CN118169173B - Method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficient - Google Patents
Method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficientInfo
- Publication number
- CN118169173B CN118169173B CN202410607368.8A CN202410607368A CN118169173B CN 118169173 B CN118169173 B CN 118169173B CN 202410607368 A CN202410607368 A CN 202410607368A CN 118169173 B CN118169173 B CN 118169173B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- rock
- thermal expansion
- minerals
- temperature
- expansion coefficients
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007431 microscopic evaluation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052626 biotite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003685 thermal hair damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052655 plagioclase feldspar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001481789 Rupicapra Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052656 albite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006059 cover glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficients, and relates to the technical field of high-temperature rock microscopic analysis; observing the change condition of the rock in the heating process by adopting a real-time high-temperature microscope, calculating the values of the linear expansion coefficients of different minerals by measuring the length change of the rock in the mineral in the heating process, and obtaining the range values of the linear expansion coefficients of different minerals after a large number of statistics, comparing with the range values of the linear expansion coefficients of the existing known minerals, and reversely pushing out the mineral components of the rock; according to the method, the rock can be distinguished in the environment of sealing and heating under the condition of reflected light, and the mineral components of the rock are determined by adopting the method, so that the rock heat damage mechanism can be analyzed more accurately.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of high-temperature rock microscopic analysis, in particular to a method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficients.
Background
In the development of energy and exploitation of mineral resources, many underground or surface rocks are subjected to a high temperature environment, for example geothermal exploitation, and a low temperature fluid exchanges a large amount of heat with the high temperature rocks in a short time, thereby causing a phenomenon called "thermal shock" of rock cracking. The thermal shock phenomenon of the rock is often accompanied with the generation of cracks, and the microscopic characteristic research of the rock can reveal the deformation and damage mechanism of the rock at high temperature, so that the understanding and prediction of the physical and mechanical behaviors of the rock at high temperature are effectively improved, and the optimization of engineering design and the improvement of resource exploitation efficiency are facilitated. Whereas the determination of the mineral composition of rock is an integral part of the microscopic investigation of rock, the determination of the mineral composition of rock is of great importance to the various fields related thereto.
In order to study the evolution mechanism of crack formation-propagation-intersection of rock under the action of high temperature, a microscope with a heating table is generally adopted for observation at present. Related studies have demonstrated that the fracture geometry (length, width, location of occurrence, direction of extension) of rock thermally cracks at high temperatures is closely related to mineral composition, so that in addition to the acquisition of the geometry of the fracture observed under a microscope, it is necessary to know the specific composition of the mineral in the microscope field of view to ascertain the mechanism of rock thermally cracks at high temperatures.
The method for identifying minerals under a polarized light microscope is characterized in that an observed object is required to be made into a microscopic slice, the rock slice is positioned between a glass slide and a cover glass and is fixed by resin glue, and the type of the minerals under the microscope is identified by adopting the characteristics of transmitted light passing through the rock slice and observing optical phenomena such as birefringence, extinction, interference colors and the like of the minerals by utilizing the characteristics of polarized light. The thickness of the rock slice also affects the distribution of thermal cracking cracks, so the thickness is one of the variables to be studied, and the larger the thickness is, the more difficult the light is to pass through, so the reflected light can only be used for observing surface cracks in the test process of high-temperature heating, and the conventional transmitted light test can not be used for identifying the type of minerals under the mirror.
