CN118140112A

CN118140112A - Intelligent tree measurer for tracking plant growth

Info

Publication number: CN118140112A
Application number: CN202280069464.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: R·G·汉恩; G·L·汉恩; K·H·雷亚; D·B·沃克; K·A·F·基索三世; E·T·戴勒尔
Original assignee: Iplante Ltd
Current assignee: Iplante Ltd
Priority date: 2021-09-01
Filing date: 2022-08-31
Publication date: 2024-06-04

Abstract

Described herein are sensors, systems, and methods for measuring plant size, e.g., the size of a part of a plant such as a plant stem, trunk, fruit, vine, etc., and/or other plant part characteristics. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises two or more components selected from the group consisting of a tree detector, an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor. Any of the sensors described herein may forward data to a mobile device or server to inform a user whether a plant is healthy and/or to map the connectivity of the wireless network of sensors.

Description

Intelligent tree measurer for tracking plant growth

Cross reference to related applications

The present application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 63/239,804 filed on 1 month 9 of 2021 and U.S. provisional application No. 63/394,923 filed on 3 month 8 of 2022, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to monitoring growth and/or other characteristics of plants and/or plant parts.

Background

Tree gauges are used to measure the size of various parts of a plant, typically the stems, trunks or fruits. Tree detectors are mainly used as research tools, but due to the richness of information available from these measurements, farmers are beginning to make routine use.

Two types of tree detectors are commonly used: a band tree detector and a point tree detector. The tape tree detector measures the circumference of the stem/trunk of a plant (typically a tree) and may be a simple tape without electronics that is passed through a human viewing scale or is observed using a calliper or another device to measure the change in tape end position over time. Other band tree detectors use electronics to automatically measure band movement and transmit this data to an electronic data logger. The tree-nodding machine is typically anchored in the relatively stationary, relatively dead xylem or woody tissue of the tree, and an accurate linear gauge, such as a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT), is used to measure the thickness of living tissue under the bark.

These low technology content tree detectors provide little data and require significant effort and attention to monitor. Thus, there is a need for an improved tree detector that measures plant growth, for example, over time, including in real time. These tree detectors enable short-term and long-term monitoring of plant growth and interface with other devices, such as mobile devices including smart phones, thus providing a variety of users with rich data about plant growth using inexpensive and easily manufactured devices.

Disclosure of Invention

Provided herein, inter alia, are "intelligent" tree detectors that enable farmers, gardening workers, garden designers, city plant managers, land managers, forest managers, or anyone to monitor plant growth for short periods and long periods. These devices may show changes in plant size that may occur within a day, hour, or even seconds to minutes due to fluid flow and growth. In the long term, these devices may provide data regarding the health of the plant and whether intervention may be required. These low cost devices can be installed for long periods without maintenance, can be sealed over the life of the device, do not require replacement of batteries over the life of the device, and can provide various real-time data regarding size changes (down to micron resolution) as well as temperature, humidity, light, etc. Furthermore, as described herein, the device may be adapted for use with a variety of plant types and sites.

To achieve these goals and enable widespread use, devices are provided herein that are extremely low cost and can accurately measure plant part diameters of a wide variety of plants of a wide variety of sizes. These devices may also communicate the data to a mobile device, server, or other computer system (e.g., wirelessly, directly, or via a network/server) that makes the data readily available and available for use only in making decisions or as part of an automated control system for irrigation or fertilization.

In some aspects, provided herein are sensors for measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the sensors comprising: one or more fasteners configured to be positioned in or around a plant site; two or more components selected from the group consisting of tree detectors, accelerometers, air temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and light sensors; a processor; and a power supply.

In certain embodiments, the processor comprises a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). In certain implementations, one or both of the two or more components are attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the two or more components are all attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the PCB comprises an epoxy fiberglass composite.

In certain embodiments, the power supply comprises a battery. In certain embodiments, the battery is a button cell type battery. In certain embodiments, the battery is attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the power supply comprises a solar panel. In certain embodiments, the power supply comprises an integrated solar panel, a hybrid capacitor, and a lithium battery. In certain embodiments, the solar panel is attached to a PCB.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a housing, for example, enclosing at least the processor and the power supply. In certain embodiments, the housing is or comprises plastic, such as molded plastic. In certain embodiments, the housing is or comprises a polymeric resin. In certain embodiments, the plastic or polymeric resin is glass filled. In certain embodiments, the plastic or polymeric resin comprises about 10% to about 40% glass, such as about 30% glass. In certain embodiments, the processor and magnetometer are enclosed in a sealed overmolded housing comprising an O-ring. In certain embodiments, the overmolded housing includes a removable cover that covers the battery. In certain embodiments, the housing is a single piece of overmolded plastic without seals, seams, or fasteners.

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a tree detector. In certain embodiments, the tree detector comprises: a plunger having a cap and a shaft, wherein the cap is configured to be positioned against a plant part, and wherein the plunger is configured to move in a lateral direction in proportion to a change in plant size when the cap is positioned against a plant part; a magnet attached to or within a shaft, wherein the magnet is configured to move laterally in association with the plunger; and a magnetometer configured to detect the position of the magnet. In certain embodiments, the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane. In certain embodiments, the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet at a micrometer scale resolution. In certain embodiments, the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet along multiple axes (e.g., along radial axes). In certain embodiments, the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet using a ratio measurement.

In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to measure a change in diameter or radius of a plant part. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to measure plant part size multiple times per day or at intervals between 15 minutes, 5 seconds and 1 hour or between 5 seconds and 15 minutes. In certain embodiments, the magnet is a neodymium magnet. In certain implementations, the processor includes a PCB, and wherein the magnetometer is attached to the PCB.

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises an accelerometer. In certain embodiments, the accelerometer is a 3-axis accelerometer. In certain implementations, the processor includes a PCB and the accelerometer is attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a light sensor. In certain implementations, the processor includes a PCB and the light sensor is attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a humidity sensor. In certain implementations, the processor includes a PCB and the humidity sensor is attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises an air temperature sensor. In certain embodiments, the processor comprises a PCB and the air temperature sensor is attached to the PCB.

In certain implementations, the sensor includes a tree detector and includes one or more of an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a tree detector, an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a transmitter or transceiver. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a bluetooth radio or transceiver, such as a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio or transceiver. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a long range (LoRa) transceiver. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a Near Field Communication (NFC) transceiver. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is attached to the PCB.

In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise a screw, threaded rod, or nail, and wherein the screw, threaded rod, or nail is configured to be positioned within a plant site and to mount a sensor to the plant site. In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise one or more curved arms, wherein the curved arms are configured to be positioned around a plant part. In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise two curved arms arranged in a U-shape or a V-shape. In certain embodiments, the crank arm is configured to be positioned around a plant part opposite the plunger cap. In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners further comprise an elastic band configured to wrap around the sensor and the plant part. In certain embodiments, the screw, threaded shank, or nail comprises stainless steel, brass, aluminum, or titanium. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a nut configured to be positioned around the screw between the sensor and the plant part. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a second nut configured to be positioned around the screw on a face of the sensor remote from the plant site. In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise a screw having a first end and a second end, and the sensor further comprises a compression limiting element having a first opening and a second opening; and loosening the screw; wherein the first end of the screw is configured to be positioned within a plant part and mount the sensor to the plant part; wherein the first opening of the compression limiting element is configured to receive the second end of the screw; and wherein the second opening of the compression limiting element is configured to receive the non-unthreading screw. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a retaining ring configured to be positioned around the non-unthreading screw. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises: a first nut configured to be positioned around the threaded rod between a plant part and the sensor; and a second nut configured to be positioned around the threaded rod proximate to the sensor and distal to the plant site. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a hollow shuttle positioned around the plunger shaft. In certain embodiments, the plunger cap further comprises a universal joint. In certain embodiments, the plunger cap is or comprises molded plastic. In certain embodiments, the plunger cap has a thickness of less than about 3mm. In certain embodiments, the plunger cap is configured to contact a plant part within a surface area between about 10mm ² and about 100mm ². In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a spring located around or attached to the plunger. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a pulling lug attached to the plunger shaft opposite the plunger cap. In certain embodiments, the plunger shaft comprises aluminum or stainless steel. In certain embodiments, the plunger shaft is a partially hollow or fully hollow cylinder and the magnet is a cylindrical magnet positioned inside the plunger shaft.

In certain embodiments, the plant is a tree or woody plant. In certain embodiments, the plant part is a stem, trunk, branch or branch. In certain embodiments, the plant is main felling. In certain embodiments, the plant is citrus, olive, nut tree, cocoa, oak, pine, sequoia, strawberry tree, or maple tree. In certain embodiments, the plant is a vine. In certain embodiments, the plant part is a trunk, a new branch, a rattan, a fruit or a stem. In certain embodiments, the vine is grape vine.

In some aspects, provided herein is a sensor for measuring plant part size, the sensor comprising: a) One or more fasteners configured to be positioned around a plant site, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise a rotatable element, and the rotatable element is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in plant size when positioned around the plant site; b) A magnet, wherein the magnet is configured to rotate according to the rotatable element; c) A rotation sensor configured to detect rotation of the magnet; d) A processor; and e) a power supply.

In certain embodiments according to any of the embodiments described herein, the magnet is configured such that a north-south polar axis of the magnet is perpendicular to a rotational axis of the rotatable element. In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor is a hall sensor. In certain embodiments, the hall sensor is positioned such that the Z-axis of the hall sensor is parallel to the rotational axis of the rotatable element. In certain embodiments, the degree of rotation of the rotatable element is linear by a constant factor relative to the plant part size. In certain embodiments, the constant factor is about 1mm per change in size of the plant part, and the rotatable element is rotated about 10 degrees. In certain embodiments, the constant factor is constant over the dynamic range of plant part sizes. In certain embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is about 4mm to 24mm in diameter.

In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise at least a first stationary arm having a base and a rotatable arm having a base, wherein the magnet is positioned within the rotatable arm, and wherein a change in the size of the plant part causes the rotatable arm to rotate. In certain embodiments, the at least first stationary arm and the rotatable arm are curved. In certain embodiments, the at least first stationary arm and the rotatable arm are curved in opposite directions. In certain embodiments, the plant part is in contact with three contact lines, wherein a first line is located on the first stationary arm, wherein a second line is located on the rotatable arm, and wherein a third line is located on the sensor opposite the first line and/or the second line. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a torsion spring, wherein the torsion spring is connected to the first stationary arm and the rotatable arm. In certain embodiments, the base of the rotating arm is connected to the base of the first stationary arm at a hinge comprising the torsion spring. In certain embodiments, the position of the base of the first stationary arm is configured to slide relative to the base of the rotating arm such that sliding the base of the first stationary arm a greater distance from the base of the rotating arm increases the minimum diameter measurable by the sensor and decreases the minimum size change measurable by the sensor. In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor is positioned within a housing of the sensor. In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners further comprise a second stationary arm. In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor is positioned within the second stationary arm.

In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners include a clamp and a flexible strap having a first end and a second end; wherein the first end is attached to a rotatable drum, wherein the magnet is positioned within the rotatable drum; wherein the second end is configured to be attached to a sensor by a clamp; wherein a first section of the flexible strip including a first end is configured to be wound on a rotatable drum; wherein a second section of flexible strip comprising the second end is configured to wrap over a plant part and is attached to the sensor at the second end by a clamp; and wherein the rotatable drum is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in the size of the plant part. In certain embodiments, the flexible strip comprises a porous material, polyethylene terephthalate glycol (polyethylene terephthalate glycol, PETG), a fluorinated material, a composite, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the composite material comprises kevlar, fiberglass, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise a band, a clasp, and a rotatable spool, wherein the magnet is positioned within the rotatable spool; wherein the cuff is configured to wrap around a plant part and be secured to the sensor by a clasp; wherein the rotatable drum is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in the size of the plant part. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a torsion spring; wherein the torsion spring is connected to the rotatable spool; and wherein the torsion spring applies torsion to the rotatable spool or the connection to the sensor.

In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners comprise a strap having a plurality of teeth, a clasp, and a toothed pulley, wherein the magnet is positioned within the toothed pulley; wherein the strap is configured to wrap around a plant part and be secured to the sensor by the clasp; wherein the toothed pulley is configured to interlock with one or more of the teeth of the strap and rotate in proportion to a change in the size of the plant part. In certain embodiments, the strap comprises kevlar, metal, fiberglass, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the teeth are spaced about 2mm apart. In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor is positioned within a housing of the sensor.

In certain embodiments according to any of the embodiments described herein, the sensor further comprises a transmitter. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a bluetooth radio or transceiver, such as a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio or transceiver. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a housing. In certain embodiments, the housing is or comprises molded plastic. In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor, the processor, and/or the power supply are positioned within the housing. In certain embodiments, the power supply comprises a battery and/or a solar panel. In certain embodiments, the processor comprises a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a visual identifier. In certain embodiments, the visual identifier is a QR code or a bar code. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag. In certain embodiments, the plant part is a stem, branch, new branch, rattan, body, branch, vine, trunk or fruit of a plant.

