CN118043436A - Fuel composition for combustion - Google Patents

Fuel composition for combustion Download PDF

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Publication number
CN118043436A
CN118043436A CN202280064415.8A CN202280064415A CN118043436A CN 118043436 A CN118043436 A CN 118043436A CN 202280064415 A CN202280064415 A CN 202280064415A CN 118043436 A CN118043436 A CN 118043436A
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magnetite
fuel
magnetite material
combustion
fuel composition
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卡布·沃尔特·马格鲁
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Trustees For Time Being Of Kmn Fulfilment Trust
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Priority claimed from PCT/IB2022/056686 external-priority patent/WO2023007315A1/en
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Abstract

The fuel composition for combustion according to claim 1, comprising a hydrocarbon-based fuel and a magnetite material comprising magnetite. The magnetite material is in powder form and has a size in the range of 1nm to 1mm. The magnetite material is 0.1-80 wt% of the fuel composition. The magnetite material comprises at least 40% magnetite (Fe 3O4) and has at least 25% Fe (iron).

Description

Fuel composition for combustion
Technical Field
The present invention relates to combustible materials, and in particular to a combustion composition comprising magnetite materials.
Background
The combustion principle of fossil fuels is well known in the industry, as fossil fuels are used daily, and they are mainly hydrocarbon fuels, which are active elements in the combustion process. These conventionally used fuels as fossil fuels may be liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel and paraffin, or heavy furnace oil; gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, methane, or LPG; or a solid fuel such as coal, wood or anthracite.
In these cases, combustion occurs due to the presence of elemental carbon. The elemental carbon reacts with oxygen in a well-known process known as reduction-oxidation reaction (REDOX reaction). The elements/materials that participate in the redox reaction are "consumed" in the combustion process, that is, the carbon element participates in the combustion process, its electron donating properties are depleted, and are converted into materials that can no longer be used for the redox reaction as described above. These resulting materials become waste from the combustion process. The main products of the traditional combustion process are heat, flame, ash, smoke, exhaust gases including greenhouse gases.
In order for the combustion process to proceed, the following three elements are required: the combustion process is started and performed by (1) heat input, (2) carbon, and (3) oxygen. Air may provide molecules of O 2 and the fuel may be in the form of coal that appears as elemental carbon and provides heat to initiate and sustain combustion. The chemical equation for this reaction is:
Heat + C + O 2＝CO2 + heat.
The inventors know that there are patent applications for magnetite for other applications in which magnetite is calcined and converted to iron oxide and then mixed with other materials in a certain ratio. WO2018052861A1 discloses magnetite (Fe 3O4) as starting material and a porous iron oxide absorber with macropores. The composition of the iron oxide absorbent is made of magnetite, alumina, aluminum silicate and a binder composed of organic substances. These materials are homogenized into a composition that is calcined in preparation for this use to burn off organics and render the composition suitable for use.
AT4132118 discloses a composition of 49-90 wt% magnetite (Fe 3O4), 60-70 wt% saturated alkaline earth silicate, 2-4 wt% microsilica and 0.5-7.5 wt% Al salt; the composition is silica-bonded. Such materials may be used for thermal storage, for example as storage blocks for domestic night time storage heaters.
TW200819618a discloses magnetite (Fe 3O4) as part of a composition comprising magnetite, silica, zeolite, hydrotalcite, ag, pt, cd, ba, zn, ce and TiO 2. These materials are mixed with clay and further processed by calcination to produce ceramic composites that increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine. In such applications, magnetite is used as a material for a part of the engine structure to modify the internal combustion engine so that the combustion fuel of the internal combustion engine has a better combustion efficiency at the point of the combustion process. Magnetite is not part of the fuel. In these inventions magnetite does not participate in the combustion process and publications describe that mixing magnetite with metals (e.g. Pt, ag, tungsten) requires many steps such as annealing, temperature programmed desorption and nitric oxide exposure at controlled temperatures and sometimes under pressure. Magnetite appears to be present under these complex process steps as well as under very complex and expensive metal objects.
The inventors desire a combustion fuel composition that is relatively simple, inexpensive, removes steps such as annealing and also removes expensive metal objects and enhances the properties of existing hydrocarbon-based fuels in the process.
Disclosure of Invention
Accordingly, the present invention provides a fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon-based fuel and a magnetite material comprising magnetite. More specifically, the present invention provides a fuel composition for combustion, comprising:
hydrocarbon-based fuels and magnetite materials comprising magnetite (Fe 3O 4),
Wherein:
the magnetite material is in powder form and has a size in the range of 1nm to 5mm;
The magnetite material is 0.1-80 wt% of the fuel composition;
The magnetite material comprising at least 40% magnetite (Fe 3O 4); and
The magnetite material has at least 25% Fe (iron).
Detailed Description
Fuels based on magnetite materials are fuels in which magnetite materials are mixed with fuels comprising fossil fuels or hydrocarbon fuels and other combustible compounds. Magnetite materials are materials composed of magnetite and various oxides, elements and other compounds. The magnetite material may further specifically comprise Fe 3O4 (magnetite), which is known as magnetic iron oxide (Magnetic iron oxide) or ferriiron oxide (Ferrous Ferric oxide), phosphate, pyrite, silica, alumina, titania, mn3O4, cr2O3, V2O5, mgO, K2O, srO, na2O and ZrO2. The magnetite material in the fuel composition is 0.0025% to 65%, the silica content is 0.001% to 1.5%, the magnetite material has at least 40% Fe 3O4 and the Fe 3O4 has at least 25% Fe. The size of this magnetite material ranges from 1 nanometer to 5mm. Magnetite materials have a relatively high density and for applications in low density fuels (e.g., liquid fuels), very small dimensions are required so that the magnetite material can float on top of and within the liquid fuel and at this 1 nanometer size the reaction efficiency and reaction rate become better. When the size of the material is increased to 4000 nanometers or even 5mm, the desired advantage is that the heat generated during combustion of the solid fuel is well distributed throughout the mixture and not contained in pockets (pockets) within the mixture, as said heat is needed to perform, and such larger size material increases the efficiency of the heat distribution. An additional advantage of the larger size is that handling and safety of such materials becomes better. The magnetite material may comprise oxides, such as at least 3.5% MgO and at least 2.4% TiO2, which are also active in absorbing and reducing greenhouse gases. Magnetite material imparts better fuel properties to the fuel composition and imparts either a dominant north (dominant North pole) or a dominant south (dominant South pole) pole to the fuel, and it also imparts fe2+ and fe3+ charges to the fuel. Magnetite material raw materials (materials that have not yet undergone a combustion process with fuel) have dominant north poles, and this makes such magnetite material-based fuels dominant north poles. The magnetite material feedstock may also have a dominant south pole and it causes the magnetite material based fuel to have a dominant south pole.
The combustion of such fuels may be performed in a manner such that the magnetite material is the top layer of fuel comprising solid fuel (e.g. coal) during the combustion process. After combustion of the coal with the magnetite material, ash will remain with solid magnetite material, and this magnetite material in combination with ash can be used as a component of the fuel and added to reduce CO 2 containing exhaust gases from the combustion process of fossil or hydrocarbon fuels, as some of the ash gets stronger magnetic properties when mixed with the magnetite material and thus will not escape with the exhaust gases due to being attracted to the magnetite material and thus will not pollute the environment. The magnetite material in combination with ash may be new unburned magnetite material or repeatedly burned magnetite material. When the magnetite material is located at the top of the burning coal, the magnetite material also gives the fuel containing pulverized coal some magnetic properties, especially the coal with pyrite contained therein, and this effect improves the combustion efficiency of the fuel.