Due to the limitations of technical means, the mineral composition of the rock in the observed visual field cannot be determined, the analysis of mineral strain and possible thermal damage mechanisms is limited, the subsequent analysis of microscopic thermal damage of the rock and the mechanism research of thermal cracking are difficult to go deep, and the new method is required to identify different minerals in the microscope visual field at high temperature.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention overcomes the defects of the prior art and provides a method for determining mineral components based on the thermal expansion coefficient of rock. The technical problems to be solved are as follows: when only reflected light is used, it is how minerals within the field of view are distinguished in a hermetically heated environment.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method of determining mineral composition based on the thermal expansion coefficient of rock, comprising the steps of:
s1, heating rock to be measured to a set temperature, and acquiring rock microscopic images at m temperature nodes in the heating process to obtain m rock microscopic images;
S2, dividing each rock microscopic image according to boundaries of different minerals appearing in the rock microscopic image to form different areas; the divided areas on the m rock microscopic images are the same;
S3, marking visible points in each area in each rock microscopic image, connecting the marked points in the same area in pairs to obtain a plurality of measuring lines, and selecting p measuring lines from the plurality of measuring lines to measure the length of each line, wherein p is more than or equal to 3;
s4, calculating the linear expansion coefficient of each measuring line according to the linear expansion coefficient formula through the length of the measuring line; summarizing the linear expansion coefficients in the same corresponding region in the m rock microscopic images to obtain upper and lower limit range values of the linear expansion coefficients in the region;
S5, comparing the upper limit range value and the lower limit range value with the thermal expansion coefficient range of the known minerals, and determining the components of the minerals in the area.
Preferably, the set temperature is more than or equal to 300 ℃.
Preferably, a real-time high temperature microscope is used to acquire microscopic images of the rock.
Preferably, the rock is subjected to a pretreatment operation of grinding and dedusting before being observed by a real-time high temperature microscope.
More preferably, the pretreated rock is placed in the center of a heating table of a real-time high-temperature microscope, and protective atmosphere is introduced after vacuumizing; the visual field image between the temperature before the temperature rise and the set temperature is manually captured.
Preferably, imageJ software is used to calculate and count the length of all the lines.
Preferably, at least 90% of the coefficients of linear expansion in the same region of the m rock microimages fall within the range of coefficients of thermal expansion of the known minerals, indicating that the minerals in that region are the corresponding known minerals.
Preferably, m is a positive integer, and m is greater than or equal to 4.
For a better understanding, reference is made to fig. 1, 2 and 3, the minerals being initially divided according to their position and boundaries between different minerals as seen in the microscopic images, labeled A, B, … … N. All points with obvious marks in the same mineral are found to be used as marking points, marking is carried out according to serial numbers of 1, 2 and … … n, all points in the same mineral are combined in pairs and connected, all measuring lines in the mineral can be obtained, and the length of all measuring lines is counted. The length of the line defined by the two points j and k in the nth mineral region at T temperature can be expressed asWherein N is mineral category, j is not equal to k, and the values of j and k are all 1 to N.
And calculating the linear expansion coefficient of each measuring line according to the linear expansion coefficient formula. Based on a large number of statistics of the linear expansion coefficients of the inside of the mineral A, the calculated values of all the thermal expansion coefficients of the mineral A obtain a range value with upper and lower limits, the upper and lower limits are compared with the reference ranges of the thermal expansion coefficients of different minerals listed in the references, and if 90% of the calculated values fall in the reference range of the thermal expansion coefficients of the known mineral X, the mineral A is the mineral X. The analytical process of other minerals is the same.
The theory principle based on the method is as follows:
One of the main reasons for thermal cracking of rock is that the minerals that make up the rock have different coefficients of thermal expansion, and are deformed differently after being heated, generating thermal stresses that occur when the thermal stresses exceed the bonding forces between the minerals. It is therefore important to study the thermal expansion coefficients of the individual minerals that make up the rock during the temperature rise process to reveal the mechanism of thermal cracking of the rock.
The rock generates thermal strain after being heatedRefers to deformation of rock due to heat. The calculation formula is as follows:
Wherein, Representing thermal strain; Representing the coefficient of thermal expansion; indicating the amount of temperature change.
The thermal expansion coefficient of a mineral refers to the degree of change in volume or length of the mineral that occurs with temperature change. It can be expressed by the thermal expansion coefficient in units of 1/. Degree.C.or 1/K. The coefficient of thermal expansion is defined as the change in length magnitude resulting from a change in unit temperature. The thermal expansion coefficient includes a linear expansion coefficient。
The linear expansion coefficient formula is:
Wherein, Representing the length variation; Representing the length value in the original state; indicating the amount of temperature change.
