CN118339794A

CN118339794A - Dynamic change of waveform associated with wireless communications

Info

Publication number: CN118339794A
Application number: CN202280079381.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 郭泳宇; 李文一; 保罗·马里内尔; N·汗贝吉
Original assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Current assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Priority date: 2021-11-04
Filing date: 2022-11-02
Publication date: 2024-07-12

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools for dynamic change of waveforms for wireless communications are described herein. Examples of hybrid initial access by using a single carrier waveform and a CP-OFDM waveform are provided herein. An initial access related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may be transmitted. The transmission of the initial access-related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may be based on one or more of: carrier frequency, frequency band, subcarrier spacing, and the like. The transmission of the initial access related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may include frequency domain multiplexing of PSS/SSS to reduce time domain resource overhead.

Description

Dynamic change of waveform associated with wireless communications

Cross Reference to Related Applications

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 63/275,813, filed on 4 months 11 of 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Background

Mobile communications using wireless communications continue to evolve. The fifth generation mobile communication Radio Access Technology (RAT) may be referred to as 5G New Radio (NR). The previous generation (legacy) mobile communication RAT may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE).

Disclosure of Invention

Systems, methods, and tools for dynamic change of waveforms associated with wireless communications are described herein.

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) for a plurality of waveform types. The slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may indicate information for a plurality of slots. For example, for a given slot, slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may indicate whether a particular waveform (e.g., one of the first waveform or the second waveform) is indicated for the slot or whether the slot is indicated as flexible (e.g., if the slot is indicated as flexible, the waveform type for the slot may not be fixed and may be selected, for example, based on conditions such as those described herein). As an illustration, using example waveform types of cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (CP-OFDM) and discrete fourier transform-spread-orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM), slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may indicate, for each of a number of slots, whether a slot is indicated as flexible, associated with CP-OFDM, or associated with DFT-s-OFDM. The slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may be based on (e.g., received via) one or more of: radio Resource Control (RRC) configuration; a medium access control element (MAC CE); or Downlink Control Information (DCI) (e.g., WTRU-specific DCI and/or group DCI).

The slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may be received by the WTRU. The slot format configuration information may indicate information for a plurality of slots. For example, the slot format configuration information may indicate whether a first slot has a first waveform type associated with the first slot or is flexible and whether a second slot has a second waveform type associated with the second slot or is flexible. The WTRU may receive a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) transmission in a first time slot. The PDCCH transmission may be received via a waveform of the prioritized waveform type if the first slot is indicated as flexible in the slot format configuration information or via a waveform of the first waveform type if the first waveform type is indicated as associated with the first slot in the slot format configuration information. The PDCCH transmission may include DCI that schedules a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) transmission and indicates an indicated waveform type associated with reception of the PDSCH transmission. The WTRU may receive PDSCH transmissions in the second slot. PDSCH transmissions may be received via a waveform of the indicated waveform type if the second slot is flexible, or may be received via a waveform of the second waveform type if the second waveform type is indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot.

The second waveform type may be indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with a second slot. In an example, a waveform of a second waveform type associated with a second slot may be indicated in the slot format configuration information as a DFT-s-OFDM waveform. In the case where the second slot is indicated as a DFT-s-OFDM waveform in the slot format configuration information, the second slot may carry at least one of: an initial access related signal, a configurable control resource set (CORESET)/Synchronization Signal (SS), or a reference signal for a DFT-s-OFDM waveform. Based on the second waveform type being indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot and the waveform of the second waveform type being indicated as being a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) prior to decoding the PDSCH transmission.

In an example, a waveform of a second waveform type associated with a second slot may be indicated in the slot format configuration information as a CP-OFDM waveform. In the case where the second slot is indicated as a CP-OFDM waveform in the slot format configuration information, the second slot may carry at least one of: an initial access related signal, a configurable control resource set (CORESET)/a Synchronization Signal (SS), or a reference signal for a CP-OFDM waveform. Based on the second waveform type being indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot and the waveform of the second waveform type being indicated as being a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may be configured to decode the PDSCH transmission without applying an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT).

Drawings

Fig. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

Fig. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communication system shown in fig. 1A, in accordance with an embodiment.

Fig. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) that may be used within the communication system shown in fig. 1A, according to an embodiment.

Fig. 1D is a system diagram illustrating another example RAN and another example CN that may be used within the communication system shown in fig. 1A, according to an embodiment.

Fig. 2 shows an example available frequency between 52.6GHz and 71 GHz.

Fig. 3 shows an example available frequency between 71GHz and 100 GHz.

Fig. 4 shows an example of a waveform type indication in CORESET/search space configuration table.

Fig. 5A-5C illustrate examples of different CORESET/search multiplexing modes.

Fig. 6A-6B illustrate examples of different CORESET/search space structures.

Fig. 7-8 illustrate slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) for a plurality of waveforms.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Communication system 100 may be a multiple-access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messages, broadcasts, etc., to a plurality of wireless users. Communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT-spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

As shown in fig. 1A, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RANs 104/113, CNs 106/115, public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) 108, the internet 110, and other networks 112, although it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. As an example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a "station" and/or a "STA") may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include User Equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular telephones, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptop computers, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hot spot or Mi-Fi devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head Mounted Displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., tele-surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or automated processing chain environment), consumer electronic devices, devices operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

Communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and/or base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the internet 110, and/or the other network 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114B may be transceiver base stations (BTSs), node bs, evolved node bs, home evolved node bs, gnbs, NR node bs, site controllers, access Points (APs), wireless routers, and the like. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104/113 that may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as Base Station Controllers (BSCs), radio Network Controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, and the like. Base station 114a and/or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of a cell. In one embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of a cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio Frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable Radio Access Technology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, or the like. For example, a base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) terrestrial radio access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interfaces 115/116/117.WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or evolved HSPA (hspa+). HSPA may include high speed Downlink (DL) packet access (HSDPA) and/or High Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which may use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-advanced (LTE-a) and/or LTE-advanced Pro (LTE-a Pro) to establish the air interface 116.

In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access that may use a New Radio (NR) to establish the air interface 116.

In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, e.g., using a Dual Connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., enbs and gnbs).

In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., wireless fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000 1X, CDMA EV-DO, tentative standard 2000 (IS-2000), tentative standard 95 (IS-95), tentative standard 856 (IS-856), global system for mobile communications (GSM), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 114B in fig. 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, home node B, home evolved node B, or access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connections in local areas such as businesses, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for use by drones), roads, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-a Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a pico cell base station or femto cell base station. As shown in fig. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection with the internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.

The RANs 104/113 may communicate with the CNs 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102 d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, delay requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location based services, prepaid calls, internet connections, video distribution, etc., and/or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in fig. 1A, it should be appreciated that the RANs 104/113 and/or CNs 106/115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RANs 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113 that may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, wiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

The CN 106/115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112.PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS). The internet 110 may include a global system for interconnecting computer networks and devices using common communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), user Datagram Protocol (UDP), and/or Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and/or wireless communication networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RANs 104/113 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in fig. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with a base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

Fig. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in fig. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It should be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of Integrated Circuit (IC), a state machine, or the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functions that enable the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to a transceiver 120, which may be coupled to a transmit/receive element 122. Although fig. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it should be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114 a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to emit and/or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted as a single element in fig. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, therefore, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs (such as NR and IEEE 802.11).

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, and/or a display/touchpad 128, such as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display unit or an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display unit. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. Further, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include Random Access Memory (RAM), read Only Memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a Secure Digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown), and store data in the memory.

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and/or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry battery packs (e.g., nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114 b) over the air interface 116 and/or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software modules and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and/or wired or wireless connections. For example, the number of the cells to be processed, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photographs and/or video), universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibrating devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, wireless communications devices, and the like,Modules, frequency Modulation (FM) radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and/or augmented reality (VR/AR) devices, activity trackers, and the like. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; a geographic position sensor; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and/or humidity sensors.

WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio station may include an interference management unit for reducing and/or substantially eliminating self-interference via hardware (e.g., choke) or via signal processing by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for Uplink (UL) (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)).

Fig. 1C is a system diagram illustrating a RAN 104 and a CN 106 according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using an E-UTRA radio technology. RAN 104 may also communicate with CN 106.

RAN 104 may include enode bs 160a, 160B, 160c, but it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of enode bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The enode bs 160a, 160B, 160c may each include one or more transceivers to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved node bs 160a, 160B, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the enode B160 a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and/or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a, for example.

Each of the evolved node bs 160a, 160B, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in fig. 1C, the enode bs 160a, 160B, 160C may communicate with each other over an X2 interface.

The CN 106 shown in fig. 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved node bs 162a, 162B, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may function as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating the user of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. MME 162 may provide control plane functionality for switching between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved node bs 160a, 160B, 160c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102 c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during inter-enode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available to the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c, managing and storing the contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c, etc.

The SGW 164 may be connected to a PGW 166 that may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to a packet switched network, such as the internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (such as the PSTN 108) to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and legacy landline communication devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.

Although the WTRU is depicted in fig. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in some representative embodiments such a terminal may use a wired communication interface with a communication network (e.g., temporarily or permanently).

In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

A WLAN in an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more Stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic to and/or from the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS and directed to the STA may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may pass the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) a source STA and a destination STA using Direct Link Setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (e.g., all STAs among STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or similar modes of operation, the AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA/CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including the AP, may listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened to/detected by a particular STA and/or determined to be busy, the particular STA may backoff. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

High Throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using 40MHz wide channels, for example, via a combination of a primary 20MHz channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20MHz channel to form a 40MHz wide channel.

Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support channels that are 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and/or 160MHz wide. 40MHz and/or 80MHz channels may be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. The 160MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 consecutive 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels (this may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data may pass through a segment parser that may split the data into two streams. An Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) process and a time domain process may be performed on each stream separately. These streams may be mapped to two 80MHz channels and data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed and the combined data may be sent to a Medium Access Control (MAC).

The 802.11af and 802.11ah support modes of operation below 1 GHz. Channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11 ac. The 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the television white space (TVWS) spectrum, and the 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah may support meter type control/machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including supporting (e.g., supporting only) certain bandwidths and/or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery lives above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery lives).

WLAN systems that can support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by STAs from all STAs operating in the BSS (which support a minimum bandwidth mode of operation). In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only) 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even though the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth modes of operation. The carrier sense and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because the STA (supporting only 1MHz mode of operation) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even though most of the frequency band remains idle and possibly available.