In other aspects, provided herein is a system for measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the system comprising: the sensor according to any one of the above embodiments; a mobile device or server; wherein the sensor is connected to the mobile device or server via wireless communication and is configured to transmit data to the mobile device or server. In certain implementations, the sensor is connected to the mobile device or server via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), long range (LoRa), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to transmit data to the mobile device or server. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to transmit data related to a rotation sensor, plant part size, wireless communication signal strength, or a combination thereof to the mobile device or server. In certain embodiments, the system comprises a plurality of sensors according to any of the above embodiments; wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the mobile device or server via wireless communication and is configured to transmit data to the mobile device or server. In certain implementations, each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the mobile device or server via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), long range (LoRa), or a combination thereof. In certain implementations, each sensor of the plurality of sensors is configured to transmit data related to wireless communication signal strength to the mobile device or server. In certain implementations, the mobile device includes a GPS sensor. In certain embodiments, the GPS sensor is configured to obtain location information using the GPS sensor and associate the location information with one of the plurality of sensors. In certain implementations, the mobile device includes a camera or other image sensor. In certain implementations, the sensor is configured to transmit data related to one or more of the following to the mobile device and/or server: magnetometer, plant part size, wireless communication signal strength, accelerometer, light sensor, humidity sensor, air temperature sensor, or combinations thereof. In certain implementations, the system also includes a server, wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the server and configured to transmit data to the mobile device.

In other aspects, provided herein is a method for tracking plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the method comprising: the size of the plant part and/or other plant part characteristics are measured using the sensor of the present disclosure, wherein the measurement is based at least in part on data collected by the component of the sensor. In certain embodiments, the method comprises: the sensor is mounted to the plant or plant part prior to making the measurement, wherein one or more fasteners are positioned in or around the plant part. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring the size and/or other plant part characteristics of the plant part using the sensor of the present disclosure at a second time after the first time, wherein the measuring of the size and/or other plant part characteristics at the second time is based at least in part on data collected by the component of the sensor.

In other aspects, provided herein are methods for tracking plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the methods comprising: a) Measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics at a first time at a sensor or system according to any of the above embodiments; and b) measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics at the sensor or system at a second time after the first time. In certain embodiments, the methods comprise measuring the size and/or other plant part characteristics of a plurality of plant parts, for example, using the systems of the present disclosure.

It is to be understood that one, some, or all of the properties of the various embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments of the invention. These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. These and other embodiments of the invention are further described by the following detailed description.

Drawings

The application may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1A illustrates a vertical cross-sectional view of a clamp tree-finder, according to certain embodiments.

Fig. 1B depicts a top view of a clamp tree tester with three sized stems according to certain embodiments. The dots represent the nominal line of contact with the cylindrical object. The three contact points provide a kinematically stable grip on all stem sizes within the range. The illustrated arm curvature produces a consistent ratio of arm angular movement to stem diameter change. In the stem diameter range of 4 mm to 24 mm, 10 degrees is equal to 1 mm. The knurled finger tap allows for easy one-hand opening of the clamp arm.

FIG. 1C shows a clamp tree-finder on a plant.

FIG. 2A depicts a horizontal cross-sectional view of a strip tree finder, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 2B depicts a vertical cross-sectional view of a strip tree finder, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 2C shows a strip tree finder on a plant.

FIG. 3A depicts three views of a cuff tree-finder according to certain embodiments. The flared support arms hug the smaller stems in v-shaped sections and transition to curved portions on the trunk of larger diameter. One device was stable over a wide variety of stem diameters.

FIG. 3B shows a band tree detector on a potted plant. The extra band allows the tree detector to be mounted on larger plants. The small spool diameter allows for high measurement sensitivity. The band is tensioned and then held in place with friction clamps. The band pulls the device towards the plant, while the v-shaped support prevents the sensor from rocking.

Fig. 4A depicts a perspective view and two cross-sectional views of a timing belt tree tester according to certain embodiments. The upper and lower flared V-arms are used for stable positioning on the stem/trunk. Rotating the clamp can easily tighten the timing belt in the desired position. The toothed pulley is engaged with the timing belt. The spring resists rotation and a magnet is fixed in the lower end of the pulley above the hall sensor on the PCB in the sealed housing.

FIG. 4B depicts the timing belt tree tester with the clamp in a partially open position and an open position. The retaining teeth engage the strap to secure the strap.

FIG. 4C shows a timing belt tree tester on a tree.

Fig. 5 shows the diameter changes of six tomato plant stems, one rubber plant stem and one reference cylinder measured using a mixture of clamped (ed) and belt (TM) tree detectors. One tomato plant was measured using two tree detectors, one positioned directly above the other on the stem (ed 3 and ed 4).

FIG. 6 shows the diameter change of Fuyu persimmon tree measured at the time of water level fluctuation in about three days. The diameter was measured and reported every 30 seconds using a strip tree tester.

Fig. 7A shows the changes in diameter, air temperature and relative humidity of six trees measured during the measurement period.

Fig. 7B depicts changes in magnetometer temperature, battery power, and light intensity measured during a measurement cycle.

Fig. 7C depicts changes measured during a measurement cycle in the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of the accelerometer.

Fig. 8A shows the changes in diameter (top panel), air temperature (middle panel) and relative humidity (bottom panel) of one tree measured during the measurement period.

Fig. 8B shows changes in magnetometer temperature (top panel), battery level (middle panel) and light intensity (bottom panel) measured during a measurement cycle.

Fig. 8C depicts the measured changes in the accelerometer x-axis (top panel), y-axis (middle panel) and z-axis (bottom panel) during the measurement period.

Fig. 9A shows an apparatus for measuring the diameter of a tree. The device includes a plunger, magnetometer (size), accelerometer (tilt), antenna and components to measure humidity, temperature and spectrum. The tree includes bark (softwood), growing layers (phloem) and hardwoods (xylem).

Fig. 9B shows the apparatus for measuring the diameter of the tree after the diameter of the tree has been increased. The device includes a plunger, magnetometer (size), accelerometer (tilt), antenna and components to measure humidity, temperature and spectrum. The tree includes bark (softwood), growing layers (phloem) and hardwoods (xylem). Arrows indicate lateral movement of the plunger as the tree diameter increases.

Fig. 10 shows the change in diameter of basswood measured during a two month period. Indicating daily maximum (morning), daily minimum (evening), daily change, tree Water Deficiency (TWD) and size of human hair (-80 um).

Fig. 11 shows an apparatus for measuring the diameter change of basswood during a two month period.

FIG. 12A shows a perspective view of a tree tester for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

FIG. 12B shows an internal perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

FIG. 12C shows a cross-sectional view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

FIG. 12D shows a cross-sectional view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12E shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12F shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12G shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

FIG. 12H shows a cross-sectional view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

FIG. 12I shows a perspective view of a tree tester for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

FIG. 12J shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12K shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12L shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12M shows a perspective view of a tree-finder for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems.

Fig. 12N shows two tree detectors measuring the diameters of two vines.

FIG. 12O shows a close-up view of a tree detector measuring the diameter of grape vine.

Fig. 12P shows a perspective view of two tree detectors measuring the diameters of two grape vines.

Fig. 13A shows a perspective view of an integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13B shows a perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13C shows a cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13D shows a cross-sectional view of the plunger of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13E shows a perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13F shows a cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13G shows a cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13H shows an internal perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13I shows an internal perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13J shows an internal perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13K shows an internal perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13L shows an internal perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13M shows an internal perspective view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13N shows a cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13O shows an internal cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13P shows a perspective view of the gimbal tip of the plunger of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 13Q shows an internal cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor.

Fig. 14A-14C illustrate exemplary mounting hardware components for mounting an integrated tree sensor to a trunk or other large plant part. Fig. 14A shows a simplified side view of an integrated tree sensor with a non-unthreading screw and a readed mounting screw. Fig. 14B shows a simplified side view of an integrated tree sensor mounted to a trunk using threaded rods and nuts. Fig. 14C shows a simplified cross-sectional view of an integrated tree sensor mounted to a trunk using a longer threaded rod and nut that can be adjusted over time to account for radial tree growth and to reposition the plunger in place (e.g., extension).

Fig. 15A and 15B illustrate exemplary accelerometer data obtained from two integrated tree sensors mounted adjacent to each other on an inclined portion of a lemon eucalyptus tree. Fig. 15A shows the tilt over time, with blue dots (top) indicating the deviation from the x-axis and orange dots (bottom) indicating the deviation from the y-axis. Fig. 15B shows pitch (top panel), roll (middle panel) and air temperature (bottom panel) measured over time (days).

Detailed Description

The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that the description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure, but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.

Sensor for measuring plant part size and/or other characteristics

Some aspects of the present disclosure relate to sensors for measuring plant size (e.g., the size of a plant part such as a stem, branch, new branch, rattan, body, branch, vine, trunk, or fruit) and/or other plant part characteristics (e.g., characteristics of the plant part itself or the environment in its vicinity). By collecting data from multiple components integrated within the sensor, the sensor of the present disclosure is believed to allow for richer data sets that can be combined with each other and cross-validated, thereby providing a more complete plant situation than existing devices.

In certain embodiments, a sensor of the present disclosure comprises: one or more fasteners configured to be positioned in or around a plant part; a processor; a power supply; and two or more components selected from the group consisting of a tree detector, an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor. For example, in certain implementations, the sensor includes a tree detector and one or more of an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a tree detector, an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor.

In certain embodiments, the processor of the sensor comprises a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). In certain embodiments, the PCB comprises an epoxy fiberglass composite (e.g., G10 or FR 4), for example, in a laminate. In certain implementations, the PCB includes a material having stable structural properties and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, for example, as compared to injection molded plastic.

In certain embodiments, one or more components of the sensors of the present disclosure (e.g., magnetometers, transmitters, solar panels, accelerometers, light sensors, humidity sensors, air temperature sensors, batteries, and/or mounting screws or compression limiting elements of the present disclosure) are attached to the PCB. Thus, in addition to data processing/collection, the PCB may also be used as a structural element. The plastic parts produced by injection molding for high volume low cost production undergo subtle dimensional changes that can slowly occur over time when under load, with a real-time dependent viscoelastic flow, also known as creep. Even at very low or no load, irreversible shape changes over time may occur due to sunlight, material relaxation, humidity and temperature changes. Accordingly, an accurate measurement device using more stable materials (such as aluminum and stainless steel alloys) is desired, and in particular, a measurement device that provides measurements over a long period of time is required. However, metals are relatively expensive and are not suitable for use in housings where RF energy must be transmitted or received. The electronic components are typically mounted on a PCB, which may be made of a laminate of epoxy fiberglass composites (known as G10 or FR 4). These materials have extremely stable structural properties and low coefficients of thermal expansion, especially in comparison with injection molded plastics. Thus, using a PCB to support these other components may provide a stable and cost-effective design.

In certain embodiments, the power supply of the sensor comprises a battery, a solar panel, or a single cell, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the battery is a button cell type battery. In certain embodiments, the battery is attached to the PCB.

In certain embodiments, the power supply comprises an integrated solar panel, a hybrid capacitor, and a lithium battery. In certain implementations, the sensor charges the capacitor/battery during the day and may operate in the dark for days or weeks at the upper charge mix limit. Since energy comes from the sun and the amount will vary depending on the weather, geographical location and placement of the device on the plant (or even the likelihood of debris or sediment directly contacting the solar panel surface), the device may operate differently depending on the availability of energy. When the power is high, the data collection and transmission rate will be high, and when the light is attenuated and thus the power is reduced, the device may slow down.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a housing. In some embodiments, the housing is or comprises a plastic or polymer resin. In certain embodiments, the plastic or polymeric resin is glass filled. For example, the plastic or polymer resin may comprise about 10% to 40% glass, about 20% to 40% glass, about 30% to 40% glass, about 10% to 30% glass, about 15% to 35% glass, about 25% to 35% glass, about 10% glass, about 15% glass, about 20% glass, about 25% glass, about 30% glass, about 35% glass, or about 40% glass. In certain embodiments, the housing is not an RF shield. In certain embodiments, the housing does not contain RF shielding material.