Such magnetite materials may be used as an additive to combustible materials/fuels, and these fuels include fossil fuels, hydrocarbon fuels, and opportunity fuels including solid fuels (e.g., coal, wood chips, raw coal, charcoal, lignite, sulfur materials, soot as carbon, peat, biomass, waste plastic materials, wood pellets, asphalt), liquid fuels (including heavy fuel oil, shale oil, jet fuel, diesel, gasoline, lighting paraffin, naphtha, biodiesel, LPG, methanol, butanol), gaseous fuels (including natural gas, shale gas, propane, hydrogen, butane, methane, etc.) for use in combustion processes. For gaseous fuels, magnetite material may be fed into the high pressure stream at a controlled rate as the fuel is released under pressure towards the point of combustion, such that the magnetite material combines with the gas and becomes part of the composition of the gaseous fuel. Opportunistic fuels that can be mixed with magnetite materials include petroleum coke, woody and agricultural biomass, tire derived fuels and coal bed methane. At least the nano-sized additional silica can be added to at least up to 1.5% of the silica (SiO 2) and this material is used as a fuel based on magnetite materials, as magnetite materials are very active compounds in this blended combination of different materials. Magnetite materials have metal oxides that help reduce greenhouse gases. Magnetite material participates in the supply and acceptance of electrons, which participate in the generation of higher heat, and also in the reduction of the main exhaust gases including SO 2, NO2, CO and CO 2, and in the generation of O 2 during the combustion process. Silica having a natural voltage is added in order to increase the electric field activity of the magnetite material and to increase the overall combustion efficiency of the magnetite material based fuel. This enables the combustion of such magnetite material based fuel materials (magnetite material, fuel and silica), increasing the heating of the fuel and increasing the pressure generated. Such fuels reduce particulate solid material released into the atmosphere. Fuels based on magnetite materials enable extended combustion processes, silica may have nanoscale dimensions for certain applications, such as liquid fuels.
The magnetite material has a high density and thus for applications in liquid and gaseous fuels the magnetite material tends to settle due to its high density, but due to the presence of other elements and compounds in the magnetite material these other compounds and elements have a lower density compared to magnetite ferrous oxide and these other compounds can reduce the density of the magnetite material so that the magnetite material can be better suited for blending with other fuels and this reduces the tendency to settle. Magnetite has at least 25% Fe (elemental iron). The magnetite material must be at least free of moisture, that is to say its moisture percentage must be zero. Moisture in the material absorbs thermal energy generated during the combustion process and thereby reduces useful energy. The less water/moisture in the magnetite material fuel, the better the heat generation. This magnetite material has a magnetic field. This magnetite material has a dominant north pole. For this material, the north pole is more dominant than the south pole. For this material, when the north pole is 2.2 Millitesla (MILLITESLA), the south pole reading may be 1.2 millitesla or 1.5 millitesla, and in some measurements the south pole measurement is 0.7 millitesla, and the magnetic field on the magnetite material in powder form has a magnetic field on the north pole of 0.460 millitesla and a magnetic field reading on the south pole of 0.20 millitesla. These measurements were for magnetite material that was not yet combusted but was in powder form. When subjected to magnetic poles, the fine powder magnetite material appears to respond differently than the solid magnetite material. The magnetite powder raw material has a dominant north pole even if not subjected to south poles. The magnetite powder material may be bonded to the solid fuel using a binder comprising a resin such that the magnetite material is peripherally covered with the magnetite material, or the magnetite material and the solid fuel or hydrocarbon fuel may be made into a structure such as a pellet or sphere structure in which the magnetite material and the fuel are bonded with the binder to form a pellet-containing structure. The north/south poles have a greater impact on the activity of this material, which is why it creates several unexpected technical outcomes and advantages. Materials at a certain polarity reading will typically have equal magnetic field strength readings but opposite polarity readings, but such materials do have such properties that north poles predominate, and in some readings are dominant at a large amplitude of about 45%. These magnetic readings of magnetite materials may appear very small, but the effect is quite evident from the nano-scale. Because north poles predominate, magnetite material generates more heat during combustion, and when magnetite material is reused for fuels including fossil fuels and other fuels, the north pole magnetic field strength reading will decrease, and as the magnetic field strength reading decreases with repeated combustion, heat generation will also decrease. Moreover, since such magnetite materials are repeatedly used in the combustion process of magnetite-based hydrocarbon fuels, the more the south pole increases, the more the exhaust gas including greenhouse gases decreases.
Fuels based on magnetite materials as chemical products substantially solve the challenges presented by hydrocarbon fuels and fossil-based fuels as well as other fuels by their chemical composition and physical properties with respect to material compounds including magnetite, silica, sulfur, etc., by how to initiate the combustion process, by how to maintain the combustion process and by how to environmentally friendly and sustainable by the fuel end products based on magnetite materials due to the repeatability of such magnetite material products, and most end products after multiple repeated combustion are useful for industrial applications. One of the end products after reuse of magnetite materials in the present invention is magnetite materials which can ultimately be hematite material ore that can be used in steel production. The more times magnetite material is used in a repetitive combustion process, the less greenhouse gases and the increased O 2 from the combustion process. The magnetite material is recovered after the combustion process for reuse. Conventional combustion processes use oxygen and at the end of the combustion process less oxygen must be present than at the beginning of the combustion process, but in the present invention, oxygen is not reduced and in some cases surprisingly increased. There may be no or less waste from the present invention during the combustion process. When the magnetite material is cooled (not hot), it is cooled to at most 35 ℃ after the combustion process. Mixing the magnetite material with the hydrocarbon fuel for combustion does reduce greenhouse gases including SO 2、NO2, CO, and CO 2. The more times the hydrocarbon fuel is burned, the better the greenhouse gases can be reduced. This magnetite material for steel production can be blended with fuels including coal, coke, anthracite, etc. and fed to the top of the mixture to make it the top layer and by doing so, start reducing greenhouse gases before the reaction process takes place to form steel. This same material as described above may be used in other smelting processes of metal smelting operations that may be adapted to the production process and the iron (Fe) content of the final product. Magnetite materials as fuel additives or additive materials for fuels have very desirable outcomes. As a fuel, it increases heat generation, can repeatedly burn, reduces exhaust gas including greenhouse gases, is inexpensive, is easy to transport, store, and handle, and thus as an additive material for hydrocarbon fuel, a magnetite material-based fuel having highly desirable characteristics as a fuel, which introduces good fuel characteristics into the magnetite material-based fuel. These fuel properties are an essential feature of the present invention and are essentially removed from the prior art and from conventional combustion fuels.
These particular properties of magnetite materials may be critical to this particular invention. The composition may have additional silica. Silicon dioxide as a natural material has a dielectric property natural voltage and such voltage can increase the electrical activity of magnetite particles and affect magnetic and electrical properties. These properties of magnetite materials and silica can be very influential on nanoscale dimensions. The fact that the magnetite-based fuel reaches a moderate ignition temperature may mean that the magnetite-based fuel does not require a significant amount of thermal energy to initiate and propagate the combustion process, and that most of the energy generated is not consumed by the process and may therefore be released for use. Another fact with respect to energy is that magnetite materials have at least two electrons for supply and transfer. These two factors may account for greater energy release. Under such prevailing combustion conditions, magnetite material may supply electrons, accept electrons and supply electrons, and this may happen at least twice, which may explain the repeated use of such material in the combustion process, and this may end up generally with accepting and supplying electrons, and by doing so it may produce more soot than usual, as its electrons convert CO2 into CO, then CO into carbon soot and oxygen, and this oxygen may be used to propagate the combustion process, which may indicate the fact that: the need for atmospheric oxygen may be reduced. The composition and combustion process of this magnetite material creates conditions for this repeated electron supply and electron acceptance of the magnetite material.
The combustion process of fuels based on magnetite materials differs from that of conventional fuels, such as hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrocarbon-based fuels have elemental carbon as an active element in the combustion process. Magnetite materials act as the active part of carbonaceous fuels, but the reaction process and the products remaining from the combustion process are distinct from carbon-based fuels. Indeed, the participation of both magnetite material and carbon in chemical reactions may also account for increased heat generation. The combustion process of hydrocarbon fuels involves a redox reaction chemistry. The combustion process of the hydrocarbon material is initiated by heat and propagates through the heat to further proceed.
