CN117980583A - 包括通过增材制造获得的至少一个叶片的涡轮发动机元件 - Google Patents
包括通过增材制造获得的至少一个叶片的涡轮发动机元件 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- F01D5/187—Convection cooling
- F01D5/188—Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall
- F01D5/189—Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall the insert having a tubular cross-section, e.g. airfoil shape
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
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- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/04—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of turbine blades
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- F01D5/14—Form or construction
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F01D5/14—Form or construction
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种涡轮发动机元件(1),包括通过增材制造获得的至少一个叶片(2),叶片(2)具有表皮(4)和内部网格(6),内部网格使得空气能够在叶片(2)内流通,并且对表皮(4)具有增材制造支撑功能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及涡轮发动机领域,更具体地涉及涡轮发动机元件的冷却系统。
背景技术
涡轮发动机内部的部件承受很高的热应力。为了防止某些元件过早断裂或磨损,有必要在涡轮发动机运行期间对这些元件进行冷却。
对于高压喷嘴、入口导向轮叶和可变定子轮叶尤其如此。
目前,已知用于冷却这些元件的若干方法,包括:
-增加多穿孔插入件(冲击):采用这种技术(如图1和图2所示),通风空气通过穿孔(插入件中产生的冲击孔)被高速引导到需要通风的部件上。
-内部盘管式回路:采用这种技术(如图3所示),通风空气被引导穿过待冷却的部件,以产生对流热交换。通风空气通过通风口排入主管道(热气)。
-阻断器(桥状部/翅片):采用这种技术(如图4所示),通风空气的路径可以被阻断器部分阻塞,以在阻断器和通风空气之间产生局部热交换(+空气加速,以增加对流热交换)。这些阻断器还可用于对叶片的压力侧和吸力侧进行热连接。
此外,从文献FR3085713已知的是在轮叶(或叶片)中加入冷却毛细管。这些毛细管穿过轮叶,从而使空气穿过轮叶流通。
该系统能够实现有效冷却,但在通过增材制造生产元件(轮叶、叶片或喷嘴)的情况下不是最佳的。
更具体地,由于轮叶(或叶片)可能是中空部件,因此在通过增材制造进行生产的过程中,可能需要在轮叶中加入制造支撑件。作为制造方向的功能,支撑件可以支撑沉积的材料,例如,该材料被沉积以便生产轮叶的外部面之一。
然而,对于涡轮发动机的许多元件而言,通过激光粉末床熔融的增材制造强加了沿涡轮轴线的制造方向。在这种情况下,如果没有支撑件,就不能以单件形式生产出具有许多偏转部的中空叶片。因此,在叶片中增加制造支撑件至关重要。然而,这些在最初没有被提供的支撑件会干扰毛细管,并潜在地降低部件的固有性能。此外,在增材制造方法结束时,某些未被支撑的毛细管可能被阻塞且不可接近。
在这种情况下,有必要提供一种涡轮发动机元件,该涡轮发动机元件包括的叶片具有适于被冷却并通过增材制造生产的结构。
发明内容
根据第一方面,本发明提出了一种涡轮发动机元件,包括通过增材制造获得的至少一个叶片,叶片具有表皮和内部网格,内部网格使得空气能够在叶片内流通,并且对表皮具有增材制造支撑功能。
网格可以具有可变密度。
网格可以在靠近表皮处具有较高密度。
叶片可以具有位于网格内的至少一个插入件。
插入件可以具有至少一个开口,该至少一个开口使得空气能够朝向表皮流通。
网格可以包括由插入件分开的内部分和外部分。
元件可以具有两个圆周管道壁,所述至少一个叶片在两个圆周管道壁之间沿涡轮发动机主轴线的径向方向延伸,表皮形成所述至少一个叶片的两个切向壁。
叶片可以具有在与径向方向垂直的平面中延伸的开口。
叶片可以不具有在与径向方向垂直的平面中延伸的壁。
元件可以选自高压喷嘴、入口导向轮叶和可变定子轮叶。