In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor, the processor, and/or the power supply are positioned within the housing. In certain implementations, the housing encloses at least the processor and a power supply (e.g., a battery). In certain embodiments, the housing encloses at least the processor and one or more additional components. In certain embodiments, the housing encloses at least the processor and magnetometer. In certain embodiments, the housing is a sealed overmolded housing including an O-ring. For example, the battery of the sensor may be enclosed with a removable cover that covers the battery, allowing the remainder of the sensor to be sealed in the housing. In certain embodiments, the sensor is used as an encapsulated PCA (printed circuit assembly) when the mechanical components for the magnet plunger are all attached to the PCA. After manufacture and testing, the entire PCA may be overmolded and hermetically sealed. This protects the electronic components from water and contamination, while other components may be exposed, such as the measuring components of solar panels, humidity or air temperature sensors, LEDs, mounting surfaces or plungers. In certain embodiments, the housing is overmolded in one piece, i.e., without any seals, seams, or fasteners such as snaps, screws, or the like. In certain embodiments, the housing is overmolded as a single piece (i.e., without any seals, seams, or fasteners such as snaps, screws, etc.), and the sensor includes an integrated solar panel, a hybrid capacitor, and a lithium battery. Advantageously, this is considered to provide a power source that can operate over the life of the sensor, allowing the use of a single piece overmolded housing (since the housing need not be opened to access and/or replace the battery), thereby providing a permanent and hermetically sealed enclosure for the PCB/PCA and other components. Techniques and systems for overmolding (including low pressure overmolding) are known in the art; for example with HenkelThermoplastic plastics are matched for use. In certain embodiments, the housing comprises a thermoplastic, such as Henkel/> A thermoplastic.

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a tree detector. In certain embodiments, the tree-finder comprises a plunger having a cap and a shaft; a magnet attached to or located within a shaft; and a magnetometer configured to detect the position of the magnet (e.g., along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane). In certain embodiments, the magnet is configured to move laterally in association with the plunger. In certain embodiments, the cap is configured to be positioned against a plant part, and the plunger is configured to move in a lateral direction (e.g., along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane) in proportion to a change in plant size when the cap is positioned against the plant part. Other tree detectors contemplated for use herein are described below. Any of the tree detectors of the present disclosure may be used in the sensors described herein. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to measure a change in diameter or radius of a plant or plant part.

In certain embodiments, the magnetometer measures field strength in two orthogonal axes (e.g., x-axis and y-axis). Thus, the angle of the field lines can be calculated and correlated to the linear position of the plunger at micron resolution. For example, a ratio measurement of plunger position may be used based on the arctangent of the x/y axis position. This is different from the simpler single axis magnetometer. In certain embodiments, the magnetometer is attached to a PCB or PCA of the present disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the magnet is a rare earth magnet. In certain embodiments, the magnet is a neodymium magnet. In certain embodiments, the magnet generates a magnetic field characterized by a curved magnetic field path that changes angle relative to a fixed point as the plunger moves in and out as the plant moves. In certain embodiments, the magnets are characterized by little change in magnetic field characteristics over the lifetime of the device, so long as they are maintained at reasonably low temperatures (i.e., no artificial heating is present). In certain embodiments, the magnet is mounted in a plunger assembly that is disposed on the surface of a tree or woody plant, preferably with little cork between the plunger and the phloem of the plant that expands and contracts in association with changes in the turgor or water potential of the plant. In certain embodiments, the magnet is a cylindrical or disc-shaped magnet positioned inside the plunger shaft.

In certain embodiments, the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet at a micrometer scale resolution. For example, in certain embodiments, the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of a magnet at a minimum resolution of at least 1mm, at least 500 μm, at least 250 μm, at least 100 μm, at least 50 μm, at least 25 μm, at least 10 μm, at least 5 μm, or at least 1 μm. In certain embodiments, the magnet generates a magnetic field characterized by a curve of magnetic flux. In certain embodiments, the angle of the magnetic field may be determined based on the strength of the magnetic field along at least two axes (e.g., along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane) detected by the magnetometer. In certain embodiments, the angle may be equal to or related to the arctangent of the magnetic field strength along the first axis divided by the magnetic field strength along the second axis. If the sensor is attached to a plant part and the diameter of the plant part expands or contracts, the angle of the magnetic field generated by the magnet may change. The change in the angle of the magnetic field may be related to a linear change in the diameter of the plant part. In certain embodiments, the linear change in diameter of the plant part may be substantially linearly related to the change in angle of the magnetic field. In some embodiments, the correlation of the linear change in diameter with the change in angle of the magnetic field may be represented by a seventh order polynomial. In some embodiments, the correlation of the linear change in diameter with the change in angle of the magnetic field during calibration of the sensor may be represented by a seventh order polynomial.

In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to provide real-time measurements of plants or plant parts of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to measure the size of the plant part multiple times per day. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to measure the size of the plant part at intervals of 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 1 minute, 45 seconds, 30 seconds, 15 seconds, or 5 seconds. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to measure the size of the plant part at intervals of 5 seconds to 1 hour, 5 seconds to 15 minutes, 5 seconds to 5 minutes, 5 seconds to 1 minute, 1 minute to 1 hour, 1 minute to 30 minutes, 1 minute to 15 minutes, 10 minutes to 1 hour, or 10 minutes to 30 minutes.

It is contemplated that various fasteners may be used in the sensors of the present disclosure, and those skilled in the art may make appropriate selections of fastener types based on, for example, the type of plant part to be measured. In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners may comprise screws, threaded rods, or nails. The fastener may be configured to be positioned within or onto a plant site and mount the sensor to the plant site. The screw, shaft, or nail may be made of a variety of materials including, but not limited to, stainless steel, brass, aluminum, or titanium. In certain embodiments, the screw may be used in combination with one or more nuts (such as a nut configured to be positioned around the screw between the sensor body and the plant part (e.g., nut 1316 in fig. 13C and 13Q) and/or a nut configured to be positioned around the screw near the sensor body but away from the plant part) to mount the sensor to the plant part (e.g., woody branches or trunks). In certain embodiments, screws are attached to the PCB/PCA of the present disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a compression limiting element. In certain embodiments, the compression limiting element may provide a durable interface between a fastener (e.g., a mounting screw) and the rest of the sensor. For example, a compression limiter may be installed in the PCB/PCA of the present disclosure to provide an interface between the PCB/PCA and a fastener, such as a mounting screw (see, e.g., compression limiter 1322 in fig. 13C, or compression limiter 1404 in fig. 14A). In certain embodiments, the fastener (e.g., screw) passes through the compression limiting element. In certain embodiments, the compression limiting element is configured to be positioned about a fastener (e.g., a screw). In certain embodiments, the compression limiting element comprises metal (e.g., a metal ferrule) or plastic (e.g., a plastic ring). In certain embodiments, the compression limiting element is a ring, an O-ring, a ferrule, or a washer. In certain embodiments, a compression limiting element is used in combination with the non-loosening screw such that a mounting screw (e.g., mounting screw 1410 in fig. 14A) is positioned in the plant part to mount the sensor, one end of the compression limiting element (e.g., compression limiter 1404 in fig. 14A) is configured to receive the mounting screw (e.g., at an end opposite the end secured in the plant part), and the other end of the compression limiting element is configured to receive the non-loosening screw (e.g., non-loosening screw 1408 in fig. 14A). In certain embodiments, the non-loosening screw has an internal hexagonal flat head. In certain embodiments, the non-unthreading screw is knurled or flanged. In certain embodiments, the non-loosening screw includes a tamper resistant driver. In certain embodiments, the mounting screw has a hexagonal nut flange with a distal face providing a planar surface upon which the proximal face of the compression limiting element seats. This nut shape enables the insertion of the mounting screw into the plant part using standard nut drivers. In certain embodiments, the distal end of the mounting screw has a cylindrical protrusion for positioning the compression limiting element and internal threads for receiving the non-unthreading screw. In certain embodiments, the mounting screw has a threaded portion and an unthreaded portion. For example, an unthreaded portion may be used to indicate a correct installation depth. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a retaining ring configured to be positioned around the non-unthreading screw.

In certain embodiments, the one or more fasteners may comprise a threaded rod. In certain embodiments, the threaded rod may be used in combination with one or more nuts to mount the sensor to a plant part (e.g., a woody branch or trunk), such as a nut configured to be positioned around the threaded rod between the sensor body and the plant part (e.g., nut 1422 in fig. 14B or nut 1436 in fig. 14C), and/or a nut configured to be positioned around the screw adjacent to the sensor body but away from the plant part (e.g., nut 1424 in fig. 14B or nut 1434 in fig. 14C). In certain embodiments, the threaded rod and the nut configured to be positioned around the threaded rod between the sensor body and the plant part are welded, including a single piece of hardware, or the nut is joined, brazed, soldered, or welded to the threaded rod. In certain embodiments, the nut configured to be positioned around the screw proximate to the sensor body but away from the plant site is knurled or lug-ed. In certain embodiments, both nuts are adjustable, for example, to allow adjustment of the sensor relative to the plant part without disassembly (see, e.g., fig. 14C).

In certain embodiments, the fastener may include one or more curved arms configured to be positioned around the plant site. In certain embodiments, the fastener may comprise at least 2 arms, at least 3 arms, at least 4 arms, at least 5 arms, or at least 6 arms. For example, two curved arms arranged in a U-shape or V-shape may be used, as illustrated in fig. 12A-12P. In certain embodiments, the one or more arms encompass the plant part in a kinematically decisive manner. These embodiments may be particularly useful for smaller plant parts such as stems, new branches, twigs or vines (e.g., grape vine). In certain embodiments, the fastener includes two or more arms greater than or equal to 0.15, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or 2.5 inches between the arms. These fasteners are small and light enough to fit into compact spaces and easily and securely attach to the rattan, new branches, stems and twigs. For example, in certain embodiments, the rattan, new branch, stem, or branch has a diameter of less than or equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 inches, or a diameter of greater than or equal to 0.15 inches and less than or equal to 1 inch.

In certain embodiments, one or more elastic bands are configured to wrap around the sensor and the plant parts may also be used in combination with a crank arm (see, e.g., elastic band 1230 in fig. 12N-12P). In certain embodiments, the elastic belt is UV radiation resistant.

Fig. 9A and 9B illustrate exemplary sensors according to certain embodiments. The sensors include a plunger, magnetometer (size), accelerometer (tilt), antenna and components to measure humidity, temperature and spectrum. The sensor is mounted to the trunk using mounting screws to which the rest of the sensor is clamped. As the tree grows and its diameter increases, phloem expansion will push the plunger in a lateral direction (see arrow in fig. 9B), and a magnetometer detects the position of the magnet attached to the plunger, monitoring this change in position. In this way, the sensor measures the size of the plant part (in this case, the trunk). In addition to magnetometers measuring tree diameter (using magnet position as an alternative indicator), light sensors measure sunlight or no sunlight, temperature sensors measure atmospheric temperature, humidity sensors measure relative humidity, and accelerometers measure tree tilt (which may be a precursor to tree toppling and/or indicate root damage or instability).

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises an accelerometer. In certain implementations, the accelerometer is attached to a PCB. In certain embodiments, the accelerometer is a 3-axis accelerometer. In certain embodiments, the accelerometer measures the tilt of a plant or plant part to which the sensor is mounted. In certain embodiments, tilt as used herein refers to a change in tilt over a time scale (such as days or longer). In certain embodiments, the accelerometer measures rocking of the plant or plant part to which the sensor is mounted. In certain implementations, wobble as used herein refers to movement over a short period of time, for example, between about 1Hz or 0.2Hz and 20 Hz. In certain embodiments, the accelerometer measures the impact of the plant or plant part to which the sensor is mounted. In certain embodiments, an impact as used herein refers to a sudden acceleration, which may correspond to a plant being subjected to a collision force with a vehicle or device, for example. In some embodiments, the accelerometer may be programmed to trigger an alarm when the measurement exceeds a predetermined threshold. For example, when the tree is tilted beyond a predetermined tilt threshold, the sensor may trigger an alert indicating that there is a risk of dumping the tree or plant part.

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a light sensor. In certain implementations, the light sensor is attached to the PCB.

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a humidity sensor. In certain embodiments, the humidity sensor is attached to the PCB. In certain embodiments, the housing includes a port for a humidity sensor to take measurements outside of the sensor housing. In certain embodiments, the humidity sensor measures relative humidity.

In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises an air temperature sensor. In certain embodiments, the air temperature sensor is attached to the PCB.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a GPS sensor.

In certain embodiments, one or more components of the sensors of the present disclosure may be programmed to trigger an alert, alarm, or other notification when the measurement exceeds a predetermined threshold. In certain embodiments, the processor of the present disclosure may be programmed to trigger an alert, alarm, or other notification when a measurement obtained by one or more components of the sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold. For example, the sensor may trigger an alert, alarm, or other notification indicating that a tree or plant part is at risk of toppling when the tree is tilted beyond a predetermined tilt threshold based on data from an accelerometer.

In certain embodiments, the sensor of the present disclosure further comprises a transmitter. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a bluetooth radio or transceiver, such as a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio or transceiver. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is configured to wirelessly (e.g., a bluetooth, wiFi, or 900MHz transmitter) transmit the sensed data to a mobile device or server. Other possible wireless networks include the narrowband internet of things (IoT), LTE-M, and satellite-based networks such as Myriota or Swarm. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a radio. In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a transceiver (e.g., a bluetooth transceiver, a WiFi transceiver, etc.). In certain embodiments, the transmitter is a long range (LoRa) transceiver or a Near Field Communication (NFC) transceiver. In certain embodiments, the transmitter uses a Lora radio data transmission system or LoraWAN network protocol. Advantageously, this provides low power long range transmission. In certain embodiments, the transmitter uses a frequency band of about 900 MHz. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a chip antenna, such as Ignion NN, 2-2204. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a split dipole antenna, and two wires extend on opposite sides of the sensor. In some embodiments, the transmitter uses a frequency band of about 900MHz, and the sensor has a grounded surface of about 72mm (one wavelength of a quarter of the 900MHz band) or longer to complement the active antenna side, which may be a single wire (up if the solar panel is down from the mounting screw) that runs in the opposite direction of the grounded surface. In certain embodiments, the ground surface of the device may be shared with a solar panel.