The available frequency band for 802.11ah in the united states is 902MHz to 928MHz. In korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

Fig. 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As noted above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over an air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

RAN 113 may include gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c, but it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gnbs while remaining consistent with one embodiment. Each of the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may include one or more transceivers to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gnbs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from gnbs 180a, 180b, 180 c. Thus, the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and/or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a, for example. In one embodiment, the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation techniques. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on the unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on the licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multipoint (CoMP) techniques. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180 c).

The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with the scalable parameter sets. For example, the OFDM symbol interval and/or OFDM subcarrier interval may vary from one transmission to another, from one cell to another, and/or from one portion of the wireless transmission spectrum to another. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c using various or scalable length subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) (e.g., including different numbers of OFDM symbols and/or continuously varying absolute time lengths).

The gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in an independent configuration and/or in a non-independent configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c may communicate with the gnbs 180a, 180B, 180c while also not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the enode bs 160a, 160B, 160 c). In an independent configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In an independent configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use signals in unlicensed frequency bands to communicate with the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180 c. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c may communicate/connect with the gnbs 180a, 180B, 180c while also communicating/connecting with additional RANs (such as the enode bs 160a, 160B, 160 c). For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gnbs 180a, 180B, 180c and one or more enodebs 160a, 160B, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the enode bs 160a, 160B, 160c may serve as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102c, and the gnbs 180a, 180B, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102B, 102 c.

Each of the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and/or DL, support of network slices, interworking between dual connectivity, NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and so on. As shown in fig. 1D, gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with each other through an Xn interface.

The CN 115 shown in fig. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

AMFs 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may act as control nodes. For example, the AMFs 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slices (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selection of a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMFs 182a, 182b may use network slices to customize CN support for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102 c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-high reliability low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and so on. AMF 162 may provide control plane functionality for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-a Pro, and/or non-3 GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

The SMFs 183a, 183b may be connected to AMFs 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may also be connected to UPFs 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. SMFs 183a, 183b may select and control UPFs 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing through UPFs 184a, 184b. The SMFs 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and assigning WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, ethernet-based, etc.

UPFs 184a, 184b may connect to one or more of the gnbs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to a packet-switched network, such as the internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPFs 184, 184b may perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-host PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

The CN115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may connect to the local Data Networks (DNs) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b through an N3 interface to the UPFs 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

In view of fig. 1A-1D and the corresponding descriptions of fig. 1A-1D, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-B, evolved node bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMFs 182a-B, UPFs 184a-B, SMFs 183a-B, DN185 a-B, and/or any other devices described herein. The emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation device may be used to test other devices and/or analog network and/or WTRU functions.

The simulation device may be designed to enable one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and/or an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices can perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices can perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and/or may perform testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

The one or more emulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device may be used in a test laboratory and/or a test scenario in a non-deployed (e.g., test) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to enable testing of one or more components. The one or more simulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation device to transmit and/or receive data.

The transmission received via the waveform type may be identical to the transmission received via the waveform of the waveform type. The waveform type associated with a slot may be identical to the waveform of the waveform type associated with the slot. A WTRU using a waveform type may be identical to a WTRU using a waveform of the waveform type.

Examples of hybrid initial access by using a single carrier waveform and a CP-OFDM waveform are provided herein. An initial access related signal for the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may be transmitted. The initial access-related signal may include one or more of the following: a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) for a hybrid operation, PRACH resources for waveform determination, a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) having a DFT-S-OFDM waveform and an m-sequence for a DFT-S-OFDM based initial access waveform, a PBCH having a DFT-S-OFDM waveform, a CORESET structure including CORESET #0, or MSG3 in a DFT-S-OFDM waveform.

The PSS used for the hybrid operation may be a PSS based on the Zadoff-Chu signal. If the WTRU blindly detects a PSS based on a Zadoff-Chu signal, the WTRU may determine an initial access waveform based on DFT-S-OFDM. The PSS used for the hybrid operation may be a waveform type indication based on one or more of PSS index (e.g., preamble), synchronization Signal Block (SSB) pattern (e.g., time gap between PSS and SSS), or synchronization raster. The WTRU may determine a waveform for initial access based on the detected PSS index and/or synchronization grating. The PSS used for the hybrid operation may be WTRU prioritization on the initial access waveform operation based on CP-OFDM. The WTRU may include a low-implementation WTRU for CP-OFDM waveforms or an advanced WTRU for CP-OFDM waveforms and DFT-S-OFDM waveforms. The PSS for the hybrid operation may include frequency resources (e.g., other frequency resources) to be utilized.

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) resources for waveform determination may be determined by the WTRU based on a selection of PRACH resources. WTRU determinations may be reported. For a second SSS having a DFT-S-OFDM waveform and an m-sequence for a DFT-S-OFDM based initial access waveform, the WTRU may apply an IDFT for SSS decoding based on the determined initial access waveform. For PBCH with DFT-S-OFDM waveform, based on the determined initial access waveform, the WTRU may apply IDFT for SSS decoding. If the PSS and SSS are common to both the CP-OFDM waveform and the DFT-S-OFDM waveform, a Master Information Block (MIB) may indicate the waveform type for initial access. For the CORESET structure including CORESET #0, based on the determined initial access waveform, the WTRU may detect (e.g., blindly detect) the PDCCH based on a different CORESET structure. For DFT-S-OFDM waveforms, PDCCH data symbols and demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols may be independent for new Resource Element Group (REG) designs. For MSG3 in the DFT-S-OFDM waveform, whether to use the CP-OFDM waveform or the DFT-S-OFDM waveform can be configured through RRC configuration. If the WTRU determines an initial access waveform based on DFT-S-OFDM, the WTRU may (e.g., may always) use DFT-S-OFDM MSG3.

The transmission of the initial access-related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may be based on one or more of: carrier frequency, frequency band, subcarrier spacing, and the like. The transmission of the initial access related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may include frequency domain multiplexing of PSS/SSS to reduce time domain resource overhead. The transmission of the initial access related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may include multiple transmitters to maintain the same back-off (e.g., one Power Amplifier (PA) for SSB and another PA for PDSCH).

Examples of slot level dynamic switching between different waveforms are provided herein. The slot level dynamic switching may include slot format configuration/indication for waveform types (e.g., CP-OFDM, DFT-S-OFDM, or flexible). For a given slot, the slot formation configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may indicate whether a particular waveform (e.g., one of the first waveform or the second waveform) is indicated for the slot, or whether the slot is flexible. The slot formation configuration information may indicate a first waveform type associated with a first slot and a second waveform type associated with a second slot. In an example, the first waveform type may be a CP-OFDM waveform associated with a first time slot (e.g., CP-OFDM time slot). The first time slot (e.g., CP-OFDM time slot) may include an initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, and a Reference Signal (RS) for the CP-OFDM waveform. In an example, the first waveform type may be a DFT-S-OFDM waveform associated with a first time slot (e.g., a DFT-S-OFDM slot). The first time slot (e.g., a DFT-S-OFDM time slot) may include an initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, and RS for the DFT-S-OFDM waveform. If the slot is flexible, the slot may have no signals for initial access and RS, so the WTRU may determine the slot format based on dynamic indications (e.g., symbol level dynamic switching). The waveform determination may be based on the indicated slot format. The application of the waveform specific design may be based on the determined waveform.

Examples of symbol-level dynamic switching between different waveforms (e.g., DFT-S-OFDM and CP-OFDM) are provided herein. The WTRU may determine the waveform for PDSCH reception based on one or more of: a Transmission Configuration Index (TCI) state (e.g., explicit configuration in TCI state) (e.g., SC waveforms for wider beam implementation for better coverage and CP-OFDM for narrow beams); or PDSCH scheduling (e.g., modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), frequency Domain Resource Allocation (FDRA) (e.g., scheduled Resource Blocks (RBs)), time Domain Resource Allocation (TDRA) (e.g., explicit configuration in TDRA)). Examples of BWP-level dynamic switching between different waveforms are provided herein. Waveforms may be configured for each bandwidth portion (BWP).

Examples of expected WTRU behavior based on the determined waveforms are provided herein. Examples of expected WTRU behavior may be DMRS structure and bundling type (e.g., subband or wideband) or Channel State Information (CSI) reporting (assuming in the indicated waveform). For example, DFT-S-OFDM transmission may support (e.g., may support only) type 1DMRS and/or wideband bundling. Different CSI reporting parameters (e.g., wideband or subband) may be supported, such as power offset/backoff/headroom (e.g., per Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)) in CSI reporting or CSI reporting configurations. In examples, CSI reporting may be based on WTRU reporting/recommendation regarding waveform selection, frequency resources (e.g., neighbor/subset subbands), or CSI reporting settings (including waveforms in the settings). In an example, the CSI report may be based on the application of different codebook subset restrictions (CBSR) for CP-OFDM/DFT-S-OFDM waveforms or dynamic indication of PC (power ratio between CSI-RS/SSB) or CBSR. In an example, the CSI report may be based on a dynamic indication of the power offset (e.g., based on an explicit indication in one or more of RRC, MAC CE, or DCI, or based on an implicit indication).

Examples of dynamic waveform switching in higher frequencies are provided herein. In the higher frequency band, efficient transmission power processing may be required, as high transmission power may be required to overcome the increased path loss. The power amplifier efficiency may degrade with increasing frequency. However, reduced power backoff may be desirable, and CP-OFDM waveforms in DL NR may require high PAPR and corresponding large backoff for signal transmission. The use of single carrier waveforms, including DFT-s-OFDM waveforms and single carrier-quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) waveforms, may be suggested for higher frequency bands. From various evaluation results, the single carrier waveform may provide performance benefits in a low modulation and line of sight (LOS) environment. However, single carrier waveforms may not provide benefits in high modulation (which may be due to increased peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and corresponding high power back-off) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments (which may be due to inter-symbol interference from multipath). Examples are provided herein associated with WTRUs that efficiently support multiple waveforms in higher frequencies.

Examples of hybrid initial access by using a single carrier waveform and a CP-OFDM waveform are provided herein. An initial access related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may be transmitted. The initial access-related signal may include one or more of the following: PSS for hybrid operation; PRACH resources for waveform determination; SSS having a DFT-S-OFDM waveform and an m-sequence for a DFT-S-OFDM based initial access waveform; PBCH with DFT-S-OFDM waveform; a CORESET structure comprising CORESET # 0; or MSG3 in DFT-S-OFDM.

The PSS used for the hybrid operation may be a PSS based on the Zadoff-Chu signal. If the WTRU blindly detects a PSS based on a Zadoff-Chu signal, the WTRU may determine an initial access waveform based on DFT-S-OFDM. The PSS for the mixing operation may be based on a waveform type indication of one or more of the following: PSS index (e.g., preamble); SSB mode (e.g., time gap between PSS and SSS); or a synchronization grating. The WTRU may determine a waveform for initial access based on the detected PSS index and/or synchronization grating. The PSS used for the hybrid operation may be WTRU prioritization on the initial access waveform operation based on CP-OFDM. The WTRU may include a low performing WTRU in the CP-OFDM waveform or an advanced WTRU for the CP-OFDM waveform and DFT-S-OFDM waveform. The PSS for the hybrid operation may include frequency resources (e.g., other frequency resources) to be utilized.