Combustion process
The magnetite material based fuels are more charged and may have significant electric field readings; it can easily attract electrons and easily accept electrons. Magnetite in a fuel based on magnetite material can accept and supply electrons to chemically initiate the combustion process. Magnetite also supplies its electrons to the oxygen element. The magnetite material may supply electrons to the CO 2,CO2 to decompose to CO, which then decomposes to elemental carbon and O 2, and Fe 3O4 may capture O 2 from CO 2, which may be how the magnetite material reduces the amount of CO 2 gas and also how it reduces other gases. The combustion process produces a significant amount of soot material in the form of flakes. Diesel with magnetite material powder material generates more thermal energy and reduced exhaust gas and at the same time generates more soot in the form of black platelets and at the same time the O 2 level is not reduced during this combustion process, indicating that O 2 during the combustion process may be sufficient to sustain the combustion process or it may be released into the atmosphere. This O 2 is a byproduct of the combustion process involving magnetite materials. The combustion process did not reduce the amount of O 2 and in some cases it increased the amount of O 2, indicating that the combustion process produced some O 2. as more soot, more heat and more oxygen from some of the output of the fossil fuel combustion process. More soot is produced as carbon material from the combustion process. The CO 2 decomposes into carbon monoxide, which is then converted to carbon, which is the soot generated during the separate combustion process due to the presence of magnetite material. The supplied electrons can restore carbon as a carbon element to a state where it can be burned again. The magnetite material may supply electrons to the CO 2, and the CO 2 may accept such electrons and such activity may release thermal energy. Thus, such soot material may form part of new fuel and may be used for combustion purposes. Such flake-form black carbon materials are useful in many industrial applications, such as pelletization and for melt reduction applications. The more CO 2 is decomposed, the more soot and oxygen is produced and thus the raw carbon material can be burned multiple times under such operating conditions. The soot material may be recovered and blended with magnetite material or may be combusted separately. From the test work it is clear that the dirtying the fuel comprising raw coal (run off mine coal) and heavy fuel oil, the more soot is produced and the less CO 2 is produced, and that it also generates more heat when compared to the same amount of material without magnetite material. Magnetite materials can be repeatedly burned, and elemental carbon can also be repeatedly burned, and the two can be blended to form new fuel materials. This is a significant technical advance and is a substantial improvement in combustion technology. The repeatability of the magnetite material and the carbon element combustion work together to make the fuel a more renewable and sustainable fuel and of great economic importance to the world economy. The difference and benefit in this case is that the carbon element as fuel does not form slag and ash and produces other elements of the exhaust gas (e.g., NO and SO 2). This combination of magnetite material and elemental carbon is probably the cleanest and most efficient fuel for the combustion process. Magnetite materials increase heat generation, reduce exhaust gases including greenhouse gases, and produce cleaner carbon elements that can be reused in the combustion process. The soot material may be recovered and may be blended with magnetite powder material, which may then be blended with hydrocarbon fuel for the combustion process. Carbon in the fuel portion of the fuel based on magnetite material will supply electrons, during which the magnetite particles may accept electrons and then supply electrons, and oxygen molecules also accept electrons, this action of accepting and electron releasing energy taking place when the combustion process is ongoing. This two-stage heat release imparts a high temperature combustion process to the magnetite material based fuel. This two or three stage (if one considers the supply of electrons to CO 2) allows for a unique chemical reaction with magnetite-based fuels as compared to other fuels. The reduction of exhaust gases, including greenhouse gases, occurs during the combustion process.
Due to the magnetic and electric field charge of magnetite materials, such materials tend to attract fuel materials, including liquid fuels, to their surfaces, and this improves the maximum contact between the magnetite materials and the liquid fossil fuels. In a conventional combustion reaction process, one element (carbon), which may be in the form of coal, supplies electrons and the other element oxygen molecules accept electrons, the reaction process being completed. In the present invention, magnetite material may act as an intermediate between the initial electron supply and the final electron supply. The magnetite material may accept electrons from the hydrocarbon, which it then may transfer to the oxygen molecule, or it may supply to one of its own electrons. There are at least two stages of electron supply and at least two stages of electron accepting activity. This two-stage process may involve two different electrons, one from the carbon element and the other from the magnetite material particles. The surprising effect is that magnetite material particles act as electron acceptors and then as electron donors, and can also act as electron donors and then accept electrons. This is a very unusual and surprising activity of magnetite materials. This suggests that magnetite material can move from a higher electronegativity level to accept electrons, then to a lower electronegativity to supply electrons to the next element as an oxygen molecule, and also to another magnetite particle, which increases its heat generation. When the magnetite material receives electrons from the igniter material as a carbon-based material, its oxidation state is reduced and it can be excited by its electric field and combustion heat and the fact that it receives electrons, which causes the magnetite material to supply electrons, which then becomes oxidized and increases its oxidation state. Magnetite materials in magnetite material based fuels can provide different pathways for the combustion process of magnetite based fuels, which use less heat to effect the reaction and generate more energy due to their ability to provide two-stage electron supply. Electrons from the carbon element may be more prone to be supplied to the magnetite material due to its electrical activity from its charge and magnetic field. This situation where the magnetite material accepts electrons and supplies electrons may explain the longevity of the combustion process of the fuel based on the magnetite material. In fact, magnetite material supplies electrons during the combustion process, which function like carbon in conventional hydrocarbon fuels, and additionally it accepts electrons, which function like oxygen molecules in a normal combustion process. The electron movement of the fuel is more than that of conventional fuels.
Magnetite materials act more like catalysts in the combustion process. Magnetite materials differ from catalysts in that magnetite materials in magnetite material-based fuels lose some of their chemical properties and lose some of their physical properties. And in some aspects it enhances some of its chemical properties because the more it is reused, the more it reduces exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. It does not act like a catalyst; its effect in chemical reactions is greater than that of the catalyst. The fuel improves some of its properties. It aids the process, undergoes chemical/electrical changes, and sometimes ends up as a better magnetite material after the combustion process.
Some of these gases that are reduced by as much as 99%, which is far superior. There is a table that illustrates how much the exhaust from the combustion process is reduced. This is the case when the released control sample exhaust gas is compared with the same fuel quantity of exhaust gas having magnetite material content. Unlike conventional processes, where multiple materials are each used to treat a gas, such as limestone, only one gas SO 2, other materials such as ammonia must be purchased to reduce NO 2, and other materials must be purchased to reduce other climate change gases, this other process of acquiring individual chemicals to reduce exhaust gas increases the cost of purchasing and treating these other materials and is inefficient, as compared to magnetite materials. Magnetite materials can also be added to biofuels, especially biodiesel, to reduce nitrogen oxide gas, especially advantageously, as biodiesel itself generates nitrogen oxide gas NO. Fossil fuels have sulfur content therein, and magnetite materials are known to reduce sulfur gases from fuel combustion. Another embodiment of the invention is that when it is applied to raw coal, the raw coal is coal that has not been treated yet. In this case, the magnetite material based fuel comprises some untreated and unclean and unsweetened (unbeneficiated) coal fuel (which in conventional processes must be beneficiated). When magnetite materials are blended with such untreated and unprocessed coal, exhaust gases including greenhouse gases, in addition to carbon monoxide, are reduced. Processing is the metallurgical and chemical treatment of materials comprising coal to remove unsuitable materials from the coal and make the coal more suitable for use in combustion processes. Sometimes these processes are performed to remove greenhouse gases and increase the heat generation per unit mass of fuel by 50%. The exhaust gases, including greenhouse gases, decrease at different rates. CO2 can be reduced by 53% and NO can be reduced by 64%. Certain magnetite material compositions in magnetite material based fuels reduce certain exhaust gases more than others. Thus, some exhaust gas may be targeted for reduction. Raw coal was tested. Such raw coal-magnetite material based fuels are used in combustion processes, which have properties closer to those of treated and beneficiated coal materials. One of the detrimental qualities of raw coal and other power plant quality coals is that they have low thermal energy generation and release large amounts of exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. But when untreated, non-beneficiated and unprocessed coal is blended with magnetite material and formed into magnetite material based fuels, both the heat generation and reduction in exhaust gases including greenhouse gases are improved. Nitrogen oxide gas is 64% less than beneficiated coal