As can be seen from the above equation, the thermal strain of the rock during the temperature rise is related to the thermal expansion coefficient and the temperature difference of the rock itself. Whereas rock is a nonlinear material, the coefficient of thermal expansion varies with temperature. Generally, rock is formed by cementing a plurality of minerals, and the linear expansion coefficients of the different minerals are different, and have a value range. For studying the mechanism of thermal cracking of rock, the change in thermal strain of different minerals is of great concern.
In summary, the thermal expansion coefficients of different minerals are different, and the corresponding values change with the change of temperature, so that in order to quantitatively study the microscopic fracture mechanism of the rock caused by heat and thermal shock, a real-time high-temperature microscope is required to determine the mineral composition of the rock.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
According to the invention, the change condition of the rock in the heating process is observed by adopting a real-time high-temperature microscope, the linear expansion coefficient values of different minerals are calculated by measuring the length change of the inside of the rock in the heating process, the linear expansion coefficient range values of the different minerals are obtained after a large amount of statistics, and then the linear expansion coefficient range values are compared with the linear expansion coefficient range values of the existing known minerals to reversely push out the mineral components of the rock.
The invention can realize the differentiation of minerals in the visual field in the sealed heating environment of the rock under the condition of reflected light. By adopting the method to determine the mineral components of the rock, the rock thermal damage mechanism can be analyzed more accurately. A novel method of analysing rock mineral composition is also provided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a microscopic image of rock under reflected light;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the distribution of mineral mark points of a rock microimage;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of rock microimage measurement length line selection;
FIG. 4 is a microscopic image of the granite warm-up process in an example;
FIG. 5 is a plot of a microscopic image of the mineral partition of granite at 20℃in the examples;
FIG. 6 is a distribution diagram of mineral marking points of granite at 20℃in an example;
FIG. 7 is a plot of the measured length line selection profile of granite at 20℃for the example;
FIG. 8 is a graph of statistics of the linear expansion coefficients of the A minerals of granite in the examples;
FIG. 9 is a statistical graph of the B mineral linear expansion coefficients of granite in the examples;
FIG. 10 is a statistical plot of the C-mineral linear expansion coefficients of granite in the examples.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical schemes and beneficial effects to be solved more clear, the invention is further described in detail by combining the embodiments and the drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The following describes the technical scheme of the present invention in detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the scope of protection is not limited thereto.
Taking a real-time high-temperature microscopic test of Qinghai-China and basin granite as an example, the mineral composition of the granite is determined by calculating the linear expansion coefficient of minerals in the heating process.
S1, preprocessing rock sample
Polishing graniteIs 2mm thick. Cleaning the surface of a granite sample with clear water, and wiping the surface with clean chamois cloth after airing, so as to prevent small particle matters such as dust on the surface of the sample from influencing the observation under a mirror and ensure the cleaning and damage-free of the sample;
s2, placing the granite sample in the S1 into the center of a heating table of a real-time high-temperature microscope, screwing a heating cover, opening a vacuum pump to vacuumize for 1min, then closing the vacuum pump, opening a nitrogen valve, continuously introducing nitrogen into the heating table, ensuring that the sample is in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then starting a cooling water circulation system.
S3, turning on the epi-illumination system, moving the heating table to enable an upper light source of the epi-illumination system to fall on a target observation area, starting to adjust a focal length, and turning on the scale system after focusing clearly. The heating stage is started, the designed temperature raising scheme is input into the temperature control program, then heating is started, meanwhile, the lens video is started, and the visual field image at 20 ℃, 100 ℃, 200 ℃, 300 ℃, 400 ℃, 500 ℃ and 600 ℃ is manually captured, and is shown in fig. 4.