Advantageously, collecting data from multiple sensors can be used to compensate for the measurement of diameter changes; indirect compensation to take into account mixed signals from bark that can obscure signals from living plant layers; calibrating and cross-validating data from multiple sources; and understand the driving factors for tree growth and/or daily expansion/contraction. For example, these data may be used to coarsely estimate and/or predict Vapor Pressure Differences (VPD) and thereby predict organism tree responses. The data may be sent to a server or mobile device via an antenna, forming a distributed IoT network for data collection. These data are high resolution real-time data and can be collected in a system (e.g., including a variety of sensors mounted to a variety of plants) in which comparisons between a variety of organisms can be made (e.g., comparing growth between organisms in similar conditions, similar species, similar geographic areas, similar weather conditions, similar soil conditions, similar care/watering/irrigation modes, etc.). Using these data, a model may be built for each organism based on observed tree-finding signals, collected environmental or weather data, etc., to predict future tree-finding based on current environmental signals or conditions, for example. In addition, variability of the model can be helpful in indicating non-measuring factors including soil moisture, pests, disease, toxicity, predation, damage, and the like. Thus, it is believed that the sensor of the present disclosure may provide a richer data set and a more complete situation for plants and their vicinity than existing sensors (see, e.g., www.phytech.com/home).

In certain embodiments, a plunger of the present disclosure includes a cap and a shaft. In certain embodiments, the cap is or comprises a molded plastic. In certain embodiments, the cap has a thickness of less than or equal to 5mm, 4mm, 3mm, 2mm, or 1mm. In certain embodiments, the cap is configured to contact plant parts within a surface area between about 10mm ² and about 100mm ², between about 10mm ² and about 50mm ², between about 10mm ² and about 500mm ², or between about 10mm ² and about 1000mm ². In certain embodiments, the cap may be molded in a low friction plastic (such as acetal or PETG), for example, using a mold side pull. Ideally, the cap is contacted with the plant or plant part in an area of reasonable size to achieve an agreed upon measurement without applying excessive pressure to the contact area. However, a certain pressure may be advantageous to maintain consistent contact with the plant or plant part and/or to compress any minor variations in cork.

In certain embodiments, the cap further comprises a gimbal (e.g., gimbal tip 1308 in fig. 13A and 13B). In certain embodiments, the universal joint is made of spherical ball points machined into the tree end of the main plunger cylinder that mate in mating spherical cavities at the tip portion, which may be injection molded plastic. Advantageously, the universal joint allows the contact surface to conform to the surface of a plant or plant part, for example, even if the sensor is not mounted in perfect alignment. The universal joint provides a degree of flexibility and pitch that helps maintain a reasonably sized contact area; otherwise, the contact area would be a small crescent-shaped area on the side of the plunger tip that is contacted first, and the contact pressure would vary within this contact patch, with the highest pressure occurring at the first contact point. This introduces a variable that can affect the measurement results and produce inconsistent results depending on the accuracy of the installation.

In certain embodiments, the shaft comprises aluminum or stainless steel. In certain embodiments, the shaft is a cylinder and the magnet is a cylindrical magnet positioned inside the plunger shaft. In certain embodiments, the cylinder is hollow. In certain embodiments, the cylinder comprises aluminum. In certain embodiments, the shaft may extend, such as for example, a threaded shaft. In certain embodiments, the shaft is impregnated with PFTE or oil.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a hollow shuttle positioned around the plunger shaft (see, e.g., fig. 13Q). In certain embodiments, the shuttle comprises a resin, such as a glass-filled resin of the present disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a spring located around or attached to the plunger. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a pulling lug attached to the plunger shaft opposite the cap (see, e.g., lug 1208 in fig. 12A).

In certain embodiments, the sensor or housing includes a removable pad that allows a user to access the PCB/PCA. In certain embodiments, the removable liner includes one or more screws, one or more bolts, and/or one or more rivets.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises one or more identifiers. In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a visual identifier. In some embodiments, the visual identifier is a QR code or a bar code. In certain embodiments, the sensor comprises a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag.

Advantageously, the sensor of the present disclosure may be used to measure any kind of plant stems (including primary stems, secondary stems, petioles, trunks, reeds, stalks, etc.) as well as any kind of plant branches, new branches, rattan, bodies, twigs, rattan, trunk, or fruit. It is believed that any plant part is susceptible to size float due to irreversible meristem growth or reversible swelling/contraction that occurs depending on the hydraulic state of the plant or environmental factors (e.g., temperature, relative humidity). The sensors of the present disclosure may be used to measure any type of plant, including but not limited to vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, etc.), trees (e.g., rubber trees, fruit trees, etc.), row crops, pet plants, and the like. In certain embodiments, the plant is main felling. In certain embodiments, the plant is citrus, olive, nut tree, cocoa, oak, pine, sequoia, strawberry tree, or maple tree. In certain embodiments, the plant is a woody plant. In certain embodiments, the plant is a vine, such as grape vine. Growth of various plants may be monitored by the sensors, systems, and methods disclosed herein.

In certain aspects, provided herein is a sensor comprising: a) One or more fasteners configured to be positioned about a plant part (e.g., a plant stem, body, branch, vine, trunk, or fruit), wherein the one or more fasteners include a rotatable element, and the rotatable element is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in plant part size when positioned about the plant part; b) A magnet, wherein the magnet is configured to rotate according to the rotatable element; c) A rotation sensor configured to detect rotation of the magnet; d) A processor; and e) a power supply. Advantageously, these simple and inexpensive sensors can provide real-time, rapid, continuous or near continuous monitoring of plant growth, which can be indicative of health, growth, watering, pests, sunlight, changes in temperature, humidity or other conditions. Such data may be obtained near the plant or at a distance (e.g., by transmitting the data to a mobile device, server, or other computer system) and may be easily adapted for a variety of plants remotely.

In certain embodiments, the magnet is configured such that the north-south polar axis of the magnet is perpendicular to the rotational axis of the rotatable element. In certain embodiments, the rotation sensor is a hall sensor. In certain embodiments, the hall sensor is configured to measure movement (e.g., rotation) of the magnet by measuring sine/cosine waves of the magnet or its magnetic field.

In some embodiments, the hall sensor is positioned such that the Z-axis of the hall sensor is parallel to the rotational axis of the rotatable element. In certain embodiments, for example, after the sensor is mounted on the plant, the rotatable element is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in plant part diameter, plant part radius, plant part circumference, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the rotatable element is configured to rotate in one direction in proportion to an increase in plant part diameter, plant part radius, plant part circumference, or a combination thereof, and in the other direction (e.g., the opposite direction) in proportion to a decrease in plant part diameter, plant part radius, plant part circumference, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the degree of rotation of the rotatable element is linear by a constant factor relative to the plant part size (e.g., diameter, radius, circumference, etc.). In some embodiments, the constant factor is about 1mm per change in size of the plant part, the rotatable element being rotated about 10 degrees. In some embodiments, the constant factor is about 1mm per change in size of the plant part, with the rotatable element rotated about 5 degrees. In certain embodiments, the constant factor is constant over the dynamic range of plant part sizes. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is about 4mm to about 24mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part size is about 4mm to about 24mm in diameter, and the constant factor is about 1mm per change in plant part size, with the rotatable element rotated about 10 degrees. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is about 4mm to about 52mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part size is about 4mm to about 52mm by diameter, and the dynamic range of plant part size is about 1mm to about 5mm by diameter. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is about 1mm to about 5mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is up to about 5mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is about 0.001mm to about 5mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part sizes is about 0.001mm to about 1mm in diameter. In certain embodiments, the constant factor is: the rotatable element rotates about 10 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 9 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 8 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 7 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 6 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 5 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 2 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 1 degree for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 15 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; the rotatable element rotates about 20 degrees for each change in size of the plant part of about 1 mm; or about 1mm per change in size of the plant part, the rotatable element rotates about 25 degrees. In certain embodiments, the dynamic range of plant part size is from about 4mm to about 52mm in diameter, from about 4mm to about 30mm in diameter, from about 4mm to about 40mm in diameter, from about 4mm to about 60mm in diameter, from about 1mm to about 52mm in diameter, from about 1mm to about 30mm in diameter, from about 1mm to about 40mm in diameter, from about 1mm to about 60mm in diameter, from about 1mm to about 10mm in diameter, from about 0.5mm to about 5mm in diameter, from about 0.1mm to about 1mm in diameter, from about 0.01mm to about 1mm in diameter, from about 1mm in diameter, About 0.1mm to about 10mm in diameter or about 0.01mm to about 10mm in diameter. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the sensors of the present disclosure may be adapted to a variety of useful constant factors and/or dynamic ranges.

In certain embodiments, the sensor of the present disclosure uses a magnet and a hall sensor system with a single PCB and battery inside an injection molded plastic housing, for example, to produce accurate measurements that can be transmitted via a low power wireless data link. Other sensors and elements are possible and the low cost of the magnet/hall sensor pairing makes it extremely advantageous.

Clamp type sensor

In certain embodiments of the sensor of the present disclosure, the one or more fasteners comprise at least a first stationary arm having a base and a rotatable arm having a base, wherein the magnet is positioned within the rotatable arm. In certain embodiments, the change in size of the plant part causes the rotatable arm to rotate to a degree that is, for example, proportional to the change in size (e.g., circumference, diameter, radius, etc.). This type of sensor is referred to herein as a "clamp" or "clamp" sensor or tree detector.

In some embodiments, the one or more fasteners further comprise a second stationary arm. In certain embodiments, the stationary arm and the rotatable arm are curved. In some embodiments, the stationary arm and the rotatable arm are curved in opposite directions. In certain embodiments, the plant part is in contact with three contact lines, wherein a first line is located on the first stationary arm, wherein a second line is located on the rotatable arm, and wherein a third line is located on the sensor opposite the first line and/or the second line, e.g. on a part of the sensor housing or other components of the sensor than the arm.

In certain embodiments, the clamp sensor further comprises a torsion spring. In certain embodiments, the torsion spring is connected to the rotatable arm, to one of the stationary arms (e.g., the first stationary arm), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, a torsion spring is connected to the rotatable arm. In some embodiments, the torsion spring applies torsion to the connection with the sensor (e.g., the housing or other stationary body of the sensor). In certain embodiments, a torsion spring is connected to the first stationary arm and the rotatable arm. In some embodiments, the torsion spring applies torsion to the connection with the rotatable arm. In certain embodiments, the base of the rotating arm is connected to the base of the first stationary arm at a hinge comprising the torsion spring.

In certain embodiments of the clamp-on sensor, the rotation sensor is positioned within the housing of the sensor. In other embodiments of the clamp-on sensor, the rotation sensor is positioned within one of the stationary arms (e.g., within the first stationary arm or the second stationary arm).

One embodiment of the device includes a curved "arm" shaped such that a cylindrical object (the ideal plant site) contacts along three lines; one wire at the body and one wire on each arm so that a stable grip on the plant is achieved without any additional constraint. One embodiment of the arrangement is shown in fig. 1A and 1B.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the arms may be curved such that the angular movement of the measurement arm is linear with respect to the plant part diameter, such as a constant factor, such as 10 degrees of rotation of the arm for each 1mm change in the size of the plant part. In certain embodiments, the magnets are embedded in the arms such that the N-S polar axis is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In certain embodiments, hall sensors that can measure field strengths on the X-axis and Y-axis oriented such that the Z-axis is aligned with the rotation axis will detect rotation of the arm as a sine function and a cosine function and ATAN2 can be easily calculated at angles of the X-hall signal and the Y-hall signal.

In certain embodiments, these devices include only 4 plastic parts, PCB, magnets and springs and can be produced at very low cost. These devices are extremely easy to apply to plants, requiring only a single hand to simply clamp in place and begin monitoring. Since the arms grasp and measure the plants, no additional means are required to constrain the system. An exemplary clamp type sensor is shown in fig. 1C.

Sliding arm sensor

In certain embodiments of the sensor of the present disclosure (e.g., clamp-on sensors), the position of the base of one of the stationary arms is configured to slide relative to the base of the rotating arm such that sliding the base of the stationary arm a greater distance from the base of the rotating arm increases the minimum diameter measurable by the sensor and decreases the minimum size change measurable by the sensor. In other embodiments, the position of the base of the rotating arm is configured to slide relative to the base of one of the stationary arms such that sliding the base of the rotating arm a greater distance from the base of the stationary arm increases the minimum diameter measurable by the sensor and decreases the minimum size change measurable by the sensor. In certain embodiments, the position of the base of the first stationary arm is configured to slide relative to the base of the rotating arm such that sliding the base of the first stationary arm a greater distance from the base of the rotating arm increases the minimum diameter measurable by the sensor and decreases the minimum size change measurable by the sensor. In other embodiments, the position of the base of the rotating arm is configured to slide relative to the base of the first stationary arm such that sliding the base of the rotating arm a greater distance from the base of the first stationary arm increases the minimum diameter measurable by the sensor and decreases the minimum size change measurable by the sensor.