and CO 2 is 53% less than beneficiated coal. Thus, in some cases, this raw coal-magnetite-based fuel performs better than beneficiated coal. The better performance of the non-beneficiated coal may be due to the high sulfur content. Magnetite materials can be blended with petroleum coke to reduce sulfur gases and nitrogen, as petroleum coke tends to contain significant amounts of sulfur and nitrogen. Magnetite powder materials can be added and blended to the opportunity fuels including ori emulsifiable, bitumen, shale oil, oil sand, tire derived fuels, wood waste, agricultural waste, sawdust, post-consumer material waste, biomass, woody biomass, plastic-like low density polyethylene (Low density polyethylene, LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HIGH DENSITY polyethylene, HDPE), which plastic materials are made of hydrocarbons and therefore tend to have high thermal energy values, and by adding magnetite materials, the properties of these fuels can be improved to approximate the properties of processed fuels. Magnetite powder materials can also be added to anthracite coal, graphite coke breeze to reduce greenhouse gases and increase heat generation. This is the impact that magnetite material based fuel technology may have on industries including coal beneficiation and including the fossil fuel industry and waste fuel materials. Thus, the use of magnetite material based fuels including raw coal, untreated and unprocessed petroleum products, untreated and unprocessed fuels, can render unnecessary the processing steps that are steps in conventional processing of conventional fuels. The expensive processing steps of fuels comprising coal, petroleum fuels achieve less benefit in terms of reducing gases including greenhouse gases, heat generation and cost than adding magnetite materials. Such a composition of adding magnetite materials to make a magnetite-based fuel may eliminate such processing and beneficiation steps, which may cut the costs associated and may make the non-sustainable and profitable waste items including coal, petroleum fuel items more sustainable and profitable. It may even make the waste coal pile and slime dam material more suitable as coal for combustion processes. Raw coal blended with magnetite materials may perform better than processed coal without magnetite, especially in terms of certain greenhouse gases and exhaust gases. This test work shows that blending magnetite material with raw fuel comprising raw coal can remove some of the steps of coal processing. The purpose of treating and beneficiating raw coal-containing materials is to reduce exhaust gases including greenhouse gases and also to remove waste materials, and by doing so, to increase the heat generation of the coal and the industrial and social value of the coal. By blending raw coal, as well as waste coal, slime dam coal (SLIMES DAM coal), and non-beneficiated petroleum material, etc. with magnetite materials, the blending of fuel with magnetite materials exhibits the same activity as beneficiation processes in terms of heat generation and exhaust gas reduction. This blending activity is a very simple step that can eliminate the traditionally accepted, complex, water-consuming, time-consuming, electricity-consuming, environmentally damaging and expensive beneficiation processes. Blending the non-beneficiated slime dam coal and waste heap coal with magnetite material exhibits beneficiation activity. This can help to clean the slime dams and waste dumps from the environment by making them valuable to the industry. There are a large number of slime dams and waste coal material and other fuels around the world that can be source materials for the combustion process. Blending of fuels containing fossil fuels with magnetite materials can significantly advance beneficiation technologies for coals including slime dams, waste piles and raw coals. Magnetite materials may be blended with coal, coal derivatives and fuels including coal, mine dam coal materials, raw coal, waste heap coal, lignite, peat, anthracite, graphite, coke, and the like. Fuels based on magnetite materials, wherein the magnetite materials are blended with fuels comprising non-beneficiated coal, spent fossil fuel materials, are characterized in that fossil fuels are not subjected to complete processing and beneficiation processes, and may only be subjected to partial processing, and such fuels are used in combustion processes.
In the test work performed by the inventors, it was observed that magnetite materials for combustion material processing could be reused many times. The inventors repeated the combustion process multiple times on the same magnetite material sample, each time using a new amount of fuel. The combustion process does proceed as before and generates heat energy, but as the combustion process is repeated, the heat form and exhaust gas reduction is somewhat lower, although from the seventh combustion repetition the heat generation does decrease significantly. Because of the many electron supply and receiving steps, this process involving magnetite material particles requires a larger amount of oxygen than usual to promote the combustion process.
One of the embodiments of the present invention is its combustion process. Such combustion processes are fluidized bed combustion processes in which a large amount of air is supplied to create a fluidized bed and also the required oxygen is supplied, or also fluidized bed conditions, greenhouse gases can be fed into the reaction zone/chamber to create fluidized bed conditions and also be reduced during the combustion process. In such combustion processes, the combustion fuel material is blended with magnetite material and then fed into a boiler or combustion chamber. The blend material may contain at least pulverized coal-based fuel, may be a pilot, may be a liquid fuel, such as a petroleum-based fuel material, and may also be a gaseous fuel. This process is then fluidized by pressurized air blown in from below and keeps the blended materials in suspension for better aeration and combustion of the fuel blend, and generates more heat from the magnetite material based fuel. The combustion test was performed with the sample blended with magnetite material and the comparative test was performed using the same amount of magnetite material and fuel under fluidization conditions, and the sample under fluidization conditions performed better in terms of heat generation and exhaust gas reduction. The fluidization conditions during the combustion process generate at least 5% more heat and reduce the exhaust gas by at least 10% than when the combustion process is not under fluidized bed conditions. The combustion process of the fuel due to the magnetite-based material may be a repeated process. Continuous combustion is a practical way to benefit from the same magnetite material when blended with solid, liquid and gaseous materials. After the combustion process, a solid remainder of the magnetite material may remain in the combustion zone and the hydrocarbon/carbon fuel is added only in the correct proportion of the fuel based on the magnetite material to constitute the fuel composition, and this may be repeated at least twice. Magnetite materials can be replenished or replaced when needed. There was a test work in which the magnetite material composition in the fuel was 0.32% -2.5% and the greenhouse gas reduction results were very good, being more than 90%, compared to when the magnetite material content was 40% of the fuel. At these lower levels of content, this is probably the most economical use of the material in terms of both cost and efficiency.
The repeatability of magnetite materials for compositions of fuels based on magnetite materials for combustion is a very substantial improvement to combustion technology. Little chemical products (such as fuel) can be burned by reusing the same materials. One of the improvements in combustion technology is that when magnetite materials are repeatedly burned, which indicates that the magnetite materials have an unusual and unexpected technical advantage, this magnetite material is a multifunctional material, wherein it has been shown that the more times magnetite materials are burned, the better it performs in reducing exhaust gases including greenhouse gases, which indicates that the more times magnetite materials are burned, the better it performs. That is, as shown in the test work, magnetite material can reduce exhaust gas including greenhouse gases at the time of the third repetitive combustion as compared with the second repetitive combustion. It is sufficiently surprising that it can be combusted multiple times as magnetite material with fuel to form a magnetite material based fuel for the combustion material, but more surprisingly, the magnetite material performs better even the more times it is combusted as part of a composition of magnetite material based fuel. The more benefit you obtain from the combustion process of the magnetite material, the more beneficial the magnetite material is. It has been shown that the more the magnetite material burns, the more can be prepared for the next composition as part of the magnetite material based fuel for the combustion process to reduce exhaust gases. This is a further surprising technical result. Another unexpected technical result is that after the magnetite material has been subjected to a combustion process with fuel, the magnetite material does not lose its magnetism as other magnetic materials, where the magnetite material loses magnetism when subjected to higher temperatures and the magnetic field affects the efficiency of the combustion process. By re-magnetizing this magnetite material, the magnetite material can be regenerated for further reuse. Such magnetite feed appears to be suitable for having a dominant north pole, so when such magnetite material is remagnetized it may be remagnetized such that the main pole is a north pole and the south pole is not a main pole, as a material with a main north pole may perform better in terms of heat generation. Because of the dominant north pole of such materials, the most efficient method of recovering such materials from coal combustion where they are mixed with ash is probably to use a strong south pole. The magnets used for this test all had the same magnetic field strength, and the magnets used for these tests were also the same. The magnetic field and polarity of the non-magnetized magnetite powder material were tested, with north poles averaging 0.5 millitesla and south poles averaging 0.33 millitesla. Such magnetite materials may also be magnetized using only the south pole. Tests were performed in which magnetite powder material particles were subjected to a south pole from one side, then the magnetic field and pole were tested, the north pole being on average 1.26 millitesla and the south pole being negligible and sometimes only the north pole being