And S4, after the experiment of the heating table is finished, carrying out statistical treatment on 7 microscopic images recorded in the experiment process and at the temperature of 20-600 ℃. The minerals were initially classified according to their location in the microscopic image and the boundaries of the different minerals, labeled A, B, C (fig. 5). All points with obvious marks in the same mineral are found to be marking points, marking is carried out according to serial numbers of 1,2, 3 and 4 (figure 6), all points in the same mineral are combined in pairs and connected, all measuring lines in the mineral can be obtained (figure 7), the lengths of all measuring lines are counted by adopting imageJ software, the table 1 is shown in table 1, and table 1 is a granite A, B, C mineral measuring length line numerical statistics table. Here, for simplicity of calculation, only 4 points are numbered and only 3 lines are counted in length per mineral area.
For finding the points marked obviously, a visual observation method is adopted, and when a certain point in the mineral can be observed in different temperature nodes from before heating to after heating, the point can be marked as the obvious point.
S5, calculating the linear expansion coefficient of each measuring line according to a linear expansion coefficient formula (figure 8). Based on a large number of statistics of the linear expansion coefficients of the inside of the mineral A, the calculated values of all the thermal expansion coefficients of the mineral A can obtain a range value with upper and lower limits of 1.79 multiplied by 10 -5~3.15×10-5, the upper and lower limits of the calculated values are compared with the reference ranges (table 2) of the thermal expansion coefficients of different minerals listed in the references, and 90% of the calculated values fall in the reference ranges of the thermal expansion coefficients of the known minerals, so that the mineral A is the quartz mineral. The analysis of other minerals is similar (fig. 9 and 10). The B mineral was 0.605×10 -5~2.29×10-5, the C mineral was 0.992×10 -5~1.62×10-5, and by comparing Table 2, it was confirmed that the B mineral was plagioclase and the C mineral was biotite. Table 2 shows the linear expansion coefficients of common minerals.
And finally determining that the mineral A in the granite is quartz, the mineral B is plagioclase, and the mineral C is biotite. The main minerals in granite are quartz, albite and biotite.
While the invention has been described in detail in connection with specific preferred embodiments thereof, it is not to be construed as limited thereto, but rather as a result of a simple deduction or substitution by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains without departing from the scope of the invention defined by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for determining mineral composition based on the thermal expansion coefficient of rock, comprising the steps of:
s1, heating rock to be measured to a set temperature, and acquiring rock microscopic images at m temperature nodes in the heating process to obtain m rock microscopic images;
S2, dividing each rock microscopic image according to boundaries of different minerals appearing in the rock microscopic image to form different areas; the divided areas on the m rock microscopic images are the same;
S3, marking visible points in each area in each rock microscopic image, connecting the marked points in the same area in pairs to obtain a plurality of measuring lines, and selecting p measuring lines from the plurality of measuring lines to measure the length of each line, wherein p is more than or equal to 3;
s4, calculating the linear expansion coefficient of each measuring line according to the linear expansion coefficient formula through the length of the measuring line; summarizing the linear expansion coefficients in the same corresponding region in the m rock microscopic images to obtain upper and lower limit range values of the linear expansion coefficients in the region;
S5, comparing the upper limit range value and the lower limit range value with the thermal expansion coefficient range of the known minerals, and determining the components of the minerals in the area.
2. The method for determining mineral composition based on rock thermal expansion coefficient according to claim 1, wherein the set temperature is not less than 300 ℃.
3. A method for determining mineral composition based on rock thermal expansion coefficients as claimed in claim 1, wherein real-time high temperature microscopy is used to obtain rock microimages.
4. A method for determining mineral composition based on rock thermal expansion coefficients according to claim 3, characterized in that the rock is subjected to a pretreatment operation of grinding and dedusting before being observed by a real-time high temperature microscope.
5. The method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficients according to claim 4, wherein the pretreated rock is placed in the center of a heating table of a real-time high-temperature microscope, and protective atmosphere is introduced after vacuum pumping; the visual field image between the temperature before the temperature rise and the set temperature is manually captured.