The PRACH resources used for waveform determination may be determined by the WTRU based on a selection of PRACH resources. WTRU determinations may be reported. For SSS having a DFT-S-OFDM waveform and an m-sequence for a DFT-S-OFDM based initial access waveform, the WTRU may apply IDFT for SSS decoding based on the determined initial access waveform. For PBCH with DFT-S-OFDM waveform, based on the determined initial access waveform, the WTRU may apply IDFT for SSS decoding. If the PSS and SSS are common to both the CP-OFDM waveform and the DFT-S-OFDM waveform, the MIB may indicate the waveform type for initial access. For the CORESET structure including CORESET #0, based on the determined initial access waveform, the WTRU may detect (e.g., blindly detect) the PDCCH based on a different CORESET structure. For DFT-S-OFDM waveforms, the PDCCH data symbols and DMRS symbols may be independent for the new REG design. For MSG3 in the DFT-S-OFDM waveform, whether to use the CP-OFDM waveform or the DFT-S-OFDM waveform can be configured through RRC configuration. If the WTRU determines an initial access waveform based on DFT-S-OFDM, the WTRU may (e.g., may always) use DFT-S-OFDM MSG3.

The transmission of the initial access-related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may be based on one or more of: a carrier frequency; a frequency band; subcarrier spacing; etc. The transmission of the initial access related signal for both the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may include frequency domain multiplexing of PSS/SSS to reduce time domain resource overhead. The transmission of the initial access related signals for the DFT-S-OFDM waveform and the CP-OFDM waveform may include multiple transmitters to maintain the same back-off (e.g., one PA for SSB and another PA for PDSCH).

Examples of slot level dynamic switching between different waveforms are provided herein. The slot level dynamic switching may include slot format configuration/indication for waveform types (e.g., CP-OFDM, DFT-S-OFDM, or flexible). The CP-OFDM slot (e.g., which is not flexible) may include an initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, and RS for the CP-OFDM waveform. The DFT-S-OFDM slot (e.g., which is not flexible) may include the initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, and RS for the DFT-S-OFDM waveform. The flexible slot may have no signals for initial access and RS, so the WTRU may determine the slot format based on dynamic indications (e.g., symbol level dynamic switching). The waveform determination may be based on the indicated slot format. The application of the waveform specific design may be based on the determined waveform.

Examples of symbol-level dynamic switching between different waveforms (e.g., DFT-S-OFDM and CP-OFDM) are provided herein. The WTRU may determine the waveform for PDSCH reception based on one or more of: TCI state (e.g., explicit configuration in TCI state) (e.g., SC waveforms for wider beam implementation for better coverage and CP-OFDM for narrow beams); PDSCH scheduling (e.g., MCS, FDRA (e.g., scheduled RBs) or TDRA (e.g., explicit configuration in TDRA)). Examples of BWP level dynamic switching between different waveforms are provided herein. Waveforms may be configured for each BWP.

Examples of expected WTRU behavior based on the determined waveforms are provided herein. Examples of expected WTRU behavior may be DMRS structure and bundling type (e.g., subband or wideband) or CSI reporting (assuming in the indicated waveform). The DFT-S-OFDM transmission may support (e.g., may support only) type 1DMRS and/or wideband bundling. Different CSI reporting parameters (e.g., wideband or subband) may be supported, such as power offset/backoff/headroom (e.g., per PMI) in CSI reporting or CSI reporting configurations. In an example, the CSI report may be based on at least one of WTRU reporting/recommendation regarding waveform selection, frequency resources (e.g., neighbor/subset subbands), or CSI reporting settings (including waveforms in the settings). In an example, the CSI report may be based on at least one of an application of different CBSR for CP-OFDM/DFT-S-OFDM waveforms, a PC (power ratio between CSI-RS/SSB), or a dynamic indication of CBSR. In an example, CSI reporting may be based on a dynamic indication of power offset.

Fig. 2 shows an example available frequency between 52.6GHz and 71 GHz. Fig. 3 shows an example available frequency between 71GHz and 100 GHz. In an example, (e.g., new Radio (NR)) may provide over 52.6GHz. There is a minimum of 5GHz of frequency spectrum (between 57GHz and 64 GHz) available for unlicensed operation worldwide, and up to 14GHz of frequency spectrum (between 57GHz and 71 GHz) available for unlicensed operation in some countries. A minimum of 10GHz of spectrum (between 71GHz to 76GHz and 81GHz to 86 GHz) is found worldwide for licensed operation, and up to 18GHz of spectrum (between 71GHz to 114.25 GHz) is found in some countries for licensed operation. The frequency range above 52.6GHz may include a larger spectrum allocation and a larger bandwidth that are not available for frequency bands below 52.6GHz. The physical layer channel of NR can be designed to be optimized for use below 52.6GHz.

To achieve and optimize NR systems, frequencies above 52.6GHz can face challenges compared to lower frequency bands, such as higher phase noise, significant propagation loss due to higher atmospheric absorption, lower power amplifier efficiency, and higher power spectral density regulatory requirements.

Efficient transmission power processing may be desirable because high transmission power may be required to overcome increased path loss in the higher frequency band. However, power amplifier efficiency may degrade with increasing frequency. Given the reduced efficiency of the power amplifier, it may be desirable to reduce the power backoff in the higher frequency band. However, cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (CP-OFDM) in DL (e.g., in downlink NR, which may be used as an example herein) may require a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and a corresponding large back-off for signal transmission. The utilization of single carrier waveforms may include DFT-s-OFDM and SC-QAM for higher frequency bands. Single carrier waveforms may provide performance benefits in low modulation and LOS environments with low PAPR. However, single carrier waveforms may not provide benefits in high modulation (which may be due to increased PAPR and corresponding high power back-off), NLOS environments (which may be due to inter-symbol interference from multipath).

Examples are provided herein that implement an initial access procedure based on a plurality of waveforms. Examples are provided herein to enable slot level dynamic switching between different waveforms. Examples are provided herein to enable symbol-level dynamic switching between different waveforms. Examples are provided herein to enable BWP-level dynamic switching between different waveforms. Examples are provided herein to implement CSI reporting based on multiple waveforms.

The WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or a reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term "beam" may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as that used to receive an RS (such as a CSI-RS) or Synchronization Signal (SS) block. The WTRU transmissions may be referred to as a "target" and the received RS or SS blocks may be referred to as "reference" or "source". The WTRU may purportedly transmit a target physical channel or signal based on a spatial relationship referencing such RS or SS blocks.

The WTRU may transmit the first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as that used to transmit the second physical channel or signal. The first transmission and the second transmission may be referred to as a "target" and a "reference" (or "source"), respectively. The WTRU may purportedly transmit a first (target) physical channel or signal based on a spatial relationship with respect to a second (reference) physical channel or signal.

The spatial relationship may be implicit, configured by RRC, or signaled by MAC CE or DCI. In an example, the WTRU may (e.g., may implicitly) transmit DM-RSs of PUSCH and PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as the SRS indicated in the DCI or indicated by a RRC configured Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) resource indicator (SRI). In an example, the spatial relationship may be configured by RRC for SRI or signaled by MAC CE for PUCCH. The spatial relationship may (e.g., also) be referred to as a "beam indication".

The WTRU may receive the first (target) downlink channel or signal based on the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameters as the second (reference) downlink channel or signal. There may be an association between a physical channel such as PDCCH or PDSCH and its corresponding DM-RS. If at least the first signal and the second signal are reference signals, then an association may exist if the WTRU is configured with a quasi co-located (QCL) hypothesis type D between the corresponding antenna ports. An association (e.g., such an association) may be configured to transmit a configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may indicate the association between CSI-RS or SS blocks and DM-RS by an index to the TCI state set (configured by RRC and/or signaled by MAC CE). An indication (e.g., such an indication) may (e.g., also) be referred to as a "beam indication".

Examples of hybrid initial access based on multiple waveforms are provided herein. The new waveform may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: DFT-s-OFDM waveforms, (single carrier-frequency domain multiple access) SC-FDMA waveforms, nxsc-FDMA waveforms, clustered DFT-s-OFDM waveforms, SC-QAM waveforms, single carrier-frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) waveforms, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) waveforms, or universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) waveforms. Signals may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: SRS, channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS), DM-RS, phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), or SSB. Channels may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: PDCCH, PDSCH, physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), and the like. The WTRU may determine a waveform for initial access. The WTRU may apply the determined waveform for an initial access procedure (e.g., the initial access procedure remaining after detection). The determination may be based on one or more of the following: parameters of synchronization signals, associated PRACH resources and/or PRACH sequences, physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) parameters, CORESET/search space configuration of CORESET # 0/search space #0, carrier frequencies, frequency bands and/or frequency band ranges (FR 2-1 or FR 2-2), or subcarrier spacing (SCS).

The parameter of the synchronization signal may include a multiplexing mode of the synchronization signal. The WTRU may determine a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM) if the WTRU detects a first SSB mode (e.g., frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM)). If the WTRU detects a second SSB pattern (e.g., time Domain Multiplexing (TDM)), the WTRU may determine a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform).

For associated PRACH resources and/or PRACH sequences, the WTRU may report its preferred waveform for initial access by transmitting one or more PRACH in the associated PRACH resources/sequences. If the WTRU determines to use the first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may transmit one or more PRACH in the first PRACH resource and/or through the first PRACH sequence. If the WTRU determines to use the second waveform (e.g., the new waveform), the WTRU may transmit one or more PRACH in the second PRACH resource and/or through the second PRACH sequence.

For PBCH parameters, the WTRU may determine a waveform for initial access based on the PBCH. The WTRU may determine the waveform based on one or more of the following parameters of the PBCH: PBCH DMRS pattern; PBCH DMRS sequences; or MIB.

For the PBCH DMRS pattern, the WTRU may determine the waveform based on the PBCH DMRS pattern. The WTRU may determine a first waveform if the WTRU detects a first PBCH DMRS pattern. The WTRU may determine a second waveform if the WTRU detects a second PBCH DMRS pattern.

For PBCH DMRS sequences, the WTRU may determine the waveform based on the PBCH DMRS sequence type. The WTRU may determine a first waveform if the WTRU detects a PBCH DMRS sequence of a first type. The WTRU may determine a second waveform if the WTRU detects a PBCH DMRS sequence of a second type.

For the MIB, a field in the MIB may indicate a waveform type for initial access.