detected. Another test was performed in which magnetite powder material particles were subjected to south poles on both opposite sides (around) and the magnetic field measured on both sides was north as expected and the average reading on one side was 1.06 millitesla and the average reading on the other side was 1.39 millitesla. Another embodiment is where the magnetite material can be subjected to south poles around to produce a north-dominant magnetite powder material with a higher north magnetic field reading to produce a magnetite material-based fuel with north poles, and another embodiment is subjected to north poles around to produce a magnetite material-based fuel with a higher south magnetic field reading for use in a combustion process. Thus, magnetite material can be treated to have a higher north pole reading, which is well suited to improve heat generation. Another test was performed in which magnetite powder material particles were subjected to south poles on one side and north poles on the other side, the magnetic field measured on both sides being surprisingly north poles, on one side an average of 0.92 millitesla and on the other side an average of 1.53 millitesla. Another test was performed in which magnetite powder material particles were subjected to north pole on one side and no magnet on the other side, the magnetic field measured on both sides was south pole, the magnetic field measured on the side closer to the magnet was 1.54 millitesla and the magnetic field measured on the opposite side was 0.67 millitesla. Most tests indicate that north pole is the dominant polarity, but in some cases south poles are very pronounced for untreated powdered magnetite material feedstock. The above-described polarity combination can be used to re-magnetize the magnetite powder material to a desired level and polarity, because the north pole on the magnetite powder material increases heat generation, while the south pole on the magnetite powder material reduces exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. When magnetite material feedstock is blended with a fuel comprising a hydrocarbon fuel and subjected to a combustion process, the south pole increases with the combustion process and the north pole decreases with the combustion. One of the embodiments of the present invention is to burn a magnetite material based fuel, then recover the magnetite material, then grind the magnetite material finer than before burning, which may be from 45 microns to 50nm, in order to expose the previously unexposed surface of the magnetite material, and blend the magnetite material with a hydrocarbon fuel to make a magnetite material based fuel to achieve a better combustion process, then re-magnetize the magnetite material. Another embodiment of the invention is to process magnetite materials to prepare them for mixing with hydrocarbon fuels for the combustion process. The magnetite material may be cooled. When the magnetite material is repeatedly burned, the magnetite material-based fuel performs better than when the magnetite material-based fuel is used within one hour after the last combustion if the magnetite material from the previous combustion is allowed to cool slowly for at least one hour between the combustions. This period of placement (resting period) in air for about one hour is essentially a cost effective cooling activity in which the material reaches a temperature of no more than 35 ℃. For repeated combustion, a fuel based on magnetite material may be combusted, followed by recovery of the solid residual magnetite material, after which the solid residual magnetite material is subjected to a standing period of one hour to cool the material to normal temperature, and then blended with a hydrocarbon fuel for another combustion, wherein the second combustion process performs better in reducing exhaust gases including greenhouse gases than the first combustion process. One of the best performing embodiments is when the material is cooled at a lower temperature. The cooling process refers to when the magnetite material is allowed to reduce its temperature. When magnetite materials for such applications are cooled at lower temperatures of up to about 35 degrees celsius such that such materials achieve up to 35 degrees celsius, and when the magnetite materials are blended to form magnetite material-based fuels, magnetite-based fuels treated in this manner perform better in terms of heat generation and exhaust gas reduction than magnetite materials having temperatures above 35 degrees celsius. The lower the temperature used to cool the magnetite material to make the magnetite-based fuel, the better the performance of the magnetite-based fuel. If a magnetite material cooled at a temperature of 35 degrees celsius (wherein the magnetite material reaches a temperature of 35 degrees celsius) is compared to a magnetite material cooled at a temperature of about 5 degrees celsius (wherein the magnetite material reaches a temperature of 5 degrees celsius), such magnetite material in a magnetite material based fuel treated with a lower temperature performs better than a magnetite material in a magnetite material based fuel treated with a higher temperature. The cooled magnetite material appears to react more with the exhaust gases containing CO 2、CO、SO2, NO and reduce more of these gases. The cooled magnetite material based fuel of some of the test samples achieved an exhaust gas reduction efficiency of 84%. This cooling process of the magnetite material may be repeated at least twice to obtain full benefit from the cooling activity. The magnetite powder material is blended with hydrocarbon/fossil fuel and cooled together for use in the combustion process. Another embodiment of the cooling activity is when magnetite powder material is blended with hydrocarbon/fossil fuel and such fuel is cooled and subjected to a magnetic field for the combustion process. The repetitive combustion embodiments may be combined, for example, when the combusted magnetite material is ground finer and then cooled and then blended into a magnetite material based fuel. Recovery of magnetite material may be accomplished by exploiting its magnetism, wherein a magnetic separator is used to recover the magnetite material after the combustion process. The magnetic separator selectively attracts magnetite material particles having magnetism and separates the magnetite material particles into separate containers for further reuse. The magnetite material may also be cooled and blended with a liquid fuel and the liquid fuel decanted to produce a magnetite material based fuel for the combustion process. In another embodiment of the invention, the magnetite-based fuel can be cooled in its entirety and then used in the combustion process after the cooling process.
Another embodiment of the invention features a composition of a magnetite-based fuel, wherein the performance of such fuel does not always increase linearly with a linear increase in magnetite material content of the magnetite-material based fuel. The magnetite materials used herein have at least a nanoparticle size and during test operation it was observed that the performance of such magnetite material based fuel diesel fuel with a magnetite material content of 52% was an increase in heat generated by 30% and a reduction of some of the exhaust gases including greenhouse gases by 85%, a reduction of nitrogen oxides by as little as 72% when the magnetite material content was reduced to a level of 40% magnetite material content, or a surprising improvement of exhaust gas reduction by only 18% when the magnetite material concentration was increased by 30% when compared to the case without magnetite material content in the fuel. The performance did increase by 18% or in a linear fashion. The magnetite content increased by 30%, but the increase was not a linear increase, but only by 18%. Some magnetite material content reduces greenhouse gases at different rates. Magnetite materials can be blended with heavy fuel oil to make magnetite material-based fuels for use in combustion processes, and as heavy fuel oil is very heavy, there may be no challenges for the magnetite material to sink, and will be well suited for blending with magnetite materials, as no decantation preparation may be required as magnetite materials may be homogeneously blended or may be on top of heavy fuel oil. For heavy fuel oils, at 50% magnetite material content, the nitrogen oxides were greatly reduced by 65%. Unexpectedly, however, when the content of magnetite material in magnetite material-based fuels (such as heavy fuel oil) is reduced to 0.32% magnetite material in magnetite material-based fuels, the exhaust gas reducing performance for reducing certain gases (such as NO gas) is reduced by up to 98%. It is expected that as magnetite material increases, the exhaust gas reduction will increase, but it is observed by this test work that the much lower magnetite material content in magnetite material based fuels yields much greater exhaust gas reduction performance, as can be seen for nitrogen oxides. Thus, a consistent linear increase in magnetite material content in magnetite material-based fuels does not always lead to a consistent linear increase in performance in terms of heat generation and reduction of exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. Magnetite materials in a composition of magnetite material based fuels may be more effective at a particular composition%. Some percentage of magnetite material in the magnetite material based fuel produces a very small increase, which appears to be dead-ends and sometimes has no greenhouse gas reduction at all. The magnetite material dosage of magnetite-based fuels can be as low as20 ppm and the silica dosage can be as low as10 ppm. In some cases, some higher magnetite content can have negative consequences, as it does reduce the performance of magnetite material based fuels in terms of exhaust gas reduction. This appears to be a dead-end with this magnetite material, but in the case of another increased dose the performance would be improved. Thus, the selection of the percent magnetite material content in a magnetite material based fuel composition is unpredictable for heat generation and greenhouse gas reduction. It does not follow a linear relationship, meaning that if the magnetite material content of 10% causes a 20% increase, it does not mean that the content of 20% causes a 40% increase. There is a study paper that emphasizes that adding more than 10% magnetite does not improve fuel performance, but this proposed invention suggests that adding much more than 10% does improve fuel performance. This publication appears to teach that no more than 10% magnetite material is added to make magnetite material-based fuels, and this does not lead to a successful expectation when more than 10% magnetite material is added to make magnetite material-based fuels. For heat