6. A method for determining mineral composition based on rock thermal expansion coefficients according to claim 1, characterized in that ImageJ software is used to calculate and count the length of all the lines.
7. A method of determining mineral composition based on rock thermal expansion coefficients according to claim 1, wherein at least 90% of the coefficients of linear expansion in the same region of the m rock microimages fall within the range of coefficients of thermal expansion of known minerals, indicating that the minerals in that region are the corresponding known minerals.
8. The method for determining mineral composition based on rock thermal expansion coefficient according to claim 1, wherein m is a positive integer, m is not less than 4.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202410607368.8A CN118169173B (en) | 2024-05-16 | Method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficient |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202410607368.8A CN118169173B (en) | 2024-05-16 | Method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficient |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN118169173A CN118169173A (en) | 2024-06-11 |
| CN118169173B true CN118169173B (en) | 2024-07-02 |
Family
ID=
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101701925A (en) * | 2009-11-27 | 2010-05-05 | 东南大学 | Method for measuring influence of different solid phase components on heat expansion coefficients of set cements |
| CN101701786A (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2010-05-05 | 合肥工业大学 | Low-heat expansion quartz gauge rod as well as demarcating method and application thereof |
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101701786A (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2010-05-05 | 合肥工业大学 | Low-heat expansion quartz gauge rod as well as demarcating method and application thereof |
| CN101701925A (en) * | 2009-11-27 | 2010-05-05 | 东南大学 | Method for measuring influence of different solid phase components on heat expansion coefficients of set cements |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Mazurin | Problems of compatibility of the values of glass transition temperatures published in the world literature | |
| Adams et al. | The annealing of glass | |
| Thickett et al. | Using non-invasive non-destructive techniques to monitor cultural heritage objects | |
| Leplay et al. | Identification of asymmetric constitutive laws at high temperature based on Digital Image Correlation | |
| Wereszczak et al. | Method for identifying and mapping flaw size distributions on glass surfaces for predicting mechanical response | |
| CN118169173B (en) | Method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficient | |
| Anunmana et al. | Residual stress in glass: Indentation crack and fractography approaches | |
| Deeva et al. | Physical model of the sliding contact of conductors of the alloy Cu-Zr and Cu-Re under high current density | |
| Yin et al. | High-temperature fracture mechanics parameter measurement and yielding zone analysis of superalloy GH4169 based on single-lens 3D digital image correlation | |
| CN118169173A (en) | Method for determining mineral components based on rock thermal expansion coefficient | |
| Völker et al. | Development of a test method for the investigation of the abrasive effect of sand particles on components of solar energy systems | |
| CN209215122U (en) | A kind of Fine Texture of Material bending compression performance dynamic high pass measuring device | |
| CN110501237A (en) | A kind of contactless tubing high temperature CSR value test macro and method | |
| CN113533331B (en) | Method for determining deposition temperature of deep palaeomized salt lake based on rock salt inclusion | |
| Brown et al. | Thermal characteristics of Australian sedimentary opals | |
| Sivabharathy et al. | Thermal expansion studies on Zircaloy-2 | |
| VÖRÖS et al. | Refractive index variations of glass microfragments by annealing–forensic applications. | |
| Liu et al. | Influence of laser surface texturing on the flexural strength of Al2O3 and Si3N4 | |
| Sato et al. | Diffusion of hydroxyl groups in silica glass through the binding interface | |
| Pouvreau et al. | Mechanical properties of a TAS fiber: a preliminary study | |
| Yue et al. | Online and real-time accurate prediction of tempered glass surface stress during quenching process | |
| CN105548202A (en) | Automatic concrete shrinkage crack monitoring system | |
| Brokmann | Mechanical Parameter Quantification | |
| Rozman et al. | Use of Confocal Microscope for Environmental Tensile Mechanical Testing | |
| Fukuda et al. | Structural relaxation of dense crown optical glass and soda-lime-silicate glass via Raman spectroscopy |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |