electronic circuit, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), suitable firmware, a plug-in, a function card, or the like. When implemented in software, the elements of the application are the programs or code segments used to perform the required tasks. The program or code segments may be stored in a machine readable medium or transmitted over transmission media or communication links by a data signal carried in a carrier wave. A "machine-readable medium" may include any medium that can store or transfer information. Examples of machine-readable media include electronic circuitry, semiconductor memory devices, ROM, flash memory, erasable ROM (EROM), floppy disks, CD-ROMs, optical disks, hard disks, fiber optic media, radio Frequency (RF) links, and the like. The code segments may be downloaded via computer networks such as the internet, intranets, etc.
It should also be noted that the exemplary embodiments mentioned in this disclosure describe some methods or systems based on a series of steps or devices. The present application is not limited to the order of the above-described steps, that is, the steps may be performed in the order mentioned in the embodiments, or may be performed in a different order from the order in the embodiments, or several steps may be performed simultaneously.
Aspects of the present disclosure are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, enable the implementation of the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. Such a processor may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, an application specific processor, or a field programmable logic circuit. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware which performs the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
In the foregoing, only the specific embodiments of the present application are described, and it will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art that, for convenience and brevity of description, the specific working processes of the systems, modules and units described above may refer to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments, which are not repeated herein. It should be understood that the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any equivalent modifications or substitutions can be easily made by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present application, and they should be included in the scope of the present application.

Claims (10)