For the CORESET/search space configuration of CORESET #0/search space#0, the WTRU may determine a waveform for initial access based on the CORESET #0/search space#0 configuration. The WTRU may determine the waveform based on one or more of the following configurations of CORESET # 0/search space # 0: an explicit indication of CORESET # 0/search space #0 configuration; SS/PBCH blocks and control resource set multiplexing mode; number of RBs; number of symbols; offset; or a threshold X, Y, Z based on one or more of a predefined value, a value configured by the gNB, and a value reported by the WTRU (e.g., via WTRU capability signaling).

FIG. 4 illustrates an example waveform type indication in CORESET/search space configuration table. For an explicit indication of CORESET #0/search space#0 configuration, the column of CORESET #0/search space#0 configuration may indicate the waveform type. The WTRU may receive an index of CORESET # 0/search space #0 configuration. Based on the index, the WTRU may determine a waveform type for initial access.

Fig. 5A-5C illustrate examples of different CORESET/search multiplexing modes. For the SS/PBCH block and control resource set multiplexing mode, the WTRU may determine a waveform based on the indicated SS/PBCH block and control resource set multiplexing mode. The WTRU may determine the first waveform if the indicated multiplexing mode is a first multiplexing mode (e.g., mode 1 or Time Domain Duplexing (TDD) as shown in fig. 5A). The WTRU may determine a second waveform if the indicated multiplexing mode is a second multiplexing mode (e.g., mode 2/3 or TDD and/or FDD as shown in fig. 5B-5C).

For the number of RBs, the WTRU may determine a waveform based on the indicated number of RBs CORESET # 0/search space # 0. The WTRU may determine a first waveform if the indicated number of RBs is greater than a threshold X. The WTRU may determine a second waveform if the indicated number of RBs is less than (or equal to) a threshold X.

For the number of symbols, the WTRU may determine the waveform based on the indicated number of symbols CORESET # 0/search space # 0. The WTRU may determine a first waveform if the number of indicated symbols is greater than a threshold Y. The WTRU may determine a second waveform if the number of indicated symbols is less than (or equal to) a threshold Y.

For an offset, the WTRU may determine a waveform based on the indicated CORESET # 0/search space #0 offset. The WTRU may determine a first waveform if the indicated offset is greater than a threshold Z. The WTRU may determine a second waveform if the indicated offset is less than (or equal to) a threshold Z.

In an example, the WTRU may apply one or more of the following operations for initial access based on the determined waveform: waveforms of SSS, waveforms of message 3 (MSG 3), different CORESET/search space structures, different PRACH resources and/or PRACH sequences, or different SCS.

For waveforms of the SSS, the WTRU may determine the waveform of the SSS based on the detected waveform of the PSS. If the WTRU detects a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may blindly detect an SSS sequence (e.g., m-sequence) without applying an IDFT. If the WTRU detects a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may apply an IDFT prior to SSS detection or detect SSS by assuming a different sequence (e.g., a Zadoff-Chu sequence).

For the waveform of message 3 (MSG 3), the WTRU may determine the waveform of MSG3 based on the determined waveform. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may transmit MSG3 based on the gNB configuration (whether the first waveform or the second waveform is used, e.g., MSG 3-transformPrecoding). If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may apply DFT precoding for MSG3 transmission regardless of the gNB configuration.

Fig. 6A-6B illustrate examples of different CORESET/search space structures. For different CORESET/search space structures, the WTRU may assume a different CORESET/search space structure for blind detection of PDCCH. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may assume a REG in a symbol with frequency domain multiplexing (FDMed) control information and PDCCH DM-RS. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may assume that there are time domain multiplexing (TDMed) control information and REGs in two or more symbols of the PDCCH DM-RS.

In an example, the WTRU may assume parameters for CORESET/search space construction. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may assume a first parameter for CORESET/search space configuration. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may assume a second parameter for CORESET/search space configuration. The parameter may be one or more of the following: the number of REGs per CCE, the minimum and/or maximum duration of CORESET, or the number of REs per REG (e.g., 6 or 12).

In an example, the WTRU may apply the determined waveform to control information of the PDCCH. If the WTRU detects a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may blindly detect the PDCCH without applying an IDFT. If the WTRU detects a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may apply an IDFT prior to PDCCH detection.

For different PRACH resources and/or PRACH sequences, the WTRU may transmit one or more PRACH in the associated PRACH resource/sequence with the determined waveform type. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may transmit one or more PRACH in the first PRACH resource and/or through the first PRACH sequence. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may transmit one or more PRACH in the second PRACH resource and/or through the second PRACH sequence.

For different SCSs, the WTRU may determine the SCS based on the determined waveform type. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM), the WTRU may use a first SCS (e.g., 120 kHz) for its operation. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may use a second SCS (e.g., 480kHz or 960 kHz) for its operation.

Examples of primary synchronization signals for mixed waveform operation are provided herein. The WTRU may receive an SS/PBCH block (SSB). The SS/PBCH block may carry one or more of the following: PSS, SSS, PBCH or PBCH DMRS. The term PSS may be used to refer to content, information, payload and/or bit sequences. As a first step in SS/PBCH block recovery and cell search, PSS sequences may be used to extract the strongest correlated spike.

In an example, the sequence for PSS may be an m-sequence of length-127 generated based on the cell ID (e.g., nid2 e {0,1,2 }). The PSS sequence may be generated as d_pss (n) =1-2 x (m) based on the generator polynomial x (i+7) = { (x (i+4) +x (i)) mod 2}, and three cyclic shifts with m= { (n+43×nid2) mod 127} where 0+.n <127. The WTRU may expect to receive a PSS sequence within one SS/PBCH block, which is in the first symbol relative in time to the start of the SS/PBCH block, and mapped by subcarrier numbers 56-182 relative in frequency to the start of the SS/PBCH block.

During cell search, the WTRU may use the synchronization grating to determine the frequency location of the SS/PBCH block (e.g., if there is no explicit signaling of the SS/PBCH block). The WTRU may generate possible sequences (e.g., all possible sequences) for the PSS and then perform the corresponding correlation function to detect the strongest peak. If the detection of the correlation peak is successful, the WTRU may determine a corresponding PSS sequence and a corresponding cell ID (e.g., NID 2).

In an example, the reference PSS sequence may be centered in frequency with respect to SS/PBCH block frequency allocation. If the detection of the PSS is successful, the WTRU may determine a frequency offset (e.g., a primary frequency offset) relative to the center frequency of the carrier. The WTRU may estimate a synchronization time offset (e.g., via a timer) based on the detected PSS sequence. The WTRU may use the determined frequency and time offset (e.g., via a timer) for the reception procedure and OFDM demodulation of the content (e.g., the remaining content) of the SS/PBCH block.

Hereinafter, the terms PSS, SS/PBCH block, SSS, PBCH and PBCH DM-RS are used interchangeably.

In operation in higher frequencies, the WTRU may need to support multiple waveforms. The waveform may be based on OFDM modulation with or without transform precoding enabled. Wherein a transmission procedure enabling transform precoding may be used interchangeably with DFT-S-OFDM waveform, SC-FDMA waveform, or SC-QAM waveform. A transmission procedure in which transform precoding is not enabled may be used interchangeably with CP-OFDM waveforms.

The WTRU may support multiple waveforms when operating in high frequency. Thus, the WTRU may need to identify and support the operation mode based on different waveforms during initial access.

Examples of operating mode indications generated based on PSS sequences are provided herein. One or more sequence generation sets may be used, defined, configured, or determined, wherein each sequence set may be associated with an operational mode.

The WTRU may perform (e.g., blind) detection based on different sequence sets during system acquisition. If the WTRU detects a PSS sequence based on the first sequence generation set, the WTRU may perform a first mode of operation associated with the first sequence generation set. If the WTRU detects a PSS sequence based on the second sequence generation set, the WTRU may perform a second mode of operation associated with the second sequence generation set, and so on.

The m-sequence may be used as one of a sequence generation set for PSS generation. If the WTRU identifies that the PSS sequence is generated based on the set of m-sequences, the WTRU may determine to operate based on an operation mode associated with detection of the m-sequences for the PSS sequence (e.g., based on a transmission and/or reception procedure of the CP-OFDM waveform).

The Zadoff-Chu sequence may be used as a set (e.g., as another set) for PSS sequence generation. If the WTRU identifies that the PSS sequence is generated based on the Zadoff-Chu sequence set, the WTRU may determine to operate based on an operation mode associated with detection of the Zadoff-Chu generated PSS (e.g., based on a transmission and/or reception procedure of the DFT-S-OFDM waveform).

In an example, the Zadoff-Chu sequence for PSS may be generated by d_pss (n) =xu ((n+c) mod 127), where 0+.n <127 and u is a preconfigured root sequence. xu is a generator polynomial that can be defined as xu (i) =exp (-jpi i (i+1)/127). Parameter C is a cyclic shift, which may be defined as c= { (n+43×nid2) mod127 } for nid2 e {0,1,2 }.

Examples of operation mode indication based on PSS index, SS/PBCH block mode, and synchronization raster are provided herein. The WTRU may identify one or more modes of operation based on parameters and indexes used in the generation of the PSS sequence. Different ranges and/or thresholds for different parameters in PSS sequence generation may be used, defined, configured or determined. The range and/or threshold may be mutually exclusive from another range and/or threshold.

If the detection of the PSS sequence during system acquisition is successful, the WTRU may determine parameters used in the generation of the PSS sequence. The WTRU may perform a first mode of operation associated with the first range and/or threshold if the WTRU detects a PSS sequence generated based on parameters within the first range and/or threshold. If the WTRU detects a PSS sequence generated based on parameters within a second range and/or threshold, the WTRU may perform a second mode of operation associated with the second range and/or threshold, and so on.

In an example, one or more values of a cell id (e.g., NID 2) may be used, defined, configured, or determined to generate a PSS sequence based on an m sequence, where the cell id (e.g., NID 2) may be used to indicate an operational mode. If the WTRU determines that NID2 detected from the PSS sequence belongs to a first set of values, the WTRU may determine to operate based on a first mode of operation. If the WTRU determines that NID2 detected from the PSS sequence belongs to a second set of values, the WTRU may determine to operate based on a second mode of operation.

In an example, one or more values of a root sequence and/or a cell id (e.g., NID 2) may be used, defined, configured, or determined to generate a PSS sequence based on a Zadoff-Chu sequence, where the cell id (e.g., NID 2) may be used to indicate an operational mode. If the WTRU determines that the root sequence and/or NID2 detected from the PSS sequence belongs to the first set of values, the WTRU may determine to operate based on the first mode of operation. If the WTRU determines that the root sequence and/or NID2 detected from the PSS sequence belongs to the second set of values, the WTRU may determine to operate based on the second mode of operation.