generation, a comparison was made with the diesel control sample and the sample with magnetite material content and the cooled sample. The control sample without magnetite material for comparison had a temperature reading of 236 degrees celsius during combustion, while the sample with 0.125% magnetite material content had a temperature reading of 313 degrees celsius, which resulted in a 33% increase. Cooling and repetition result in improved exhaust gas reduction, and they actually work together to result in synergistic excellent exhaust gas reduction. Fuels based on magnetite materials may have a composition comprising 85% magnetite material. The magnetite-based fuel generates more heat than conventional fuels that do not contain magnetite material, especially when in fluidized bed formation, because the fluidized bed formation requires more air and oxygen. Another material that may be used as a constituent component of magnetite-based fuels that generates more heat is sulfur. In this embodiment, the magnetite material based fuel may comprise a hydrocarbon fuel, a sulfur material and a magnetite material. The function of sulfur will be to generate additional heat and magnetite material will generate more heat and also reduce SO 2 from the sulfur material of the magnetite material based fuel. For sulfur materials, the fuel may start with elemental sulfur or as a compound, and this sulfur will undergo a combustion process and SO 2 should typically be produced, but for such magnetite material based fuels, one of the materials produced may be sulfur when SO 2 decomposes into sulfur and oxygen. This sulfur-containing embodiment opens up new ways and new fuels that can bring a large amount of heat per kilogram of fuel. The composition of this embodiment of the invention may have a sulfur content of up to 5% and the sulfur may be used again and again. Embodiments of the present invention may also be used in a primer and sulfur is blended with magnetite powder material in a matchstick such that when the primer burns, the primer burns with the magnetite material and increases heat generation and reduces SO 2. This application may also be extended to a primer such that when a fire begins at the tip or primer block of the primer, the magnetite material forms part of the primer fuel composition. Another embodiment of the invention is when magnetite material is used as a part of the structure for the blast furnace tapping (tapping of Furnace) or as a conduit for the lance, because magnetite material improves the heat generation in the combustion zone. In such applications, all of the wires within the oxygen lance (oxygen LANCING PIPE) may have magnetite material blended within the wire structure and within the tubing material. The magnetite material can also be used in hot springs and natural spas and geothermal wells that release gases including SO 2 and CO 2 into the atmosphere. The spa emits methane and the geothermal wells emit methane gas and CO 2. In geothermal wells, spas, and spas, magnetite materials can increase heat release and reduce exhaust gases, and the heat can be used for heating applications or for power generation. Another embodiment of the invention is the use of magnetite materials blended with methane gas to burn off the methane gas. Combustion of methane gas generates a large amount of greenhouse gases. In the case of methane combustion, it is necessary to capture the methane gas and slow down the escape rate/pressure of the methane gas and then blend the methane with the magnetite material, or the combustion of the methane gas occurs in the magnetite material environment, which can generate more heat and be used for power generation or home heating purposes, or the methane gas can simply burn off to reduce methane into the atmosphere and also reduce greenhouse exhaust gases. Methane gas combustion occurs in coal mining and petroleum production areas, increasing pollution of methane gas itself and combustion exhaust gases. The handling and blending of methane gas with magnetite materials can be critical, as methane gas is the most effective gas to negatively affect climate change. The torch tip where the flame is present may have magnetite powder material as part of the structure so that where combustion begins and where the flame is present, the magnetite material becomes part of the combustion process to increase heat generation and reduce exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. Magnetite material may be blended with the waste coal to reduce the exhaust gases containing CO 2、CO、SO2、NOx, and in the case of self-ignition of the waste heap, the exhaust gases will be reduced. Furthermore, if the waste coal is already burning, magnetite material may be fed/blended/poured onto the waste coal that is already burning. In the development of underground coal gasification and underground combustion, coal does produce gases such as CO 2 and CO, and magnetite materials can be mixed and pumped into the in situ coal for the combustion process so that the magnetite materials reduce exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. Such production of magnetite material based fuels by drilling holes in coal seams and pumping/feeding magnetite materials into the coal seams for magnetite material mixing may reduce the waste gases and also reduce the need for underground carbon capture. This may be an opportunity for the industry to use stored CO 2 to have a significant impact on climate change, where magnetite material is blended with combustion fuel and stored CO 2, and reacted with CO 2 to decompose CO 2 to CO. In this case more oxygen in the form of air must be supplied. The CO 2 may be carefully introduced into the combustion event, where the magnetite material is blended with the hydrocarbon fuel, whereby the magnetite material may react with the CO 2 and decompose the CO 2 into CO, and eventually the CO may decompose into carbon and oxygen. The magnetite material works by reacting CO 2 with the magnetite material after formation of CO 2 from the combustion process. Such a process may be used for carbon storage, where stored carbon dioxide (CO 2) is blended with magnetite material and then blended with fuel for combustion activities. The CO 2 may be in liquid or solid form, then blended with magnetite material, and then blended with fuel for the combustion process. Similar processes can be accomplished with CO and used in the combustion process. The magnetite powder material was blended with a hydrocarbon fuel/fuel and then blended with SO 2 for the same process as the combustion process. Another embodiment of this gas addition, similar to the process described above, in which magnetite powder material is blended with a hydrocarbon fuel/fuel and then blended with NO for the combustion process is the same . as the process in which magnetite material may be blended with hydrocarbon fuel and then blended with a gas comprising at least CO 2、CO、SO2、H2 S, mercury and NO. Fuels based on magnetite materials can be blended with FeS 2 applied to the combustion process. Magnetite materials may also be applied and blended with materials including combustible ice, permafrost, etc., which is a gas hydrate of methane gas, and permafrost may be frost or rock with methane gas, to increase heat generation and reduce greenhouse gases during combustion. Waste oils may also be blended with magnetite powder materials to perform the combustion process. The invention may have embodiments in which the magnetite material is blended with a reductant material comprising coal, coke, graphite, anthracite material, in a ferroalloy smelting process or any process in which a reduction uses a coal-comprising material, wherein the magnetite material may increase the heat generation of the process and the magnetite material will also reduce exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. Since this product is a ferroalloy material, the additional iron Fe content is still acceptable. The ferroalloy product may include ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese, ferrophosphorus, and the like. The magnetite material based reducing agent may be fed to the top of the Fe 2O3 such that the magnetite material reacts with the exhaust gas and then becomes part of the ironmaking process by contributing elemental iron.
One of the challenges with magnetite in liquid fuels is that most magnetite materials tend to sink into the bottom of the liquid fuel and thus end up as inconsistent fuels. A more uniform and consistent composition of the fuel is desired. Moreover, magnetite material is more efficient and desirable when it is on top of the fuel surface. One of the effective ways to solve this consistency problem is to grind the magnetite material to the nano-scale particle level, floating it mostly on top of and inside the liquid fuel. When most of the magnetite material floats in the liquid fuel, it increases the density of the liquid fuel and by doing so the fuel becomes viscous and the magnetite material particles are less prone to sinking, they remain suspended, which activity may give the fuel a consistent composition. Another way to solve this problem is to use surfactants which keep the magnetite particles floating, thus making the combustion process consistent.
The present invention was tested.
Coal testing: the test work was performed using solid fuels comprising coal, where each coal sample was blended with magnetite material powder, and it was observed that the coal-magnetite material based fuel blend did burn hotter and the combustion process lasted longer than the coal alone. The flame is also much larger than the flame of the coal itself. For the results of the exhaust gas, NO 2、SO2, CO, and CO 2 were measured for comparison. These exhaust gases are reduced. Liquid fuels including diesel, gasoline and paraffin were also tested. In this test, magnetite powder material liquid fuel blend (diesel) tests showed that magnetite powder material-diesel blends perform better than diesel alone, perform better in terms of heat generation, flame larger, and combustion process duration longer. The duration of the combustion process is about 5 times that of the firing (stoking) of the fuel sample using magnetite powder-containing material and the temperature is much higher than that of diesel itself. For the tests performed, a comparative test was performed using the same amount of diesel fuel, where the diesel fuel alone was combusted and the average temperature of such test was 142 degrees celsius, and another test was performed using the same amount of diesel fuel blended with magnetite material and the average temperature was 329 degrees celsius, indicating greater than 100% improvement and the magnetite powder material-diesel combustion process continued for a longer period of time. The diesel combustion alone test lasted 30 seconds and the magnetite material diesel blend lasted about 150 seconds with a flame twice as large.
