CN117999462A

CN117999462A - Device in identification transmission in sensing network

Info

Publication number: CN117999462A
Application number: CN202280059418.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: C·贝格; M·欧密尔
Original assignee: Cognitive Systems Corp
Current assignee: Cognitive Systems Corp
Priority date: 2021-09-03
Filing date: 2022-08-30
Publication date: 2024-05-07

Abstract

Systems and methods for Wi-Fi sensing are provided. A method for Wi-Fi sensing by a sensing algorithm manager comprising at least one processor configured to execute instructions. A sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by a sensing transmitter and received by a sensing receiver is obtained. A device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission is then determined. The sensing pair includes the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. The sensed measurement is associated with the device context. Performing a sensing algorithm based on the sensing measurements and the device context to generate a sensing result.

Description

Device in identification transmission in sensing network

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims U.S. provisional application No. 63/271,325 filed on 10, 25, 2021 and entitled "identify devices within transmission (IDENTIFYING DEVICES WITHIN Transmissions WITHIN A SENSING networks) within a sensing Network," U.S. provisional application No. 63/243,986 filed on 9, 14, 2021 and entitled "identify devices within transmission (IDENTIFYING DEVICES WITHIN Transmissions WITHIN A SENSING networks) within a sensing Network," and priority of U.S. provisional application No. 63/240,619 filed on 3, 2021 and entitled "identify devices within transmission (IDENTIFYING DEVICES WITHIN Transmissions WITHIN A SENSING networks) within a sensing Network," each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for Wi-Fi sensing. In particular, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for identifying devices within a transmission within a sensing network.

Background

Motion detection systems have been used to detect movement of objects in a room or an outdoor area, for example. In some example motion detection systems, infrared or optical sensors are used to detect movement of an object in the sensor field of view. Motion detection systems have been used in security systems, automatic control systems, and other types of systems. Wi-Fi sensing systems are one type of system that has recently incorporated motion detection systems. The Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi enabled devices, which may be part of an IEEE 802.11 network. In an example, a Wi-Fi sensing system may be configured to detect a feature of interest in a sensing space. The sensing space may refer to any physical space in which the Wi-Fi sensing system may operate, such as a residence, a work place, a shopping mall, a gym or stadium, a garden, or any other physical space. Features of interest may include motion and motion tracking of objects, presence detection, intrusion detection, gesture recognition, fall detection, respiratory rate detection, and other applications.

In Wi-Fi sensing systems, motion or movement cannot be detected based on channel disturbances unless the measured channel is determined absolutely. When the Media Access Control (MAC) address of a device is not universally unique to the device and may be randomly generated or updated, the MAC address of the device cannot be used to identify the device on a Wi-Fi sensing network. Similarly, the Association ID (AID) is not universally unique to the device and may vary from time to time. In addition, since the device may not be part of the Basic Service Set (BSS) of the access point, there may not be any relevant AID attached to the device and the access point. In an example, a device may not be associated with any network or may be associated with another network, and an AID of the device may be replicated by another device in the BSS of the access point. Thus, the AID of the device may not be constant and thus cannot be used to identify the device on a Wi-Fi sensing network.

Disclosure of Invention

Systems and methods for Wi-Fi sensing are provided. In an example embodiment, a method for Wi-Fi sensing is described. The method is performed by a sensing algorithm manager comprising a processor configured to execute instructions. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining, by the processor, a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter and received by the sensing receiver; determining, by a sensing algorithm manager, a device context of a sensing pair associated with a sensing transmission, the sensing pair comprising a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver; associating the sensed measurement with a device context; and executing, by the processor, the sensing algorithm based on the sensed measurement and the device context to generate a sensed result.

In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager further comprises a sensing receiver.

In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager includes a receive antenna configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver.

In some embodiments, determining the device context includes identifying a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, and determining the device context from a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address.

In some embodiments, determining the device context includes identifying a higher-level identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and determining the device context from a device context record corresponding to the higher-level identification fingerprint.

In some embodiments, identifying the high-level identification fingerprint includes identifying a hostname and an IP address associated with the sensing transmitter.

In some embodiments, the method further includes associating the higher layer identification fingerprint with a MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter.

In some embodiments, determining the device context includes determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement, and determining the device context from a device context record corresponding to the sensing footprint.

In some embodiments, determining the device context includes establishing the device context from at least one of a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement, and storing the device context as a new device context record.

In some embodiments, the method further includes updating a device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, a higher layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement.

In some embodiments, the device context includes information identifying the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in the sensing pair.

In some embodiments, determining the device context includes identifying a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a generic MAC address or a native MAC address.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further includes determining whether the MAC address is associated with the device context record in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further includes determining the device context from the device context record in response to determining that the MAC address is associated with the device context record.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with the device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether a high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record; and in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record, determining the device context from the device context record.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with the device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether a high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record; and in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, establishing a new device context as the device context.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with the device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with the device context record, determining a device context from the device context record.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with the device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with the device context record, establishing a new device context as the device context.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with the device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether a high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record; in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; and determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with the device context record.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further includes determining the device context from the device context record in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with the device context record.

In some embodiments, determining the device context further includes establishing a new device context as the device context in response to determining that the sensing stamp is not associated with the device context record.

Other aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the disclosure.

Drawings

The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent and better understood with reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system;

Fig. 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating example wireless signals transmitted between wireless communication devices;

Fig. 3A and 3B are graphs showing examples of channel responses calculated from wireless signals transmitted between wireless communication apparatuses in fig. 2A and 2B;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are graphs illustrating example channel responses associated with movement of an object in different spatial regions;

fig. 4C and 4D are graphs illustrating the example channel responses of fig. 4A and 4B superimposed on an example channel response associated with no motion occurring in space;

fig. 5 depicts an implementation of some architectures of an implementation of a system for Wi-Fi sensing, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 6 depicts a representation of the structure of a Medium Access Control (MAC) address in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 7 depicts an example of a High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint generation process, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates a representation of a receiver chain of a sensing receiver in accordance with some embodiments;

9A and 9B illustrate examples of MAC addresses that use sense imprints to detect changes in accordance with some embodiments;

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate examples of sense imprints detecting a change if the MAC addresses are the same, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 11 depicts a flowchart of performing a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result based on a sensing measurement and a device context, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIGS. 12A and 12B depict a flowchart of updating a device context record corresponding to a device context, in accordance with some embodiments;

13A and 13B depict another flowchart of performing a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result based on a sensing measurement and a device context, according to some embodiments;

14A and 14B depict a flow diagram of determining a device context of a sense pair associated with a sense transmission from a device context record, in accordance with some embodiments; and

Fig. 15A and 15B depict a flow diagram for establishing a new device context as a device context, in accordance with some embodiments.

Detailed Description

In some aspects described herein, a wireless sensing system may be used in a variety of wireless sensing applications by processing wireless signals (e.g., radio frequency signals) transmitted through a space between wireless communication devices. An example wireless sensing application includes motion detection, which may include the following: detecting a subject's motion in space, motion tracking, breath detection, breath monitoring, presence detection, gesture recognition, human detection (moving and stationary human detection), human tracking, fall detection, velocity estimation, intrusion detection, walking detection, step counting, breath rate detection, apnea estimation, gesture change detection, activity recognition, pace classification, gesture decoding, sign language recognition, hand tracking, heart rate estimation, breath rate estimation, room occupancy detection, human dynamics monitoring, and other types of motion detection applications. Other examples of wireless sensing applications include object recognition, voice recognition, keystroke detection and recognition, tamper detection, touch detection, attack detection, user authentication, driver fatigue detection, traffic monitoring, smoke detection, campus violence detection, people counting, metal detection, human body recognition, bicycle positioning, people queue estimation, wi-Fi imaging, and other types of wireless sensing applications. For example, the wireless sensing system may operate as a motion detection system to detect the presence and location of motion based on Wi-Fi signals or other types of wireless signals. As described in more detail below, the wireless sensing system may be configured to control measurement rates, wireless connections, and device participation, e.g., to improve system operation or achieve other technical advantages. In examples where the wireless sensing system is used for another type of wireless sensing application, the system improvements and technical advantages achieved when the wireless sensing system is used for motion detection are likewise achieved.

In some example wireless sensing systems, the wireless signal contains components that the wireless device may use to estimate the channel response or other channel information (e.g., a synchronization preamble in a Wi-Fi PHY frame, or another type of component), and the wireless sensing system may detect motion (or another characteristic, depending on the wireless sensing application) by analyzing the changes in the channel information collected over time. In some examples, the wireless sensing system may operate similar to a bistatic radar system, where a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) plays a receiver role and each Wi-Fi device (station or node or peer) connected to the AP plays a transmitter role. The wireless sensing system may trigger the connected device to generate a transmission and generate a channel response measurement at the receiver device. This triggering process may be repeated periodically to obtain a series of time-varying measurements. The wireless sensing algorithm may then receive as input the generated time series of channel response measurements (e.g., calculated by the Wi-Fi receiver) and through a correlation or filtering process, a determination may then be made (e.g., based on a change or pattern of channel estimates, for example, to determine whether there is motion within the environment represented by the channel response). In examples where the wireless sensing system detects motion, the location of the motion within the environment may also be identified based on the motion detection results among several wireless devices.

Thus, wireless signals received at each wireless communication device in the wireless communication network may be analyzed to determine channel information for various communication links in the network (between corresponding pairs of wireless communication devices). The channel information may represent a physical medium to apply a transfer function to a wireless signal passing through a space. In some cases, the channel information includes a channel response. The channel response may characterize the physical communication path, representing, for example, the combined effects of scattering, fading, and power attenuation in the space between the transmitter and the receiver. In some cases, the channel information includes beamforming state information (e.g., feedback matrix, steering matrix, channel State Information (CSI), etc.) provided by the beamforming system. Beamforming is a signal processing technique commonly used in multi-antenna (multiple input/multiple output (MIMO)) radio systems for directional signal transmission or reception. Beamforming may be achieved by operating elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at a particular angle experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference.

The channel information for each communication link may be analyzed (e.g., by a hub device or another device in the wireless communication network, or a sensing transmitter communicatively coupled to the network), for example, to detect whether motion has occurred in space, to determine the relative location of the detected motion, or both. In some aspects, the channel information for each communication link may be analyzed to detect whether an object is present, for example, when no motion is detected in space.

In some cases, the wireless sensing system may control the node measurement rate. For example, wi-Fi motion systems may configure variable measurement rates (e.g., channel estimation/environmental measurement/sampling rates) based on criteria given by current wireless sensing applications (e.g., motion detection). In some embodiments, for example, when motion is not present or detected for a period of time, the wireless sensing system may reduce the rate of the measurement environment such that the trigger frequency of the connected device is reduced. In some embodiments, when motion is present, for example, the wireless sensing system may increase the trigger rate to produce a time series of measurements with finer time resolution. Controlling the variable measurement rate may enable power savings (triggered by the device), reduced processing (reduced data to be correlated or filtered), and improved resolution during specified times.

In some cases, the wireless sensing system may perform band steering or client steering for nodes in the overall wireless network, e.g., in Wi-Fi multi-AP or Extended Service Set (ESS) topologies, where multiple coordinator wireless APs each provide a Basic Service Set (BSS), BSSs may occupy different frequency bands and allow devices to transparently move between one participating AP to another (e.g., mesh). For example, in a home mesh network, a Wi-Fi device may connect to any AP, but typically will select an AP with good signal strength. The coverage areas of mesh APs typically overlap, and each device is typically placed within communication range or within more than one AP. If the AP supports multiple bands (e.g., 2.4GHz and 5 GHz), the wireless sensing system may cause the device to remain connected to the same physical AP, but instruct the device to use different frequency bands to obtain more diverse information to help improve the accuracy or result of the wireless sensing algorithm (e.g., motion detection algorithm). In some embodiments, the wireless sensing system may change the device from being connected to one mesh AP to being connected to another mesh AP. For example, such device steering may be performed during wireless sensing (e.g., motion detection) based on criteria detected in a particular region to improve detection coverage or better locate motion within the region.

In some cases, beamforming may be performed between wireless communication devices based on some knowledge of the communication channel (e.g., by feedback properties generated by the receiver), which may be used to generate one or more steering properties (e.g., steering matrices) that the transmitter device applies to shape the transmitted beam/signal in one or more particular directions. Thus, a change in the steering or feedback properties used in the beamforming process is indicative of a change in the space accessed by the wireless communication system that may be caused by the moving object. For example, motion may be detected by a significant change in the communication channel over a period of time, e.g., as indicated by a channel response or steering or feedback attribute, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, for example, the steering matrix may be generated at the transmitter device (beamformer) based on a feedback matrix provided by the receiver device (beamformee) based on channel sounding. Since the steering and feedback matrices are related to the propagation characteristics of the channel, these matrices may change as the object moves within the channel. The variation of the channel characteristics is reflected in these matrices accordingly, and by analyzing these matrices, the motion can be detected and different characteristics of the detected motion can be determined. In some embodiments, the spatial map may be generated based on one or more beamforming matrices. The spatial map may indicate a general direction of objects in space relative to the wireless communication device. In some cases, a number of beamforming matrices (e.g., feedback matrices or steering matrices) may be generated to represent a plurality of directions in which an object may be positioned relative to a wireless communication device. The number of beamforming matrices may be used to generate a spatial map. The spatial map may be used to detect the presence of motion in space or to detect the location of detected motion.

In some cases, the motion detection system may control the variable device measurement rate during motion detection. For example, a feedback control system for a multi-node wireless motion detection system may adaptively change the sampling rate based on environmental conditions. In some cases, such control may improve the operation of the motion detection system or provide other technical advantages. For example, the measurement rate may be controlled in a manner that optimizes or otherwise improves air time usage and detection capabilities, which is suitable for a variety of different environments and different motion detection applications. The rate may be measured in a manner that reduces redundant measurement data to be processed, thereby reducing processor load/power requirements. In some cases, the measurement rate is controlled in an adaptive manner, e.g., the adaptive samples may be controlled individually for each participating device. The adaptive sampling rate may be used with a tuned control loop to accommodate different use cases or device characteristics.

In some cases, the wireless sensing system may allow the device to dynamically indicate and communicate its wireless sensing capabilities or wireless sensing willingness to the wireless sensing system. For example, sometimes a device may not want to be periodically interrupted or triggered to transmit a wireless signal that allows an AP to generate channel measurements. For example, if the device is hibernating, frequent waking up of the device to send or receive wireless sensing signals may consume resources (e.g., cause the mobile phone battery to discharge faster). These and other events may make the device willing or unwilling to engage in wireless sensing system operation. In some cases, a cell phone running with a battery may not want to participate, but when the cell phone is plugged into a charger, it may be willing to participate. Thus, if a handset is not plugged in, the handset may indicate to the wireless sensing system to exclude it from participation; and if a handset is plugged in, the handset may indicate to the wireless sensing system to include it in wireless sensing system operation. In some cases, a device may not want to participate if the device is under load (e.g., the device is streaming audio or video) or busy performing a primary function; and when the load of the same device is reduced and participation does not interfere with the primary function, the device may indicate to the wireless sensing system that the device is willing to participate.