In an example, one or more synchronization grating sets may be used, defined, configured, or determined, where a synchronization grating set (e.g., each of the synchronization grating sets) may be a subset of the channel grating. A set of synchronization gratings (e.g., two sets) may be used, defined, or configured corresponding to a channel grating. One or more of the following may apply: one synchronization grating set may be mutually exclusive from another synchronization grating set; the synchronization grating may be determined based on a step size that may be an integer multiple of the channel grating step size (e.g., the coefficients corresponding to one synchronization grating set may be different from the coefficients corresponding to another synchronization grating set); a synchronization grating may be determined based on a starting offset corresponding to the channel grating, wherein the starting offset corresponding to one synchronization grating set may be different from the starting offset corresponding to another synchronization grating set; the first RF reference frequency may be used for a first set of synchronization gratings and the second RF reference frequency may be used for a second set of synchronization gratings (e.g., the first RF reference frequency may be mutually exclusive from the second RF reference frequency); or the number of synchronized grating sets for operating the frequency band may be determined based on the frequency band, duplexing mode (e.g., TDD or FDD), and/or geographic location (e.g., country, region identification).

One or more synchronization grating sets may be used, and a synchronization grating set (e.g., each synchronization grating set) may be associated with an operating mode. If the WTRU detects an SS/PBCH block or a corresponding PSS in the first synchronization grating set, the WTRU may perform a first mode of operation associated with the first synchronization grating set; if the WTRU detects a synchronization signal in the second synchronization grating set, the WTRU may perform a second mode of operation associated with the second synchronization grating set, and so on.

One or more modes for SS/PBCH blocks may be used, defined, configured, or determined. The SS/PBCH block mode (e.g., each SS/PBCH block mode) may be associated with an operation mode. In an example, the SS/PBCH block mode may include a PSS sequence having a length longer than 127. There may be a time gap between PSS and SSs within the same SS/PBCH block. The WTRU may perform a first mode of operation associated with a first mode if the WTRU detects an SS/PBCH block or a corresponding PSS having a first SS/PBCH block mode. If the WTRU detects an SS/PBCH block or corresponding PSS with a second SS/PBCH block mode, the WTRU may perform a second mode of operation associated with the second SS/PBCH block mode, and so on.

Examples of modes of operation in mixed waveform operation are provided herein. The modes of operation may include one or more of the following: SSS reception, PBCH reception, SS/PBCH block (SSB) configuration, CORESET #0 configuration, type 0PDCCH search space monitoring, or transform precoding and/or waveform configuration.

For SSS reception, if the WTRU determines that the detected SS/PBCH block or PSS indicates the first mode of operation, the WTRU may detect or receive the corresponding SSS in the first mode of operation. If the WTRU determines that the detected SS/PBCH block or PSS indicates a second mode of operation, the WTRU may detect or receive a corresponding SSS in the second mode of operation. The reception procedure and/or demodulation for SSS may differ based on the mode of operation. The set of sequences for SSSs may differ based on the mode of operation. The time and frequency allocations of SSSs may vary based on the mode of operation. The SSS-based channel estimation and the determination of the strongest SSS received may differ based on the mode of operation.

For PBCH reception, if the WTRU determines that the detected SS/PBCH block or PSS indicates the first mode of operation, the WTRU may detect or receive the corresponding PBCH in the first mode of operation. If the WTRU determines that the detected SS/PBCH block or PSS indicates the second mode of operation, the WTRU may detect or receive a corresponding PBCH in the second mode of operation. The reception procedure (including equalization) and/or demodulation for the PBCH may be different based on the mode of operation. The time and frequency allocations for the PBCH may be different based on the mode of operation. The reception procedure for the PBCH DM-RS may be different based on the operation mode. The sequence set for the PBCH DM-RS may be different based on the operation mode. The time and frequency allocation of the PBCH DMRS may be different based on the operation mode. The channel estimation based on the PBCH DM-RS, the determination of the strongest PBCH DM-RS (e.g., based on the received SNR), and the identification of the index of the corresponding PBCH DM-RS may differ based on the mode of operation.

For SS/PBCH block (SSB) configuration, the time and frequency allocations for SS/PBCH blocks may be different based on the mode of operation. The reception procedure and/or demodulation for SS/PBCH blocks may differ based on the mode of operation. The WTRU may perform SS/PBCH block detection based on the operation mode that the WTRU has determined from the detected PSS.

For the CORESET #0 configuration, the time and frequency allocations for CORESET #0 associated with the detected SS/PBCH block may be different based on the mode of operation. This may include an offset of multiplexing mode, number of Resource Blocks (RBs), number of symbols, and number of RBs. The reception procedure and/or demodulation for CORESET #0 may differ based on the mode of operation. The WTRU may perform monitoring and CORESET #0 detection based on the operation mode that the WTRU has determined from the detected PSS.

For type 0PDCCH search space monitoring, the time and frequency allocations for type 0PDCCH search spaces associated with detected SS/PBCH blocks may be different based on the mode of operation. The reception procedure and/or demodulation for the type 0PDCCH search space may differ based on the mode of operation. The WTRU may perform monitoring and type 0PDCCH detection based on the operation mode the WTRU has determined from the detected PSS.

For transform precoding and/or waveform configuration, the WTRU may perform a reception procedure assuming that transform precoding (e.g., DFT-S-OFDM) is enabled in the first mode of operation. Assuming that transform precoding (e.g., CP-OFDM) is not enabled in the second mode of operation, the WTRU may perform a reception procedure.

One or more PSS sequence sets, synchronization grating sets, and/or SS/PBCH block configurations may be used, and the WTRU may determine at least one of the following based on the PSS, synchronization set, and/or SS/PBCH block the WTRU receives, detects, or determines for initial access: waveform configuration, transform precoding configuration, licensed or unlicensed spectrum, PBCH type (e.g., which information is included in the PBCH), duplex mode (e.g., TDD, FDD, or HD-FDD), PRACH resource configuration, system bandwidth range, usage (e.g., side link, uu, NTN, etc.), maximum uplink transmission power, blocking of WTRU types, or support of specific functions in the network (e.g., power saving, carrier aggregation, DRX, etc.). For WTRU-type barring (e.g., access barring of certain WTRU types), if SSBs are in the first synchronization grating set, a first type of WTRU (e.g., a limited-capacity WTRU including reduced Rx antennas, supported smaller maximum bandwidths, lower maximum transmission power) may not be allowed to access the cell. Otherwise, the first type of WTRU may be allowed to access the cell.

Examples of slot level dynamic switching between different waveforms (e.g., waveform types) are provided herein. Slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) for different waveform types (e.g., CP-OFDM, DFT-S-OFDM, or flexible) associated with multiple slots may be included. The slot format configuration (e.g., slot format indication) may indicate whether a particular waveform (e.g., first waveform type or second waveform type) is indicated for a slot or whether a slot is indicated as flexible. In an example, the first waveform type associated with the first slot may be a CP-OFDM waveform and the second waveform type associated with the second slot may be a DFT-s-OFDM waveform. In an example, the first waveform type associated with the first slot may be a DFT-s-OFDM waveform and the second waveform type associated with the second slot may be a CP-OFDM waveform. If the second waveform type associated with the second time slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the second time slot may include (e.g., carry) an initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, and/or RS for the CP-OFDM waveform. If the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-S-OFDM waveform, the second slot may include (e.g., carry) an initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, and/or RS for the DFT-S-OFDM waveform. The flexible time slot may not carry signals for initial access and RS. The WTRU may determine a slot format (e.g., determine a waveform type associated with the slot) based on the dynamic indication (e.g., symbol level dynamic switching) (e.g., the slot format may be controlled in the symbol level instead of the slot level, e.g., a number of symbols may be indicated for the waveform type). Examples of waveform determination based on the indicated slot format are provided herein.

Resources may be used interchangeably with one or more of channels, signals, and symbols.

Examples of slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) for dynamic waveform determination are provided herein. The WTRU may receive slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) for a plurality of waveform types associated with a plurality of slots (e.g., each slot may be indicated as being associated with a CP-OFDM waveform, a DFT-S-OFDM waveform, or as being flexible with respect to waveform type). Based on the slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication), the WTRU may receive a dynamic indication of a waveform type for one or more resources. The slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may be based on (e.g., received via) one or more of: RRC configuration; a MAC CE; or DCI (WTRU-specific DCI and/or group DCI).

Fig. 7-8 illustrate slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indications) associated with a plurality of waveforms associated with a plurality of slots (e.g., each slot may be indicated as being associated with a first waveform type, a second waveform type, or as being flexible with respect to waveform type, as shown). For example, a given slot may be indicated for a slot, a particular waveform type, or a slot may be indicated as flexible. In an example, the waveform type may include a CP-OFDM waveform or a DFT-s-OFDM waveform. If a slot is indicated as flexible, the waveform type for the slot may not be fixed and may be selected, for example, based on certain conditions (e.g., such as those described herein).

The slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may indicate one or more of the following: the first waveform type is associated with a slot (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform associated with a first slot as shown in fig. 7-8), the second waveform type is associated with a slot (e.g., a new waveform associated with a third slot as shown in fig. 7 or a DTF-s-OFDM waveform associated with a third slot as shown in fig. 8), or the slot is indicated as flexible (e.g., a second slot as shown in fig. 7-8). The slot indicated as flexible (e.g., the second slot as shown in fig. 7) may not have signals for initial access and RS. The WTRU may determine the waveform type associated with the flexible slot based on a dynamic indication (e.g., symbol level dynamic handoff) or a default waveform type (e.g., a predefined waveform type (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) or a waveform type for initial access).

The WTRU may receive a PDCCH transmission in a first time slot. If the first waveform type is indicated in the slot format configuration as being associated with a first slot, the PDCCH may be received via the first waveform type. The first waveform type indicated for the first time slot may be indicated as a CP-OFDM waveform (e.g., shown as "CP-OFDM" in fig. 7). If the slot format indication indicates "CP-OFDM," the WTRU may support one or more operations for the CP-OFDM waveform. The one or more slots associated with "CP-OFDM" may include one or more signals and channels associated with the CP-OFDM waveform (e.g., one or more of SS/PBCH, search space/CORESET, CSI-RS, PRACH resources, PUCCH resources, and SRS). For one or more time slots indicated as a first waveform type (e.g., such as the "CP-OFDM" shown in fig. 7), the WTRU may receive one or more channels and signals (e.g., PDCCH transmissions) using the first waveform type (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) and associated configuration associated with the first time slot.