The clamp sensor described above is extremely easy to install and is capable of measuring well within its measuring range the absolute size of any object it holds. However, most of the time in plant health monitoring, learning the absolute size of plant parts is not as useful as learning about minor size changes that occur over short periods of time. Measurements taken twice a minute for several consecutive days (or similar frequency) may indicate whether the plant expands and contracts as normal as a healthy plant.

Different types of clamp sensors according to certain embodiments may have a smaller measurement range, such as detecting a maximum diameter change of 4mm or 10mm, and higher sensitivity within that range by allowing the arm to slide relative to the measurement portion of the device during installation and then slide such that the zero point is near the small end of the effective measurement range. The device can thus be mounted on a 30mm plant part and then the measuring part is set to about 1 in the range of 0 to 5. Now, as plant parts grow and shrink day by day and week by week, they can change from 30mm to 33mm, the device detects and reports small changes of 0.001 mm.

Strip measuring sensor

In certain embodiments of the sensor of the present disclosure, the one or more fasteners comprise a clamp and a flexible strap having a first end and a second end; wherein the first end is attached to a rotatable drum, wherein the magnet is positioned within the rotatable drum; wherein the second end is configured to be attached to a sensor by a clamp; wherein a first section of the flexible strip including a first end is configured to be wound on a rotatable drum; wherein a second section of the flexible strip comprising a second end is configured to wrap over the plant part and to be attached to the sensor at the second end by a clamp; and wherein the rotatable drum is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in the size of the plant part. This type of sensor is referred to herein as a "strip measurement type" or "strip type" sensor or tree detector.

In certain embodiments, the rotatable drum is configured to rotate in proportion to the change in the size of the plant part as the length of the first section or the second section of flexible strip changes. In certain embodiments, a second section of the flexible strip including the second end is configured to wrap over the plant part and attach to the sensor at a stationary portion or body of the sensor or housing of the sensor. In certain embodiments, the flexible strip comprises a porous material, polyethylene terephthalate glycol (polyethylene terephthalate glycol, PETG), a fluorinated material, a composite, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composite material comprises kevlar, fiberglass, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the strip measurement sensor further comprises a torsion spring; wherein the torsion spring is connected to a rotatable spool; and wherein the torsion spring applies torsion to the rotatable spool or the connection to the sensor. In some embodiments, the rotation sensor is positioned within a housing of the sensor.

This embodiment of the sensor utilizes a flexible thin strip of material wrapped around a spool that is restrained by a spring to retract the strip (fig. 2A and 2B). The strap is pulled around the plant site and the distal end is refastened to the device by the clamp. As the plant parts increase in size, they pull more tape and the reel rotates about the Z-axis. A magnet is attached in the spool in a similar manner to the clamp type sensor described above to generate a measurement signal from the hall sensor. An exemplary strip measurement sensor is shown in fig. 2C.

If the diameter of the reel is relatively small, the device can generate a relatively large measurement signal in response to a small change in the diameter of the plant part. Furthermore, a relatively long strip may be included by winding multiple turns of the strip on a reel to allow measurement of larger plant parts.

A possible disadvantage of this type of sensor compared to clamps is that it typically requires a two-hand installation, which necessarily includes more parts, friction between the strip and the plant part will reduce measurement fidelity, and the strip may prevent air from flowing to the plant part. To alleviate these disadvantages, the strips may be made of a porous material with very low surface energy and low friction. Laser cutting PETG is a viable strip option, and laser cutting PETG is good and cost effective. Fluorinated materials and composite tapes comprising Kevlar or fiberglass strength elements may also be used.

Strap type sensor

In certain embodiments of the sensor of the present disclosure, the one or more fasteners comprise a band, a clasp, and a rotatable spool, wherein the magnet is positioned within the rotatable spool; wherein the cuff is configured to wrap around a plant part and be secured to the sensor by a clasp; wherein the rotatable drum is configured to rotate in proportion to a change in the size of the plant part. This type of sensor is referred to herein as a "band-type" or "band-type" sensor or tree detector.

In certain embodiments, the rotatable drum is configured to rotate in proportion to the change in size of the plant part as the position of the cuff changes. In some embodiments, the rotation sensor is positioned within a housing of the sensor.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further comprises a torsion spring; wherein the torsion spring is connected to the rotatable spool. In certain embodiments, the torsion spring applies torsion to the rotatable spool or the connection to the sensor.

Variations of the strip sensor do not have a predetermined strip length, but instead include a band that can have any length to wrap around any size tree (fig. 3A-3B). Only the change in cuff length is measured, since small changes in the size of the plant part (e.g. trunk or stem, etc.) are of general interest, not absolute size measurements. The band is secured to the device on the distal end via a snap ring that grips the band by friction at any point.

Timing binding band type sensor

In certain embodiments of the sensor of the present disclosure, the one or more fasteners comprise a strap having a plurality of teeth, a clasp, and a toothed pulley, wherein the magnet is positioned within the toothed pulley; wherein the strap is configured to wrap over a plant part and be secured to the sensor by a clasp; wherein the toothed pulley is configured to interlock with one or more of the teeth of the strap and rotate in proportion to a change in the size of the plant part. This type of sensor is referred to herein as a "timing belt sensor".

In certain embodiments, the strap is configured to wrap over a plant site and be secured to the sensor by a snap ring, with the teeth facing outwardly away from the plant site. In some embodiments, the toothed pulley is configured to interlock with one or more of the teeth of the strap and rotate in proportion to the change in size of the plant part as the position of the strap changes.

In certain embodiments, the strap comprises kevlar, metal, fiberglass, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the teeth are spaced about 2mm or less apart. In some embodiments, the rotation sensor is positioned within a housing of the sensor.

Another embodiment of the sensor uses a timing strap such that the tooth side of the strap is facing outward and the smooth stiff rear side of the strap seats against the bark or outer surface of the plant part when installed around the plant part. The strap may have a hard smooth surface in contact with the surface to maximize the ability to slip during trunk expansion and contraction. The kvila, metal or glass fibers of the strap resist stretching and thus improve the accuracy of the measurement. Instead of wrapping around a spool, the strap is engaged with a toothed pulley that rotates a magnet to produce a measurement (fig. 4A). The other end can be gripped by a clamp at any point on the device. This type also allows plants of any size to be measured, provided that the timing belt is long enough. Since 3D printers typically use 10m long straps, 10m long straps can easily obtain 2mm teeth (GT 2 profile) at low cost. The finely toothed straps tailored for this device may enable more sensitive measurements of plant parts and provide other benefits, especially if the inner surface is made extremely hard and smooth. An exemplary timing belt sensor is shown in fig. 4A and 4B.

System and method for measuring and tracking plant part size

In certain aspects, provided herein is a system for measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the system comprising: a) A sensor according to any of the embodiments described herein; and b) a mobile device or server; wherein the sensor is connected to the mobile device or server via wireless communication and is configured to transmit data to the mobile device or server.

In certain implementations, the sensor is connected to the mobile device or server via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), long range (LoRa), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to transmit data to the mobile device or server. In some embodiments, the sensor is configured to transmit data related to a rotation sensor, plant part size, wireless communication signal strength, or a combination thereof to the mobile device or server. In certain embodiments, the sensor is configured to receive data from the mobile device or server.

In certain embodiments, the system comprises a plurality of sensors according to any of the embodiments described herein; wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the mobile device or server via wireless communication and is configured to transmit data to the mobile device or server. In certain implementations, each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the mobile device or server via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), long range (LoRa), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, each sensor of the plurality of sensors is configured to transmit data related to wireless communication signal strength to the mobile device or server. In some implementations, the mobile device or server receives wireless communication signal strength information from each sensor of the plurality of sensors and generates a wireless communication signal strength map at each location of the plurality of sensors. In certain implementations, the mobile device includes a GPS sensor. In some implementations, the GPS sensor is configured to obtain location information using the GPS sensor and associate the location information with a sensor of the plurality of sensors. In certain implementations, the mobile device includes a camera or other image sensor (e.g., a CCD or CMOS sensor).

For all tree finder types described herein, the smart phone application may facilitate the collection of context information using common smart phone sensors (GPS, compass, RFID, cameras) and user problem cues.

Tree-finder measurements are most meaningful if the context is well understood. The plant type, plant position and growth stage are all taken into account. Much of this information can be easily captured using a smart phone. The tree finder device may have a near field communication device (RFID) that the smart phone will be able to detect and to identify the device. Alternatively, the device may have a QR code, bar code, or other visual identifier that a camera on a person or smart phone may use to identify the device. One or more photographs of a plant taken at the device installation site, which would contain information including GPS (geographic markers) from the phone and the location of the plant, can be identified by using cloud-based plant ID image recognition software. The phone application may also prompt the installer to answer several questions, such as whether the plant is rooted or new.

Each device, when paired with a smart phone, may be used as a network signal strength testing device. The device may have two wireless links, such as BLE (bluetooth low energy) and LoRa. The LoRa signal can be the primary means of transmitting data from the sensor to the internet system due to its long range and low power consumption, whereas most smartphones can use bluetooth to communicate directly with smartphones because they support the bluetooth standard. The LoRa signal strength may be measured by the device when the device is communicating with a smartphone via BLE. By walking around with the sensor device or trying different possible installation locations (e.g. on either side of the tree), the phone can be used to determine the quality of the LoRa communication link at each possible installation location. This information may be stored as geo-referenced data to map out good signal quality zones for a given gateway location. The process in which the gateway can be temporarily installed at the test location and then signal quality is evaluated using only the smart phone and any sensor device with these two radio features would make it easier for the user to set up a good wireless network for their location and desired sensor placement. For devices with only one radio (such as only LoRa), the same procedure may apply if the gateway is connected to the internet and the smartphone has network connectivity via cell or wifi. In this case the sensor device is first connected to the gateway when in range and the signal quality information is forwarded to the phone via the internet backend when the person moves the sensor device around. Displaying the signal quality, number of bars and/or color (good green, normal yellow, poor orange, poor red) in real time on the smart phone screen will enable the installer to easily place the sensor in a fully connected position. One side of the tree may have sunlight, but it is preferable to place the sensor in shadow, but this is less important than having a sufficient connection. Yellow connectivity and shading, on the other hand, are superior to green connectivity and sun. The direction of the sun may be shown using a smart phone application and information about the geographic location. Displaying both pieces of information during installation will cause the application bootable installer to find the optimal sensor placement.

In certain aspects, provided herein is a method for tracking plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the method comprising: the sensors of the present disclosure are used to measure the size of a plant part and/or other plant part characteristics, for example, based on data collected using its integrated components. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring the size of the plant part and/or other plant part characteristics using the sensor of the present disclosure at a second time after the first time, wherein the size of the plant part and/or other plant part characteristics are measured using the sensor of the present disclosure, e.g., based on data collected using its integrated components. In certain embodiments, the size of the plant part and/or other plant part characteristics are compared between the first time and the second time to track changes in the size and/or other plant part characteristics over time (i.e., between the first time and the second time).

In certain embodiments, the size measurement is based at least in part on the position of the magnet of the sensor (e.g., detected by a magnetometer of the present disclosure). In certain embodiments, the method comprises installing a sensor to the plant or plant part prior to making the size measurement, wherein the one or more fasteners are positioned in or around the plant part, and wherein the plunger cap is positioned against the plant part. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises measuring the size of the plant part at a second time after the first time using the sensor of the present disclosure, wherein measuring the size at the second time is based at least in part on the position of the magnet, and wherein a change in the position of the magnet from the first time to the second time is indicative of a change in the size of the plant part.

In certain aspects, provided herein is a method for tracking plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the method comprising: a) Measuring plant part size at a first time at a sensor according to any of the embodiments described herein; and b) measuring, at the sensor, plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, e.g. based on data collected using its integrated components, at a second time after the first time. In certain embodiments, the size of the plant part and/or other plant part characteristics are compared between the first time and the second time to track changes in the size and/or other plant part characteristics over time (i.e., between the first time and the second time).

In certain embodiments, a change in size of the plant part between the first time and the second time causes the rotatable element to rotate in proportion to the change in size. In certain embodiments, differences in size and/or other plant part characteristics are measured between two time points. In certain embodiments, the size and/or other plant part characteristics are measured at each time point.

Examples

The presently disclosed subject matter will be better understood with reference to the following examples, which are provided to illustrate, but not to limit, the present invention.