Example wireless sensing systems are described below in the context of motion detection (detecting motion of an object in space, motion tracking, respiration detection, respiration monitoring, presence detection, gesture recognition, human detection (moving and stationary human detection), human tracking, fall detection, velocity estimation, intrusion detection, walking detection, step counting, respiration rate detection, apnea estimation, gesture change detection, activity recognition, pace classification, gesture decoding, sign language recognition, hand tracking, heart rate estimation, respiration rate estimation, room occupancy detection, human dynamics monitoring, and other types of motion detection applications). However, in examples where the wireless sensing system is used for another type of wireless sensing application, the operational, system improvements, and technical advantages achieved when the wireless sensing system is used as a motion detection system are equally applicable.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the following provides a non-limiting definition of one or more terms that will be used in this document.

The term "measurement activity" may refer to a series of bi-directional one or more sensing transmissions between a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter that allow for the calculation of a series of one or more sensing measurements.

The term "Channel State Information (CSI)" may refer to properties of a communication channel that are known or measured by channel estimation techniques. CSI may represent how a wireless signal propagates from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver along multiple paths. CSI is typically a matrix of complex values representing the amplitude attenuation and phase shift of a signal, which provides an estimate of the communication channel.

The term "sensing initiator" may refer to a device that initiates a Wi-Fi sensing session. The role of the sensing initiator may be played by the sensing receiver, the sensing transmitter, or a separate device containing the sensing algorithm (e.g., a sensing algorithm manager).

The term "sensing transmitter" may refer to a device that transmits a transmission (e.g., PPDU) for sensing measurements (e.g., channel state information) in a WLAN sensing session. In an example, a station is an example of a sensing transmitter. In some examples, in examples where the station acts as a sensing receiver, the access point may also be a sensing transmitter for Wi-Fi sensing purposes.

The term "sensing receiver" may refer to a device that receives a transmission (e.g., PPDU) sent by a sensing transmitter and performs one or more sensing measurements (e.g., channel state information) based on the transmission in a WLAN sensing session. An access point is an example of a sensing receiver. In some examples, a station may also be a sensing receiver, for example in a mesh network scenario.

The term "transmission opportunity (TXOP)" may refer to a negotiated time interval during which a particular quality of service (QoS) station (e.g., a sensing initiator or sensing transmitter) may have the right to initiate a frame exchange onto a wireless medium. As part of the negotiation, a QoS Access Class (AC) for the transmission opportunity may be requested.

The term quality of service (QoS) Access Category (AC) may refer to an identifier of a frame that classifies a transmission priority required for the frame. In the example, four QoS access categories are defined, ac_vi: video, ac_vo: voice, AC_BE: best effort, ac_bk: background. Furthermore, each QoS access class may have different transmission opportunity parameters defined for it.

The term "transmission parameters" may refer to a set of IEEE 802.11PHY transmitter configuration parameters that are defined as part of a transmission vector (TXVECTOR) corresponding to a particular PHY and may be configured for each PHY layer protocol data unit (PPDU) transmission.

The term "sensing trigger message" may refer to a message sent from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver to initiate or trigger one or more sensing transmissions that may be carried by UL-OFDMA sensing triggers or UL-OFDMA composite sensing triggers. The sensing trigger message may also be referred to as a sensing initiation message.

The term "sensing response message" may refer to a message contained within a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver. The sensing receiver performs a sensing measurement using a sensing transmission including a sensing response message.

The term "sensing response notification" may refer to a message that a notification sensing response NDP contained within a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver will follow within a short inter-frame space (SIFS). The sensing response NDP may be transmitted using the requested transmission configuration.

The term "short interframe space (SIFS)" may refer to a period of time within a device of a Wi-Fi sensing system in which a processing element (e.g., a microprocessor, dedicated hardware, or any such element) is capable of processing data presented to it in a frame. In an example, the short inter-frame interval may be 10 μs.

The term "sensing response NDP" may refer to a response sent by a sensing transmitter and used for sensing measurements at a sensing receiver. The sensing response NDP may be used when the requested transmission configuration is incompatible with the transmission parameters required to successfully receive the non-sensing message. The sensing response NDP may be notified by a sensing response notification. In an example, the sensing response NDP may be implemented with a null data PPDU. In some examples, the sensing response NDP may be implemented with frames that do not contain any data.

The term "requested transmission configuration" may refer to requested transmission parameters of a sensing transmitter to be used when transmitting a sensing transmission.

The term "communicated transmission configuration" may refer to a transmission parameter that the sensing transmitter applies to the sensing transmission.

The term "steering matrix configuration" may refer to a complex valued matrix that represents the real and complex phases required to precondition the antennas of a Radio Frequency (RF) transmission signal chain for each transmitted signal. Applying steering matrix configuration (e.g., by a spatial mapper) enables beamforming and beam steering.

The term "spatial mapper" may refer to a signal processing element that adjusts the amplitude and phase of a signal input to an RF transmission chain in a station or sensing transmitter. The spatial mapper may contain elements for processing the signal to each RF chain implemented. The operation performed is called spatial mapping. The output of the spatial mapper is one or more spatial streams.

The term "Dynamic Host Configuration Platform (DHCP)" may refer to a network management protocol for automatically assigning Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and communication parameters.

The term "Domain Name System (DNS)" may refer to a domain name of an IP address such that a browser may load internet resources.

The term "Internet Protocol (IP) address" may refer to a unique address given to a device on the internet according to IP. IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of IP. The format of an IPv4 address is four sets of numbers separated by dots, for example: "74.125.224.72". This is a 32-bit format, meaning that it allows 2 ³² unique IP addresses. The need for more IP addresses has led to the implementation of IPv 6. IPv6 addresses use a more complex format that utilizes sets of numbers and letters separated by a single colon or a double colon, such as: "2607:f860:4005:804:200 e". This 128-bit format can support 2 ¹²⁸ unique addresses.

The term "sensing configuration" may refer to user provided information representing a desired network connection between a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter for Wi-Fi sensing purposes (e.g., for connection to a speaker (sensing transmitter)). The sensing configuration may include location, sensing participation preferences, or other parameters.

The term "High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint" may refer to a set of group identifiers that use information from a high network layer and map the information to a MAC layer to identify a device.

The term "sensing footprint" may refer to a steady-state or semi-static representation of the propagation channel in the sensing space between the sensing receiver and the sensing transmitter, which is calculated by the sensing receiver in the form of a time-domain channel impulse response.

The term "sensing session" may refer to the ecosystem of Wi-Fi sensing devices connected on a network at a point in time.

The term "device context" may denote the presence of a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver, and their connection in a Wi-Fi sensing system. In an example, the device context may be a representation of parameters of two devices participating in the sensing session. The sensed measurement may be associated with a device context.

The term "hostname" may refer to an alphanumeric text-based human-readable name that introduces the concept of a naming system. In an example, the hostname enables a user to identify the system using a human readable name instead of a digital address.

The term "system administrator" may refer to an individual or team supervising the Wi-Fi sensing system and managing sensing elements on devices connected in the network.

The term "Internet Protocol (IP) parameter" may refer to a transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) configuration parameter, including hostname, DHCP client, domain name, IP address, network mask, broadcast address, DNS server, default router, and the like.

The term "Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table" may refer to a table used to maintain a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.

The term "sensing algorithm" may refer to a computing algorithm that receives a sensed target. The sensing algorithm may be executed on the sensing receiver, the sensing initiator, or any other device in the Wi-Fi sensing system.

The term "Access Point (AP)" may refer to a device that creates a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).

The term "Station (STA)" is a device capable of using the IEEE 802.11 protocol.

The term "Association ID (AID)" may refer to an unsigned integer value between 1 and 2007 assigned to a station by an access point. The integer values may be determined independently and dynamically by the access point and are only required to be unique within the Basic Service Set (BSS) to which the station belongs.

The term "sensing configuration message" may refer to a configuration message that may be used to pre-configure a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver, e.g., for measurement activities.

The term "sensing configuration response message" may refer to a response message to a sensing configuration message indicating which configuration options the sensing transmitter supports, e.g. sensing the transmission capabilities of the transmitter. In an example, a sensing configuration response message may be sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver in response to the sensing configuration message.

The term "steady state propagation channel" may refer to a channel between a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter that is defined and affected only by a physical sensing space and does not take into account any disturbances due to transient objects or movements.

The term "complete time domain channel representation information (complete TD-CRI)" may refer to a series of time domain pulse complex pairs created by performing an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on CSI values (e.g., CSI calculated by a baseband receiver).

The term "Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) sensing session" may refer to a period of time during which an object in physical space may be detected, and/or characterized. In an example, during a WLAN sensing session, several devices participate therein, facilitating the generation of sensing measurements.

For purposes of reading the description of the various embodiments that follows, the following description of the various parts of the specification and their respective contents may be helpful:

Section a describes wireless communication systems, wireless transmissions, and sensing measurements that may be used to practice the embodiments described herein.

Section B describes systems and methods that may be used with Wi-Fi sensing systems configured to send sensing transmissions and make sensing measurements.

Section C describes embodiments of systems and methods for identifying devices within a transmission within a sensing network.

A. wireless communication system, wireless transmission and sensing measurement

Fig. 1 illustrates a wireless communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 includes three wireless communication devices: a first wireless communication device 102A, a second wireless communication device 102B, and a third wireless communication device 102C. The wireless communication system 100 may include additional wireless communication devices and other components (e.g., additional wireless communication devices, one or more network servers, network routers, network switches, cables or other communication links, etc.).

The wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may operate in a wireless network, for example, according to a wireless network standard or another type of wireless communication protocol. For example, the wireless network may be configured to operate as a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), or another type of wireless network. Examples of WLANs include networks (e.g., wi-Fi networks) configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the IEEE developed 802.11 family of standards, and/or the like. Examples of PANs include those according to short-range communication standards (e.g.,Near Field Communication (NFC), zigBee), millimeter wave communication, and the like.

In some embodiments, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102b, 102c may be configured to communicate in a cellular network, for example, according to cellular network standards. Examples of cellular networks include networks configured according to the following criteria: 2G standards such as Global System for Mobile (GSM) and enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) or EGPRS;3G standards such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and time division synchronous code division multiple Access (TD-SCDMA); 4G standards such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced (LTE-a); 5G standard, etc.

In the example shown in fig. 1, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be or may contain standard wireless network components. For example, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be a commercially available Wi-Fi AP or another type of Wireless Access Point (WAP) that performs one or more operations as described herein, which are embedded as instructions (e.g., software or firmware) on a modem of the WAP. In some cases, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be nodes of a wireless mesh network, such as a commercially available mesh network system (e.g., plasmid Wi-Fi, google Wi-Fi, qualcomm Wi-Fi SoN, etc.). In some cases, another type of standard or conventional Wi-Fi transmitter device may be used. In some cases, one or more of the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be implemented as WAPs in the mesh network, while other wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C are implemented as leaf devices (e.g., mobile devices, smart devices, etc.) that access the mesh network through one of the WAPs. In some cases, one or more of the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C are mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, notebooks, etc.), wireless enabled devices (e.g., smart thermostats, wi-Fi enabled cameras, smart TVs), or another type of device that communicates in a wireless network.

The wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be implemented without Wi-Fi components; for example, other types of standard or non-standard wireless communications may be used for motion detection. In some cases, the wireless communication device 102A, 102B, 102C may be a dedicated motion detection system, or may be part of a dedicated motion detection system. For example, the dedicated motion detection system may contain a hub device and one or more beacon devices (as remote sensor devices), and the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be hub devices or beacon devices in the motion detection system.

As shown in fig. 1, the wireless communication device 102C includes a modem 112, a processor 114, a memory 116, and a power supply unit 118; any of the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C in the wireless communication system 100 may contain the same, additional, or different components, and these components may be configured to operate as shown in fig. 1 or in another manner. In some implementations, the modem 112, processor 114, memory 116, and power supply unit 118 of the wireless communication device are housed together in a common housing or other component. In some embodiments, one or more components of the wireless communication device may be housed separately, e.g., in a separate housing or other assembly.

Modem 112 may transmit (receive, send, or both) wireless signals. For example, modem 112 may be configured to transmit Radio Frequency (RF) signals formatted according to a wireless communication standard (e.g., wi-Fi or bluetooth). The modem 112 may be implemented as the example wireless network modem 112 shown in fig. 1, or may be implemented in another manner, e.g., with other types of components or subsystems. In some implementations, the modem 112 includes a radio subsystem and a baseband subsystem. In some cases, the baseband subsystem and the radio subsystem may be implemented on a common chip or chipset, or may be implemented in a card or another type of assembled device. The baseband subsystem may be coupled to the radio subsystem, for example, by leads, pins, wires, or other types of connections.

In some cases, the radio subsystem in modem 112 may contain one or more antennas and radio frequency circuitry. The radio frequency circuitry may include, for example, circuitry to filter, amplify, or otherwise condition analog signals, circuitry to up-convert baseband signals to RF signals, circuitry to down-convert RF signals to baseband signals, and the like. Such circuitry may include, for example, filters, amplifiers, mixers, local oscillators, etc. The radio subsystem may be configured to transmit radio frequency wireless signals over a wireless communication channel. As an example, a radio subsystem may include a radio chip, an RF front end, and one or more antennas. The radio subsystem may include additional or different components. In some embodiments, the radio subsystem may be or include radio electronics (e.g., RF front-end, radio chip, or the like) from a conventional modem, such as from a Wi-Fi modem, pico base station modem, or the like. In some implementations, the antenna includes a plurality of antennas.

In some cases, the baseband subsystem in modem 112 may include digital electronics configured to process digital baseband data, for example. As an example, the baseband subsystem may include a baseband chip. The baseband subsystem may contain additional or different components. In some cases, the baseband subsystem may include a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) device or another type of processor device. In some cases, the baseband system includes digital processing logic to operate the radio subsystem, transmit wireless network traffic through the radio subsystem, detect motion based on motion detection signals received through the radio subsystem, or perform other types of processes. For example, the baseband subsystem may include one or more chips, chipsets, or other types of devices configured to encode signals and pass the encoded signals to the radio subsystem for transmission, or to identify and analyze data encoded in signals from the radio subsystem (e.g., by decoding the signals according to a wireless communication standard, by processing the signals according to a motion detection process, or otherwise).

In some cases, the radio subsystem in modem 112 receives the baseband signal from the baseband subsystem, up-converts the baseband signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal, and wirelessly transmits the RF signal (e.g., via an antenna). In some cases, the radio subsystem in modem 112 receives the radio frequency signal wirelessly (e.g., via an antenna), down-converts the radio frequency signal to a baseband signal, and sends the baseband signal to the baseband subsystem. The signals exchanged between the radio subsystem and the baseband subsystem may be digital or analog signals. In some examples, the baseband subsystem includes conversion circuitry (e.g., digital-to-analog converter, analog-to-digital converter) and exchanges analog signals with the radio subsystem. In some examples, the radio subsystem includes conversion circuitry (e.g., digital-to-analog converter, analog-to-digital converter) and exchanges digital signals with the baseband subsystem.

In some cases, the baseband subsystem of modem 112 may transmit wireless network traffic (e.g., data packets) over one or more network traffic channels through a radio subsystem in a wireless communication network. The baseband subsystem of modem 112 may also transmit or receive (or both) signals (e.g., motion detect signals or motion detect signals) over a dedicated wireless communication channel through a radio subsystem. In some cases, the baseband subsystem generates motion detection signals for transmission, e.g., to detect space for motion. In some cases, the baseband subsystem processes the received motion detection signal (a signal based on the motion detection signal transmitted through space), e.g., to detect motion of an object in space.

The processor 114 may execute instructions, for example, to generate output data based on data input. The instructions may comprise programs, code, scripts, or other types of data stored in a memory. Additionally or alternatively, the instructions may be encoded as preprogrammed or re-programmable logic circuits, logic gates, or other types of hardware or firmware components. Processor 114 may be or include a general purpose microprocessor as a special purpose coprocessor or another type of data processing device. In some cases, the processor 114 performs advanced operations of the wireless communication device 102C. For example, the processor 114 may be configured to execute or interpret software, scripts, programs, functions, executable files, or other instructions stored in the memory 116. In some embodiments, the processor 114 may be included in the modem 112.

The memory 116 may include computer readable storage media such as volatile memory devices, non-volatile memory devices, or both. Memory 116 may comprise one or more read-only memory devices, random access memory devices, buffer memory devices, or a combination of these and other types of memory devices. In some cases, one or more components of the memory may be integrated or otherwise associated with another component of the wireless communication device 102C. The memory 116 may store instructions executable by the processor 114. For example, the instructions may include instructions to time align the signals using the interference buffer and the motion detection buffer, for example, by one or more operations of the example process as described in any of fig. 11, 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, 15A, and 15B.

The power supply unit 118 provides power to other components of the wireless communication device 102C. For example, other components may operate based on power provided by the power supply unit 118 through a voltage bus or other connection. In some embodiments, the power supply unit 118 includes a battery or battery system, such as a rechargeable battery. In some implementations, the power supply unit 118 includes an adapter (e.g., an AC adapter) that receives an external power supply signal (from an external source) and converts the external power supply signal to an internal power supply signal that is conditioned for the components of the wireless communication device 102C. The power supply unit 118 may contain other components or operate in another manner.

In the example shown in fig. 1, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B transmit wireless signals (e.g., according to a wireless network standard, motion detection protocol, or otherwise). For example, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B may broadcast wireless motion probe signals (e.g., reference signals, beacon signals, status signals, etc.), or may transmit wireless signals addressed to other devices (e.g., user equipment, client devices, servers, etc.), and other devices (not shown) as well as the wireless communication device 102C may receive wireless signals transmitted by the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B. In some cases, the wireless signals transmitted by the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B are periodically repeated, e.g., according to a wireless communication standard or otherwise.

In the illustrated example, the wireless communication device 102C processes wireless signals from the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B to detect movement of an object in a space accessed by the wireless signals, to determine a location of the detected movement, or both. For example, the wireless communication device 102C may perform one or more operations of the example processes described below with respect to any of fig. 11, 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, 15A, and 15B or another type of process for detecting motion or determining a location of detected motion. The space accessed by the wireless signal may be an indoor or outdoor space, which may contain, for example, one or more fully or partially enclosed areas, open areas without fences, and the like. The space may be or may contain an interior of a room, a plurality of rooms, a building, etc. In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 may be modified, for example, such that the wireless communication device 102C may transmit wireless signals, and the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B may process the wireless signals from the wireless communication device 102C to detect motion or determine the location of the detected motion.

The wireless signals for motion detection may include, for example, a beacon signal (e.g., a bluetooth beacon, wi-Fi beacon, other wireless beacon signal), another standard signal generated for other purposes according to a wireless network standard, or a non-standard signal (e.g., a random signal, a reference signal, etc.) generated for motion detection or other purposes. In an example, motion detection may be performed by analyzing one or more training fields carried by the wireless signal or by analyzing other data carried by the signal. In some examples, data will be added for the explicit purpose of motion detection, or the data used will nominally be used for another purpose and again or instead for motion detection. In some examples, wireless signals propagate through an object (e.g., a wall) before or after interacting with the moving object, which may allow movement of the moving object to be detected without an optical line of sight between the moving object and the transmitting or receiving hardware. Based on the received signals, the wireless communication device 102C may generate motion detection data. In some cases, the wireless communication device 102C may transmit the motion detection data to another device or system, such as a security system, which may include a control center for monitoring movement within a space, such as a room, building, outdoor area, or the like.

In some embodiments, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B may be modified to transmit a motion detection signal (which may include, for example, a reference signal, a beacon signal, or another signal for detecting motion space) on a wireless communication channel (e.g., a frequency channel or a code channel) separate from the wireless network traffic signal. For example, the wireless communication device 102C may be aware of the modulation of the payload applied to the motion detection signal and the type of data or data structures in the payload, which may reduce the amount of processing performed by the wireless communication device 102C for motion sensing. The header may contain additional information such as an indication of whether another device in the communication system 100 detected motion, an indication of the modulation type, an identification of the device sending the signal, etc.

In the example shown in fig. 1, the wireless communication system 100 is a wireless mesh network with a wireless communication link between each wireless communication device 102. In the illustrated example, the wireless communication link between wireless communication device 102C and wireless communication device 102A may be used to detect the motion detection field 110A, the wireless communication link between wireless communication device 102C and wireless communication device 102B may be used to detect the motion detection field 110B, and the wireless communication link between wireless communication device 102A and wireless communication device 102B may be used to detect the motion detection field 110C. In some cases, each wireless communication device 102 detects motion in the motion detection field 110 accessed by the device by processing a received signal that is based on the wireless signals transmitted by the wireless communication device 102 through the motion detection field 110. For example, as the person 106 shown in fig. 1 moves in the motion detection fields 110A and 110C, the wireless communication device 102 may detect motion based on signals they receive, which are based on wireless signals transmitted through the respective motion detection fields 110. For example, the wireless communication device 102A may detect movement of the person 106 in the movement detection fields 110A, 110C, the wireless communication device 102B may detect movement of the person 106 in the movement detection field 110C, and the wireless communication device 102C may detect movement of the person 106 in the movement detection field 110A.

In some cases, the motion detection field 110 may comprise, for example, air, a solid material, a liquid, or another medium through which wireless electromagnetic signals may propagate. In the example shown in fig. 1, the motion detection field 110A provides a wireless communication channel between the wireless communication device 102A and the wireless communication device 102C, the motion detection field 110B provides a wireless communication channel between the wireless communication device 102B and the wireless communication device 102C, and the motion detection field 110C provides a wireless communication channel between the wireless communication device 102A and the wireless communication device 102B. In some aspects of operation, wireless signals transmitted over a wireless communication channel (separate from or shared with wireless communication channels for network traffic) are used to detect movement of an object in space. The object may be any type of stationary or movable object and may be living or inanimate. For example, the object may be a person (e.g., person 106 shown in fig. 1), an animal, an inorganic object, or another device, apparatus, or component), an object defining all or part of a boundary of a space (e.g., a wall, a door, a window, etc.), or another type of object. In some embodiments, motion information from the wireless communication device may be analyzed to determine the location of the detected motion. For example, as described further below, one of the wireless communication devices 102 (or another device communicatively coupled to the wireless communication device 102) may determine that the detected motion is in the vicinity of a particular wireless communication device.

Fig. 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating example wireless signals transmitted between wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C. The wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C may be, for example, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C shown in fig. 1, or other types of wireless communication devices. The wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C transmit wireless signals through the space 200. The space 200 may be fully or partially enclosed or open at one or more boundaries. The space 200 may be or may contain a room interior, multiple rooms, a building, an indoor area, an outdoor area, or the like. In the example shown, the first wall 202A, the second wall 202B, and the third wall 202C at least partially enclose the space 200.

In the example shown in fig. 2A and 2B, the wireless communication device 204A may be configured to repeatedly (e.g., periodically, intermittently, at planned, unplanned, or random intervals, etc.) transmit wireless signals. The wireless communication devices 204B, 204C may be operable to receive signals based on signals transmitted by the wireless communication device 204A. The wireless communication devices 204B, 204C each have a modem (e.g., modem 112 shown in fig. 1) configured to process the received signals to detect movement of the object in space 200.

As shown, the object is in a first position 214A in fig. 2A, and the object has moved to a second position 214B in fig. 2B. In fig. 2A and 2B, the moving object in the space 200 is represented as a person, but the moving object may be another type of object. For example, the moving object may be an animal, an inorganic object (e.g., a system, apparatus, device, or component), an object defining all or part of the boundary of the space 200 (e.g., a wall, door, window, etc.), or another type of object.

As shown in fig. 2A and 2B, a plurality of example paths of wireless signals transmitted from wireless communication device 204A are shown by dashed lines. Along the first signal path 216, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the first wall 202A toward the wireless communication device 204B. Along the second signal path 218, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the second wall 202B and the first wall 202A toward the wireless communication device 204C. Along the third signal path 220, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the second wall 202B toward the wireless communication device 204C. Along the fourth signal path 222, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the third wall 202C toward the wireless communication device 204B.

In fig. 2A, along a fifth signal path 224A, a wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the object at the first location 214A toward the wireless communication device 204C. Between fig. 2A and 2B, the surface of the object moves from a first position 214A to a second position 214B (e.g., a distance from the first position 214A) in the space 200. In fig. 2B, wireless signals are transmitted from wireless communication device 204A along sixth signal path 224B and reflected from the object at second location 214B toward wireless communication device 204C. As the object moves from the first position 214A to the second position 214B, the sixth signal path 224B depicted in fig. 2B is longer than the fifth signal path 224A depicted in fig. 2A. In some examples, signal paths may be added, deleted, or otherwise modified as a result of movement of objects in space.

The example wireless signals shown in fig. 2A and 2B may experience attenuation, frequency shift, phase shift, or other effects through their respective paths, and may have portions that propagate in another direction, for example, through the first wall 202A, the second wall 202B, and the third wall 202C. In some examples, the wireless signal is a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The wireless signals may include other types of signals.

In the example shown in fig. 2A and 2B, the wireless communication device 204A may repeatedly transmit wireless signals. Specifically, fig. 2A shows a wireless signal transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A at a first time, and fig. 2B shows the same wireless signal transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A at a second, later time. The transmitted signal may be transmitted continuously, periodically, randomly or intermittently, etc., or a combination thereof. The transmitted signal may have several frequency components in the frequency bandwidth. The transmitted signal may be transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A in an omni-directional manner, a directional manner, or other manner. In the illustrated example, the wireless signal passes through multiple respective paths in the space 200, and the signal along each path may be attenuated by path loss, scattering, reflection, etc., and may have a phase or frequency offset.

As shown in fig. 2A and 2B, the signals from the first through sixth paths 216, 218, 220, 222, 224A, and 224B are combined at the wireless communication device 204C and the wireless communication device 204B to form a received signal. Due to the effects of multiple paths in the space 200 on the transmitted signal, the space 200 may be represented as a transfer function (e.g., a filter) in which the transmitted signal is input and the received signal is output. As an object moves in the space 200, the attenuation or phase offset of the signal in the influencing signal path may change, and thus, the transfer function of the space 200 may change. Assuming that the same wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A, if the transfer function of the space 200 changes, the output of the transfer function (the received signal) also changes. The change in the received signal may be used to detect movement of the object.

Mathematically, the transmitted signal f (t) transmitted from the first wireless communication apparatus 204A can be described according to equation (1):

Where ω _n represents the frequency of the nth frequency component of the transmitted signal, c _n represents the complex coefficient of the nth frequency component, and t represents time. In the case of transmitting the transmitted signal f (t) from the first wireless communication apparatus 204A, the output signal r _k (t) from the path k can be described according to equation (2):

Where α _n,k represents the attenuation factor (or channel response; e.g., due to scattering, reflection, and path loss) of the nth frequency component along path k, and φ _n,k represents the phase of the signal of the nth frequency component along path k. The signal R received at the wireless communication device may then be described as the sum of all output signals R _k (t) from all paths to the wireless communication device, as shown in equation (3):

R＝∑_kr_k(t)…(3)

Substituting equation (2) into equation (3) yields the following equation (4):

The signal R received at the wireless communication device may then be analyzed. For example, the signal R received at the wireless communication device may be transformed to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or another type of algorithm. The transformed signal may represent the received signal R as a series of n complex values, each corresponding to each respective frequency component (at n frequencies ω _n). For frequency components at frequency ω _n, the complex value H _n can be expressed in equation (5) as follows:

The complex value H _n of a given frequency component ω _n indicates the relative amplitude and phase offset of the signal received at said frequency component ω _n. As the object moves in space, the complex value H _n changes due to the channel response a _n,k of the space changing. Thus, a detected change in the channel response may be indicative of movement of the object within the communication channel. In some cases, noise, interference, or other phenomena may affect the channel response detected by the receiver, and the motion detection system may reduce or isolate this effect to improve the accuracy and quality of the motion detection capability. In some embodiments, the overall channel response may be expressed in equation (6) as follows:

in some cases, the spatial channel response h _ch may be determined, for example, based on estimated mathematical theory. For example, the reference signal R _ef may be modified with the candidate channel response (h _ch) and then the maximum likelihood method may be used to select the candidate channel that best matches the received signal (R _cvd). In some cases, the estimated received signal is obtained from a convolution of the reference signal (R _ef) with the candidate channel response (h _ch) The channel coefficients of the channel response (h _ch) are then varied to minimize the estimated received signal/>Square error of (c). This can be shown mathematically in equation (7) as follows:

wherein the optimization criterion is

The minimization or optimization process may utilize adaptive filtering techniques such as Least Mean Square (LMS), recursive Least Squares (RLS), batch Least Squares (BLS), and the like. The channel response may be a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter, or the like. As shown in the above equation, the received signal may be regarded as a convolution of the reference signal and the channel response. Convolution operation means that the channel coefficients have a degree of correlation with each delayed copy of the reference signal. Thus, the convolution operation shown in the above equation shows that the received signal occurs at different delay points, each weighted by the channel coefficients.

Fig. 3A and 3B are graphs showing examples of channel responses 360, 370 calculated from wireless signals transmitted between the wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C in fig. 2A and 2B. Fig. 3A and 3B also illustrate a frequency domain representation 350 of the initial wireless signal transmitted by the wireless communication device 204A. In the illustrated example, the channel response 360 in fig. 3A represents the signal received by the wireless communication device 204B when there is no motion in the space 200, and the channel response 370 in fig. 3B represents the signal received by the wireless communication device 204B in fig. 2B after the object has moved in the space 200.