Another embodiment of the invention with respect to hydrocarbon fuels is that the liquid fuel may be conditioned for a certain period of time with cooled magnetite material in a container (tank) surrounded by a layer of cooled magnetite powder material, such container being a container with an intermediate layer of cooled or uncooled magnetite material in an inner layer of solid container material made of plastic material including polyester material and other plastic-like materials, the magnetite material being brought into contact with the fuel and being loosened from the container and becoming part of the fuel with use during the combustion phase, and the magnetite powder material based fuel from the container being available for the combustion process. Such an embodiment may in particular be in the form of a fuel tank for a motor vehicle, a fuel storage tank and a fuel transport tank for containing fuel, even a fuel delivery system in an internal combustion engine, including even a pumping system, may be made of magnetite powder material or even a pipe through which the fuel is pumped. Any portion of the fuel delivery system that is in contact with the fuel may be made with such cooled magnetite material or magnetite powder material that is not cooled in its structure. The magnetite material may also be blended with a suitable rubber material to make a structure for transporting hydrocarbon fuels. The pump in any fuel pumping system may be made of magnetite material that loosens with use to form part of the fuel. The pump may also be any fuel container. The magnetite powder material may be blended with bitumen, which may act as a binder to be blended with other fuels including solid hydrocarbon fuels. Another embodiment of such a container may be that the cooled magnetite material powder may be formed into a container shape by using a binder material comprising bentonite, wherein the cooled magnetite material is bonded into a desired shape, wherein the outermost surface of the container is made of a material comprising a metallic material and the inner surface is made of a bonded magnetite powder material, either cooled or not, wherein a liquid fuel or even a solid fuel is in contact, touching contact with the magnetite material. Train fuel containers, ship fuel containers, LPG containers, fuel pipes for pumping fuel, long distance fuel transport pipes for containing fuel, even small household horizontal fuel containers such as fuel tanks, paraffin tanks may be used in embodiments where magnetite powder material is part of the magnetite material structure, which is loose with use to form part of the fuel. Another embodiment may be one in which cooled or uncooled magnetite material is homogeneously mixed with materials including concrete, metal materials, plastic materials including nylon, polyester, etc. may also be used. Another embodiment may be when the structure containing the material is blended with magnetite material such that magnetite powder material is gradually loosened from the structure with the flow of fuel and use over time, and the magnetite material is combined with the fuel on its way to the combustion point. This is when magnetite material will flake off into small particles and become part of the hydrocarbon fuel. The field of fuel technology development is a highly crowded field, in part because of the environmental requirements that gas generated from fossil fuels is causing climate change. After the combustion process of the magnetite material, repeated combustion tests are performed on the same magnetite material and the material continues to burn, and good heat is generated for each combustion test, although the heat generation in each successive combustion process is reduced very little, and at the eighth combustion test, the heat generation is reduced at a significant rate. After each combustion test, a test was performed to examine how magnetic properties of the burnt magnetite material samples were, and it was found that the magnetic field was continuously reduced with each combustion process, as measured with a tesla meter, in which magnetite material was converted into hematite iron ore. One measurement test was performed before combustion, with a reading of 0.8 millitesla, and one measurement test was performed after combustion, with a tesla reading of 0.7 millitesla, which showed a drop of about 12.5%, as well as other tests, showing a magnetic field change on the magnetite material of 3%, and a 5% in some cases. It is a well known fact in the fuel industry that fuels, including liquid fuels, do not have any polarity, i.e. no south and north poles. This diesel fuel was also subjected to magnetic field strength readings using a high precision tesla meter, and the fuel was observed to have a small consistent polarity reading. This polarity is characterized by a persistent and dominant south pole, but a very small reading. Now consider that magnetite material has a dominant north pole and that the two materials are blended together to carry out the combustion process. This suggests that the magnetic fields from the two materials may have an effect on combustion and heat generation, and that the magnetic fields from the two blended materials act synergistically to improve fuel performance in terms of heat generation and reduction of exhaust gases including greenhouse gases. Magnetite materials do not function exactly like catalysts because the catalyst remains chemically unchanged after the reaction, but has physical changes. Some of the magnetite material is converted to hematite. Magnetite materials used in such applications undergo physical and chemical changes. The physical change may be due to misalignment of the magnetic particles during the combustion process, which may lead to a weakening of the magnetic field, in particular on the north pole. But when using fuels based on magnetite materials, the south pole continues to increase with each combustion process, but it is surprising that the south pole does become lost or reduced. Magnetite materials may be remagnetized to increase their magnetic field to a higher level.
The magnetite material contains fe2+ and fe3+, and during combustion of the fuel based on the magnetite material fe2+ increases, which reduces the combustion exhaust gases containing CO, CO 2、SO2 and NO 2, and during the same combustion process fe3+ is present to decrease, which reduces heat generation, fe2+ increases and fe2+ continues to increase as the number of repeated combustion processes increases. Furthermore, at the same time, the more times the same material is subjected to combustion processes, the more fe3+ in the same material remains reduced. During the combustion process, fe2+ increases and fe3+ decreases, and exhaust gas reducing performance is improved. The start of the combustion process prepares the magnetite material for further combustion activities to reduce gases. The magnetite material may be ready for further combustion processes by a combustion process to form a fuel based on the magnetite material. When the magnetite material is cooled to be ready for blending with the fuel for the combustion process, the fe2+ content increases and also the fe3+ content decreases. Cooling means that the temperature after combustion is reduced. Cooling of the material may be performed at temperatures as low as-15 degrees celsius and even lower. The cooling process may also be a slow cooling process. Fe2+ increases from about 24 mass%, while fe3+ decreases from 76 mass%. The increase in fe2+ during combustion was about 10% and the decrease in fe3+ was about 3%. The cooling effect increases fe2+ by at least 10% and fe3+ by at least 3%. One method of preparing a magnetite material based fuel is where the magnetite material is subjected to south poles, the north pole magnetic field is enhanced and becomes dominant and fe3+ is increased, which increases heat generation, fe3+ and north poles work together to increase heat generation in a more advantageous manner, and similar embodiments where the magnetite material is subjected to north poles and the south pole magnetic field readings are increased and become dominant, and fe2+ is increased and improves exhaust gas reduction, fe2+ and south poles work together to reduce exhaust gas containing CO, CO 2、SO2、NOx in a more advantageous manner. Thus, the repeated combustion process with cooling increases the exhaust gas reduction efficiency, and they cooperate to increase the performance of the combustion process. Repeated combustion, cooling, and subjecting the magnetite material to a magnetic field also cooperate to improve the overall performance of the magnetite material-based fuel. After combustion of solid fuels based on magnetite materials (where the solid fuel comprises coal), the ash and fly ash become magnetic and thus do not readily become airborne. The unburned magnetite material may be blended with the ash, and the mixed material may be mixed with fuel for the combustion process. The fly ash and magnetite materials together have a magnetic field strength reading. Fly ash and magnetite materials blended with coal are able to reduce exhaust gases containing CO, CO 2、SO2 and NO 2 slightly better than magnetite materials alone. The combusted fly ash and magnetite materials have a greater dominant north pole than the magnetite material itself. Carbon may be magnetized at room temperature, and thus carbon material that has not undergone a combustion process and carbon material that has formed soot may be recovered together with magnetite material and reused for combustion. Fuels based on magnetite materials also reduce particulate matter.
Candle test: tests were also performed using two candles, one of which is a conventional candle with wax and the other is a candle with magnetite material in the wax. The magnetite material content in the magnetite material based fuel (wax) is at most 80% magnetite powder material content, since 80% is better for candle structures and flame effects of candles. In addition to paraffin, the composition of the magnetite-material wax may have other waxes, including beeswax, soybean wax, vegetable or coconut wax, olive wax, animal fat wax, and the like. Stearic acid may also be added. In a conventional paraffin wax candle, 1 gram of candle will produce 2.8 grams of CO 2. Magnetite material in the wax may reduce CO and CO 2 by up to 75%. Other gases, such as NO 2、SO2, also decrease the same magnitude, and this proposed embodiment of the invention candles produce higher temperatures and are brighter during their burning. Such candles with larger, brighter, hotter, durable flames are useful in heating, lighting and cooking applications. Repeated magnetite materials can be used to make candles with smaller flames because repeated magnetite generates less heat. Candles employing magnetite-based waxes also burn more brightly than conventional candles, greater than 30lux and illuminate a larger area, indicating that such candles can address the problems of less light, cost, health and environmental hazards including greenhouse gases for the lighting market. This combustion process also adds O2 gas, which is a better gas for the environment and health. Candles blended with magnetite powder materials have at least 25% higher heat than conventional candles, a brightness of at least 30 lumens, and an increase in odor of the candles of at least 10%.