根据第二方面,本发明提出了一种飞行器涡轮发动机,该涡轮发动机包括根据第一方面的元件。
根据第三方面,本发明提出了一种飞行器,该飞行器包括根据第二方面的涡轮发动机。
根据第四方面,本发明提出了一种用于制造根据第一方面的涡轮发动机元件的方法,该方法包括使用网格作为支撑来增材制造所述元件的叶片的表皮,在制造结束时,网格在叶片内延伸。
附图说明
根据完全以说明性和非限制性的方式给出并且应参照附图进行阅读的以下说明,本发明的其它特征、目的和优点将显现,在附图中:
[图1]图1是现有技术的一种装置的示意图。
[图2]图2是现有技术的一种装置的示意图。
[图3]图3是现有技术的一种装置的示意图。
[图4]图4是现有技术的一种装置的示意图。
[图5]图5是已知的增材制造装置的示意图。
[图6]图6是根据本发明的叶片的径向截面的示意图,该径向截面基本上垂直于在叶片周围流动的流。
[图7]图7是根据本发明的叶片的分解示意图。
[图8]图8是根据本发明的叶片的一部分的放大示意图。
[图9]图9是根据本发明的叶片的一部分在基本圆周的平面中的截面示意图。
具体实施方式
涡轮发动机的背景
根据第一方面,本发明提出了一种涡轮发动机元件1,包括通过增材制造获得的至少一个叶片2。
例如,涡轮发动机可以是本领域技术人员公知的飞行器涡轮风扇发动机,通常包括风扇、压缩机、燃烧室、高压涡轮和低压涡轮。在涡轮风扇发动机的情况下,风扇与其他部件相比具有较大的尺寸,并且特别地,穿过燃烧室以及高压涡轮和低压涡轮的空气流是穿过风扇的总空气流的一小部分。因此,穿过风扇的空气流的一部分被直接排出,而另一部分空气流穿过压缩机、燃烧室以及高压涡轮和低压涡轮。
叶片
如上所述,本发明涉及包括叶片2的元件1。典型地,叶片2具有表皮4和网格6。根据规定,在使用条件下,叶片2旨在由比在涡轮发动机的管道中流通的热气体更冷的空气或气体冷却。
表皮4是叶片2的外包层。常规地,叶片2的几何结构具有前缘7、后缘8、压力侧10和吸力侧12。如下所述,根据本发明的叶片2优选根据增材制造方法制成。
因此,构成叶片2的所有元件(将在下文描述的表皮、网格和插入件)通过增材制造来生产,并且彼此连接以形成单个相同的一体式部件。
换言之,通过增材制造制成的叶片2不由多个组装部件组成,而是一种包括多个元件的一体式部件。
特别地,叶片2包括连接到表皮4的内部网格6。网格6可以支撑表皮4,以保证叶片2的机械强度。
此外,如下文所述,网格6能够使空气在叶片2内流通,并为表皮4的增材制造提供支撑功能。网格6的这种双重功能是本发明的一个特别有利的技术特征。事实上,网格6是一种经济的制造支撑件,因为它具有空的区域,因此其制造相比实心元件需要更少的材料。此外,使用网格6作为叶片2的结构框架使得既能保证叶片的机械强度,又能实现最佳的内部冷却。实际上,网格6具有许多空的区域14,空气能够在网格中令人满意地流通。
术语“网格”6应指网格结构,换言之,应指由材料和空的区域组成的建筑结构。换句话说,网格是一种材料(通常是金属合金)的网孔,由固体结构(例如由金属合金制成)的网16以及结构之间的空的区域14组成。空的区域14应指如下的区域,这些区域不具有通过增材制造固结的固体材料。更准确地说,在制造过程中,粉末沉积在这些空的区域14中。然而,这种粉末不会熔融,并且随后在制造结束时被移除。典型地,空的区域14中填充的气体包括网格6所在的大气。通常,在制造期间,空的区域14可填充有中性气体或陆地环境空气(即基本上由氮气、二氧化碳和分子氧组成的气体混合物)。术语“固体结构的网”16应指在三维空间中形成栅格的重复的基本网孔,基本网孔具有任何几何形状并包括闭合图案。
有利地,网格6可以具有可变密度。术语“可变密度”应指网格中的材料数量和网孔尺寸发生变化。因此,密度较高的区域是其中(与网格的其余部分相比)固体结构16的含量较高而空的区域14的含量较低的区域。相反,密度较低的区域是其中(与网格的其余部分相比)固体结构16的含量较低而空的区域14的含量较高的区域。换言之,在较低密度区域中(与网格的其余部分相比),空的区域的体积大于较高密度区域中空的区域的体积。
根据特别有利的实施例,网格6可以在靠近表皮4处具有较高密度。该实施例能够保证叶片中具有最佳的空气流通,同时向表皮提供最佳的机械支撑并参与热交换。
插入件
根据特别有利的实施例,叶片可以包括位于网格6中的插入件20。
参照图7,插入件20可以是大块元件(与网格相反)。术语“大块元件”应指插入件20具有由固体材料制成的固体壁(如将在下文描述的,插入件中产生的开口除外)。
典型地,插入件20具有与叶片2的几何形状相似的几何形状。因此,插入件20具有机翼的几何形状,具有前缘、后缘、压力侧和吸力侧。插入件具有中空的径向部分,并限定出内部容积22。
如前所述,插入件20可以具有至少一个开口21,使得空气朝向表皮流通。优选地,插入件20包括多个开口21。穿过插入件的壁的开口21可使得空气能够从内部容积朝向外部流通。