Example 1: measurement of plant stem size by means of a tree-measuring device

Nine tree detectors were mounted on seven plants and one reference cylinder in the indoor growth room. Six of the plants were tomato and one was a rubber plant. Two tree detectors are mounted on one of the tomatoes, one above the other on the stem (ed 3 and ed 4). Seven of the tree detectors are clamp type and two (TM 1 and TM 2) are band type. Local time (Pacific time) 5:30am to 7pm enabled growth lamps. The watering event was recorded.

Fig. 5 shows a graph of stem size measurements recorded by each tree tester over time. As well as observable watering events, diurnal cycling can also be observed. Daily upsets associated with changes in illumination and some amount of settling can be observed on the reference rod. This is expected and can be corrected on these devices.

Example 2: measurement of the Diospyros kaki Stem size at Fuyu

Fuyu persimmon trees are in relatively dry soil. Fig. 6 shows data from a strip measurement type tree finder applied to a tree that reports measurement results to a cloud-based data storage device via a bluetooth through a rooftop gateway every 30 seconds. The measurement results are in mm and time is shown in local Pacific time. In the size measurement, a daily cycle of about 0.02mm was observed. Water was provided in the third night during this study period. For the next few days, the stem size increased from a minimum of about 0.06mm.

Example 3: measurements of tree size, air temperature, relative humidity, magnetometer temperature, battery power, light intensity, and accelerometer axis

Six trees are monitored. Fig. 7A to 7C show data from the apparatus of the present disclosure applied to each tree. Fig. 8A to 8C show data of a device applied to one tree. Diameter measurement is in mm. The air temperature and magnetometer temperature measurements are in units of degrees celsius. Relative humidity measurements are in% H. Battery charge measurements are in%. Accelerometer measurements are in units of m/sec ².

Example 4: measurement of tree growth

Tilia Miqueliana were monitored from 9 in 2021 to 11 in 2021. The growth of the linden tree was measured in units of 0.001 mm. Fig. 10 shows monitoring daily maximum (morning), daily minimum (evening), daily change and Tree Water Deficiency (TWD). Daily variation is about the size of human hair (-80 um). Fig. 11 shows the device on a basswood. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the main driving factors for daily size fluctuations are related to the tension created by the transpiration and the restrictions imposed on soil water conductivity, sap paths within the plant, air ports and their corresponding interfaces. On the other hand, irreversible tissue expansion may be due to, for example, cell division and growth in meristem tissue.

Example 5: water status monitoring of rattan and small diameter stems

Many crops may have stems or vines that are too small in diameter to accommodate tree detectors attached by screws. However, in the case of trees, it may be beneficial to monitor the size of the plant stems and/or vines to optimize the growth conditions of the plant. For example, grape vine must be grown at an optimal amount of water stress to produce wine grapes with the most desirable flavor. Excessive grape vine watering can grow multi-water grape with poor flavor. Grape vines with insufficient watering can grow grapes with poor flavor. In addition, grape vines that are insufficiently watered may grow less than grape vines that receive the optimal amount of water. Serious under watering can ultimately lead to plant death. A conventional method of monitoring the water status of grape vine may involve manually removing a piece of grape leaf, sealing the grape leaf in a pressure chamber from which the leaf stem protrudes, and then measuring the water pressure of the beads on the torn leaf stem. These conventional methods are typically performed prior to harvesting; thus, even if the method indicates that the vine does not receive the optimal amount of water, the time left before harvesting may not be sufficient to correct the growth conditions to produce the most desirable grape. In addition, the conventional method is time consuming, requires manpower, and is prone to operational errors and deviations. In particular, since the measurements are only indicative of the water status of a particular leaf, selecting a leaf that accurately represents the plant status can be challenging.

The tree detector described herein may be adapted to monitor the water status of vines and other small diameter stems. In certain embodiments, the adapted tree tester may provide a cost-effective automated method to continuously measure the diameter of a vines or another plant having a small diameter stem as the plant grows to monitor the water status of the plant (e.g., over-watered, under-watered, etc.). The adapted tree-finder according to the present disclosure may also provide growth information and environmental information that may aid in analyzing stem diameter measurements. In certain embodiments, the growth and environmental information provided by the adapted tree detector may be used to inform crop management decisions (e.g., irrigation). In some embodiments, a user may be able to install and monitor a large number (e.g., greater than or equal to 100, 500, 1000, 5000, etc.) of adapted tree detectors in a single growth area. This may allow a user to measure a large number of plants at various locations in the growth area, which may allow the user to accurately and precisely assess growth conditions at the locations. In certain embodiments, the adapted tree tester may be used to monitor smaller, tender new branches; these new shoots can provide more reliable data as they can contain less cork.

FIG. 12A depicts an exemplary tree-finder that has been adapted for measuring the diameter of rattans and other small diameter stems. Specifically, fig. 12A illustrates tree finder 1200 attached to stem 1226. As shown, tree monitor 1200 may include a plunger 1202, a plurality of arms 1204, a housing 1206, and pulling lugs 1208. The pulling lug 1208 may be mechanically coupled to the plunger 1202. The plunger 1202 may be retracted away from the plurality of arms 1204 by pulling the pulling lugs 1208 away from the housing 1206. In some embodiments, the user may mount tree tester 1200 on stem 1226 by: the plunger 1202 is retracted using the pulling lugs 1208, the plurality of arms 1204 are placed over the appropriate section of the stem 1226, and the plunger 1202 is released by releasing the pulling lugs 1208. When the plunger 1202 is released, the plunger 1202 may move toward the plurality of arms 1204 and secure the stem 1226 between one end of the plunger 1202 and the plurality of arms 1204. In certain embodiments, the plurality of arms 1204 may include at least 2 arms, at least 3 arms, at least 4 arms, at least 5 arms, or at least 6 arms. In certain embodiments, the plurality of arms 1204 may include a pair of arms extending from the housing 1206 in a "V" or "U" shape. In certain embodiments, the arrangement and shape formed of the plurality of arms 1204 may be configured to hug the stem 1226 in a kinematically deterministic manner.

In certain embodiments, tree tester 1200 may be small enough to fit between dense nodes on a stem or vine (e.g., dense nodes on grape vine). In certain embodiments, the maximum spacing between each of the plurality of arms 1204 may be less than or equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 inches. In certain embodiments, the maximum spacing between each of the plurality of arms 1204 may be greater than or equal to 0.15, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or 2.5 inches. In certain embodiments, the compact shape of tree tester 1200 may minimize the measurement load path, particularly as ambient temperature changes, which may increase the accuracy of the diameter measurement.

In certain embodiments, tree monitor 1200 may be configured to attach to a stem or vine having a diameter less than or equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 inches. In certain embodiments, tree monitor 1200 may be configured to attach to a stem or vine having a diameter greater than or equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 inches. In certain embodiments, tree tester 1200 may be configured to attach to a stem or vine having a diameter greater than or equal to 0.15 inches and less than or equal to 1 inch.

Tree detector 1200 may be formed of lightweight materials. In certain embodiments, the housing 1206 may comprise a stable polymer, such as a 30% glass filled UV activated polymer (e.g., formLabs Rigid K material) that may be 3D printed by stereolithography. In certain embodiments, the housing 1206 may comprise an injection moldable glass filled polymer (e.g., noryl). In certain embodiments, the housing 1206 may comprise a material configured to transmit radio frequency signals.

In certain embodiments, the housing 1206 may house one or more electronic components configured to monitor changes in the diameter of the stem to which the tree tester 1200 is attached. The housing 1206 may include a removable panel 1220 that may allow a user to access the electronic components housed in the housing 1206.

Additional external perspective views of tree tester 1200 are depicted in fig. 12E-12M.

Fig. 12B shows an internal perspective view of tree tester 1200. As shown, the housing 1206 may house a printed circuit assembly 1214, including an antenna 1216 and a magnetometer 1218. Plunger 1202 may house a magnet 1210 positioned at one end of a spring 1212. The spring 1212 may compress when the user retracts the plunger 1202 by pulling the pulling lug 1208 away from the rest position of the plunger 1202. When the pulling lug 1208 is released, the spring 1212 may be forced to expand again, which may cause the plunger 1202 to move toward the plurality of arms 1204. If the plurality of arms 1204 have been placed on a stem (such as stem 1226), the stem may stop movement of the plunger 1202 toward the plurality of arms 1204.

In certain embodiments, the magnet 1210 may generate a magnetic field characterized by a magnetic flux curve. Magnetometer 1218 can be configured to measure the strength of a magnetic field generated by magnet 1210 along at least two axes (e.g., along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane). The angle of the magnetic field may be determined based on the strength of the magnetic field along at least two axes (e.g., along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane) detected by magnetometer 1218. In certain embodiments, the angle may be equal to or related to the arctangent of the magnetic field strength along the first axis divided by the magnetic field strength along the second axis. If tree tester 1200 is attached to a stem or vine (such as stem 1226) and the diameter of the stem/vine expands or contracts, the angle of the magnetic field generated by magnet 1210 may change. The change in the angle of the magnetic field may be related to a linear change in the diameter of the stem or vine. In certain embodiments, the linear change in diameter of the stem or vine may be substantially linearly related to the change in magnetic field angle. In some embodiments, the correlation of the linear change in diameter with the angular change in magnetic field may be represented by a seventh order polynomial. In some embodiments, during calibration of tree-finder 1200, the correlation of the linear change in diameter to the angular change in magnetic field may be represented by a seventh order polynomial.

In certain embodiments, the spring 1212 may be configured to be strong enough to allow the plunger 1202 to grasp the stem or vine, but weak enough to ensure that the plunger 1202 does not damage the stem or vine. This may allow for easy attachment and removal of tree tester 1200 to and from different stems or vines and/or different locations along the stems or vines without causing damage to the plant. In certain embodiments, the plunger 1202 may be configured to move linearly with low friction to allow the plunger 1202 to be sensitive to small changes in the diameter of the stem or vine. In certain embodiments, the plunger 1202 may be sensitive to stem diameter changes on the order of microns.

In certain embodiments, the antenna 1216 may be configured to transmit data associated with the change in diameter of the stem or vine to an external device (e.g., a user's computer). In certain embodiments, the antenna 1216 may be a radio frequency antenna. In some embodiments, the antenna 1216 may be configured to wirelessly transmit data using a low power digital radio protocol (e.g., bluetooth low energy 5 (BLE 5) or LoraWAN). In certain implementations, the antenna 1216 may continuously transmit data to the external device for a long period of time (e.g., throughout a growing season).

As mentioned above, the housing 1206 may include a removable liner 1220 that may allow a user to access the printed circuit assembly 1214. One or more fasteners 1222 may be used to secure the removable liner 1220 to the housing 1206. In certain embodiments, the fastener 1222 may include one or more screws, one or more bolts, and/or one or more rivets.

In certain embodiments, the printed circuit assembly 1214 may include one or more sensors in addition to the magnetometer 1218. The one or more additional sensors may include a humidity sensor, a light sensor, a temperature sensor, and/or an accelerometer. The moisture and air temperature sensors may be used to determine if the change in diameter of the stem or vine is due to expansion of the cork layer of the stem between the plunger and phloem. A distinction may have to be made between a diameter change due to expansion of the cork layer and a diameter change due to phloem expansion, as phloem expansion may be a practical change of interest. In certain embodiments, humidity and temperature sensors may be used to collect information related to the potential for transpiration during photosynthesis. For example, data collected by humidity and temperature sensors may be used to calculate vapor pressure differences. The accelerometer may help determine whether the tree tester 1200 is jostled or unseated and may provide information regarding the stability of the plant to which the tree tester 1200 is attached under different wind conditions. The light sensor may be used to determine whether the tree monitor 1200 is in direct sunlight, to determine the time of sunrise and sunset, to confirm the position of the tree monitor 1200, and to provide information about cloud cover.

In certain implementations, as shown in fig. 12C, the printed circuit assembly 1214 may receive power from the battery 1228. In certain embodiments, the battery 1228 may be a button cell type battery configured to last through the growing season. This may allow the tree tester 1200 to be installed on the stem or vine after spring pruning and removed after harvesting.

Additional interior perspective views of tree tester 1200 are depicted in fig. 12D and 12H.

Fig. 12N to 12P show photographs of a tree detector 1200 attached to grape vine. As shown, one or more elastic bands 1230 may be used to secure the tree detector 1200 to the vine. In certain embodiments, the elastic band 1230 is resistant to ultraviolet radiation. In certain embodiments, a single elastic band 1230 may be stretched over a first arm of the plurality of arms 1204, around the stem, around the back side of tree tester 1200, and over a second arm of the plurality of arms 1204.

Example 6: integrated tree sensor

The tree sensor may be configured to facilitate remote monitoring of plant health and/or growth status over the years after installation without maintenance. Tree sensors may include a number of integrated sensors capable of monitoring growth status, water status, tilt, and/or sway. In some embodiments, the integrated tree sensor may be configured to detect and/or interpret any impact the sensor may have on its ongoing measurements. In some embodiments, the duration in which the integrated tree sensor may be installed may be limited only by the tree growth itself. The integrated tree sensor may be powered by one or more batteries configured to provide power over the life of the tree sensor without replacement.