1. The pulse output method is characterized by being applied to a source meter output system, wherein the source meter output system comprises a power supply, an energy storage control unit, a positive output capacitor group, a negative output capacitor group, an output power supply circuit, an energy detection unit, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit, and the energy storage control unit, the energy detection unit and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit; the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group are connected between the energy storage control unit and the output power supply circuit; the energy storage control unit is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply to the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the energy detection unit is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the output power supply circuit is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by utilizing the working voltage;
The pulse output method comprises the following steps:
acquiring pulse output setting parameters corresponding to the pulses to be output, which are required to be output by the source table;
Determining a target capacitor group according to the pulse output setting parameters, and controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor group, wherein the target capacitor group is the positive output capacitor group or the negative output capacitor group;
detecting the charging state of the target capacitor group through the energy detection unit;
And under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds an energy output starting preset value, adjusting the working state of the output adjusting unit according to the pulse output setting parameter so that the output adjusting unit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
2. The pulse output method of claim 1, wherein the controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor bank comprises:
controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor bank at a first charging speed under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds an output energy high threshold;
Controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor bank at a second charging speed under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank is lower than an output energy low threshold; the second charging speed is lower than the first charging speed, the output energy high threshold is higher than the output energy low threshold, and the energy output starting preset value is not lower than the output energy high threshold;
And controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor group at the charging speed in the previous state under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor group is between the output energy high threshold and the output energy low threshold.
3. The pulse output method of claim 2, wherein the source table output system further comprises a hardware protection circuit, and the hardware protection circuit is at least used for performing overcurrent protection on the output end of the output adjustment unit.
4. The pulse output method according to claim 3, wherein the hardware protection circuit comprises a plurality of overcurrent protection subcircuits controlled by the main control unit, the plurality of overcurrent protection subcircuits are all used for performing overcurrent protection on the output end of the output adjustment unit, and the overcurrent protection values corresponding to the plurality of overcurrent protection subcircuits are all different;
Before the operation state of the output adjustment unit is adjusted according to the pulse output setting parameter, the pulse output method further includes:
determining a target protection sub-circuit from a plurality of the overcurrent protection sub-circuits according to the pulse output setting parameters, wherein an overcurrent protection value corresponding to the target protection sub-circuit is larger than an amplitude corresponding to the pulse output setting parameters;
enabling the target protection subcircuit.
5. The pulse output method according to claim 1, wherein the positive output capacitor set and the negative output capacitor set have a plurality of groups, the capacitance values of the positive output capacitor sets are different, and the capacitance values of the negative output capacitor sets are different; the target capacitance set is any one of the positive output capacitance set or any one of the negative output capacitance set.
6. The pulse output method according to claim 4, wherein the output adjusting unit comprises an output control unit and a four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit which are connected in sequence;
The adjusting the working state of the output adjusting unit according to the pulse output setting parameter includes:
generating a pulse output control signal according to the pulse output setting parameter;
and adjusting the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit according to the pulse output control signal so that the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
7. The pulse output method of claim 6, wherein the source meter output system further comprises a sampling unit connected to the output control unit, the four-quadrant power supply adjustment circuit comprising a circuit upper arm and a circuit lower arm;
The upper arm of the circuit comprises a first output source, a first voltage stabilizing unit, M first voltage dividing units and M+1 first power MOS tubes which are sequentially connected in series; the M first voltage division units are sequentially connected and connected in series with the first voltage stabilizing units to form a voltage division upper arm circuit, the voltage division upper arm circuit is connected between the positive electrode of the first output source and the output end of the source meter, the first voltage stabilizing units are arranged close to the output end of the source meter, and the negative electrode of the first output source is connected with the output ground end of the source meter; the drain electrode of the first power MOS tube at the last position is connected with the positive electrode of the first output source, the source electrode of the first power MOS tube at the first position is connected with the output end of the source meter, the drain electrode of the first power MOS tube at the previous position is connected with the source electrode of the first power MOS tube at the next position, and the grid electrodes of the M first power MOS tubes at the second position to the last position are correspondingly connected with one ends of the M first voltage dividing units, which are close to the first voltage stabilizing unit; the source meter output end and the source meter output ground end are used for connecting a unit to be tested; m is a positive integer;
The lower arm of the circuit comprises a second output source, a second voltage stabilizing unit, M second voltage dividing units and M+1 second power MOS tubes which are sequentially connected in series; the M second voltage-dividing units are sequentially connected and connected in series with the second voltage-stabilizing units to form a voltage-dividing lower arm circuit, the voltage-dividing lower arm circuit is connected between the negative electrode of the second output source and the output end of the source meter, the second voltage-stabilizing units are arranged close to the output end of the source meter, and the positive electrode of the second output source is connected with the output ground end of the source meter; the drain electrode of the second power MOS tube at the last position is connected with the negative electrode of the second output source, the source electrode of the second power MOS tube at the first position is connected with the output end of the source meter, the drain electrode of the second power MOS tube at the previous position is connected with the source electrode of the second power MOS tube at the next position, and the grid electrodes of the M second power MOS tubes from the second position to the last position are correspondingly connected with one ends of the M second voltage division units close to the second voltage stabilizing unit; the polarity of the second power MOS tube is opposite to that of the first power MOS tube; the grid electrode of the first power MOS tube and the grid electrode of the first second power MOS tube are connected with the output control unit; the first output source and the second output source are provided with energy sources by the output power supply circuit;
The sampling unit is used for collecting detection voltage between the output ground end of the source meter and the output end of the source meter;
the adjusting the four-quadrant power supply adjusting circuit according to the pulse output control signal comprises:
Determining a set output voltage of the pulse output control signal at the current moment;
Acquiring the detection voltage at the current time acquired by the sampling unit;
and controlling the working states of the M+1 first power MOS transistors and/or the M+1 second power MOS transistors according to the set output voltage and the detection voltage so as to output the pulse signals.
8. The pulse output device is characterized by being applied to a source meter output system, wherein the source meter output system comprises a power supply, an energy storage control unit, a positive output capacitor group, a negative output capacitor group, an output power supply circuit, an energy detection unit, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit, and the energy storage control unit, the energy detection unit and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit; the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group are connected between the energy storage control unit and the output power supply circuit; the energy storage control unit is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply to the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the energy detection unit is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the output power supply circuit is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by utilizing the working voltage;
The pulse output apparatus includes:
the parameter acquisition module is used for acquiring pulse output setting parameters corresponding to the pulses to be output, which are required to be output by the source table;
the charging object determining module is used for determining a target capacitor group according to the pulse output setting parameters and controlling the energy storage control unit to charge the target capacitor group, wherein the target capacitor group is the positive output capacitor group or the negative output capacitor group;
the state detection module is used for detecting the charging state of the target capacitor group through the energy detection unit;
and the output control module is used for adjusting the working state of the output adjustment unit according to the pulse output setting parameter under the condition that the charging state indicates that the current energy of the target capacitor bank exceeds an energy output starting preset value, so that the output adjustment unit outputs a pulse signal corresponding to the pulse output setting parameter.
9. The source meter is characterized by comprising a source meter output system, wherein the source meter output system comprises a power supply, an energy storage control unit, a positive output capacitor group, a negative output capacitor group, an output power supply circuit, an energy detection unit, an output adjustment unit and a main control unit, and the energy storage control unit, the energy detection unit and the output adjustment unit are all connected with the main control unit; the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group are connected between the energy storage control unit and the output power supply circuit; the energy storage control unit is used for adjusting the charging states of the power supply to the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the energy detection unit is used for detecting the energy of the positive output capacitor group and the negative output capacitor group; the output power supply circuit is used for providing working voltage by utilizing energy released by the positive output capacitor bank and the negative output capacitor bank; the output adjusting unit is used for outputting a pulse signal by utilizing the working voltage;
Wherein the main control unit is configured to perform the pulse output method according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized by: the computer-readable storage medium stores computer-executable instructions for causing a computer to perform the pulse output method according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
CN202410978496.3A 2024-07-22 2024-07-22 Pulse output method, pulse output device, source table and storage medium Pending CN118523755A (en)

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