插入件20被制造并定位在网格6中,使得插入件将网格6分成位于插入件6内部的内部分61和位于插入件20外部的外部分62。应具体说明的是,在图7中,插入件20和网格6被分开示出。然而,这是一个分解的示意图,仅使得能够单独观察每个元件。实际上,网格6和插入件20是同时制造的,并且被连接以(与表皮4一起)形成单个且同一部件。
如图8所示,插入件20的开口21被定位成通向网格6的空的区域14,以允许最佳的空气流通。
此外,该元件可以具有两个圆周管道壁24,在这两个管道壁之间,所述至少一个叶片在径向于涡轮发动机主轴线的方向上延伸,该方向对应于叶片高度的方向,表皮形成所述至少一个叶片的两个切向壁。
这些管道壁各自限定了一个径向开口。因此,叶片具有在与轴线的径向方向垂直的平面中延伸的开口。
除非另有规定,否则分别参照径向方向使用内(内部)和外(外部),使得元件的内部或内部面比同一元件的外部或外部面更靠近主轴线。
管道壁24充当用于框住网格的径向挡块。因此,换言之,叶片在径向方向上是中空的,并且不可能具有在垂直于径向方向的平面中延伸的壁。
根据一特别有利的实施例,叶片2在垂直于径向方向的平面中没有壁。因此,空气能够通过叶片2的两个径向内管道壁和径向外管道壁24中的一个和/或另一个进入叶片2,并经由网格6和插入件的开口21(如箭头IV所示)在叶片里流通,以冷却表皮。
典型地,该元件选自高压喷嘴、入口导向轮叶和可变定子轮叶。
制造方法
根据第二方面,本发明涉及一种用于增材制造根据本发明的元件的方法。
通常,增材制造方法是激光粉末床熔融方法(也称为激光束熔融(LBM)或选择性激光熔融(SLM))。这是一种原材料加工方法,是增材制造方法家族中的一部分。
以已知的方式,LBM方法使用增材制造机器A(如图5所示),该增材制造机器A包括激光器B、反射镜C、刮板机D、粉末罐E和制造板F。
LBM方法在下述各个步骤中进行,这些步骤重复进行,直到获得最终对象,所述步骤即:
-使用刮板机在制造板上铺设一层金属粉末。
-粉末被激光局部熔融。
-制造板下降一层的厚度。
-铺设新的一层金属粉末等。
如前所述,利用这种方法,各种组成构件(表皮、网格和插入件)逐层地同时制造,以完全形成一个单件式部件。
在制造方法期间,网格可以支撑表皮和插入件。因此,如前所述,网格具有双重功能:在制造期间进行支撑和充当有助于元件强度和元件冷却的机械结构。
涡轮发动机
根据另一个方面,本发明涉及一种涡轮发动机,该涡轮发动机包括控制组件10。
飞行器
根据另一方面,本发明涉及一种飞行器,该飞行器包括至少一个涡轮发动机。
Claims (13)
1.涡轮发动机元件(1),包括通过增材制造获得的至少一个叶片(2),所述叶片(2)具有表皮(4)和内部网格(6),所述内部网格使得空气能够在所述叶片(2)内流通,并且对所述表皮(4)具有增材制造支撑功能。
2.根据权利要求1所述的元件(1),其中,所述网格(6)具有可变密度。
3.根据权利要求2所述的元件(1),其中,所述网格(6)在接近所述表皮(4)处具有更高的密度。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的元件(1),其中,所述叶片(2)具有位于所述网格(6)内的至少一个插入件(20)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的元件(1),其中,所述插入件(20)具有至少一个开口(21),所述至少一个开口使得空气能够朝向所述表皮(4)流通。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的元件(1),其中,所述网格(6)包括由所述插入件(20)分开的内部分(61)和外部分(62)。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的元件(1),所述元件具有两个圆周管道壁(24),所述至少一个叶片(2)在所述两个圆周管道壁之间沿涡轮发动机主轴线的径向方向延伸,所述表皮(4)形成所述至少一个叶片(2)的两个切向壁。
8.根据权利要求7所述的元件(1),其中,所述叶片(2)具有在与所述径向方向垂直的平面中延伸的开口。
9.根据权利要求8所述的元件(1),其中,所述叶片(2)不具有在与所述径向方向垂直的平面中延伸的壁。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的元件(1),所述元件(1)选自高压喷嘴、入口导向轮叶和可变定子轮叶。
11.飞行器涡轮发动机,所述涡轮发动机包括至少一个根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的元件(1)。
12.飞行器,包括根据前一项权利要求所述的涡轮发动机。
13.用于制造涡轮发动机元件(1)的方法,所述方法包括使用网格(6)作为支撑来增材制造所述元件的叶片(2)的表皮(4),在制造结束时,所述网格(6)在所述叶片(2)内延伸。
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