Fig. 13A-13B illustrate perspective views of an integrated tree sensor according to certain embodiments. In particular, fig. 13A-13B show perspective views of an integrated tree sensor 1300 attached to the trunk of a tree. The integrated tree sensor 1300 includes a plunger 1302 and a mounting screw 1304. One end of the plunger 1302 may include a gimbal tip 1308. The overmold 1306 may cover one or more electronic and/or control components of the sensor 1300. In certain embodiments, the side of the sensor 1300 facing away from the trunk when the sensor 1300 is installed may include one or more solar panels 1312 configured to receive solar energy and convert the solar energy into electrical energy to power the sensor 1300.

Fig. 13C shows a cross-sectional view of the integrated tree sensor 1300. As shown, the overmold 1306 covers a single printed circuit board 1324. In certain embodiments, printed circuit board 1324 may be configured to support all mechanical and electrical components of sensor 1300 (i.e., all components of sensor 1300 may be attached to printed circuit board 1324). The electronic components of sensor 1300 may include one or more antennas, such as a LORA antenna 1326 and an NFC antenna 1332. In some embodiments, these antennas may be configured to transmit data over long distances while consuming small amounts of power.

In certain embodiments, the printed circuit board 1324 may comprise a material having stable structural properties and a low coefficient of thermal expansion compared to injection molded plastic. In certain embodiments, the printed circuit board 1324 may include a laminate of an epoxy fiberglass composite (e.g., G10 or FR 4).

In certain embodiments, the overmold 1306 may be configured to hermetically seal the printed circuit board 1324. The overmold 1306 may be applied using a low pressure overmold system (e.g., henkel's Techno-Melt). The overmold 1306 may be configured to protect one or more electronic components of the integrated tree sensor from exposure to water and other contaminants. In certain embodiments, overmold 1306 may be applied in a manner that one or more components of sensor 1300 remain exposed.

In certain embodiments, the mounting screw 1304 may be configured to securely attach the sensor 1300 to the trunk. The mounting screw 1304 may be a flat head screw and may comprise stainless steel, brass, aluminum, and/or titanium. The mounting screw 1304 may be the only screw required to attach the sensor 1300. The use of a single screw may facilitate easy and efficient installation of sensor 1300, as a single screw only needs to drill a single hole in the trunk. To ensure that the sensor 1300 is performing stable measurements over a long period of time, the screw joint of the mounting screw 1304 may have to be tight and secure.

In certain embodiments, compression limiters 1322 may be installed in printed circuit board 1324 to provide a durable interface between screw 1306 and printed circuit board 1324. Compression limiter 1322 may be a metal ferrule and may be mounted in printed circuit board 1324 using an automated soldering apparatus. After the holes for the mounting screws 1304 have been drilled into the trunk, the sensor 1300 may be attached to the trunk by threading the mounting screws 1304 into the front side of the sensor 1300, through the compression limiter 1322 and the printed circuit board 1324, and out the back of the sensor 1300. A nut 1316 may be mounted on the trailing end of the mounting screw 1304. The mounting screw 1324 may be inserted into a hole in the trunk at an appropriate depth. Plunger 1302 may then be aligned. Once the plunger 1302 has been aligned, a wrench (e.g., a crescent wrench) may be used to tighten the nut 1316 sideways to prevent axial movement of the mounting screw 1324.

In certain embodiments, mounting holes or slots in printed circuit board 1324 may be exposed to allow screws 1304 to attach sensor 1300 to a tree. In certain embodiments, the mounting screw 1304 may be a threaded rod that includes a nut that has been previously secured to the rod using adhesive, soldering, or welding. In certain embodiments, the nut may be machined as part of a threaded rod. After the sensor 1300 has been properly placed, a second nut may be installed and tightened from the front side of the sensor 1300. This may allow for the sensor 1300 to be installed and removed without completely removing the mounting screw 1304 from the tree.

Fig. 13D shows a cross-sectional view of plunger 1302. Plunger 1302 may house a magnet 1328. In certain embodiments, the magnet 1328 may comprise neodymium. The magnet 1328 may generate a magnetic field. When the sensor 1300 is mounted on a tree trunk, a change in the diameter of the tree trunk may affect the physical properties of the magnetic field generated by the magnet 1328. The sensor 1300 may include a magnetometer 1334, the magnetometer 1334 configured to detect changes in the magnetic field generated by the magnet 1328. In certain embodiments, the magnetic field generated by the magnet 1328 may be characterized by a curved magnetic field path that changes angle relative to a fixed point as the plunger 1302 moves in and out due to a change in the diameter of the trunk. Magnetometer 1334 can measure the strength of a magnetic field in two orthogonal axes. Based on the measured intensities, the angle of the magnetic field lines with respect to a fixed point may be calculated. This angle may be related to the linear position of plunger 1302. In certain embodiments, the linear position of the plunger 1302 may be determined to a micron resolution. In certain embodiments, if sensor 1300 is not artificially heated, the characteristics of the magnetic field generated by magnet 1328 may resist changing over the life of sensor 1300.

In certain embodiments, the plunger 1302 may be partially housed in the guide 1318. The spring 1330 may surround the plunger 1302 within the guide cap 1318. In certain implementations, the plunger 1302 may be installed by pulling back the plunger cap 1310 to compress the spring 1330 and then releasing the plunger cap 1310 so that the plunger 1302 contacts the trunk of the tree. In certain embodiments, an anti-rotation pin 1320 may be positioned at one end of the spring 1330 within the guide cap 1318 to prevent rotation of the plunger 1302 and to facilitate transfer of spring force to the plunger 1302.

As mentioned above, the plunger 1302 may include a gimbal tip 1308. The gimbal tip 1308 may be configured to permit the plunger 1302 to pivot about an axis. In certain embodiments, the gimbal tip 1308 may be configured to provide a reasonably sized contact area between the plunger 1302 and the trunk to which the sensor 1300 is attached. In certain embodiments, the surface area of the gimbal tip 1308 may be greater than or equal to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 square millimeters. In certain embodiments, the surface area of the gimbal tip 1308 may be less than or equal to 1000, 500, 200, 100, 90, 80, or 70 square millimeters. In certain embodiments, the surface area of the gimbal tip 1308 may be between 10 to 50, 10 to 100, 10 to 500, 10 to 1000, or 10 to 1500 square millimeters. In certain embodiments, one end of plunger 1302 may comprise a spherical ball point. The gimbal tip 1308 may include a spherical cavity configured to receive a spherical ball point of the plunger 1302. In certain embodiments, the gimbal tip 1308 may be less than or equal to 5mm, 4mm, 3mm, 2mm, or 1mm thick. In certain embodiments, the gimbal tip 1308 may be greater than or equal to 0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, or 4mm thick. In certain embodiments, the gimbal tip 1308 may be formed via injection molding and may comprise plastic (e.g., a low-friction plastic such as acetal or PETG). Fig. 13P shows a perspective view of gimbal tip 1308.

In certain embodiments, the solar panel 1312 may be an assembly of a hybrid capacitor/lithium battery 1336 and a charge control circuit integrated on the printed circuit board 1324 and configured to maximize energy concentration of the sensor 1300. The solar panel 1312 may be configured to provide power to the sensor 1300 throughout the life of the sensor 1300. In certain embodiments, the sensor 1300 may be configured to operate in the dark using the power collected by the solar panel 1312 and stored on the hybrid capacitor 1336 for a long period of time (e.g., days or weeks).

Fig. 13Q shows an internal cross-sectional view of an integrated tree sensor 1300 mounted to an aluminum silicate ceramic plate for characterizing temperature and humidity sensitivity (in operation, sensor 1300 will be mounted to a plant part as described herein). In this illustration, the printed circuit board 1324 is PCA-00012A that is screwed to a housing, which in this example is made of Rigid K glass-filled resin. Magnetometer 1334 is attached to PCA 1324, which PCA 1324 may also include various other sensors, for example, as described herein. The sensor includes a magnet 1328, which may be a neodymium cylinder magnet, such as D34-N52 (K & J Magnetics, inc.). Mounting screws 1304 are mounted to the ceramic plate on either side of the plate by nuts 1316 and 1318, respectively. The plunger 1302 (18-8 SS shaft) is mounted on a ceramic plate having a tip 1308, which may be made of plastic (such asPolyoxymethylene (POM) polymer resin). A shuttle (in this example, made of Rigid 4000 resin) is press fit onto the shaft of plunger 1302 and holds mounting screw 1304 in place via a clamp (in this example, made of Rigid K glass-filled resin).

In certain embodiments, the sensor 1300 may include additional sensors configured to collect additional data related to the health and growth of the trunk. In certain embodiments, the sensor 1300 may include a tri-axial accelerometer configured to measure a change in slope ("tilt") of the trunk over a long period of time (i.e., days or longer). In some embodiments, the accelerometer may be configured to detect movement ("sway") of the trunk over a short period of time. In some embodiments, the accelerometer may be configured to detect rapid acceleration ("jerk") of the trunk. In certain embodiments, the sensor 1300 may comprise a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor may monitor temperature changes that may introduce errors into the measurements of the trunk diameter.

Alternative mounting hardware is illustrated in fig. 14A-14C. For simplicity, only the mounting elements are shown in fig. 14A-14C. Advantageously, the sensor of the present disclosure may be attached to a variety of different tree types and situations using a variety of installation options. In particular, due to the high contact force and metal-to-metal interface between the nut or screw face and the compression limiter, the installation is robust for accurate measurement over long periods of time. In certain embodiments, the high strength solder joint between the compression limiter and the G10/FR4 PCB, which in turn secures the magnetometer and accelerometer, forms a simple stable measurement platform. This important measurement load path has no plastic parts or friction grips. Easy and secure attachment to the tree is facilitated using only one screw hole, as opposed to other ways in which multiple holes may need to be drilled in the tree and precise alignment between the multiple holes needs to be achieved.

Fig. 14A shows an integrated tree sensor 1400 and its printed circuit board 1402 with mounting hardware including loose-free screws and readjustable mounting screws. The non-loosening screw 1408 is retained in the device assembly by a retaining ring 1406 that is interference fit with the ID of the compression limiter 1404 and is loosely fitted over a narrow portion of the non-loosening screw 1408. This may be a plastic ring with slits to allow the plastic ring to be mounted on a loose screw, or may be a washer, o-ring or other similar shape, or the compression limiter may have features that tend to keep the screw from falling out. Loosening the screw may provide convenience to the installer, thereby eliminating the possibility of nuts or other small items falling into the soil surrounding the leaves and roots. In some embodiments, the non-loosening screw 1408 has an internal hex-shaped oval head to engage with a tightening wrench. In certain embodiments, the non-loosening screw 1408 has a knurled or flanged shape to allow tightening without the use of tools. In some embodiments, the non-loosening screw 1408 has a tamper resistant drive, for example, to make removal more difficult for unauthorized personnel.

The device 1400 is mounted to the trunk by mounting screws 1410. Some cork can be removed in the installation area, typically by drilling holes in the tree at the installation area, and especially in the presence of thick bark. In certain embodiments, the mounting screw 1410 is self-tapping such that no drilling is required, or the mounting screw 1410 includes a nail shape with raised features to improve grip and is configured to be pushed in by a nail gun, hammer, or other insertion tool.

In certain embodiments, the mounting screw 1410 has machined threads (m5x0.8 shown) on a portion and a smooth portion nearer the head. The length of the smooth portion is such that it indicates the correct installation depth, and the smooth portion is sufficiently narrow that the growing screw will tend not to push the screw out and will fill in the space around the screw so that the threads can engage with the space when the screw is later withdrawn. Alternatively, the mounting screw 1410 may be fully threaded or threaded closer to the head. In certain embodiments, the head of the mounting screw 1410 has a hexagonal nut flange with a distal face providing a flat surface upon which the proximal face of the compression limiter 1404 rests. This nut shape enables the insertion of the mounting screw 1410 into the tree using standard nut drivers. In certain embodiments, the distal end of the mounting screw 1410 has a cylindrical protrusion for positioning the compression limiter 1404 and internal threads that receive the non-loosening screw 1408.

In certain implementations, the data monitoring system of the integrated tree sensor 1400 may alert the operator when the tree has grown to a point where the plunger is near the end of the stroke, and at this point, the integrated tree sensor 1400 may be easily adjusted to continue when the plunger stroke begins again. The loose set screw 1408 is loosened, the mounting screw 1410 is then unscrewed until the threaded portion is visible, and the integrated tree sensor 1400 is reinstalled by tightening the loose set screw 1408.

Fig. 14B shows an integrated tree sensor 1400 and its printed circuit board 1402 with mounting hardware including a threaded rod 1420 and nuts 1422 and 1424. In certain embodiments, the threaded rod 1420 (which may be a retention screw in certain embodiments) may have a nut 1422 pre-installed in the correct position and may, for example, use an engagement adhesive (such asBonding adhesive), brazing, soldering or welding in place. In certain embodiments, the threaded rod 1420 and the nut 1422 are fabricated as one piece of solid hardware. The integrated tree sensor 1400 may then be placed onto the threaded rod 1420 and secured distally by the nut 1424. In certain embodiments, the outer nut 1424 may be a knurled or a lug finger-turned nut such that the finger-turned nut may be inserted without the use of tools.