If the slot format configuration information received by the WTRU includes a dynamic indication associated with one or more waveform types, the WTRU may not apply the dynamically indicated waveform type to the one or more slots indicated as the first particular waveform (e.g., "CP-OFDM" as shown in fig. 7). If the slot format configuration information received by the WTRU includes a second waveform type associated with another slot for one or more channels and/or signals (e.g., a new waveform indication as shown in fig. 7 or a DFT-s-OFDM waveform as shown in fig. 8), the WTRU may transmit/receive the channels and/or signals using the CP-OFDM waveform in one or more slots indicated as "CP-OFDM".

If the slot format indication indicates a new waveform for the slot (as shown in fig. 7), the WTRU may support one or more operations for the new waveform. The one or more slots associated with the new waveform may include one or more signals and channels (e.g., one or more of SS/PBCH, search space/CORESET, CSI-RS, PRACH resources, PUCCH resources, and SRS) with one or more new waveforms (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM waveforms). For one or more time slots indicated as a new waveform, the WTRU may receive one or more channels and signals using the new waveform and associated configuration.

If the slot format configuration information received by the WTRU includes a dynamic indication of one or more waveform types, the WTRU may not apply the dynamically indicated waveform type to the one or more slots indicated as a new waveform (e.g., as shown in fig. 7). In an example, if the WTRU receives a new waveform indication for one or more channels and/or signals, the WTRU may transmit/receive the channels and/or signals by using the new waveform in one or more time slots indicated as the new waveform. Various types of new waveforms may be used. For example, a DFT-s-OFDM waveform (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8) and an SC-QAM waveform may be used as the new waveform type.

For flexible information, if the WTRU receives a dynamic indication of one or more waveform types (e.g., for one or more of resources, signals, and channels), the WTRU may apply the one or more waveform types to the indicated one or more resources, channels, and signals in a time slot indicated as "flexible. In an example, if the first slot is flexible, the WTRU may receive PDCCH transmissions using a prioritized waveform type (e.g., an initial access waveform or a default waveform). In an example, if the second slot is flexible, the WTRU may receive PDSCH transmissions of the indicated waveform type. For one or more channels and/or signals, the WTRU may transmit/receive the channel and/or signal by using the indicated waveform type in the time slot indicated as "flexible".

The slot format configuration information (e.g., slot format indication) may be based on a bitmap or an indication of the preconfigured resource type. For a bitmap, the WTRU may receive an indication of one or more waveform types through the bitmap. In an example, the code point of the slot (e.g., each code point) may indicate one of "CP-OFDM", "new waveform", and "flexible" (e.g., as shown in fig. 7). For an indication of a preconfigured resource type, the WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of waveform types. The waveform type (e.g., each waveform type) may indicate a waveform type of a slot. Based on the one or more groups, the WTRU may receive an indication of a group for operation.

Examples of resource-level dynamic switching between different waveforms are provided herein. The WTRU may receive an indication of a resource level dynamic handover. The WTRU may receive the indication by receiving one or more of: RRC configuration, MAC CE or DCI. The indication may be based on an explicit indication or an implicit indication.

For explicit indications, a field may indicate a waveform type (e.g., indicated waveform type) of one or more resources. The field of the group DCI or MAC CE signaling may indicate a waveform type of one or more resources (e.g., the indicated waveform type). In an example, the WTRU may receive a waveform type indication for one or more CORESET, search space, PUCCH resources, and PRACH resources. The field of the WTRU-specific DCI may indicate a waveform type of one or more resources (e.g., the indicated waveform type). In an example, the WTRU may receive a waveform type indication (e.g., an indicated waveform type) for one or more signals and/or channels based on DL/UL scheduling DCI (e.g., DCI scheduling PDSCH transmissions). The WTRU may receive a waveform type indicator (e.g., the indicated waveform type) via a PDCCH transmission including DCI scheduling one or more PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions. The WTRU may apply the indicated waveform type (e.g., which may be one of the first waveform type or the second waveform type) to one or more PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions (e.g., for receiving PDSCH transmissions). The MAC CE may signal whether an explicit indication is included in the DCI.

For implicit indication, the waveform type may be indicated by using other indication fields. Other indication fields include one or more of the following: TCI status, radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI), FDRA, TDRA, or MCS.

For TCI states, the WTRU may be configured with one or more TCI states, and the TCI states (e.g., each TCI state) may include a waveform type configuration. The WTRU may receive an indication of one or more TCI states to transmit/receive one or more signals/channels. Based on the indicated one or more TCI states, the WTRU may determine an associated waveform type to transmit/receive one or more signals/channels. If the number of TCI states is greater than 1, one (e.g., only one) of the indicated TCI states may include a waveform type. If the number of TCI states is greater than 1 and the plurality of TCI states indicate waveform types, the WTRU may apply one of the waveform types to transmit/receive one or more signals/channels. In an example, the WTRU may apply the waveform type of the first TCI state.

For RNTI, the WTRU may receive a waveform type indication based on the RNTI. If the scheduling PDCCH is scrambled by the first RNTI, the WTRU may transmit/receive one or more channels/signals using a first waveform type (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform). If the scheduling PDCCH is scrambled by the second RNTI, the WTRU may transmit/receive one or more channels/signals using a second waveform type (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform).

For FDRA, the WTRU may receive a waveform type indication based on the indicated frequency resources. If the WTRU receives an indication of a first set of frequency resources, the WTRU may determine to use a first waveform type (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform). If the WTRU receives an indication of a second set of frequency resources, the WTRU may determine to use a second waveform type (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform). The first and second sets of frequency resources may be predefined, configured by RRC, or signaled by a MAC CE.

For TDRA, the WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of TDRA. One or more TDRA (e.g., each TDRA) may include one or more of a slot offset, a Start and Length Indicator (SLIV), a start symbol S, an allocation length L, a channel map type, a number of repetitions, and a waveform type configuration. The WTRU may receive one or more TDRA indications to transmit/receive one or more signals/channels. Based on the indicated one or more TDRAs, the WTRU may determine an associated waveform type to transmit/receive one or more signals/channels. If the number of TDRA is greater than 1, one (e.g., only one) of the indicated TDRA may include a waveform type. If the number of TCI states is greater than 1 and the plurality TDRA indicates a waveform type, the WTRU may apply one of the waveform types to transmit/receive one or more signals/channels. In an example, the WTRU may apply the waveform type of the first TDRA (e.g., for a single TRP). If the number of TCI states is greater than 1 and the plurality TDRA indicates a waveform type, the WTRU may apply the waveform type (e.g., each waveform type) of TDRA (e.g., each TDRA) to transmit/receive signals/channels associated with TDRA. In an example, the WTRU may apply a first waveform type of the first TDRA to the first PDSCH/PUSCH and a second waveform type of the second TDRA to the second PDSCH/PUSCH (e.g., for multiple TRPs).

For the MCS, the WTRU may receive a waveform type indication based on the indicated MCS. If the WTRU receives an MCS greater than a threshold, the WTRU may determine to use a first waveform type (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform). If the WTRU receives an MCS less than (or equal to) the threshold, the WTRU may determine to use a second waveform type (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform). If the number of MCSs is greater than 1, the WTRU may determine the MCS based on one of the MCSs. In an example, the WTRU may determine the waveform type using a first MCS. The WTRU may determine the MCS based on multiple MCSs. In an example, the WTRU may use an average of multiple MCSs. The indication may be predefined, configured with one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

Examples of BWP level dynamic switching between different waveforms are provided herein. Waveform configuration/determination for BWP may be included. One or more waveforms may be configured for BWP. The one or more waveforms may include, but are not limited to, CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, clustered DFT-s-OFDM, nx SC-FDMA, filtered OFDM, and the like. The first waveform may be used, configured, or determined for the first BWP and the second waveform may be used, configured, or determined for the second BWP. If the WTRU receives one or more downlink channels and/or signals (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, SS/PBCH, reference signals) in BWP, the WTRU may use the waveform determined for BWP to receive the one or more downlink channels and/or signals in BWP. One or more of the following may apply: the type, structure, scheme of one or more downlink channels and/or signals may be determined based on the configured waveforms; or the WTRU may receive, monitor, or attempt to decode a first type of downlink channel and/or signal type associated with a first waveform in BWP (e.g., associated with BWP, configured or determined for BWP).

For types, structures, schemes of one or more downlink channels and/or signals that may be determined based on the configured waveforms, a first PDCCH type may be associated with a first waveform and a second PDCCH type may be associated with a second waveform. REGs or CCE structures may differ based on their associated waveforms. The REG and/or CCE structure may be determined based on at least one of: data RE locations, reference signal locations, REG-to-CCE mapping, or REG bundling. The first PDSCH type may be associated with a first waveform and the second PDSCH type may be associated with a second waveform. DMRS structures may differ based on their associated waveforms. The DMRS structure may be determined based on at least one of: DMRS time/frequency location within PDSCH resources, whether data REs and DM-RS REs are located within the same OFDM symbol, or the type of sequence used for DMRS (e.g., zadoff-Chu, m-sequence, gold sequence). A set of resource allocation types may be used or supported for a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) and a subset of resource allocation types may be used or supported for a second waveform (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM waveform). The WTRU may determine the resource allocation type (e.g., continuous allocation, RBG-based allocation) based on the associated (or configured) waveform of the active BWP.

The waveform for BWP may be determined (e.g., implicitly determined) based on one or more attributes of BWP. The one or more attributes may include at least one of: subcarrier spacing, bandwidth, number of RBs, BWP identity, whether BWP comprises SSB, and whether BWP comprises cell-defined SSB. If the bandwidth (or number of RBs) for BWP is greater than a threshold, the WTRU may determine a first waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform) for BWP. The WTRU may determine (e.g., otherwise determine) a second waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) for BWP. If BWP is greater than a threshold, a single carrier based waveform (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM waveform, clustered DFT-s-OFDM waveform, nx SC-FDMA waveform) may be used in order to reduce PAPR. Otherwise, a multi-carrier based waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) may be used to increase spectral efficiency. The WTRU may determine a first waveform (e.g., a single carrier based waveform) for the initial BWP (or default BWP) to reduce PAPR and support better coverage. The WTRU may determine a second waveform for other BWP based on at least one of the BWP attributes and/or higher layer configuration.

Examples of BWP switching by different waveforms are provided herein. The WTRU may be instructed to switch BWP from a first BWP (e.g., serving BWP) to a second BWP (e.g., target BWP) for DL signal reception and/or UL signal transmission. The first BWP and the second BWP may be associated with the same or different waveforms. One or more of the following may apply: the switching gap (e.g., BWP switching gap) length may be determined based on whether the waveforms are the same (e.g., a first switching gap may be used when the first and second BWP are associated with the same waveform and a second switching gap may be used when the first and second BWP are associated with different waveforms); the DCI triggering the BWP switch may include associated waveform information for the target BWP (e.g., an explicit bit field in the DCI may indicate the waveform, or the scheduling information may implicitly indicate the waveform). For example, if the MCS level indicated for PDSCH scheduling in the target BWP is less than a threshold, a first waveform (e.g., a single carrier based waveform) may be used or determined for the BWP. Otherwise, the second waveform (e.g., a multi-carrier based waveform) may be used or determined for BWP; or if the first waveform and the second waveform are different, a Frequency Domain Resource Allocation (FDRA) field in the DCI triggering the BWP switch may be re-interpreted as a resource allocation type associated with the target BWP.