In the example shown in fig. 3A and 3B, for purposes of illustration, the wireless communication device 204A transmits a signal having a flat frequency distribution (the amplitude of each frequency component f ₁、f₂ and f ₃ is the same) as shown in the frequency domain representation 350. Due to the interaction of the signal with the space 200 (and objects therein), the signal received at the wireless communication device 204B based on the signal transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A appears different from the transmitted signal. In this example, where the transmitted signal has a flat frequency distribution, the received signal represents the channel response of the space 200. As shown in fig. 3A and 3B, the channel responses 360, 370 are different from the frequency domain representation 350 of the transmitted signal. When motion occurs in space 200, the channel response also changes. For example, as shown in fig. 3B, the channel response 370 associated with the movement of the object in the space 200 is different from the channel response 360 associated with no movement within the space 200.

Further, the channel response may be different from the channel response 370 as the object moves within the space 200. In some cases, the space 200 may be divided into different regions, and the channel responses associated with each region may share one or more characteristics (e.g., shape), as described below. Thus, the movement of the object within different regions can be distinguished and the position of the detected movement can be determined based on an analysis of the channel response.

Fig. 4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating example channel responses 401, 403 associated with movement of an object 406 in different regions 408, 412 of space 400. In the illustrated example, the space 400 is a building and the space 400 is divided into a plurality of different areas, namely a first area 408, a second area 410, a third area 412, a fourth area 414, and a fifth area 416. In some cases, space 400 may contain additional or fewer regions. As shown in fig. 4A and 4B, the area within the space 400 may be defined by walls between rooms. In addition, the area may be defined by ceilings between building floors. For example, the space 400 may contain additional floors with additional rooms. In addition, in some cases, the multiple areas of space may be or include several floors in a multi-story building, several rooms in a building, or several rooms on a particular floor of a building. In the example shown in fig. 4A, the object located in the first region 408 is represented as a person 106, but the moving object may be another type of object, such as an animal or an inorganic object.

In the illustrated example, wireless communication device 402A is located in a fourth region 414 of space 400, wireless communication device 402B is located in a second region 410 of space 400, and wireless communication device 402C is located in a fifth region 416 of space 400. The wireless communication device 402 may operate in the same or similar manner as the wireless communication device 102 of fig. 1. For example, the wireless communication device 402 may be configured to transmit and receive wireless signals and detect whether motion has occurred in the space 400 based on the received signals. As an example, the wireless communication device 402 may periodically or repeatedly transmit motion detection signals through the space 400 and receive signals based on the motion detection signals. The wireless communication device 402 may analyze the received signal to detect whether an object has moved in the space 400, for example, by analyzing a channel response associated with the space 400 based on the received signal. Additionally, in some embodiments, the wireless communication device 402 may analyze the received signals to identify the location of the detected motion within the space 400. For example, the wireless communication device 402 may analyze characteristics of the channel responses to determine whether the channel responses share the same or similar characteristics as are known to be associated with the first through fifth regions 408, 410, 412, 414, 416 of the space 400.

In the illustrated example, the wireless communication device(s) 402 repeatedly transmit motion detection signals (e.g., reference signals) through the space 400. In some cases, the motion detection signal may have a flat frequency distribution, with the amplitude of each frequency component f ₁、f₂ and f ₃. For example, the motion detection signal may have a frequency response similar to the frequency domain representation 350 shown in fig. 3A and 3B. In some cases, the motion detection signals may have different frequency distributions. Due to the interaction of the reference signal with the space 400 (and objects therein), a signal received at the other wireless communication device 402 based on the motion detection signal transmitted from the other wireless communication device 402 is different from the transmitted reference signal.

Based on the received signals, the wireless communication device 402 may determine a channel response of the space 400. When motion occurs in different regions within space, different characteristics can be seen in the channel response. For example, while the channel responses may be slightly different for movement within the same region of space 400, the channel responses associated with movement in different regions may generally share the same shape or other characteristics. For example, the channel response 401 of fig. 4A represents an example channel response associated with movement of the object 406 in the first region 408 of the space 400, while the channel response 403 of fig. 4B represents an example channel response associated with movement of the object 406 in the third region 412 of the space 400. The channel responses 401, 403 are associated with signals received by the same wireless communication device 402 in the space 400.

Fig. 4C and 4D are graphs showing the channel responses 401, 403 of fig. 4A and 4B superimposed on the channel response 460 associated with no motion occurring in the space 400. Fig. 4C and 4D also illustrate a frequency domain representation 450 of an initial wireless signal transmitted by one or more of the wireless communication devices 402A, 402B, 402C. When motion occurs in space 400, a change in channel response will occur with respect to channel response 460 associated with no motion, and thus, motion of an object in space 400 can be detected by analyzing the change in channel response. In addition, the relative position of the detected motion within the space 400 may be identified. For example, the shape of the channel response associated with the motion may be compared to reference information (e.g., using a trained AI model) to classify the motion as having occurred in a different region of the space 400.

When there is no motion in the space 400 (e.g., when the object 406 is not present), the wireless communication device 402 may calculate a channel response 460 associated with the lack of motion. The channel response may vary slightly due to a number of factors; however, multiple channel responses 460 associated with different time periods may share one or more characteristics. In the example shown, the channel response 460 associated with no motion has a decreasing frequency distribution (each frequency component f ₁、f₂ and f ₃ has a smaller amplitude than the previous one). In some cases, the distribution of channel responses 460 may be different (e.g., based on different inter-room layouts or placements of wireless communication device 402).

When motion occurs in space 400, the channel response may change. For example, in the example shown in fig. 4C and 4D, the channel response 401 associated with the movement of the object 406 in the first region 408 is different than the channel response 460 associated with no movement, and the channel response 403 associated with the movement of the object 406 in the third region 412 is different than the channel response 460 associated with no movement. The channel response 401 has a concave parabolic frequency distribution (the magnitude of the intermediate frequency component f ₂ is smaller than the outer frequency components f ₁ and f ₃), while the channel response 403 has a convex asymptotic frequency distribution (the magnitude of the intermediate frequency component f ₂ is larger than the outer frequency components f ₁ and f ₃). In some cases, the distribution of channel responses 401, 403 may be different (e.g., based on different inter-room layouts or placements of wireless communication device 402).

Analyzing the channel response may be considered similar to analyzing a digital filter. In other words, the channel response has been formed by reflection of objects in space and by reflection produced by moving or stationary people. When a reflector (e.g., a person) moves, it changes the channel response. This can translate to a change in the equivalent taps of the digital filter, which can be considered to have poles and zeros (poles amplify the frequency components of the channel response and appear as peaks or high points in the response, while zeros attenuate the frequency components of the channel response and appear as dips, low points or nulls in the response). The varying digital filter may be characterized by the locations of its peaks and valleys, and the channel response may be similarly characterized by its peaks and valleys. For example, in some embodiments, motion may be detected by analyzing nulls and peaks in the frequency components of the channel response (e.g., by marking their locations on the frequency axis and their magnitudes).

In some embodiments, time series aggregation may be used to detect motion. The time series aggregation may be performed by observing characteristics of the channel response over a moving window and aggregating the windowed results by using statistical measures (e.g., mean, variance, principal component, etc.). During an instance of motion, the characteristic digital filter features will shift in position and flip between certain values due to the continuous change in the scattering scene. That is, the equivalent digital filter exhibits a range of values (due to motion) of its peak and null values. By looking at this range of values, a unique distribution (in an example, the distribution may also be referred to as a signature) may be identified for different regions within the space.

In some embodiments, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model may be used to process data. AI models can be of various types, such as linear regression models, logistic regression models, linear discriminant analysis models, decision tree models, na iotave bayes models, K-nearest neighbor models, learning vector quantization models, support vector machines, bagging methods (bagging), and random forest models, and deep neural networks. In general, all AI models are intended to learn a function that provides the most accurate correlation between input and output values, and to be trained using historical input and output sets of known correlations. In an example, artificial intelligence may also be referred to as machine learning.

In some embodiments, the distribution of channel responses associated with motion in different regions of the space 400 may be learned. For example, machine learning may be used to classify channel response characteristics based on the movement of objects in different regions of space. In some cases, a user associated with the wireless communication device 402 (e.g., an owner or other occupant of the space 400) may assist in the learning process. For example, referring to the examples shown in fig. 4A and 4B, a user may move in each of the first through fifth regions 408, 410, 412, 414, 416 during a learning phase, and may indicate (e.g., through a user interface on a mobile computing device) that he/she is moving in one of the particular regions in the space 400. For example, as the user moves through the first region 408 (e.g., as shown in fig. 4A), the user may indicate on the mobile computing device that he/she is in the first region 408 (and may designate the region as a "bedroom," "living room," "kitchen," or another type of room of a building, as appropriate). As the user moves through the area, a channel response may be obtained and may be "tagged" with a location (area) indicated by the user. The user may repeat the same process for other areas of the space 400. The term "marking" as used herein may refer to marking and identifying the channel response with a user-indicated location or any other information.

The tagged channel responses may then be processed (e.g., by machine learning software) to identify unique characteristics of the channel responses associated with motion in different regions. Once identified, the identified unique characteristics can be used to determine the location of the detected motion of the newly calculated channel response. For example, the AI model may be trained using the labeled channel responses, and once trained, the newly calculated channel responses may be input to the AI model, and the AI model may output the location of the detected motion. For example, in some cases, the mean, range, and absolute values are input to the AI model. In some cases, the amplitude and phase of the complex channel response itself may also be input. These values allow the AI model to design any front-end filter to obtain features most relevant for accurate prediction of motion in different spatial regions. In some embodiments, the AI model is trained by performing a random gradient descent. For example, the channel response changes that are most active during a particular region may be monitored during training, and the particular channel changes may be re-weighted (by training and adjusting weights in the first layer to correlate to these shapes, trends, etc.). The weighted channel variation can be used to create a metric that is activated when a user is present in a particular area.

For extracted features, such as channel response nulls and peaks, aggregation within a moving window may be used to create a time series (of nulls/peaks) to take snapshots of a few features in the past and present and use the aggregated values as inputs to the network. Thus, the network, while adjusting its weights, will attempt to aggregate values in a particular region to cluster it, which can be done by creating a decision plane based on a logical classifier. The decision plane partitions different clusters and subsequent layers may form categories based on a single cluster or a combination of clusters.

In some embodiments, the AI model includes two or more layers of reasoning. The first layer acts as a logical classifier that can divide the values in different sets into individual clusters, while the second layer combines some of these clusters together to create categories for different regions. Additional subsequent layers may help extend different regions over clusters of more than two categories. For example, a fully connected AI model may contain an input layer corresponding to the number of tracked features, an intermediate layer corresponding to the number of valid clusters (by iterating between selections), and a final layer corresponding to a different region. In the case where complete channel response information is input to the AI model, the first layer may act as a shape filter that may correlate to a particular shape. Thus, a first layer may lock onto a particular shape, a second layer may generate a measure of the changes that occur in those shapes, and a third and subsequent layers may create a combination of these changes and map them to different regions within space. The outputs of the different layers may then be combined by fusing the layers.

Example method and apparatus for wi-Fi sensing system

Fig. 5 depicts an implementation of some architectures of an implementation of a system 500 for Wi-Fi sensing, according to some embodiments.

The system 500 (alternatively referred to as Wi-Fi sensing system 500) may include a sensing receiver 502, a plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M), a sensing algorithm manager 506, and a network 560 that enables communication among system components for information exchange. The system 500 may be an example or instance of the wireless communication system 100 and the network 560 may be an example or instance of a wireless network or cellular network, details of which are provided with reference to fig. 1 and accompanying description thereof.

According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may be configured to receive the sensing transmission (e.g., from each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M)) and perform one or more measurements (e.g., channel State Information (CSI)) that may be used for Wi-Fi sensing. These measurements may be referred to as sensing measurements. The sensed measurements may be processed to achieve a sensed result of the system 500, such as detecting motion or gestures. In an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may be an access point. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may serve the role of a sensing initiator.

According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 102 shown in fig. 1. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 204 shown in fig. 2A and 2B. Further, the sensing receiver 502 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 402 shown in fig. 4A and 4B. In an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 can coordinate and control communications between multiple sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may be enabled to control measurement activities to ensure that a desired sensing transmission is made at a desired time and to ensure that the sensing measurement is accurately determined. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may process the sensing measurements to achieve the sensing results of the system 500. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may be configured to send the sensing measurements to the sensing algorithm manager 506, and the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to process the sensing measurements to achieve the sensing results of the system 500.

Referring again to fig. 5, in some embodiments, each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may form part of a Basic Service Set (BSS) and may be configured to transmit a sensing transmission to the sensing receiver 502 based on which one or more sensing measurements (e.g., CSI) for Wi-Fi sensing may be performed. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may be a station. According to an embodiment, each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 102 shown in fig. 1. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 204 shown in fig. 2A and 2B. Further, each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 402 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. In some embodiments, communication between the sensing receiver 502 and each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may occur via a Station Management Entity (SME) and a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer management entity (MLME) protocol.

In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502 and process the sensing measurements. In an example, the sensing algorithm manager 506 can process and analyze the sensed measurements to identify one or more features of interest. According to some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may contain/execute sensing algorithms. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be a station. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be an access point. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be implemented by a device, such as the wireless communication device 102 shown in fig. 1. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be implemented by a device, such as the wireless communication device 204 shown in fig. 2A and 2B. Further, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 402 shown in fig. 4A and 4B. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), or any other computing device. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may act as a sensing initiator, where the sensing algorithm determines the measurement activity and the sensing measurements needed to complete the measurement activity. The sensing algorithm manager 506 can communicate sensing measurements required to complete a measurement activity to the sensing receiver 502 to coordinate and control communications between the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). According to some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include the sensing receiver 502.

Referring to fig. 5, in more detail, the sensing receiver 502 may include a processor 508 and a memory 510. For example, the processor 508 and the memory 510 of the sensing receiver 502 can be the processor 114 and the memory 116, respectively, as shown in fig. 1. In an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may further include a transmit antenna 512, a receive antenna 514, and a sensing agent 516. In some embodiments, antennas may be used to transmit and receive signals in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, it may be referred to as transmit antenna 512, and when the antenna is receiving, it may be referred to as receive antenna 514. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the same antenna may be the transmit antenna 512 in some cases and the receive antenna 514 in other cases. In the case of an antenna array, for example in a beamforming environment, one or more antenna elements may be used to transmit or receive signals. In some examples, a set of antenna elements for transmitting the composite signal may be referred to as a transmit antenna 512 and a set of antenna elements for receiving the composite signal may be referred to as a receive antenna 514. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmit and receive paths, which may be alternately switched to connect to the antenna depending on whether the antenna operates as transmit antenna 512 or as receive antenna 514.

In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may be responsible for receiving the sensing transmissions and associated transmission parameters, calculating the sensing measurements, and processing the sensing measurements to complete the sensing results. In some embodiments, receiving the sensing transmissions and associated transmission parameters and calculating the sensing measurements may be performed by an algorithm running in the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502, and processing the sensing measurements to complete the sensing results may be performed by an algorithm running in the application layer of the sensing receiver 502. In an example, an algorithm running in the application layer of the sensing receiver 502 is referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing agent, sensing application, or sensing algorithm. In some embodiments, the algorithm running in the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502 and the algorithm running in the application layer of the sensing receiver 502 may run separately on the processor 508. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may pass physical layer parameters (e.g., CSI) from the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502 to the application layer of the sensing receiver 502 and may use the physical layer parameters to detect one or more features of interest. In an example, the application layer may operate on physical layer parameters and form services or features that may be presented to an end user. According to an embodiment, communication between the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502 and other layers or components may be based on communication interfaces such as an MLME interface and a data interface. According to some embodiments, the sensing agent 516 may contain/perform sensing algorithms. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may process and analyze the sensing measurements using a sensing algorithm and identify one or more features of interest. Further, for Wi-Fi sensing purposes, the sense agent 516 may be configured to determine the number and timing of sense transmissions and sense measurements. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to send the sensed measurements to the sensing algorithm manager 506 for further processing.

In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to cause at least one of the transmit antennas 512 to transmit a message to the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). Further, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to receive messages from the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) via at least one of the receiving antennas 514. In an example, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to make sensing measurements based on one or more sensing transmissions received from the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). According to an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to process and analyze the sensing measurements to identify one or more features of interest.

Referring again to fig. 5, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a processor 528 and a memory 530. For example, the processor 528 and the memory 530 of the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be the processor 114 and the memory 116, respectively, as shown in fig. 1. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may further include a transmit antenna 532, a receive antenna 534, and a sensing agent 536. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may be a block that passes physical layer parameters from the MAC of the sensing algorithm manager 506 to the application layer program. The sensing agent 536 may be configured to cause at least one of the transmit antennas 532 and at least one of the receive antennas 534 to exchange messages with the sensing receiver 502. According to some embodiments, the sensing agent 536 may be responsible for receiving sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502 and processing the sensing measurements to obtain sensing results. The sensing agent 536 may contain/perform sensing algorithms. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may process and analyze the sensed measurements using a sensing algorithm and obtain the sensing results.

In some embodiments, antennas may be used for transmitting and receiving in a half duplex format. When an antenna transmits, it may be referred to as a transmit antenna 532, and when the antenna receives, it may be referred to as a receive antenna 534. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the same antenna may be the transmit antenna 532 in some cases and the receive antenna 534 in other cases. In the case of an antenna array, for example in a beamforming environment, one or more antenna elements may be used to transmit or receive signals. In some examples, a set of antenna elements for transmitting the composite signal may be referred to as a transmit antenna 532 and a set of antenna elements for receiving the composite signal may be referred to as a receive antenna 534. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmit and receive paths, which paths may be alternately switched to connect to the antennas depending on whether the antenna operates as transmit antenna 532 or as receive antenna 534.

Referring back to fig. 5, in accordance with one or more embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may initiate a measurement activity. During measurement activities, a transmission exchange may occur between the sensing receiver 502 and the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In an example, the MAC (medium access control) layer of the IEEE 802.11 stack may be utilized to control these transmissions. According to an embodiment, the sense receiver 502 may secure a TXOP, which may be assigned to one or more sense transmissions of a selected sense transmitter. In an example, the selected sensing transmitters may include a plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In some examples, the selected sensing transmitters may comprise a subset of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). According to an example, a subset of the plurality of sense transmitters 504- (1-M) may include one or more sense transmitters. For ease of explanation and understanding, the description is provided below with reference to a selected sensing transmitter comprising a subset of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) (i.e., one or more sensing transmitters), however, the description applies equally to the case of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may allocate channel resources (or RUs) within the TXOP to a selected sensing transmitter. In an example, the sense receiver 502 can allocate channel resources to a selected sense transmitter by allocating time and bandwidth within a TXOP to the selected sense transmitter.

According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may initiate a measurement activity. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may generate a sensing trigger message configured to trigger a response from each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In an example, the response may be one or more sense transmissions.

According to an example, the sensing trigger message may be any type of UL-OFDMA sensing trigger message that may instruct one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) to respond using UL-OFDMA. Examples of the sensing trigger message include an UL-OFDMA sensing trigger message and an UL-OFDMA composite sensing trigger message. In an embodiment, the sensing trigger message may include a requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration of each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) that the sensing trigger message is triggering. In an example, the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration may be the same for each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In some examples, the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration may be different for each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In an example, the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration may be different depending on the requirements of the triggered sensing transmission.

In an embodiment, the sensing trigger message may contain an indication of one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M): the response may comprise one (or a single) transmission. In an example, one transmission may contain a sense response message. In some embodiments, the sensing trigger message may contain an indication of one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M): the response may contain two transmissions. The two transmissions may include a sensing response notification and a sensing response NDP. In an example, the sensing response notification may be followed by a sensing response NDP by approximately one short inter-frame space (SIFS). In an example, the duration of SIFS is 10 μs. Thus, the sensing trigger message may indicate that each of the one or more sensing transmitters responds with a sensing response message or sensing response notification followed by a sensing response NDP. In some embodiments, the sensing trigger message may include a request that one or more sensing transmitters respond with a time-synchronized sensing transmission.

According to an embodiment, the sensing trigger message may include a resource allocation field and a transmission configuration field of the request. In an example, the sense trigger message may inform one or more sense transmitters 504- (1-M) of their allocation of RUs within the uplink bandwidth for use in a TXOP using a resource allocation field. In some examples, the sensing trigger message may contain parameters that may indicate to one or more sensing transmitters, using a transmission configuration field of the request, regarding other configuration items used to generate the sensing transmission. In an embodiment, the sense agent 516 may generate a sense trigger message that includes a specification of a steering matrix configuration. In an example, the composite sensing trigger message may contain a steering matrix configuration within a transmission configuration field of the request.

According to an embodiment, the sensing trigger message may contain an indication of each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M): the response may include a transmission if the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration is compatible with accurate demodulation of the data in the sensed transmission. In an example, one transmission may contain a sense response message. In some embodiments, the composite sensing trigger message may contain an indication of each of the one or more sensing transmitters: if the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration is not compatible with accurate demodulation of the data in the sensed transmission, the response may contain both transmissions. In an example, the two transmissions may include a sense response notification and a sense response NDP, where the sense response notification is followed by the sense response NDP. In another example, the sensing response NDP may be transmitted without a corresponding sensing response notification.

According to an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may send a sensing trigger message to one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may transmit a sensing trigger message to one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) via the transmit antenna 512.

Referring back to fig. 5, one or more sense transmitters 504- (1-M) may receive a sense trigger message. In response to receiving the sensing trigger message, each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may generate one or more sensing transmissions. In an example, the one or more sense transmissions may be a sense response message or a sense response notification followed by a sense response NDP. In an embodiment, each of the one or more sensing transmitters may generate one or more sensing transmissions using a requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration defined by the composite sensing trigger message.

According to an embodiment, after receiving the sensing trigger message, each of the one or more sensing transmitters may analyze the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration to determine whether the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration is compatible with accurate demodulation of data ready for transmission. In a scenario where the sensing transmitter determines that the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration is compatible with accurate demodulation of data ready for transmission, the sensing transmitter may generate a sensing response message having a communicated transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration corresponding to the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration, respectively. In some scenarios where the sensing transmitter determines that the requested transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration is not compatible with accurate demodulation of data ready for transmission, the sensing transmitter may generate a sensing response NDP. In such a scenario, the communicated transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration may be used to create the sensing response notification. According to some scenarios, the sensing response notification may be optional and may not be created.

According to an embodiment, each of the one or more sense transmitters 504- (1-M) may transmit one or more sense transmissions to the sense receiver 502 as a response to the composite sense trigger message. According to an embodiment, each of the one or more sensing transmitters 504- (1-M) may transmit its designation message (i.e., one or more sensing transmissions) one SIFS after receiving the composite sensing trigger message.

In an example, the one or more sense transmissions may be a sense response message or a sense response notification followed by a sense response NDP. In an example embodiment, the sensing response notification may include an indication that the sensing response NDP is to be transmitted after approximately one SIFS. Accordingly, the sensing response NDP may be transmitted approximately one SIFS after the sensing response notification is transmitted. Thus, two sense transmissions may be sent to the sense receiver 502 when the transmission configuration and/or steering matrix configuration of the request for the sense transmission is not compatible with accurate demodulation of the data (which means that the data that may be transmitted as part of the sense transmission may not be received by the sense receiver 502). First is a sense response notification, which is sent with transmission parameters that ensure successful data transfer. Next is a sensing response NDP, which is sent with the transmission parameters required for the sensing transmission. In some examples, a sense response notification is not created (i.e., is optional and omitted), only a single sense response NDP may be sent to the sense receiver 502.

According to an embodiment, all of the sensing transmitters may respond to the sensing trigger message with a sensing response notification and a sensing response NDP. In some embodiments, all of the sensing transmitters may respond to the sensing trigger message with a sensing response message. In some embodiments, some of the sensing transmitters may respond to the sensing trigger message with a sensing response message, and some of the sensing transmitters may respond to the sensing trigger message with a sensing response NDP after one SIFS and with a sensing response notification. In an example, the first sensing transmitter 504-1 may respond with a sensing response notification and after one SIFS with a sensing response NDP, and the second sensing transmitter 504-2 may respond with a sensing response message.

According to an embodiment, in a scenario where the sensing transmitter responds with a sensing response notification, the sensing transmitter may reconfigure its transmission parameters and spatial mapper to correspond to the requested transmission configuration and steering matrix configuration and generate a sensing response NDP in the same RU allocation described in the sensing trigger message and used to send the sensing response notification. In an example, the sensing transmitter may transmit the sensing response NDP after a period of one SIFS from the transmission of the sensing response notification or after a period of one SIFS from the reception of the composite sensing trigger message (if the sensing response notification has been omitted).

According to some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a device context storage 538. In an embodiment, the device context storage 538 may store one or more device contexts for an ongoing sensing session. In an example, the device context for the sensing session may include an association of a sensing transmitter identifier, a sensing receiver identifier, and a sensing stamp for the sensing session. Examples of the sensing transmitter identifier may include a MAC ID, an association ID, or any of the different identifiers used by Wi-Fi sensing systems. Similarly, examples of the sensing receiver may include a MAC ID, an Association ID (AID), or any of the different identifiers used by the system 500.

According to an example, there may be one device context record for each sensing transmitter/sensing receiver pair involved in a sensing session. In an example, each device context record may contain information that may be used to accurately identify the device context. In an example, parameters of the device context may be stored in a device context record. Information related to one or more device context records stored in device context storage 538 may be updated periodically or dynamically as needed. In an implementation, the device context storage 538 may include any type or form of storage, such as a database or file system coupled to the memory 510. Although the device context storage 538 has been described as being implemented within the sensing algorithm manager 506, in some embodiments the device context storage 538 may be implemented within the sensing receiver 502, the sensing transmitter 504-1, or a separate device.

Examples of device context records are shown in table 1 provided below.

Table 1: examples of device context recording of a sensing session between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver

Table 2: example data structure of sense imprint at sense receiver 502

Sensing transmitter 504-1	Transmission configuration for delivery (1, A)	Stamp creation time (1, A)	Sensing mark (1, A)
				Transmission configuration for delivery (1, B)	Stamp creation time (1, B)	Sensing mark (1, B)
	Transmission configuration for delivery (1, C)	Stamp creation time (1, C)	Sensing mark (1, C)
				……	……	……
	Transmission configuration for delivery (1, N)	Stamp creation time (1, N)	Sensing mark (1, N)

In an example, the stamp creation time of the sensing stamp may refer to the time at which the sensing stamp was recorded/determined and stored. For example, the stamp creation time may be a value of a system clock or counter, which may be used to determine that the validity period of the sensing stamp has expired.

Exemplary transmission configuration elements (e.g., requested transmission configuration or communicated transmission configuration) for the sensing transmission are provided in table 3.

Table 3: transmitting configuration element detailed information

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Table 4: sensingBandwidth detailed information

Table 5: sensingFrequencyBand detailed information

Value of	Meaning of
		0	Reservation of
1	2.4GHz
		2	5GHz
3	6GHz
		4	60GHz
5..15	Reservation of

Table 6: SENSINGTRAININGFIELD detailed information

Value of	Meaning of
		0	Reservation of
1	L-LTF
		2	HT-LTF
3	VHT-LTF
		4	HE-LTF
5..15	Reservation of

Table 7: sensingSpatialConfSteeringMatrix detailed information

Table 3 describes transmission configuration elements (e.g., requested transmission configuration or communicated transmission configuration) for the sensing transmission. In an example, table 3 describes a transmission configuration of the transfer of each sensing stamp. In an embodiment, there may be as many transferred transmission configuration/sensing stamp pairs as there are transferred transmission configurations already used in a sensing session between a sensing transmitter/sensing receiver pair.

In an example, such data is encoded into elements to be included in a sense message between the sense receiver 502 and the plurality of sense transmitters 504- (1-M), and vice versa. In measurement activities involving multiple sensing transmitters, these parameters may be defined for all sensing transmitters (i.e., each sensing transmitter). These parameters may configure the sensing transmitter to sense transmissions when sent from the sensing receiver to the sensing transmitter, and may report the configuration used by the sensing transmitter for the sensing transmissions when sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver.

According to some embodiments, steering matrix configuration element details are described in table 8.

Table 8: steering matrix configuration element detailed information

In an example, the data provided in table 7 may be encoded into elements to be included in messages between the sense receiver 502 and the plurality of sense transmitters 504- (1-M). In measurement activities involving multiple sensing transmitters, these parameters may be defined for all devices. The steering matrix configuration populates a look-up table (which may be accessed later via an index) when transmitted from the sense receiver 502 to the plurality of sense transmitters 504- (1-M).

Referring again to table 1, table 1 describes the fields in the device context record and the manner in which the information in the device context record fields may be updated. In an example, the fields that may be present in the device context record include a device context ID field, a sense receiver information field, a sense receiver High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint field, a sense transmitter information field, a sense transmitter HLI fingerprint field, and a sense stamp field. The sense receiver information field may contain a sense receiver MAC address subfield. The sense receiver HLI fingerprint field may contain a sense receiver IP address subfield and a sense receiver hostname subfield. The sense transmitter information field may include a sense transmitter MAC address subfield and a sense transmitter Association ID (AID) subfield. The sense sender HLI fingerprint field may contain a sense sender IP address subfield and a sense sender hostname subfield. Other examples of fields in the device context record are contemplated herein, which are not discussed herein. In an embodiment, each sensing session between sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing receiver 502 can be given a unique identifier. The identifier may be used as a device context ID. The device context ID may be unique within each Wi-Fi sensing system. In an example, when a sensing session is established, a device context ID may be assigned to the sensing session. Further, when the sensing session ends, the assigned device context ID may be released and reused for a different sensing session. The MAC address, HLI fingerprint, and sensing stamp are described in more detail below.

MAC address

According to an embodiment, each Wi-Fi enabled device has a factory-provisioned MAC address that is a stable, globally unique device identifier that uniquely identifies the device in the LAN environment. The globally unique MAC address may be referred to as a generic MAC address. Creation of the generic MAC address is controlled by the IEEE Registration Authority (RA). In an example, the term "device" may refer to a sensing transmitter or a sensing receiver. According to an embodiment, the sensing measurements derived from the capable MAC processing layer refer to the MAC address of the sensing receiver and the MAC address of the sensing transmitter by means of a device context record of the sensing session.