Fig. 14C shows an integrated tree sensor 1400 and its printed circuit board 1402 with mounting hardware including long threaded rods. On trees where significant growth is expected, it may be desirable to install integrated tree sensor 1400 using a long threaded rod (e.g., 1432 in fig. 14C) that allows easy repositioning of the device without turning the screw relative to the tree. As shown in the top panel of such an exemplary scenario, upon initial installation, the plunger 1430 of the integrated tree sensor 1400 extends approximately 1mm from full extension. After a period of time and the trunk grows (fig. 14C, middle panel), the plunger 1430 is now almost completely recessed after the trunk has grown radially about 12 mm. The integrated tree sensor 1400 is fixed to the threaded rod 1432 using nuts 1434 and 1436, and both nuts 1434 and 1436 can be adjusted to move the integrated tree sensor 1400 away from the tree after the tree has grown. As shown in the bottom panel of fig. 14C, the nuts 1434 and 1436 are adjusted while the threaded rod 1432 is kept unchanged. After adjustment, the plunger 1430 remains approximately 1mm from full extension, as with the initial installation (fig. 14C, top panel).

Various amounts of plunger travel are possible, but there are certain tradeoffs. With the geometry shown, a single 1/4 "long magnet will produce a magnetic field of similar magnitude at the magnetometer when the plunger is moved linearly over a stroke of about 12mm, at about 300 degrees of rotation. Smaller geometries will produce the same rotation in a smaller amount of travel and may result in higher measurement sensitivity. A larger geometry will result in lower sensitivity and greater travel. In order to achieve a long stroke and high sensitivity, several alternating north and south magnet arrangements may be used which produce more than 360 degrees of continuous magnetic field rotation in the plunger, repeating for as many pole pairs as can be provided. Longer support structures and spring arrangements will also be required. In certain embodiments, a single magnet and a 12mm working measurement range make it feasible to measure sensitivity sufficient and readjust the time period for many tree types and applications.

Example 7: tracking changes in tree tilt using integrated tree sensors

As disclosed herein, the integrated sensor of the present disclosure may include an accelerometer, for example, for measuring, tracking, or detecting a tree or tree part (such as a branch) that is tilted or fallen.

Two integrated tree sensors are mounted adjacent to each other on the sloped portion of the lemon eucalyptus tree. Fig. 15A and 15B illustrate exemplary accelerometer data obtained from a sensor. Fig. 15A shows a tilt over time, including deviations from the x-axis and the y-axis over time. Fig. 15B shows the pitch and roll angles (in degrees) over time from two sensors. These data have been corrected for temperature. The fact that the two sensors are so coincident shows that the measurement is accurate during the observation period and indicates that the roll angle has changed from the buckle weight value 0 to a tree inclination development of about-0.3 degrees. In some embodiments, if the tree grows beyond a certain degree of change (e.g., beyond 1.0 degrees), the integrated sensor may trigger an alarm that the tree or a portion of the tree (e.g., a branch) may be at risk of toppling.

Claims

1. A sensor for measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the sensor comprising:

a) One or more fasteners configured to be positioned in or around a plant part;

b) Two or more components selected from the group consisting of tree detectors, accelerometers, air temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and light sensors;

c) A processor; and

D) And a power supply.

2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises a Printed Circuit Board (PCB).

3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein one or both of the two or more components are attached to the PCB.

4. The sensor of claim 3, wherein the two or more components are all attached to the PCB.

5. The sensor of any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the PCB comprises an epoxy fiberglass composite.

6. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the power supply comprises a battery.

7. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the power supply comprises a solar panel.

8. The sensor of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the power supply comprises an integrated solar panel, a hybrid capacitor, and a lithium battery.

9. The sensor of claim 6, wherein the battery is a button cell battery.

10. The sensor of any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the battery is attached to the PCB.

11. The sensor of any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the solar panel is attached to the PCB.

12. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising a housing enclosing at least the processor and the power supply.

13. The sensor of claim 12, wherein the housing is or comprises molded plastic.

14. A sensor as claimed in claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the housing is a single piece of overmoulded plastic without seals, seams or fasteners.

15. The sensor of claim 14, wherein the housing further comprises an O-ring.

16. The sensor of any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the housing is or comprises a polymer resin.

17. The sensor of any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein the plastic or the polymer resin is glass filled.

18. The sensor of claim 17, wherein the plastic or the polymer resin is 10% to 40% glass.

19. The sensor of claim 18, wherein the plastic or the polymer resin is 30% glass.

20. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the sensor comprises a tree detector.

21. The sensor of claim 20, wherein the tree detector comprises:

1) A plunger having a cap and a shaft, wherein the cap is configured to be positioned against the plant part, and wherein the plunger is configured to move in a lateral direction in proportion to a change in plant size when the cap is positioned against the plant part;

2) A magnet attached to or within the shaft, wherein the magnet is configured to move laterally in association with the plunger; and

3) A magnetometer configured to detect a position of the magnet.

22. The sensor of claim 21, wherein the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet along multiple axes, radial axes, or a single plane.

23. The sensor of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the magnetometer is configured to detect the position of the magnet at a micron-scale resolution.

24. A sensor as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 23 wherein the magnet is a neodymium magnet.

25. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the magnetometer is attached to the PCB.

26. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the sensor is configured to measure a change in diameter or radius of the plant part.

27. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the sensor is configured to measure plant part size multiple times per day.

28. The sensor of claim 27, wherein the sensor is configured to measure plant part size at intervals of 15 minutes or less.

29. The sensor of claim 27, wherein the sensor is configured to measure plant part size at intervals of 5 minutes or less.

30. The sensor of claim 27, wherein the sensor is configured to measure plant part size at 5 second intervals.

31. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the sensor comprises an accelerometer.

32. The sensor of claim 31, wherein the accelerometer is a 3-axis accelerometer.

33. The sensor of claim 31 or claim 32, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the accelerometer is attached to the PCB.

34. A sensor as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 33 wherein the sensor comprises an air temperature sensor.

35. The sensor of claim 34, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the air temperature sensor is attached to the PCB.

36. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the sensor comprises a humidity sensor.

37. The sensor of claim 36, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the humidity sensor is attached to the PCB.

38. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein the sensor comprises a light sensor.

39. The sensor of claim 38, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the light sensor is attached to the PCB.

40. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the sensor comprises a tree detector and comprises one or more of an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor.

41. The sensor of claim 40, wherein the sensor comprises a tree detector, an accelerometer, an air temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a light sensor.

42. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 41, further comprising a transmitter.

43. The sensor of claim 42, wherein the transmitter is a Bluetooth radio or transceiver.

44. The sensor of claim 43, wherein said Bluetooth radio or said transceiver is a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio or transceiver.

45. The sensor of claim 42, wherein the transmitter is a long range (LoRa) transceiver.

46. The sensor of claim 42, wherein the transmitter is a Near Field Communication (NFC) transceiver.

47. The sensor of any one of claims 42 to 46, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the transmitter is attached to the PCB.

48. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise a screw, threaded rod, or nail, and wherein the screw, threaded rod, or nail is configured to be positioned within the plant site and mount the sensor to the plant site.

49. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise one or more curved arms, wherein the curved arms are configured to be positioned around the plant site.

50. The sensor of claim 49, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise two curved arms arranged in a V-shape.

51. The sensor of claim 49 or claim 50, wherein the crank arm is configured to be positioned around the plant part.

52. The sensor of any one of claims 47 to 51, wherein the one or more fasteners further comprise an elastic band configured to wrap around the sensor and the plant site.

53. The sensor of any one of claims 47 to 52, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise screws, wherein the processor comprises a PCB, and wherein the screws are attached to the PCB.

54. The sensor of claim 53, wherein the PCB includes compression limiting elements located around the screw.

55. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 54, wherein the plunger cap further comprises a universal joint.

56. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 55, wherein the plunger cap is or comprises molded plastic.

57. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 56, wherein the plunger cap has a thickness of less than about 3mm.

58. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 57, wherein the plunger cap is configured to contact the plant part within a surface area between about 10mm ² and about 100mm ².

59. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 58, further comprising a spring located around or attached to the plunger.

60. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 59, further comprising a pulling lug attached to the plunger shaft opposite the plunger cap.

61. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 60, wherein the plunger shaft comprises aluminum or stainless steel.

62. The sensor of claim 61, wherein the plunger shaft is a hollow cylinder and the magnet is a cylindrical magnet positioned inside the plunger shaft.

63. The sensor of any one of claims 48 to 62, wherein said screw, said threaded rod or said nail comprises stainless steel, brass, aluminum or titanium.

64. The sensor of any one of claims 48 to 63, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise a screw, and wherein the sensor further comprises a nut configured to be positioned around the screw between the sensor and the plant site.

65. The sensor of claim 64, further comprising a second nut configured to be positioned around the screw on a face of the sensor remote from the plant site.

66. The sensor of any one of claims 48 to 65, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise a screw having a first end and a second end, wherein the sensor further comprises:

(i) A compression limiting element having a first opening and a second opening; and

(Ii) The screw is not loosened;

Wherein the first end of the screw is configured to be positioned within the plant part and mount the sensor to the plant part;

Wherein the first opening of the compression limiting element is configured to receive the second end of the screw; and is also provided with

Wherein the second opening of the compression limiting element is configured to receive the non-unthreading screw.

67. The sensor of claim 66, further comprising a retaining ring configured to be positioned around the non-unthreaded screw.

68. The sensor of any one of claims 48 to 63, wherein the one or more fasteners comprise a threaded rod, and wherein the sensor further comprises: a first nut configured to be positioned around the threaded rod between the plant part and the sensor; and a second nut configured to be positioned around the threaded rod proximate to the sensor and distal to the plant site.

69. The sensor of any one of claims 21 to 68 further comprising a hollow shuttle positioned around the plunger shaft.

70. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 69, wherein the plant is a tree or woody plant.

71. The sensor of claim 70, wherein the plant part is a stem, trunk, branch or branch.

72. The sensor of claim 70 or claim 71 wherein the plant is main logging.

73. The sensor of any one of claims 70 to 72, wherein said plant is citrus, olive, nut tree, cocoa, oak, pine, sequoia or maple.

74. The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 69, wherein the plant is a vine.

75. A sensor as defined in claim 74, wherein said plant part is a trunk, a new branch, a rattan, a fruit or a stem.

76. The sensor of claim 74 or claim 75, wherein said vine is grape vine.

77. A system for measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics, the system comprising:

a) The sensor of any one of claims 1 to 76; and

B) A mobile device and/or a server;

Wherein the sensor is connected to the mobile device and/or server via wireless communication and is configured to transmit data to the mobile device and/or server.

78. The system of claim 77, wherein the sensor is connected to the mobile device and/or server via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), long range (LoRa), near Field Communication (NFC), or a combination thereof.

79. The system of claim 77 or claim 78, comprising a mobile device, wherein the sensor is configured to transmit data to the mobile device.

80. The system of any one of claims 77 to 79, comprising a server, wherein the sensor is configured to transmit data to the server.

81. The system of any one of claims 77 to 80, wherein the sensor is configured to transmit data relating to one or more of the following to the mobile device and/or server: magnetometer, plant part size, wireless communication signal strength, accelerometer, light sensor, humidity sensor, air temperature sensor, or combinations thereof.

82. The system of any one of claims 77 to 81, wherein the mobile device comprises a Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor, and wherein the GPS sensor is configured to obtain location information using the GPS sensor and associate the location information with the sensor.

83. The system of any one of claims 77 to 82, wherein the mobile device comprises a camera or other image sensor.

84. The system of any one of claims 77 to 83, comprising a plurality of sensors of any one of claims 1 to 75; wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the mobile device and/or server via wireless communication and is configured to transmit data to the mobile device and/or server.

85. A system for measuring plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics of a plurality of plants, the system comprising a plurality of sensors as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 76; wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is configured to measure plant part size and/or other plant part characteristics of a single plant of the plurality of plants.

86. The system of claim 85, further comprising a mobile device; wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the mobile device and configured to transmit data to the mobile device.

87. The system of claim 85 or claim 86, further comprising a server; wherein each sensor of the plurality of sensors is connected to the server and configured to transmit data to the mobile device.

88. A method for measuring the size of a plant part and/or other plant part characteristics, the method comprising:

a) Attaching the sensor of any one of claims 1 to 76 to the plant part; and

B) The size of the plant part and/or other plant part characteristics are measured based at least in part on data collected from the two or more components of the sensor.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the size and/or other plant part characteristics of the plant part are measured at a first time, and wherein the method further comprises measuring the size and/or other plant part characteristics of the plant part at a second time different from the first time, wherein the measurement of size and/or other plant part characteristics at the second time is based at least in part on data collected from the two or more components of the sensor.