Examples of scheduling parameter set determinations based on BWP are provided herein. The WTRU may be scheduled to receive one or more downlink channels and/or signals in BWP, and one or more scheduling parameter sets used in BWP may be determined based on an associated waveform for BWP. The scheduling parameter set may include, but is not limited to, MCS level, modulation order, minimum/maximum scheduling bandwidth, DMRS density, DMRS pattern, frequency resource allocation type, time resource allocation type, number of repetitions, number of slot aggregations, number of slots for TBMS configuration, and slot length.

The first set of scheduling parameters may be used for BWP with a first waveform (e.g., a single carrier based waveform) and the second set of scheduling parameters may be used for BWP with a second waveform (e.g., a multi carrier based waveform). The first set of scheduling parameters may include a first subset of modulation orders (e.g., BPSK, QPSK), and the second set of scheduling parameters may include a second subset of modulation orders (e.g., 16QAM and 64 QAM). The first set of scheduling parameters may include a first subset of resource allocation types (e.g., type 1) and the second set of scheduling parameters may include a second subset of resource allocation types (e.g., type 0 and type 1). The type 0 resource allocation may use Resource Block Group (RBG) based resource allocation, and the type 1 resource allocation may use contiguous resource allocation in the frequency domain. If the WTRU is in an active BWP associated with the first waveform, the WTRU may expect to receive PDSCH with one of the modulation orders (or MCSs) within the subset associated with the BWP (or waveform).

Examples of WTRU operation based on the determined waveforms are provided herein. The WTRU may transmit/receive one or more signals and one or more channels using one or more of the following operations: different CORESET/search space structures, PDSCH reception, collision handling, PUSCH transmission, RS transmission, or different SCS.

For different CORESET/search space structures, the WTRU may assume a different CORESET/search space structure for blind detection of PDCCH. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may assume a Resource Element Group (REG) in a symbol with frequency domain multiplexing (FDMed) control information and PDCCH DM-RS. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may assume that there are time domain multiplexing (TDMed) control information and REGs in two or more symbols of the PDCCH DM-RS. The WTRU may assume parameters for CORESET/search space construction. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may assume a first parameter for CORESET/search space configuration. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may assume a second parameter for CORESET/search space configuration. The parameter may be one or more of the following: number of REGs per CCE; CORESET minimum and/or maximum durations; or the number of REs per REG (e.g., 6 or 12). The WTRU may apply the determined waveform to control information of the PDCCH. If the WTRU detects a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may detect the PDCCH without applying an IDFT (e.g., blindly). If the WTRU detects a second waveform (e.g., a new waveform), the WTRU may apply an IDFT prior to PDCCH detection.

The WTRU may receive PDSCH transmissions in the second slot. For PDSCH transmission reception, the WTRU may receive a configuration set for decoding PDSCH transmissions. The WTRU may receive a configuration set of a first waveform type associated with a first time slot and a configuration set of a second waveform type associated with a second time slot. In an example, the first waveform type associated with the first slot may be a CP-OFDM waveform and the second waveform type associated with the second slot may be a DFT-s-OFDM waveform. In other examples, the first waveform type associated with the first slot may be a DFT-s-OFDM waveform and the second waveform type associated with the second slot may be a CP-OFDM waveform. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second time slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of configurations associated with the second waveform type (e.g., the CP-OFDM waveform) to decode the PDSCH transmissions. The set of configurations for decoding PDSCH transmissions (e.g., if the second waveform type is a CP-OFDM waveform) may include one or more of: DMRS configuration (e.g., DMRS pattern) associated with a CP-OFDM waveform, PDSCH mapping type associated with a CP-OFDM waveform, pre-coding resource block group (PRG) configuration associated with a CP-OFDM waveform, or rate matching configuration associated with a CP-OFDM waveform. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of configurations to decode PDSCH transmissions. The set of configurations for decoding PDSCH transmissions (e.g., if the second waveform type is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform) may include one or more of: DMRS configuration (e.g., DMRS pattern) associated with DFT-s-OFDM waveforms; PDSCH mapping type associated with DFT-s-OFDM waveform; a PRG configuration associated with the DFT-s-OFDM waveform; or a rate matching configuration associated with a DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

For DMRS configurations (e.g., DMRS patterns), if the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of DMRS configurations (e.g., DMRS patterns) associated with the CP-OFDM waveform. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of DMRS configurations (e.g., DMRS patterns) associated with the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a DMRS type based on the gNB configuration. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a fixed DMRS type (e.g., type 1 DMRS).

For PRG configurations, if the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of PRG configurations (e.g., candidates) associated with the CP-OFDM waveform. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of PRG configurations (e.g., candidates) associated with the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. The WTRU may receive an indication of PRG configurations in a set of PRG configurations (e.g., candidates) determined for PDSCH reception. In an example, if the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply PRG based on the gNB configuration (e.g., via RRC) and/or the indication (e.g., via DCI). In an example, the WTRU may apply a fixed PRG (e.g., wideband) if the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

For rate matching configurations, if the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second time slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of rate matching configurations (e.g., resources) associated with the CP-OFDM waveform. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second set is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply a set of rate matching configurations (e.g., resources) associated with the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. The WTRU may apply a different rate matching pattern type based on the determined second waveform type. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type associated with the second slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may receive a rate matching indication indicating a bitmap of resource blocks (e.g., in one slot or two slots), periodicity/pattern, CORESET, and SCS. If the WTRU determines that the second waveform type is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may receive a rate matching indication indicating one or more symbols for rate matching (e.g., in one or two slots), periodicity/pattern, CORESET, and SCS. The WTRU may apply the determined second waveform type to decode PDSCH transmissions. If the determined second waveform type associated with the second slot is a CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may decode the PDSCH transmission without applying IDFT. If the determined second waveform type associated with the second slot is a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may apply an IDFT prior to decoding the PDSCH transmission.

For collision handling, the WTRU may determine a priority between the dynamically scheduled PDSCH and the semi-statically configured PUSCH. The WTRU may transmit/receive PDSCH or PUSCH with high priority and ignore PDSCH or PUSCH with low priority. The priority may be as follows: grant (semi-static) channel with configuration of DFT-s-OFDM waveform > grant (semi-static) channel with configuration of CP-OFDM waveform > dynamic grant channel with CP-OFDM waveform.

For PUSCH transmissions, the WTRU may receive a set of configurations for transmitting PUSCH. The WTRU may receive a first set of configurations for a first waveform and a second set of configurations for a second waveform. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a first set of configurations. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a second set of configurations. The configuration may include one or more of the following: DMRS configuration, PUSCH mapping type configuration, or PRG configuration.

For DMRS configuration, if the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a first set of DMRS configurations. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a second set of DMRS configurations. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a DMRS type based on the gNB configuration. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a fixed DMRS type (e.g., a type 1 DMRS).

For PRG configuration, if the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a first set of PRG candidates. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a second PRG candidate set. The WTRU may receive an indication of the determined PRG candidate for PUSCH transmission. If the WTRU determines the first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply PRG based on the gNB configuration (e.g., via RRC) and/or the indication (e.g., via DCI). If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a fixed PRG (e.g., wideband).

For RS transmissions, the WTRU may be a set of configurations for transmitting/receiving rate matching RSs. The WTRU may apply a first set of configurations for the first waveform and a second set of configurations for the second waveform. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a first set of configurations for transmitting/receiving rate-matched RSs. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a second set of configurations associated with the second waveform type (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform) for transmitting/receiving rate-matched RSs. The configuration may include one or more of the following: RS density, periodicity and offset, power control offset, QCL information, resource mapping, scrambling ID, CDM type, density, time domain allocation, frequency band (wideband or partial band), frequency domain allocation, or number of ports. The WTRU may apply different resource mapping pattern types based on the determined waveforms. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may receive one or more bitmaps indicating resource blocks or a resource mapping pattern of one or more CDMs (e.g., in a slot). If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may receive a resource mapping pattern indicating one or more comb patterns (e.g., in a slot). If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a CDM type based on the gNB configuration (e.g., based on the CDM type). If the WTRU determines the second waveform (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may apply a fixed DMRS type (e.g., without CDM).

For different SCSs, the WTRU may determine the SCS based on the determined waveform type. If the WTRU determines a first waveform (e.g., a CP-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may use a first SCS (e.g., 120 kHz) for its operation. If the WTRU determines a second waveform (e.g., a DFT-s-OFDM waveform), the WTRU may use a second SCS (e.g., 480kHz or 960 kHz) for its operation.

Examples of prioritization of waveforms for PDCCH decoding are provided herein. If operating at a high frequency, the WTRU may support slot level dynamic switching between multiple waveforms as well as different waveforms. Thus, the WTRU may (e.g., may need to) prioritize waveform reception during PDCCH decoding.

The WTRU may be configured with one or more waveforms for the time slot, where the one or more waveforms may include, but are not limited to, DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc. In an example, a first waveform may be used, configured, or determined for a first time slot and a second waveform may be used, configured, or determined for a second time slot.

The WTRU may first perform a reception procedure based on a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) with a higher priority. If the decoding of the PDCCH is successful (e.g., based on the decoded CRC), the WTRU may continue the reception procedure corresponding to the first waveform to demodulate the contents of the corresponding slot (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, SS/PBCH block, reference signal). If the reception based on the first waveform is unsuccessful (e.g., the CRC is not valid), the WTRU may perform a reception procedure based on the second waveform (e.g., the DFT-S-OFDM waveform), and so on.

There may be one or more actions during the reception procedure, which may be the same for different waveforms. The WTRU may begin detection of the second waveform if detection of the waveform with the first priority is successful (e.g., when skipping steps that have been completed on the received signal and during the process of detection of the first waveform). The WTRU may skip actions similar to those for the first waveform and the WTRU may begin detection of a second waveform starting from an action different from the first waveform.

The WTRU may determine that the procedure corresponding to removing the Cyclic Prefix (CP), DFT demodulation, and/or subcarrier demapping is the same for both DFT-S-OFDM and CP-OFDM waveforms. If the detection of the first waveform is based on CP-OFDM and if it is unsuccessful, the WTRU may not go through similar steps and may pick up the procedure from steps implemented in a DFT-S-OFDM waveform that is different from the CP-OFDM waveform.