In an example, the sensing transmitter may connect to any network using a generic MAC address. In an example, the sensing transmitter may connect to the Wi-Fi network by scanning for available networks. The sensing transmitter may tune to any channel it desires to scan and send a probe request message. The probe request message may trigger a probe response containing information required by the sensing transmitter to determine the availability of the network to which the sensing transmitter desires to connect. In an example, the probe request message sent may contain the MAC address of the sensing transmitter. According to an example, a generic MAC address may be used in the probe request message sent without MAC privacy enhancement. Thus, when the sensing transmitter performs the sensing transmission, the generic MAC address is transmitted without any protection, so that it is possible to capture and record the generic MAC address. To address this problem, the sensing transmitter may need to generate a random MAC address. The randomly generated MAC address may be referred to as a native MAC address. The native MAC address may be unstable because it is randomly generated.

According to an embodiment, when the sensing receiver is an access point, the sensing receiver's MAC address (also referred to as the sensing receiver MAC address) may generally be unchanged (i.e., it may be stable). Further, when the sensing transmitter is a station, the sensing transmitter's MAC address (also referred to as sensing transmitter MAC address) may change (i.e., it may be unstable). In an example, when the sensing transmitter's MAC address is part of a device context change, the sensing transmitter MAC address field is updated with the new sensing transmitter MAC address.

Fig. 6 shows a representation 600 of the structure of a MAC address. Fig. 6 shows a first Least Significant Bit (LSB) and a second LSB of a first byte of a MAC address. The first LSB and the second LSB of the first byte of the MAC address may provide an indication of the type of address represented. In an example, the first LSB of the first byte is a person/group (I/G) address bit (interchangeably referred to as M bit). When the M bit is set to zero (0), it indicates that the MAC address is a separate MAC address, and when the M bit is set to one (1), it indicates that the MAC address represents a set of MAC addresses identifying one or more stations connected to the network. In an example, the second LSB of the first byte is a universal/local (U/L) address bit (interchangeably referred to as an X bit). When the X bit is set to zero (0), it indicates that the MAC address is a general MAC address, and when the X bit is set to one (1), it indicates that the MAC address is a local MAC address. In an example, when a station generates a native MAC address specified in IEEE 802.11md 12.2.10 th section, 46 bits of the MAC address are randomized, X bits are set to one (1), and M bits are set to zero (0).

Further, when the sensing transmitter is associated with a network, the AID may be assigned to the sensing transmitter. In an example, if the sensing transmitter moves between Wi-Fi sensing systems, a re-association process may occur based on which the sensing transmitter may be assigned a new AID. The AID may be unique within the network such that the sensing transmitter may be assigned a particular AID at any time. After a sensing transmitter leaves the network or becomes inactive for a period of time, the AID is released and may be assigned to another sensing transmitter. In some scenarios, association of a sensing transmitter with a network and subsequent re-association may cause different AIDs to be assigned to the same sensing transmitter (i.e., there is no constant mapping between the sensing transmitter and the assigned AID). In an example, the MAC address of the sensing transmitter may be used to determine the identity of the sensing transmitter during association of the sensing transmitter such that if the sensing transmitter that has been previously associated with the network and has been assigned an AID rejoins the network, the sensing receiver may assign the previous AID to the sensing transmitter whenever possible. In the event that the MAC address of the sensing transmitter changes, the sensing receiver may not be able to determine that the sensing transmitter has been previously associated with the network, and the same AID may not be reassigned to the sensing transmitter. In an example, if the sensing transmitter is outside the BSS of the sensing receiver, the sensing receiver may not know the AID of the sensing transmitter.

According to an embodiment, the AID may be created by the sensing receiver 502 and sent to the sensing transmitter 504-1 as part of the exchange of a series of 802.11 management frames with the sensing transmitter 504-1 for authentication and association purposes. For ease of explanation and understanding, the description is provided with reference to the sense transmitter 504-1, however, the description applies equally to the remaining sense transmitters 504- (2-M).

HLI fingerprint

According to an embodiment, the Higher Layer Identification (HLI) may be device information derived or managed at a layer higher than the MAC layer in the network stack. In an example, HLI may be used to identify devices that are part of a device context such that sensing measurements made of sensing transmissions between devices may be associated with a sensing session identified by the device context. In an example, if the MAC address of the device is not a generic MAC address, information from the MAC layer and from layers above the MAC layer may be collected and used to create HLI fingerprints.

According to an embodiment, a Wi-Fi sensing network may implement a DHCP server and a DNS server capable of supporting a network registration procedure. To facilitate the association of upper network layer information with the MAC address of the device, a network registration process may be performed when the device is added to the Wi-Fi sensing network. In an example, multicast DNS (mDNS) may be implemented whereby each individual device replaces the DNS server's functionality in a distributed manner. The various steps involved in the network registration process are described below.

Step 1: the device is assigned a unique hostname. In an example, the hostname may be assigned by a system administrator of the Wi-Fi sensing system (e.g., system 500). In some examples, the hostname may be automatically assigned to the device during factory provisioning of the device. The hostname may represent information about the device, such as its location or identifier in the Wi-Fi sensing system.

Step 2: the device may be configured to obtain its IP parameters from the Wi-Fi sensing system. In an example, an apparatus may be configured to use DHCP to obtain its IP parameters.

Step 3: when the device connects to the Wi-Fi sensing system, the device may proceed to begin DHCP negotiation with a DHCP server on the Wi-Fi sensing system. If the device has not been connected to any Wi-Fi sensing system or any previous Wi-Fi sensing network, it may not have been previously assigned an IP address and thus the record of the previous IP address may be empty. In an example, DHCP negotiation with a DHCP server may begin with a "DHCPDISCOVER" message populated with the device's configuration hostname and the device's previous IP address. The purpose of DHCP negotiation may be to assign a unique IP address on the Wi-Fi sensing system to the device represented by the MAC address contained in the DHCP negotiation. In an example, the MAC address may be a generic MAC address or a native MAC address. Further, in an example, the MAC address may have changed from any previous negotiations involving the device. According to an example, in case the MAC address is a local MAC address and has recently changed, the DHCP negotiation may be reinitialized to assign an IP address to the new MAC address. The hostname of the device may be checked against a database of previously managed hostname-IP address pairs. (see step 5). In an example, DHCP negotiation may continue and cause assignment of IP addresses. The DHCP server may first provide the requested IP address (DHCPOFFER) and then DHCP negotiation may end with a request and acknowledgement (DHCPACK) for the requested IP address. In an example, without the requested IP address, the DHCP server may allocate an IP address from its pool of available IP addresses.

Step 4: after successful assignment of the IP parameters, the DHCP server may pass the device's MAC address, IP address, and hostname to the DNS server and the data is added to the local DNS database. In an example, the device's MAC address, IP address, and hostname may be added to a local DNS database according to standard techniques. Further, a hostname may be associated with an IP address. According to an example, the hostname may be represented by a domain name in a local DNS database. In an example, the domain name may be a fully qualified domain name (fully qualified domain name, FQDN), such as "sens_tx1.Example. In some examples, the domain name may be a link local domain name, such as "sens_tx1.local". Also, the association between the MAC address and the IP address may be associated and cached in an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table. In an example, IP software on a device within a Wi-Fi sensing system may use ARP processing to share and cycle information about MAC addresses and IP addresses. In an example, the sensing receiver or any other device that may need to know the association between an already established MAC address and an IP address may communicate with a new sensing transmitter at the IP layer, thereby facilitating the ARP table to contain the new sensing transmitter. In an example using IPv6, neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), reverse neighbor discovery (IND), and internet control message protocol v6 (ICMPv 6) may replace the ARP table, but with the same association result of MAC address and IP address (in this case, IPv6 address).

Step 5: in an example, when the DHCP server receives a hostname and a requested IP address (where both the hostname and the requested IP address are non-null), the DNS server may check the hostname and IP address pair against a database of previously managed hostname-IP address pairs. According to an example, the database may be a local DNS database. When the host name and IP address pair are found in the database, the DHCP server may proceed to provide the requested IP address. In a scenario where the hostname is not stored in the database, it may be assumed that the Wi-Fi sensing system has not found the device yet, and the IP address of the request may be known from the association with another Wi-Fi sensing network. In an example, if an address is available, the DHCP server may provide the requested address, or the DHCP server may provide a different IP address that is available. In both cases, the local DNS database may be updated with the assigned IP address, as described in step 4. In some examples, a sensing receiver or any other device on the Wi-Fi sensing system may be programmed to detect and decode broadcast DHCP messages, including "DHCPDISCOVER", "DHCPOFFER", "DHCP PREQUEST", and "DHCPACK" messages. As described above, the "DHCPDISCOVER", "DHCPOFFER", "DHCPREQUEST", and "DHCPACK" messages may contain information about MAC addresses, IP addresses, and hostnames. In an example, when DHCP negotiation is completed based on detecting DHCPACK, the sensing receiver or any other device may conclude that the MAC address, IP address, and hostname describe the same device, and may add these data to the database. In an example, the database may be local to the sensing receiver or any other device. In some examples, the database may be used as a network resource to query through the sensing algorithm.

Fig. 7 illustrates an example of an HLI fingerprint generation process 700 for a device.

At block 702, a current MAC address of a device for which an HLI fingerprint is to be generated may be obtained.

At block 704, a MAC address of the device may be associated with an IP address of the device. In an embodiment, a Domain Name System (DNS) (e.g., DNS specific to system 500) may be used to associate a MAC address of a device with an IP address of the device. In an example, the IP address may be an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address.

At block 706, a hostname of the device may be discovered and the hostname of the device may be associated with a MAC address and an IP address of the device. In an embodiment, a hostname may be used as an identifier in the HLI fingerprint. The hostname is defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard RFC1034 as the human-readable name of the device. RFC1034 further defines DNS that maps hostnames to layer 3 (network layer) addresses. Since the network typically employs a zero configuration service such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) for dynamic layer 3 address assignment, the hostname may be a consistent identifier for devices that may have varying layer 3 addresses. In an embodiment, a reverse lookup query may be performed to discover the hostname of the device. In an example, the reverse lookup query is a query for the top-level domain "in-addr. Arpa", as defined in IETF standard RFC 1035. In an embodiment, to perform a reverse lookup query for the IPv4 address "w.x.y.z", a DNS query request Pointer (PTR) record of "z.y.x.w.in-addr.arpa" may be sent to the local DNS server. If available, the local DNS server may return a PTR record indicating the device's ". Local" hostname. For example, if the IP address of a device is "192.168.1.100", a PTR query for "100.1.168.192.In-addr. Arpa" of the local DNS server may return the hostname of the device. For IPv6, the top level domain "ip6.Arpa" may be queried. For example, if the IPv6 address of the device is "2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:5678" (typically in hexadecimal notation), a query requesting a PTR record of "8.7.6.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.4.3.2.1.8.b.0.1.0.0.2.ip 6.arpa" from the local DNS server may return the hostname of the device.

At block 708, DNS information extraction may be performed. In an example, when the DHCP server receives the device's hostname and the requested IP address, the DHCP server may check the hostname-IP address pair against a database of previously managed hostname-IP address pairs. According to an example, the database may be a local DNS database. When a hostname-IP address pair is found in the database, the DHCP server may proceed to provide the requested IP address.

At step 710, an HLI fingerprint may be generated for the device based on the information from steps 702 through 708.

In some examples, each sensing transmitter may maintain its own MAC address, IP address, and hostname information, and may implement an mDNS service. As defined by the mDNS protocol, the sensing receiver or any other device may send a broadcast request to all devices on the Wi-Fi sensing system. Further, the target device may respond with an IP address associated with the requested hostname or vice versa in the case of a reverse lookup.

Sensing imprint

A representation of a propagation channel between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver is captured by measurement of Channel State Information (CSI). The sensing transmitters and sensing receivers are typically fixed or semi-fixed, or are required to be fixed or semi-fixed (i.e., stationary or not moving frequently). In an aspect, the sensing receiver and the sensing transmitter may be in a steady state, and the object between the sensing receiver and the sensing transmitter may be in a semi-static state. For example, objects in a room, such as furniture or fixtures, may move very rarely and thus be in a semi-static state. Thus, the propagation channel between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be in a semi-static or steady state (i.e., the propagation channel may not have any motion or movement). A steady state representation of a propagation channel (interchangeably referred to as a steady state propagation channel) between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver may be determined. The steady state representation of the propagation channel may be referred to as a sensing signature.

In an embodiment, the sensing transmitter may transmit one or more sensing transmissions to the sensing receiver. The sensing receiver may process one or more sensing transmissions to determine a sensing footprint. In an example, the sensing signature may be a steady state or baseline representation of the time domain impulse response of the propagation channel between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. The manner in which the sensing imprint is determined is described below.

According to an embodiment, the baseband receiver of the sensing receiver 502 may be configured to calculate CSI based on the sensing transmission received from the sensing transmitter 504-1. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may calculate the contribution of the receiver chain to CSI. In an example, the receiver chain of the sensing receiver 502 may contain analog and digital elements. For example, the receiver chain may contain analog and digital components through which the received signal may travel from a reference point to a point where the sensing agent 516 of the sensing receiver 502 may read the received signal. Fig. 8 shows a representation 800 of a receiver chain of the sensing receiver 502. As depicted in fig. 8, the in-phase (I) and four (Quadra) phase (Q) modulation symbols arrive at the front end of the receiver, where synchronization is performed, including frequency and timing recovery. In addition, the time domain guard period (cyclic prefix) is deleted, and the receiver performs a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the received signal (e.g., I and Q modulation symbols). The guard tones and DC tones are then deleted. The CSI is then generated before the data is demapped, deinterleaved (using a deinterleaver), depunctured, decoded (using a Viterbi decoder), and finally descrambled (using a descrambler). The result of the descrambling is the generation of the data bits. The generated CSI is provided to the sense agent 516.

According to an embodiment, after receiving CSI, the sensing receiver 502 may determine a sensing footprint of the propagation channel in the format of complete time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI). The sensing receiver 502 may perform an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the CSI to determine the full TD-CRI and thus the sensing footprint. This produces a time domain representation of CSI. The sensing signature may contain a complex value for each time-domain tone. In an example, the sensing footprint may contain as many complete TD-CRI values as CSI values. The number of CSI values may be adjusted with the propagation channel bandwidth. In an embodiment, the number of CSI values in the sensing footprint, and thus the number of complete TD-CRI values, may be represented by equation (8) provided below:

in an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may store the sensing stamp in the device context storage 538. In an example, the sensing receiver 502 may store the sensing signature as a baseline at a point in time of the propagation channel. Examples of sense imprint data structures created and stored by the sense receiver 502 are provided in table 2.