Test results
Results of diesel test using magnetite material:
results of paraffin fuel test using magnetite material:
results of coal fuel test using magnetite material:
Results of raw mineral (ROM) fuel test using magnetite material:
results of heavy fuel oil test using magnetite material:
Results of repeated diesel tests using magnetite materials:
results of gasoline fuel testing using magnetite materials:
Test gas Magnetite-free material Cooled magnetite material
NO(ppm) 7.43 2.48
SO2(ppm) 90.61 35.25
CO(ppm) 3268.14 1788.34
CO2(％) 5.65 2.92
Comparison of coal fuel test results with ROM with 20% magnetite material content:
Test gas Coal without magnetite material Blend of 20% magnetite material with ROM
NO(ppm) 40.96 14.89
SO2(ppm) 176.75 217.38
CO(ppm) 3834.16 3304
CO2(％) 1.86 0.88
Claim (modification according to treaty 19)
1. A fuel composition for combustion, the fuel composition comprising:
Hydrocarbon-based fuel; and
Magnetite material comprising magnetite (Fe 3O4),
Wherein:
the magnetite material is in powder form and has a size in the range of 1nm to 5mm;
The magnetite material is 0.1-80 wt% of the fuel composition;
the magnetite material comprises at least 40% magnetite (Fe 3O4);
The magnetite material having at least 25% Fe (iron);
Wherein combustion performance measured as specific energy output and exhaust gas reduction of the fuel composition is non-linearly related to the ratio of magnetite material.
2. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material further comprises silica (SiO 2), phosphate, pyrite (FeS 2), alumina (Al 2O 3), titania (TiO2)、Mn3O4、Cr2O3、V2O5、MgO、K2O、SrO、Na2O、ZrO2 and/or BaO.
3. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is at least 0.125-2.5% by weight of the fuel composition.
4. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material feedstock comprises fe 2 + and/or fe 3 + with dominant north poles and is cooled and/or subjected to a magnetic field.
5. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-based fuel comprises one or more of:
Coal, peat, lignite, slurry dam coal, charcoal and/or anthracite;
a petroleum-based fuel comprising Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO);
And/or
Biomass, wood or wood pellets, opportunity fuel, biofuel and/or asphalt.
6. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-based fuel is a liquid and the magnetite material is a suspension or a deposit.
7. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-based fuel comprises one or more of:
Tire derived fuel;
Plastic waste fuel;
waste oil;
Fly ash; and
And (3) recovering the soot.
8. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is recovered from a previous combustion event of the fuel composition that converts at least some of the magnetite material to fe2+ and/or fe3+, wherein the fuel composition comprises at least 10wt% fe2+ and/or fe3+.
9. A combustion product comprising the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrocarbon-based fuel is a wax, including paraffin wax and/or stearic acid;
The fuel composition is formed into a candle; and
The combustion product includes a wick, both of which participate in combustion.
10. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, the method comprising:
recovering magnetite material from a previous combustion event of the fuel composition;
mixing the hydrocarbon-based fuel with the recovered magnetite material for combustion; and
Repeating the above steps.
11. The method of claim 10, comprising cooling the recovered magnetite material at a temperature of at most 35 ℃ for at least 1 hour after the previous combustion event.
12. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
The recovered magnetite material is a solid; and
The method includes processing the solid magnetite material by grinding the solid magnetite material into a powder having a size of less than 45 μm to produce the magnetite material.
13. The method of claim 10, further comprising mixing the recovered magnetite material with a previously unburned magnetite material feedstock.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the recovered magnetite material is applied/fed to the top surface of the hydrocarbon-based fuel.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the recovered magnetite material is cooled and subjected to a magnetic field.
16. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, the method comprising:
providing a vessel or conduit made of the magnetite material;
providing the hydrocarbon-based fuel in the vessel or conduit; and
Allowing at least some of the magnetite material from the vessel or conduit to leave the vessel or conduit or be withdrawn from the vessel or conduit and mixed with the hydrocarbon-based fuel to produce the fuel composition.
17. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrocarbon-based fuel is at least partially gaseous;
feeding the gaseous hydrocarbon-based fuel to a fluidized bed formation;
recovering the magnetite material from a previous combustion event; and
The gaseous hydrocarbon-based fuel comprises one or more of CO 2、CO、SO2 and/or NO.
18. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is subjected to a north magnetic field or a dominant south pole and more fe2+ are generated in the magnetite material after a combustion process, or wherein the magnetite material is subjected to a south magnetic field, resulting in a dominant north pole surrounding and an increased fe3+ content in the magnetite material based fuel.
19. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is bound to a hydrocarbon fuel with a binder comprising a resin and made into a particulate or spherical structure.

Claims (20)

1. A fuel composition for combustion, the fuel composition comprising:
Hydrocarbon-based fuel; and
Magnetite material comprising magnetite (Fe 3O4),
Wherein:
the magnetite material is in powder form and has a size in the range of 1nm to 5mm;
The magnetite material is 0.1-80 wt% of the fuel composition;
The magnetite material comprises at least 40% magnetite (Fe 3O4); and
The magnetite material has at least 25% Fe (iron).
2. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material further comprises silica (SiO 2), phosphate, pyrite (FeS 2), alumina (Al 2O 3), titania (TiO2)、Mn3O4、Cr2O3、V2O5、MgO、K2O、SrO、Na2O、ZrO2 and/or BaO.
3. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is at least 0.125-2.5% by weight of the fuel composition.
4. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein combustion performance measured as specific energy output and exhaust gas reduction of the fuel composition is non-linearly related to the ratio of magnetite material.
5. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material feedstock comprises fe 2 + and/or fe 3 + with dominant north poles and is cooled and/or subjected to a magnetic field.
6. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-based fuel comprises one or more of:
Coal, peat, lignite, slurry dam coal, charcoal and/or anthracite;
a petroleum-based fuel comprising Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO);
And/or
Biomass, wood or wood pellets, opportunity fuel, biofuel and/or asphalt.
7. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-based fuel is a liquid and the magnetite material is a suspension or a deposit.
8. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon-based fuel comprises one or more of:
Tire derived fuel;
Plastic waste fuel;
waste oil;
Fly ash; and
And (3) recovering the soot.
9. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is recovered from a previous combustion event of the fuel composition that converts at least some of the magnetite material to fe2+ and/or fe3+, wherein the fuel composition comprises at least 10wt% fe2+ and/or fe3+.
10. A combustion product comprising the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrocarbon-based fuel is a wax, including paraffin wax and/or stearic acid;
The fuel composition is formed into a candle; and
The combustion product includes a wick, both of which participate in combustion.
11. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, the method comprising:
recovering magnetite material from a previous combustion event of the fuel composition;
mixing the hydrocarbon-based fuel with the recovered magnetite material for combustion; and
Repeating the above steps.
12. The method of claim 11, comprising cooling the recovered magnetite material at a temperature of at most 35 ℃ for at least 1 hour after the previous combustion event.
13. The method according to claim 11, wherein:
The recovered magnetite material is a solid; and
The method includes processing the solid magnetite material by grinding the solid magnetite material into a powder having a size of less than 45 μm to produce the magnetite material.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising mixing the recovered magnetite material with a previously unburned magnetite material feedstock.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the recovered magnetite material is applied/fed to the top surface of the hydrocarbon-based fuel.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the recovered magnetite material is cooled and subjected to a magnetic field.
17. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, the method comprising:
providing a vessel or conduit made of the magnetite material;
providing the hydrocarbon-based fuel in the vessel or conduit; and
Allowing at least some of the magnetite material from the vessel or conduit to leave the vessel or conduit or be withdrawn from the vessel or conduit and mixed with the hydrocarbon-based fuel to produce the fuel composition.
18. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein:
the hydrocarbon-based fuel is at least partially gaseous;
feeding the gaseous hydrocarbon-based fuel to a fluidized bed formation;
recovering the magnetite material from a previous combustion event; and
The gaseous hydrocarbon-based fuel comprises one or more of CO 2、CO、SO2 and/or NO.
19. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is subjected to a north magnetic field or a dominant south pole and more fe2+ are generated in the magnetite material after a combustion process, or wherein the magnetite material is subjected to a south magnetic field, resulting in a dominant north pole surrounding and an increased fe3+ content in the magnetite material based fuel.
20. A method of preparing the fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the magnetite material is bound to a hydrocarbon fuel with a binder comprising a resin and made into a particulate or spherical structure.
CN202280064415.8A 2021-07-26 2022-07-20 Fuel composition for combustion Pending CN118043436A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA2021/05246 2021-07-26
ZA202105855 2021-08-17
ZA2021/05855 2021-08-17
PCT/IB2022/056686 WO2023007315A1 (en) 2021-07-26 2022-07-20 Fuel composition for combustion

Publications (1)

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CN118043436A true CN118043436A (en) 2024-05-14

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