Prioritization of waveforms may be determined based on one or more of: implicit indication, explicit indication, or WTRU capabilities and prioritization.

For the implicit indication, the WTRU may implicitly assume or determine the same prioritization as the SS/PBCH block received during the initial access. The WTRU may expect the waveform used in SS/PBCH block transmission to have a first prioritization. The WTRU may determine that the waveform configured for the previous slot may be considered to have a first prioritized waveform. If configured with a waveform, the WTRU may treat the waveform as a first prioritization during blind detection.

The explicit indication may be one or more of the following: preconfiguration, dynamic indication, or System Information Block (SIB). For pre-configuration, the WTRU may determine a (pre) configuration/default prioritization for waveform transmissions. The WTRU may consider pre-configuration and/or default prioritization for the reception procedure (e.g., unless explicitly indicated). In an example, if the first slot is flexible, the WTRU may receive PDCCH transmissions using a prioritized waveform type (e.g., an initial access waveform type or a default waveform). For dynamic indication, the WTRU may receive one or more activations (e.g., via MAC CE) of a semi-statically configured waveform prioritization mode (e.g., via RRC). Based on the prioritization, the WTRU may receive one or more indications of waveform prioritization modes (e.g., via DCI). For SIBs, the WTRU may receive one or more indications of waveform prioritization modes based on decoding one or more SIBs.

For WTRU capabilities and prioritization, the WTRU may determine prioritization of waveforms based on a pattern that is a priority defined by the WTRU and reported to the node B. The WTRU may determine prioritization of waveforms based on WTRU capabilities, processing time, etc.

One or more processing times may be used, defined, configured, or determined, where a processing time (e.g., each processing time) may be associated with a prioritized pattern of waveforms. The WTRU may be configured with a first processing time for waveforms with a first prioritization, a second processing time for waveforms with a second prioritization, etc.

The processing time may be configured based on one or more of the following: the first processing time may be different from the second processing time (e.g., the second processing time may be longer than the first processing time); the processing time may be configured (e.g., specially configured) using higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC), by MAC-CE, and/or by DCI; or the processing time may be configured based on a time difference (e.g., using an delta value) relative to the first processing time or the reference processing time. The reference processing time (e.g., processingTime _ ref) may be dynamically or semi-statically configured. The reference processing time may be the same as the processing time required for a waveform with a first prioritization. The difference in processing time of waveforms having different priorities may be configured as an increment value based on the reference processing time. For example, the delta processing time for a waveform with a first prioritization may be configured as ProcessingTime _pr1=delta_1+processsingtime_ref, where delta_1 may be equal to or greater than zero.

Examples of CSI reporting for multiple waveforms are provided herein. In an example, the WTRU may be configured to derive CSI reports assuming PDSCH transmission using a particular waveform and/or assuming PDSCH transmission (or no transmission) using DFT precoding. Such hypotheses may be referred to as "waveform hypotheses".

The determination of waveform hypotheses may be explicit through RRC, MAC CE, or DCI. The WTRU may determine waveform hypotheses suitable for CSI reporting based on RRC signaling. In an example, the waveform hypothesis may be signaled as part of the CSI reporting configuration. The WTRU may determine the waveform hypothesis from a DCI field such as an aperiodic CSI trigger field (e.g., in the case of aperiodic CSI or semi-persistent CSI on PUSCH) or from a MAC CE field (e.g., in the case of semi-persistent CSI on PUCCH).

The determination of waveform hypotheses may be implicit based on CSI reference resources, CSI-RS resources, the latest time slot, or the current waveform. The WTRU may assume that the waveform is implicitly determined from at least one of: waveforms for transmitting PDSCH in CSI reference resources; a waveform for transmitting CSI-RS resources for deriving CSI reports; waveforms used in downlink slots preceding (e.g., N slots immediately preceding or preceding) a slot (or sub-slot) in which a CSI report is transmitted; or as a waveform from the current waveform of RRC or MAC CE signaling. The WTRU may determine a waveform to use in a slot or for transmission based on one of the examples described herein. In an example, the WTRU may determine the waveform in the CSI reference resource from the group DCI (slot format indication).

The CSI-RS waveform may be different from the CSI reporting waveform assumption. The WTRU may use a first waveform (e.g., CP-OFDM waveform) to measure at least one CSI-RS transmission and report CSI under the assumption of a second waveform (e.g., DFTS-OFDM waveform). Assuming that PDSCH will be transmitted with a power offset compared to the transmit power of CSI-RS, the WTRU may derive CSI. The power offset may depend on the first waveform and the second waveform. If the WTRU reports CSI under the assumption that PDSCH is transmitted using the DFTS-OFDM waveform and measures CSI-RS transmitted using the CP-OFDM waveform, the WTRU may assume PDSCH will be transmitted X dB higher than CSI-RS. The power offset X may depend on the bandwidth of the amount of CSI available, including whether CSI is reported for the sub-band or for the entire CSI reporting band (wideband granularity). The power offset X for a given bandwidth may be predefined, signaled by RRC (e.g., as part of CSI report acknowledgement), MAC CE, or DCI.

The CSI reporting configuration may depend on waveform assumptions. In the case where the WTRU reports CSI for the first (or second) waveform hypothesis, the WTRU may apply the first (or second) CSI reporting configuration parameter. The CSI reporting configuration parameters may include at least one of: frequency granularity for CQI or PMI (e.g., between wideband or sub-bands); the number of bits for the subband CQI; report number configuration such as CRI/RI/PMI/CQI or CRI/RI/CQI; CSI reporting band configuration; sub-band size; a CQI table; codebook configuration including codebook subset restriction; or power offset between CSI-RS and SSB or between CSI-RS and PDSCH. At least one of the above parameters may be indicated by a MAC CE or DCI.

If the WTRU determines that the waveform hypothesis is DFTS-OFDM, the WTRU may report CSI at a wideband granularity. If the WTRU determines that the waveform hypothesis is CP-OFDM, the WTRU may report CSI at sub-band granularity. If the WTRU determines that the waveform hypothesis is DFTS-OFDM, the WTRU may report CSI with a codebook subset restriction including (e.g., including only) a codebook with rank 1.

The CSI type may comprise a recommended waveform. The WTRU may derive CSI for (e.g., each of) a set of possible waveform hypotheses and report the recommended waveform and its associated CSI. If the CSI is derived from the waveform, the recommended waveform may be a waveform that maximizes RI or CQI (e.g., for the same RI). If the CQI has a subband granularity for the waveform, the maximum CQI in the subbands may be used for comparison. The WTRU may derive (e.g., first derive) CSI and determine CQI at sub-band granularity under the assumption that the waveform is CP-OFDM. The WTRU may (e.g., may then) derive CSI and determine CQI at wideband granularity under the assumption that the waveform is DFTS-OFDM. If the RI is equal, the WTRU may report DFTS-OFDM as a recommended waveform if the corresponding CQI is greater than a maximum CQI for CSI derived by the CP-OFDM waveform hypothesis. Otherwise, the WTRU may report CP-OFDM as the recommended waveform.

Although the above features and elements are described in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.

While the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it should be appreciated that the implementations described herein are not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems. For example, while the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-a, new Radio (NR), or 5G specific protocols, it should be understood that the solutions described herein are not limited to this scenario, and are applicable to other wireless systems as well.

The processes described above may be implemented in computer programs, software and/or firmware incorporated in a computer readable medium for execution by a computer and/or processor. Examples of computer readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted over a wired or wireless connection) and/or computer readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as Compact Disks (CD) -ROM disks, and/or Digital Versatile Disks (DVD)). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for the WTRU, the terminal, the base station, the RNC, and/or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the WTRU comprising:

a processor configured to:

Receiving slot format configuration information indicating whether a first slot has a first waveform type associated with the first slot or is flexible and whether a second slot has a second waveform type associated with the second slot or is flexible;

Receiving a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) in the first slot

A transmission, wherein the PDCCH transmission is received via a waveform of a prioritized waveform type if the first time slot is indicated as flexible in the slot format configuration information or via a waveform of the first waveform type if the first waveform type is indicated as associated with the first time slot in the slot format configuration information, and wherein the PDCCH transmission includes a Downlink Control Information (DCI) that schedules a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) transmission and indicates the indicated waveform type associated with reception of the PDSCH transmission; and

The PDSCH transmission is received in the second slot, wherein the PDSCH transmission is received via a waveform of the indicated waveform type if the second slot is flexible or via a waveform of the second waveform type if the second waveform type is indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot.

2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein:

The second waveform type is indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot,

The waveform of the second waveform type associated with the second time slot is indicated as a discrete fourier transform-spread-orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, and the second time slot carries at least one of: an initial access related signal, a configurable set of control resources (CORESET)/a Synchronization Signal (SS), or a reference signal for the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to apply an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) prior to decoding the PDSCH transmission based on the second waveform type being indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot and the waveform of the second waveform type being associated with the second slot being indicated as a DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

4. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein

The waveform of the second waveform type associated with the second slot is indicated as a cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveform, and

The second time slot carries at least one of: an initial access related signal, CORESET/SS, or a reference signal for the CP-OFDM waveform.

5. The WTRU of claim 4 wherein the processor is further configured to decode the PDSCH transmission without applying IDFT based on the second waveform type being indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot and the waveform of the second waveform type being associated with the second slot being indicated as a CP-OFDM waveform.

6. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the waveform of the indicated waveform type for receiving the PDSCH transmission is one of the waveform of the first waveform type or the waveform of the second waveform type.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 wherein the waveform of the prioritized waveform type is an initial access waveform or a default waveform.

8. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the slot format configuration information is received via one or more of: RRC configuration, MAC-CE, or WTRU-specific DCI.

9. A method implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising:

Receiving a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) transmission in the first time slot, wherein the PDCCH transmission is received via a waveform of a prioritized waveform type if the first time slot is indicated as flexible in the slot format configuration information or via a waveform of the first waveform type if the first waveform type is indicated as associated with the first time slot in the slot format configuration information, and wherein the PDCCH transmission comprises Downlink Control Information (DCI) scheduling a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) transmission and indicating the indicated waveform type associated with reception of the PDSCH transmission; and

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein:

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the waveform of the second waveform type indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot and associated with the second slot is indicated as a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the method further comprising applying an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) prior to decoding the PDSCH transmission.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the waveform of the second waveform type indicated in the slot format configuration information as being associated with the second slot and associated with the second slot is indicated as a CP-OFDM waveform, the method further comprising decoding the PDSCH transmission without applying IDFT.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the waveform of the indicated waveform type for receiving the PDSCH transmission is one of the waveform of the first waveform type or the waveform of the second waveform type.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the waveform of the prioritized waveform type is an initial access waveform or a default waveform.