In an example, if there is a change in the semi-static nature of one or more propagation channels between the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1, the sensing footprint may need to be recalculated or updated. For example, if one or both of the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 are moved, or if a semi-static object (e.g., a piece of furniture) between the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 is moved, there may be a change in the semi-static nature of the propagation channel. In some examples, the sensing footprint may also need to be updated in the event that the sensing receiver 502 detects that an object has moved into the sensing space affecting the propagation channel and remains present and stationary for a period of time. In an embodiment, the baseband receiver may send a notification to the sensing receiver 502 that a sensing footprint associated with one or more propagation channels needs to be updated.

In some embodiments, automatic Gain Control (AGC) within the baseband receiver (e.g., block "front end synchronization" in fig. 8) may pre-process the I and Q samples prior to digitizing. AGC is a dynamic process and its gain may change over time depending on the conditions in the propagation channel. In some examples, a measurement of a change in AGC gain or a signal from the AGC indicating that its gain has changed significantly may inform the sensing receiver 502 that a sensing footprint associated with one or more propagation channels needs to be updated.

According to an embodiment, the sensing footprint between the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 may provide an identification of the device context. In an example, the sensing footprint between the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the MAC addresses of the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 may be associated via a device context. Thus, if one of the two devices associated with the device context changes its MAC address, the sensing algorithm may know which device context the unknown device is part of by identifying the device context based on the sensed imprint between the devices. If the sensing footprint between devices matches a sensing footprint of a known device context, the sensing algorithm may replace the previous MAC address of the device with the new MAC address of the device for that device context. Additionally, the sensing algorithm may update the device context record accordingly.

In some examples, the sensing transmitter may transmit one or more sensing transmissions to the sensing receiver with different communicated transmission configurations, and the sensing receiver may store a sensing footprint of a propagation channel associated with each transmission configuration in the device context. When determining a device context for sensing a transmission for which the MAC address of the sensing transmitter is unknown, the sensing receiver may compare the transmitted sensing stamp with a stored sensing stamp having only the same communicated transmission configuration.

Fig. 9A and 9B illustrate an example 900 of detecting a changing MAC address using a sensing stamp. In an example, fig. 9A and 9B depict using a sensing footprint to identify a terminal device in a Wi-Fi sensing system without relying on a varying or non-unique MAC address. As shown in fig. 9A, the sensing transmitter with MAC address "Y" transmits a sensing transmission to the sensing receiver with MAC address "X". In response to receiving the sense transmission, the sense receiver generates a sense imprint, i.e., "sense imprint a," based on the sense transmission. Further, fig. 9B shows that the sensing stamp a is unchanged, however, the MAC address of the sensing transmitter has changed from "Y" to "Z". In an example, the Wi-Fi sensing system can identify the sensing transmitter because the sensing footprint a is unchanged despite the MAC address change.

In an embodiment, if the properties of the propagation channel between two devices vary in a continuous manner, the sensing footprint of the propagation channel may vary. For example, if an object is placed in a propagation channel where an existing sensing imprint exists, this may change the CSI of the propagation channel and create a new steady state. For example, the propagation channel between the access point and the connected TV has a sensing imprint. Placing a sofa between the access point and the connected TV changes the nature of the propagation channel between the access point and the connected TV such that the previous sensing footprint is no longer an accurate representation of the propagation channel and a new sensing footprint needs to be established. The new sensing footprint, once established, may replace the previous sensing footprint in the device context record.

Fig. 10A and 10B illustrate an example 1000 of a sense footprint that detects a change if the MAC addresses are the same. As shown in fig. 10A, a sensing transmitter having a MAC address "Y" transmits a sensing transmission to a sensing receiver having a MAC address "X". In response to receiving the sense transmission, the sense receiver generates a sense imprint, i.e., "sense imprint a," based on the sense transmission. Further, fig. 10B shows that the MAC address of the sensing transmitter is unchanged, however, the sensing imprint of the sensing transmitter has changed from "a" to "B". In an embodiment, identifying the sensing transmitter associated with each sensing stamp may be based on any other field in the device context for the sensing session. For example, the identity sensing transmitter may be based on AID or hostname.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, communications in the network 560 may be managed by one or more of the IEEE developed 802.11 family of standards. Some example IEEE standards may include IEEE 802.11-2020, IEEE 802.11ax-2021, IEEE 802.11me, IEEE 802.11az, and IEEE 802.11be. IEEE 802.11-2020 and IEEE 802.11ax-2021 are fully approved standards, whereas IEEE 802.11me reflects continuous maintenance updates to the IEEE 802.11-2020 standard, and IEEE 802.11be defines the next generation standard. IEEE 802.11az is an extension of the IEEE 802.11-2020 and IEEE 802.11ax-2021 standards, adding new functionality. In some embodiments, the communication may be governed by other standards (other or additional IEEE standards or other types of standards). In some embodiments, portions of network 560 that system 500 does not require to be managed by one or more of the 802.11 family of standards may be implemented by instances of any type of network, including wireless networks or cellular networks.

C. device in identification transmission in sensing network

Referring again to fig. 5, in accordance with one or more embodiments, the sensing receiver 502 may initiate measurement activity (or Wi-Fi sensing session) for Wi-Fi sensing purposes. During measurement activities, a transmission exchange may occur between the sensing receiver 502 and the plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-M). In an example, the MAC layer of the IEEE802.11 stack may be utilized to control these transmissions.

According to an example embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may initiate the measurement activity via one or more sensing trigger messages. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to generate a sensing trigger message to trigger a response from the sensing transmitter 504-1. The response may be a sense transmission. In an example, the sensing trigger message may contain a requested transmission configuration. Other examples of information/data contained in the sensing trigger message not discussed herein are contemplated herein. According to an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may send a sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may transmit a sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1 via the transmit antenna 512.

According to an embodiment, the sensing transmitter 504-1 may receive a sensing trigger message from the sensing receiver 502. In response to receiving the sensing trigger message, the sensing transmitter 504-1 can generate a sensing transmission. In an embodiment, the sensing transmitter 504-1 may generate the sensing transmission using a requested transmission configuration defined by the sensing trigger message. The sense transmitter 504-1 may then transmit a sense transmission to the sense receiver 502 in response to the sense trigger message and according to the requested transmission configuration. In an example, the sensing transmission may include a communicated transmission configuration corresponding to the requested transmission configuration.

According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may receive a sensing transmission sent in response to a sensing trigger message from the sensing transmitter 504-1. The sensing receiver 502 can be configured to receive the sensing transmission from the sensing transmitter 504-1 via the receiving antenna 514. According to an embodiment, the sensing agent 516 may be configured to generate a sensing measurement based on the sensing transmission. According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may send the sensed measurements to the sensing algorithm manager 506. In an example embodiment, the sensing receiver 502 may transmit the sensed measurements to the sensing algorithm manager 506 via the transmit antenna 512.

In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may obtain or receive a sensing measurement generated based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. In an example embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502 via the receiving antenna 534.

According to an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may determine the device context of the sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission for the Wi-Fi sensing session. The sensing pair may include a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. In an example, the device context may contain information identifying the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the sensing receiver 502 in the sensing pair. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may establish the device context based on at least one of a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, a High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement.

In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may determine whether the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 is a separate MAC address. Further, the sensing algorithm manager 506 can determine whether the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 is a generic MAC address or a native MAC address. In an example embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may make the determination based on sensing the first Least Significant Bit (LSB) and the second LSB of the first byte of the MAC address of the transmitter 504-1. In an example, if the first LSB and the second LSB of the first byte are both zero (0), the sense agent 536 can determine that the MAC address of the sense transmitter 504-1 is a separate and generic MAC address. If the first LSB and the second LSB of the first byte are zero (0) and one (1), respectively, of the MAC address of the sense transmitter 504-1, the sense proxy 536 may determine that the MAC address of the sense transmitter 504-1 is a separate and local MAC address.

According to an embodiment, if the sensing agent 536 determines that the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 is a generic MAC address, the sensing agent 536 may proceed to determine whether the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 has been previously identified. If the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 has been previously identified, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may already know the sensing transmitter 504-1. Thus, the device context between the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 can be accurately determined.

In an example embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may determine whether the generic MAC address is associated with the device context record. In an example, the sensing agent 536 may search the device context storage 538 for a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address. If a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address is found in the device context storage 538, the sensing proxy 536 may determine that the generic MAC address is associated with the device context record. Further, if the device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address is not found in the device context storage 538, the sensing proxy 536 may determine that the generic MAC address is not associated with the device context record. In an embodiment, in response to determining that the generic MAC address is associated with a device context record, the sensing agent 536 may determine the device context from the device context record.

According to an embodiment, in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address that is not associated with the device context record, the sensing agent 536 may determine the device context based on one of the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement. In an example, HLI fingerprint may be prioritized over sensing imprint because HLI fingerprint is determined based only on sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing receiver 502 and is not dependent on the propagation channel between sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing receiver 502.

In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may identify the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may identify the HLI fingerprint based on identifying the hostname and/or IP address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1. Further, the sensing agent 536 may determine whether the HLI fingerprint is associated with the device context record. In an example, the sensing agent 536 may search the device context store 538 for a device context record corresponding to the HLI fingerprint. If a device context record corresponding to the HLI fingerprint is found in the device context store 538, the sense agent 536 may determine that the HLI fingerprint is associated with the device context record. Further, if a device context record corresponding to the HLI fingerprint is not found in the device context store 538, the sense agent 536 may determine that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record.

According to an implementation, in response to determining that an HLI fingerprint is associated with a device context record, the sensing agent 536 may determine the device context from the device context record corresponding to the HLI fingerprint. In some implementations, in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, the sensing agent 536 can establish the new device context as the device context. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may store the device context as a new device context in the device context storage 536.

According to an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may determine the IP address associated with the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, the sensing agent 536 may determine the IP address by referencing a predefined Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 536 may determine the hostname of the sensing transmitter 504-1 associated with the IP address of the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, the sensing agent 536 may determine the hostname by referencing a Domain Name System (DNS) server. According to an example, the DNS server may be on the same device as the sensing agent 536, or it may be on a remote device. In some examples, the sensing agent 536 may use the reverse DNS query to determine the hostname associated with the IP address of the sensing transmitter 504-1.

In an embodiment, upon determining the IP address associated with the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 and/or determining the hostname associated with the IP address of the sensing transmitter 504-1, the sensing agent 536 may query the device context store 538 to identify a device context record corresponding to the hostname and/or IP address of the sensing transmitter 504-1. The sensing agent 536 may then determine the device context based on the identified device context record.

According to some embodiments, in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with the device context record, the sensing agent 536 may determine a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement. In some implementations, in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, the sensing agent 536 may determine a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement. Further, the sensing agent 536 may determine whether the sensing stamp is associated with the device context record. In an example, the sensing agent 536 may search the device context store 538 for a device context record corresponding to the sensing footprint. If a device context record corresponding to the sensed imprint is found in the device context storage 538, the sensing agent 536 may determine that the sensed imprint is associated with the device context record. Further, if a device context record corresponding to the sensing stamp is not found in the device context store 538, the sensing agent 536 may determine that the sensing stamp is not associated with the device context record.

According to an embodiment, in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with a device context record, the sensing agent 536 may determine the device context from the device context record corresponding to the sensing stamp. Further, in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with the device context record, the sensing agent 536 may consider the sensing transmitter 504-1 to be new and unknown.

In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may calculate a sensing footprint from the sensing measurements made on the sensing transmissions. In addition, the sensing agent 536 may compare the sensing footprint to the sensing footprint stored in the device context storage 538. In an example, where a transmission configuration for sensing the transfer of the transfer is known, the sensing agent 536 may limit the comparison to only stored sensing imprints having a matching transferred transmission configuration. If the sensing footprint matches the stored sensing footprint, the sensing agent 536 may determine that the sensing transmitter 504-1 making the sensing transmission is the same device as the sensing transmitter associated with the device context record that matches the sensing footprint. In an example, if the sensing footprint matches the stored sensing footprint, the sensing agent 536 may replace the MAC address of the sensing transmitter in the device context record with the MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 transmitting the sensing transmission.

According to an embodiment, after determining the device context from at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement, the sensing agent 536 may update the device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement. Further, the sensing agent 536 may associate the sensed measurement with the device context. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may perform a sensing algorithm based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensing result, such as detecting a motion or gesture.

According to an embodiment, upon determining that no device context exists based on at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement, the sensing agent 536 may create a new device context record and populate with the device context made up of at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement. Further, the sensing agent 536 may associate the sensed measurement with a new device context. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 536 may perform a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result, such as detecting motion or gestures, based on the sensing measurements and the new device context.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, if the sensed measurement matches and is associated with a stored device context record, the sensing agent 536 may optionally update the device context record with any new information. In an example, if any information corresponding to a field in the device context record changes or is new, the sensing agent 536 may store the changed or new information in the device context record. For example, if the sensed measurement is matched to the device context record using HLI fingerprint and the sensed transmission is made using a transmitted transmission configuration without the stored sensed imprint in the device context record, the sensing agent 536 may store the sensed imprint and the transmitted transmission configuration in the device context record. Further, if the sensing measurement is matched to the device context record using the sensing stamp and either the MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 or the AID of the sensing transmitter 504-1 has changed, the sensing agent 536 may store the updated MAC address of the sensing transmitter 504-1 or the AID of the sensing transmitter 504-1 in the device context record. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure facilitate identifying a device context between the sensing receiver 502 and the sensing transmitter 504-1 without requiring a stable MAC address and/or AID.

FIG. 11 depicts a flowchart 1100 of performing a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result based on a sensing measurement and a device context, according to some embodiments.

In a brief overview of an embodiment of the flow chart 1100, at step 1102, a sensing measurement is obtained based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. At step 1104, a device context of a sensing pair associated with a sensing transmission is determined, the sensing pair including a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. At step 1106, the sensed measurement is associated with a device context. In step 1108, a sensing algorithm is performed based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensed result.

Step 1102 includes obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to obtain a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a receive antenna 534 configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include the sensing receiver 502.

Step 1104 includes determining a device context of a sensing pair associated with a sensing transmission, the sensing pair including a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine a device context of a sensing pair associated with a sensing transmission. In an example, the device context contains information identifying the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the sensing receiver 502 in the sensing pair. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may identify the device context based on identifying a Media Access Control (MAC) address associated with the sensed measurement as a generic MAC address or a native MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may identify a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 and determine the device context from a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address. In some implementations, the sensing algorithm manager 506 can identify a High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 and determine the device context from a device context record corresponding to the HLI fingerprint. In an example, identifying the HLI fingerprint includes identifying a hostname and an IP address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may associate the HLI fingerprint with a MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 can determine a sensing footprint associated with the sensed measurement and determine a device context from a device context record corresponding to the sensing footprint.

Step 1106 includes associating the sensed measurement with a device context. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to associate the sensed measurement with the device context.

Step 1108 includes performing a sensing algorithm based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensed result. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to execute a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result based on the sensing measurement and the device context.

Fig. 12A and 12B depict a flow diagram 1200 of updating a device context record corresponding to a device context, in accordance with some embodiments.

In a brief overview of an embodiment of flowchart 1200, at step 1202, a sensing measurement is obtained based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. At step 1204, a device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission is determined, the sensing pair including a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. The device context is determined based on establishing the device context from at least one of a universal Media Access Control (MAC) address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, a High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement. At step 1206, the sensed measurement is associated with the device context. In step 1208, a sensing algorithm is performed based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensed result. At step 1210, a device context record corresponding to the device context is updated with at least one of a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, an HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement.

Step 1202 includes obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to obtain a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a receive antenna 534 configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include the sensing receiver 502.

Step 1204 includes determining a device context of a sense pair associated with a sense transmission, the sense pair including a sense transmitter 504-1 and a sense receiver 502. In an example, the device context contains information identifying the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the sensing receiver 502 in the sensing pair. The device context is determined based on establishing the device context from at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine a device context of a sensing pair associated with a sensing transmission. In an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may determine the device context based on establishing the device context from at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement.

Step 1206 includes associating the sensed measurement with a device context. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to associate the sensed measurement with a device context.

Step 1208 includes performing a sensing algorithm based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensed result. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to execute a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result according to the sensing measurement and the device context.

Step 1210 includes updating a device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, an HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to update the device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of the generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, the HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement.

Fig. 13A and 13B depict another flowchart 1300 of performing a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result based on a sensing measurement and a device context, according to some embodiments.

In a brief overview of an embodiment of flowchart 1300, at step 1302, a sensing measurement is obtained based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. In step 1304, a Media Access Control (MAC) address associated with the sensed measurement is identified as a generic MAC address. In step 1306, in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address, a determination is made as to whether the generic MAC address is associated with the device context record. In step 1308, in response to determining that the generic MAC address is associated with the device context record, a device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission is determined from the device context record. The sensing pair includes a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. At step 1310, the sensed measurement is associated with a device context. In step 1312, a sensing algorithm is performed based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensed result.

Step 1302 includes obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to obtain a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a receive antenna 534 configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include the sensing receiver 502.

Step 1304 includes identifying a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a generic MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to identify a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a generic MAC address.

Step 1306 includes determining whether the MAC address is associated with the device context record in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine whether the MAC address is associated with the device context record in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address.

Step 1308 includes determining, in response to determining that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is associated with a device context record, a device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission from the device context record. The sensing pair includes a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. In an example, the device context contains information identifying the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the sensing receiver 502 in the sensing pair. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine a device context of a sensing pair associated with a sensing transmission from the device context record in response to determining that the MAC address is associated with the device context record.

Step 1310 includes associating a sensed measurement with a device context. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to associate the sensed measurement with a device context.

Step 1312 includes performing a sensing algorithm based on the sensed measurements and the device context to generate a sensed result. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to execute a sensing algorithm to generate a sensing result according to the sensing measurement and the device context.

Fig. 14A and 14B depict a flow diagram 1400 of determining a device context of a sense pair associated with a sense transmission from a device context record, in accordance with some embodiments.

In a brief overview of an embodiment of flowchart 1400, at step 1402, a sensing measurement is obtained based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. At step 1404, a Media Access Control (MAC) address associated with the sensed measurement is identified as a native MAC address. In step 1406, a High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 is determined in response to identifying the MAC address as a native MAC address. At step 1408, it is determined whether an HLI fingerprint is associated with the device context record. In step 1410, in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement is determined. At step 1412, a determination is made as to whether the sensing footprint is associated with the device context record. In step 1414, in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with the device context record, a device context is determined from the device context record.

Step 1402 includes obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to obtain a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a receive antenna 534 configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include the sensing receiver 502.

Step 1404 includes identifying a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a native MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to identify a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a native MAC address.

Step 1406 includes determining an HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to identifying the MAC address as the native MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine an HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to identifying the MAC address as a native MAC address.

Step 1408 includes determining whether an HLI fingerprint is associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine whether an HLI fingerprint is associated with a device context record.

Step 1410 includes determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record. In some implementations, in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, the sensing algorithm manager 506 can establish a new device context as the device context.

Step 1412 includes determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record.

Step 1414 includes determining a device context from the device context record in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with the device context record. In an example, the device context contains information identifying a sensing pair containing a sensing transmitter 504-1 and a sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine the device context from the device context record in response to determining that the sensing footprint is associated with the device context record.

Fig. 15A and 15B depict a flowchart 1500 of establishing a new device context as a device context, in accordance with some embodiments.

In a brief overview of an embodiment of flowchart 1500, at step 1502, a sensing measurement is obtained based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. At step 1504, a Media Access Control (MAC) address associated with the sensed measurement is identified as a native MAC address. In step 1506, in response to identifying the MAC address as a native MAC address, it is determined whether the MAC address is associated with the device context record. In step 1508, in response to determining that the MAC address is not associated with the device context record, a High Level Identification (HLI) fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 is determined. At step 1510, it is determined whether an HLI fingerprint is associated with the device context record. In step 1512, in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement is determined. At step 1514, it is determined whether the sensing stamp is associated with the device context record. At step 1516, responsive to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with the device context record, a new device context is taken as the device context.

Step 1502 includes obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to obtain a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and received by the sensing receiver 502. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include a receive antenna 534 configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver 502. In some embodiments, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may include the sensing receiver 502.

Step 1504 includes identifying a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a native MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to identify a MAC address associated with the sensed measurement as a native MAC address.

Step 1506 includes determining whether the MAC address is associated with the device context record in response to identifying the MAC address as a native MAC address. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine whether the generic MAC address is associated with the device context record in response to identifying the MAC address as a native MAC address.

Step 1508 includes determining an HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to determining that the MAC address is not associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine an HLI fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to determining that the MAC address is not associated with the device context record.

Step 1510 includes determining whether an HLI fingerprint is associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine whether an HLI fingerprint is associated with a device context record.

Step 1512 includes determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record. In some implementations, in response to determining that the HLI fingerprint is not associated with the device context record, the sensing algorithm manager 506 can establish a new device context as the device context.

Step 1514 includes determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to determine whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record.

Step 1516 includes establishing a new device context as the device context in response to determining that the sensing stamp is not associated with the device context record. According to an embodiment, the sensing algorithm manager 506 may be configured to establish a new device context as the device context in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with the device context record.

Additional embodiments of the present disclosure include:

Embodiment 1 is a method for Wi-Fi sensing by a sensing algorithm manager comprising at least one processor configured to execute instructions, the method comprising: obtaining, by the at least one processor, a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by a sensing transmitter and received by a sensing receiver; determining, by the sensing algorithm manager, a device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission, the sensing pair including the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver; associating the sensed measurement with the device context; and performing, by the at least one processor, a sensing algorithm based on the sensing measurements and the device context to generate a sensing result.

Embodiment 2 is the method of embodiment 1, wherein the sensing algorithm manager further comprises the sensing receiver.

Embodiment 3 is the method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the sensing algorithm manager includes a receive antenna configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver.

Embodiment 4 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein determining the device context comprises: a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter is identified, and the device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address.

Embodiment 5 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein determining the device context comprises: a higher-level identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter is identified, and the device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the higher-level identification fingerprint.

Embodiment 6 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein identifying the high-level identification fingerprint includes identifying a hostname and an IP address associated with the sensing transmitter.

Embodiment 7 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-6, further comprising associating the higher layer identification fingerprint with a MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter.

Embodiment 8 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein determining the device context comprises: a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement is determined, and the device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the sensing footprint.

Embodiment 9 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein determining the device context comprises: establishing the device context according to at least one of: a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, a higher layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement, and storing the device context as a new device context record.

Embodiment 10 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-9, further comprising updating a device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of: a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, a higher layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and a sensing imprint associated with the sensing measurement.

Embodiment 11 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the device context includes information identifying the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver of the sensing pair.

Embodiment 12 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein determining the device context comprises: the MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter is identified as a generic MAC address or a native MAC address.

Embodiment 13 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address, a determination is made as to whether the MAC address is associated with a device context record.

Embodiment 14 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is associated with the device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

Embodiment 15 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record, determining the device context from the device context record.

Embodiment 16 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with a device context record, establishing a new device context as the device context.

Embodiment 17 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-16, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record, determining the device context from the device context record.

Embodiment 18 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-17, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with a device context record, establishing a new device context as the device context.

Embodiment 19 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-18, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; and determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record.

Embodiment 20 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-19, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with a device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

Embodiment 21 is the method of any one of embodiments 1-20, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with a device context record, a new device context is established as the device context.

Embodiment 22 is a system for Wi-Fi sensing, comprising: a sensing algorithm manager comprising at least one processor configured to execute instructions to: obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by a sensing transmitter and received by a sensing receiver; determining, by the sensing algorithm manager, a device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission, the sensing pair including the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver; associating the sensed measurement with the device context; and performing a sensing algorithm based on the sensing measurements and the device context to generate a sensing result.

Embodiment 23 is the system of embodiment 22, wherein the sensing algorithm manager further comprises the sensing receiver.

Embodiment 24 is the system of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein the sensing algorithm manager includes a receive antenna configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver.

Embodiment 25 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-24, wherein determining the device context comprises: a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter is identified, and the device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address.

Embodiment 26 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-25, wherein determining the device context comprises: a higher-level identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter is identified, and the device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the higher-level identification fingerprint.

Embodiment 27 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-26, wherein identifying the high-level identification fingerprint includes identifying a hostname and an IP address associated with the sensing transmitter.

Embodiment 28 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured with instructions to associate the higher layer identification fingerprint with a MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter.

Embodiment 29 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-28, wherein determining the device context comprises: a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement is determined, and the device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the sensing footprint.

Embodiment 30 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-29, wherein determining the device context comprises: establishing the device context according to at least one of: a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, a higher layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and a sensing stamp associated with the sensing measurement, and storing the device context as a new device context record.

Embodiment 31 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-30, wherein the at least one processor is further configured with instructions to update a device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of: a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, a higher layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and a sensing imprint associated with the sensing measurement.

Embodiment 32 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-31, wherein the device context includes information identifying the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver of the sensing pair.

Embodiment 33 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-32, wherein determining the device context comprises: the MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter is identified as a generic MAC address or a native MAC address.

Embodiment 34 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-33, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address, a determination is made as to whether the MAC address is associated with a device context record.

Embodiment 35 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-34, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is associated with the device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

Embodiment 36 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-35, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record, determining the device context from the device context record.

Embodiment 37 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-36, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with a device context record, establishing a new device context as the device context.

Embodiment 38 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-37, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record, determining the device context from the device context record.

Embodiment 39 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-38, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with a device context record, establishing a new device context as the device context.

Embodiment 40 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-39, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter; determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; and determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record.

Embodiment 41 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-40, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with a device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

Embodiment 42 is the system of any one of embodiments 22-41, wherein determining the device context further comprises: in response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with a device context record, a new device context is established as the device context.

While various embodiments of methods and systems have been described, these embodiments are illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the described methods or systems. Changes in the form and details of the described methods and systems may be made by those skilled in the relevant art without departing from the broadest scope of the described methods and systems. Thus, the scope of the methods and systems described herein should not be limited by any of the illustrative embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for Wi-Fi sensing by a sensing algorithm manager comprising at least one processor configured to execute instructions, the method comprising:

obtaining, by the at least one processor, a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by a sensing transmitter and received by a sensing receiver;

determining, by the sensing algorithm manager, a device context of a sensing pair associated with the sensing transmission, the sensing pair including the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver;

associating the sensed measurement with the device context; and

Executing, by the at least one processor, a sensing algorithm based on the sensing measurements and the device context to generate a sensing result.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensing algorithm manager further comprises the sensing receiver.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensing algorithm manager includes a receive antenna configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the device context comprises:

identifying a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, and

The device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the generic MAC address.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the device context comprises:

identifying a high-level identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and

The device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the high-level identification fingerprint.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein identifying the high-level identification fingerprint includes identifying a hostname and an IP address associated with the sensing transmitter.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising associating the higher layer identification fingerprint with a MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the device context comprises:

Determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement, and

The device context is determined from a device context record corresponding to the sensing stamp.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the device context comprises:

establishing the device context according to at least one of:

a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter,

A high-level identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter, and

A sense imprint associated with the sense measurement, and

The device context is stored as a new device context record.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating a device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of:

a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter,

A sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the device context includes information identifying the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in the sensing pair.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the device context comprises:

the MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter is identified as a generic MAC address or a native MAC address.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

in response to identifying the MAC address as a generic MAC address, a determination is made as to whether the MAC address is associated with a device context record.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

in response to determining that the MAC address is associated with the device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

In response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a higher-layer identification fingerprint associated with the sensing transmitter;

Determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record; and

In response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with the device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

In response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with a device context record, a new device context is established as the device context.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

In response to determining that the MAC address is a native MAC address or that the MAC address is a generic MAC address and is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement;

determining whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record; and

In response to determining that the sensing stamp is associated with a device context record, the device context is determined from the device context record.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

In response to determining that the sensing footprint is not associated with a device context record, a new device context is established as the device context.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

Determining whether the high-level identification fingerprint is associated with a device context record;

in response to determining that the high-level identification fingerprint is not associated with a device context record, determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement; and

A determination is made as to whether the sensing footprint is associated with a device context record.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

21. The method of claim 19, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

22. A system for Wi-Fi sensing, comprising:

A sensing algorithm manager comprising at least one processor configured to execute instructions to:

obtaining a sensing measurement based on a sensing transmission sent by a sensing transmitter and received by a sensing receiver;

associating the sensed measurement with the device context; and

Performing a sensing algorithm based on the sensing measurements and the device context to generate a sensing result.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the sensing algorithm manager further comprises the sensing receiver.

24. The system of claim 22, wherein the sensing algorithm manager includes a receive antenna configured to receive the sensing measurements from the sensing receiver.

25. The system of claim 22, wherein determining the device context comprises:

identifying a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter, and

26. The system of claim 22, wherein determining the device context comprises:

27. The system of claim 26, wherein identifying the high-level identification fingerprint includes identifying a hostname and an IP address associated with the sensing transmitter.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured with instructions for associating the higher layer identification fingerprint with a MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter.

29. The system of claim 22, wherein determining the device context comprises:

Determining a sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement, and

30. The system of claim 22, wherein determining the device context comprises:

establishing the device context according to at least one of:

a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter,

A sense imprint associated with the sense measurement, and

The device context is stored as a new device context record.

31. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor is further configured with instructions for updating a device context record corresponding to the device context with at least one of:

a generic MAC address associated with the sensing transmitter,

A sensing footprint associated with the sensing measurement.

32. The system of claim 22, wherein the device context includes information identifying the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in the sensing pair.

33. The system of claim 22, wherein determining the device context comprises:

34. The system of claim 33, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

35. The system of claim 34, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

36. The system of claim 34, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

37. The system of claim 34, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

38. The system of claim 34, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

39. The system of claim 34, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

40. The system of claim 34, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

41. The system of claim 40, wherein determining the device context further comprises:

42. The system of claim 40, wherein determining the device context further comprises: