CN117933127A - Rapid modeling system and method for torrential flood small-basin hydrologic model - Google Patents
Rapid modeling system and method for torrential flood small-basin hydrologic model Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及自然灾害预警技术领域，特别是涉及一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统及方法。The present invention relates to the technical field of natural disaster early warning, and in particular to a rapid modeling system and method for a hydrological and hydrodynamic model of a small mountain torrent basin.
背景技术Background technique
山洪灾害防御一直以来都是我国水灾害防御的重点领域。目前，我国初步建立了适合中国国情的山洪灾害防治体系，实现了山洪灾害监测预警体系从无到有的跨越，产生了显著的防灾减灾效益。水文模型是实现山洪预警预报的重要手段。实际上，国内外学者已经构建了大量可用于山洪模拟的模型和软件，包括TOPMODEL、MIKE、SWAT、HEC-HMS和中国山洪水文模型等，为中小流域洪水风险评估及管理提供了重要工具。同时，现有的水文模型都往可视化和易操作化发展，为用户提供了友好界面，如某些商业水文模型软件MIKE和Hydrus等在此方面具有较大优势。Flash flood disaster prevention has always been a key area of water disaster prevention in my country. At present, my country has initially established a flash flood disaster prevention and control system suitable for China's national conditions, and has achieved a leap from scratch in the flash flood disaster monitoring and early warning system, which has produced significant disaster prevention and mitigation benefits. Hydrological models are an important means to achieve flash flood warning and forecasting. In fact, domestic and foreign scholars have constructed a large number of models and software that can be used for flash flood simulation, including TOPMODEL, MIKE, SWAT, HEC-HMS and China Flash Flood Hydrological Model, which provide important tools for flood risk assessment and management in small and medium-sized watersheds. At the same time, existing hydrological models are developing towards visualization and easy operation, providing users with a friendly interface. For example, some commercial hydrological model software such as MIKE and Hydrus have great advantages in this regard.
然而，山洪水文模型构建过程往往比较复杂，如前期工作就包括数据搜集、流域划分和流域特征提取等，建模过程中还涉及水文水动力如何耦合、边界条件的设定、求解方法的选择和模型参数率定优化等，要求用户具有较强的专业能力。由此可见，即便现有商业水文模型软件具有用户友好界面，构建具有代表性的高精度山洪水文模型仍然需要大量的专业知识和技术，从较大程度上限制了山洪预警预报的发展。因此，如何降低山洪水文水动力模型构建难度并提升山洪模型的代表性和精度，是实现我国山洪预警预报能力提升亟需解决的问题。However, the process of building a flash flood hydrological model is often complicated. For example, the preliminary work includes data collection, watershed division and watershed feature extraction. The modeling process also involves how to couple hydrology and hydrodynamics, setting boundary conditions, choosing solution methods and optimizing model parameters, which requires users to have strong professional capabilities. It can be seen that even if the existing commercial hydrological model software has a user-friendly interface, building a representative high-precision flash flood hydrological model still requires a lot of professional knowledge and technology, which greatly limits the development of flash flood warning and forecasting. Therefore, how to reduce the difficulty of building flash flood hydrological and hydrodynamic models and improve the representativeness and accuracy of flash flood models is an urgent problem to improve my country's flash flood warning and forecasting capabilities.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明的目的是降低山洪水文水动力建模的繁琐性，提升山洪水文水动力模型移植效率和水灾害预警预报能力。为了实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统及方法。The purpose of the present invention is to reduce the complexity of flash flood hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling, and to improve the efficiency of flash flood hydrological and hydrodynamic model transplantation and the ability of water disaster early warning and forecasting. In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides a rapid modeling system and method for flash flood small watershed hydrological and hydrodynamic model.
第一方面，本发明实施例提供了一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统，包括：数据预处理单元、模型构建与运算单元、模型参数优化单元和数据分析与可视化单元；In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a rapid modeling system for a hydrological and hydrodynamic model of a small watershed of a mountain torrent, including: a data preprocessing unit, a model building and operation unit, a model parameter optimization unit, and a data analysis and visualization unit;
所述数据预处理单元用于读取和处理山洪建模数据，以得到适用于敏感区域水文水动力模拟的数据集；所述山洪建模数据包括空间分布数据和时间序列数据，所述空间分布数据至少包括DEM地形数据、叶面积指数、土地利用数据和土壤性质数据，所述时间序列数据至少包括气象气候数据和实测水文数据；所述敏感区域为用户指定评估的山洪流域；The data preprocessing unit is used to read and process the flash flood modeling data to obtain a data set suitable for hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation of sensitive areas; the flash flood modeling data includes spatial distribution data and time series data, the spatial distribution data at least includes DEM terrain data, leaf area index, land use data and soil property data, and the time series data at least includes meteorological climate data and measured hydrological data; the sensitive area is a flash flood basin specified by the user for evaluation;
所述模型构建与运算单元用于耦合水文模型和水动力模型，并根据所述数据集获取所述水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数，以及根据所述敏感区域计算所述水动力模型；所述子流域特征参数至少包括流域面积、流域平均海拔、流域平均坡度和流域坡度标准差；The model building and operation unit is used to couple the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model, and obtain the sub-basin characteristic parameters required for the hydrological model parameter estimation according to the data set, and calculate the hydrodynamic model according to the sensitive area; the sub-basin characteristic parameters at least include the basin area, the average elevation of the basin, the average slope of the basin and the standard deviation of the basin slope;
所述模型参数优化单元用于耦合水文模型参数集和水动力模型参数集，并根据所述水文模型参数集和所述水动力模型参数集分别对所述水文模型和所述水动力模型进行参数赋值，以及当用户输入实测数据时，采用优化算法优化所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的参数；所述水文模型参数集包括基于多个流域校正的水文模型参数，所述水动力模型参数集包括多种下垫面的水动力摩擦系数，所述实测数据包括实测上游来水数据和实测所述敏感区域的洪水演进数据；The model parameter optimization unit is used to couple a hydrological model parameter set and a hydrodynamic model parameter set, and assign parameters to the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model respectively according to the hydrological model parameter set and the hydrodynamic model parameter set, and when the user inputs measured data, optimize the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model using an optimization algorithm; the hydrological model parameter set includes hydrological model parameters based on multiple watershed corrections, the hydrodynamic model parameter set includes hydrodynamic friction coefficients of multiple underlying surfaces, and the measured data includes measured upstream water inflow data and measured flood evolution data of the sensitive area;
所述数据分析与可视化单元用于评估所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的模拟效果。The data analysis and visualization unit is used to evaluate the simulation effects of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model.
优选地，所述数据预处理单元，包括：Preferably, the data preprocessing unit includes:
数据读取模块，用于读取所述山洪建模数据，并根据所述DEM地形数据绘制所述敏感区域；A data reading module, used for reading the flash flood modeling data and drawing the sensitive area according to the DEM terrain data;
流域边界获取模块，用于根据所述敏感区域的出流口位置、DEM地形数据和流域提取算法得到山洪流域边界；A watershed boundary acquisition module, used to obtain the mountain torrent watershed boundary according to the outlet position of the sensitive area, DEM terrain data and watershed extraction algorithm;
河网分布获取模块，用于根据所述DEM地形数据得到山洪流域内的河网分布；A river network distribution acquisition module is used to obtain the river network distribution in the mountain torrent basin according to the DEM terrain data;
子流域边界获取模块，用于根据河网与所述敏感区域的交点确定所述敏感区域的入流口位置，并根据所述入流口位置、DEM地形数据和流域提取算法得到山洪子流域边界；A sub-basin boundary acquisition module is used to determine the inlet position of the sensitive area according to the intersection of the river network and the sensitive area, and obtain the flash flood sub-basin boundary according to the inlet position, DEM terrain data and watershed extraction algorithm;
子流域空间分布数据获取模块，用于根据所述山洪子流域边界对所述空间分布数据进行裁剪和重采样，得到各个山洪子流域的所述空间分布数据；A sub-watershed spatial distribution data acquisition module, used for clipping and resampling the spatial distribution data according to the flash flood sub-watershed boundary to obtain the spatial distribution data of each flash flood sub-watershed;
数据集获取模块，用于根据站点观测位置和所述山洪子流域边界，将站点观测数据归并到对应的所述山洪子流域，得到适用于所述敏感区域水文水动力模拟的数据集；所述站点观测数据至少包括降雨量和径流量。The data set acquisition module is used to merge the site observation data into the corresponding flash flood sub-basin according to the site observation location and the flash flood sub-basin boundary, so as to obtain a data set suitable for hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation of the sensitive area; the site observation data includes at least rainfall and runoff.
优选地，所述数据预处理单元，还包括：Preferably, the data preprocessing unit further includes:
时间序列数据处理模块，用于对所述时间序列数据进行质量检测，并根据检测结果删除所述时间序列数据的异常值和插补所述时间序列数据的缺失值。The time series data processing module is used to perform quality detection on the time series data, and delete abnormal values of the time series data and interpolate missing values of the time series data according to the detection results.
优选地，所述模型构建与运算单元，包括：Preferably, the model building and computing unit comprises:
水文水动力模型耦合模块，用于耦合一个水文模型和一个水动力模型；所述水文模型为集总式水文模型，所述水动力模型为二维浅水方程；A hydrological and hydrodynamic model coupling module is used to couple a hydrological model and a hydrodynamic model; the hydrological model is a lumped hydrological model, and the hydrodynamic model is a two-dimensional shallow water equation;
子流域特征参数获取模块，用于根据所述数据集设定所述集总式水文模型模拟的山洪子流域，并在所述山洪子流域内统计所述集总式水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数；A sub-basin characteristic parameter acquisition module is used to set the mountain torrent sub-basin simulated by the lumped hydrological model according to the data set, and to count the sub-basin characteristic parameters required for the lumped hydrological model parameter estimation in the mountain torrent sub-basin;
水动力模型计算模块，用于对所述敏感区域进行网格划分和设置边界条件，以在所述敏感区域内求解所述二维浅水方程。The hydrodynamic model calculation module is used to perform grid division on the sensitive area and set boundary conditions to solve the two-dimensional shallow water equation in the sensitive area.
优选地，所述水动力模型计算模块，包括：Preferably, the hydrodynamic model calculation module includes:
网格划分模块，用于采用有限元分析对所述敏感区域进行网格划分，得到所述敏感区域对应的有限元网格；A meshing module, used for meshing the sensitive area by using finite element analysis to obtain a finite element mesh corresponding to the sensitive area;
边界条件设置模块，用于基于所述有限元网格设置所述敏感区域的边界条件；所述边界条件至少包括入流边界条件和下边界条件，所述入流边界条件为所述集总式水文模型得到的入流口随时间变化的水位和流量过程，所述下边界条件为开边界或实测出流口随时间变化的水位和流量过程；A boundary condition setting module, used to set the boundary conditions of the sensitive area based on the finite element grid; the boundary conditions at least include an inflow boundary condition and a lower boundary condition, the inflow boundary condition is the water level and flow process of the inlet changing with time obtained by the lumped hydrological model, and the lower boundary condition is the water level and flow process of the open boundary or the measured outflow changing with time;
方程求解模块，用于根据所述边界条件并结合所述有限元分析求解所述二维浅水方程。An equation solving module is used to solve the two-dimensional shallow water equation according to the boundary conditions and in combination with the finite element analysis.
优选地，所述模型参数优化单元，包括：Preferably, the model parameter optimization unit comprises:
水文模型参数获取模块，用于耦合一个水文模型参数集，根据所述水文模型参数集并采用机器学习构建水文模型参数与所述子流域特征参数之间的关系；A hydrological model parameter acquisition module, used for coupling a hydrological model parameter set, and constructing a relationship between the hydrological model parameters and the sub-basin characteristic parameters according to the hydrological model parameter set and using machine learning;
水文模型参数初始化模块，用于根据所述水文模型参数集和所述关系对所述水文模型进行参数赋值，以初始化所述水文模型的参数；A hydrological model parameter initialization module, used for assigning parameters to the hydrological model according to the hydrological model parameter set and the relationship, so as to initialize the parameters of the hydrological model;
水动力模型参数初始化模块，用于耦合一个水动力模型参数集，并根据所述水动力模型参数集和所述敏感区域对所述水动力模型进行参数赋值，以初始化所述水动力模型的参数；A hydrodynamic model parameter initialization module, used for coupling a hydrodynamic model parameter set, and performing parameter assignment on the hydrodynamic model according to the hydrodynamic model parameter set and the sensitive area, so as to initialize the parameters of the hydrodynamic model;
参数优化模块，用于判断用户是否输入实测数据，若是则采用遗传算法先后优化所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的参数。The parameter optimization module is used to determine whether the user inputs measured data. If so, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model in sequence.
优选地，所述数据分析与可视化单元，包括：Preferably, the data analysis and visualization unit comprises:
模型效果评估模块，用于判断用户是否输入实测数据，若是则分别输出所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的模拟数据和所述实测数据的对照图，以及所述模拟数据和所述实测数据之间的偏差；所述偏差至少包括均方根误差、相对误差和相关系数。The model effect evaluation module is used to determine whether the user inputs measured data. If so, it outputs the comparison charts of the simulated data of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model and the measured data, as well as the deviation between the simulated data and the measured data; the deviation at least includes the root mean square error, relative error and correlation coefficient.
优选地，所述数据分析与可视化单元还用于对所述敏感区域的淹没范围和洪水演进过程进行展示，以及获取淹没特征。Preferably, the data analysis and visualization unit is also used to display the flood range and flood evolution process of the sensitive area, and to obtain flood characteristics.
优选地，所述数据分析与可视化单元，还包括：Preferably, the data analysis and visualization unit further comprises:
动画展示模块，用于根据所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的模拟数据并采用动画展示所述敏感区域的淹没范围和洪水演进过程；所述动画包括淹没水深动画和洪水流场动画；An animation display module, used to display the flooding range and flood evolution process of the sensitive area by animation according to the simulation data of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model; the animation includes the animation of flooding depth and the animation of flood flow field;
淹没特征获取模块，用于根据所述敏感区域的土地利用类型和洪水演进过程，得到每种所述土地利用类型的平均淹没时间、平均淹没水深、平均流速和最大流速。The flooding feature acquisition module is used to obtain the average flooding time, average flooding depth, average flow velocity and maximum flow velocity of each land use type according to the land use type and flood evolution process of the sensitive area.
第二方面，本发明实施例提供了一种如上所述的快速建模系统的快速建模方法，包括：In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a rapid modeling method of the rapid modeling system as described above, comprising:
读取和处理山洪建模数据，以得到适用于敏感区域水文水动力模拟的数据集；所述山洪建模数据包括空间分布数据和时间序列数据，所述空间分布数据至少包括DEM地形数据、叶面积指数、土地利用数据和土壤性质数据，所述时间序列数据至少包括气象气候数据和实测水文数据；所述敏感区域为用户指定评估的山洪流域；Read and process flash flood modeling data to obtain a data set suitable for hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation of sensitive areas; the flash flood modeling data includes spatial distribution data and time series data, the spatial distribution data includes at least DEM terrain data, leaf area index, land use data and soil property data, and the time series data includes at least meteorological climate data and measured hydrological data; the sensitive area is a flash flood basin designated by the user for evaluation;
耦合水文模型和水动力模型，并根据所述数据集获取所述水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数，以及根据所述敏感区域计算所述水动力模型；所述子流域特征参数至少包括流域面积、流域平均海拔、流域平均坡度和流域坡度标准差；coupling a hydrological model and a hydrodynamic model, and obtaining sub-basin characteristic parameters required for estimating the hydrological model parameters according to the data set, and calculating the hydrodynamic model according to the sensitive area; the sub-basin characteristic parameters at least include basin area, basin average altitude, basin average slope and basin slope standard deviation;
耦合水文模型参数集和水动力模型参数集，并根据所述水文模型参数集和所述水动力模型参数集分别对所述水文模型和所述水动力模型进行参数赋值，以及当用户输入实测数据时，采用优化算法优化所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的参数；所述水文模型参数集包括基于多个流域校正的水文模型参数，所述水动力模型参数集包括多种下垫面的水动力摩擦系数，所述实测数据包括实测上游来水数据和实测所述敏感区域的洪水演进数据；coupling a hydrological model parameter set and a hydrodynamic model parameter set, and assigning parameters to the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model respectively according to the hydrological model parameter set and the hydrodynamic model parameter set, and optimizing the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model by using an optimization algorithm when the user inputs measured data; the hydrological model parameter set includes hydrological model parameters based on multiple watershed corrections, the hydrodynamic model parameter set includes hydrodynamic friction coefficients of multiple underlying surfaces, and the measured data includes measured upstream water inflow data and measured flood evolution data of the sensitive area;
评估所述水文模型和所述水动力模型的模拟效果。The simulation effects of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model are evaluated.
本发明实施例一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统及方法与现有技术相比，其有益效果在于：降低山洪水文水动力建模的专业性和繁琐性，提升山洪水文水动力模型移植效率和水灾害预警预报能力。Compared with the prior art, the rapid modeling system and method of the hydrological and hydrodynamic model of a small watershed of flash floods in the embodiment of the present invention has the beneficial effects of reducing the professionalism and tediousness of flash flood hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling, and improving the transplantation efficiency of flash flood hydrological and hydrodynamic model and the water disaster early warning and forecasting capabilities.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1是本发明实施例一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统的结构示意图；FIG1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a rapid modeling system for a small watershed hydrological and hydrodynamic model of a mountain torrent according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施例数据预处理单元的结构示意图；2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a data preprocessing unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例模型构建与运算单元的结构示意图；3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a model building and operation unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图4是本发明实施例水动力模型计算模块的结构示意图；FIG4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a hydrodynamic model calculation module according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图5是本发明实施例模型参数优化单元的结构示意图；5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a model parameter optimization unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图6是本发明实施例数据分析与可视化单元的结构示意图；6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a data analysis and visualization unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图7是本发明实施例一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模方法的流程示意图。FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for rapidly building a hydrological and hydrodynamic model for a small watershed of mountain torrents according to an embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和实施例，对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细描述。以下实施例用于说明本发明，但不用来限制本发明的范围。The specific implementation of the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
如图1所示，本发明实施例提供了一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统，包括：数据预处理单元1、模型构建与运算单元2、模型参数优化单元3和数据分析与可视化单元4。As shown in FIG1 , an embodiment of the present invention provides a rapid modeling system for a mountain torrent small watershed hydrological and hydrodynamic model, comprising: a data preprocessing unit 1 , a model building and calculation unit 2 , a model parameter optimization unit 3 and a data analysis and visualization unit 4 .
数据预处理单元1用于读取和处理山洪建模数据，以得到适用于敏感区域水文水动力模拟的数据集。The data preprocessing unit 1 is used to read and process the flash flood modeling data to obtain a data set suitable for hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation in sensitive areas.
由于山洪建模过程中涉及多种数据，这些数据具有不同的存储格式和存储介质，需要处理成模型可直接调用的格式。本实施例实现.im文件、.shp文件、.csv文件、.xls文件、.xlsx文件、.txt文件、netCDF文件和binary文件等的读取和处理。Since flash flood modeling involves a variety of data, these data have different storage formats and storage media, and need to be processed into a format that can be directly called by the model. This embodiment implements the reading and processing of .im files, .shp files, .csv files, .xls files, .xlsx files, .txt files, netCDF files, and binary files.
具体地，山洪建模数据包括空间分布数据和时间序列数据，空间分布数据至少包括DEM地形数据、叶面积指数、土地利用数据和土壤性质数据，时间序列数据至少包括气象气候数据和实测水文数据；敏感区域为用户指定评估的山洪流域，如流域中下游需重点保护的村庄和河道等。Specifically, flash flood modeling data include spatial distribution data and time series data. The spatial distribution data at least include DEM terrain data, leaf area index, land use data and soil property data, and the time series data at least include meteorological climate data and measured hydrological data. The sensitive areas are the flash flood basins specified for evaluation by the user, such as villages and rivers in the middle and lower reaches of the basin that need to be protected.
需要说明的是，本实施例预存了我国境内DEM地形数据、叶面积指数、土地利用数据、土壤性质数据和气象气候数据，用户仅需提供实测水文数据和敏感区域的高分辨率DEM地形数据即可进行建模。可以理解的是，上述预存数据是针对缺乏数据的用户而言，若用户已经准备全部数据，则可根据用户搜集的数据进行建模。It should be noted that this embodiment pre-stores DEM terrain data, leaf area index, land use data, soil property data and meteorological climate data in my country. Users only need to provide measured hydrological data and high-resolution DEM terrain data of sensitive areas to perform modeling. It is understandable that the above pre-stored data is for users who lack data. If the user has prepared all the data, modeling can be performed based on the data collected by the user.
进一步地，如图2所示，数据预处理单元1，包括：Further, as shown in FIG2 , the data preprocessing unit 1 includes:
数据读取模块11，用于读取山洪建模数据，并根据DEM地形数据绘制敏感区域；具体地，通过拖动DEM地图绘制敏感区域。The data reading module 11 is used to read the flash flood modeling data and draw the sensitive area according to the DEM terrain data; specifically, the sensitive area is drawn by dragging the DEM map.
流域边界获取模块12，用于根据敏感区域的出流口位置、DEM地形数据和流域提取算法得到山洪流域边界；A watershed boundary acquisition module 12 is used to obtain the mountain torrent watershed boundary according to the outlet position of the sensitive area, DEM terrain data and watershed extraction algorithm;
具体地，根据敏感区域的出流口位置，基于DEM地形数据和D8算法自动进行填洼、流向和汇流计算，从而得到山洪流域边界并进一步处理为不同分辨率的栅格地图。Specifically, according to the outlet location of the sensitive area, the filling, flow direction and confluence calculations are automatically performed based on the DEM terrain data and the D8 algorithm to obtain the flash flood basin boundary and further process it into raster maps of different resolutions.
河网分布获取模块13，用于根据DEM地形数据得到山洪流域内的河网分布；The river network distribution acquisition module 13 is used to obtain the river network distribution in the mountain torrent basin according to the DEM terrain data;
子流域边界获取模块14，用于根据河网与敏感区域的交点确定敏感区域的入流口位置，并根据入流口位置、DEM地形数据和流域提取算法得到山洪子流域边界；The sub-basin boundary acquisition module 14 is used to determine the inlet position of the sensitive area according to the intersection of the river network and the sensitive area, and obtain the flash flood sub-basin boundary according to the inlet position, DEM terrain data and watershed extraction algorithm;
具体地，根据敏感区域的入流口位置，基于DEM地形数据和D8算法自动进行填洼、流向和汇流计算，从而得到山洪子流域边界并进一步处理为不同分辨率的栅格地图。Specifically, according to the inlet location of the sensitive area, the filling, flow direction and confluence calculations are automatically performed based on the DEM terrain data and the D8 algorithm, so as to obtain the sub-basin boundaries of the flash floods and further process them into raster maps of different resolutions.
子流域空间分布数据获取模块15，用于根据山洪子流域边界对空间分布数据进行裁剪和重采样，得到各个山洪子流域的空间分布数据；The sub-basin spatial distribution data acquisition module 15 is used to clip and resample the spatial distribution data according to the flash flood sub-basin boundary to obtain the spatial distribution data of each flash flood sub-basin;
具体地，根据山洪子流域边界对空间分布数据进行自动裁剪，并利用双线性插值的方式对空间分布数据进行重采样，得到各个山洪子流域的空间分布数据。Specifically, the spatial distribution data are automatically clipped according to the boundaries of the flash flood sub-basins, and the spatial distribution data are resampled using bilinear interpolation to obtain the spatial distribution data of each flash flood sub-basin.
数据集获取模块16，用于根据站点观测位置和山洪子流域边界，将站点观测数据归并到对应的山洪子流域，得到适用于敏感区域水文水动力模拟的数据集；The data set acquisition module 16 is used to merge the site observation data into the corresponding flash flood sub-basin according to the site observation location and the flash flood sub-basin boundary, so as to obtain a data set suitable for hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation of sensitive areas;
具体地，根据站点观测位置和山洪子流域边界，按照最近距离原则将站点观测数据归并到对应的山洪子流域，得到敏感区域所在山洪流域及其山洪子流域的数据集。其中，站点观测数据至少包括降雨量和径流量。针对站点观测数据不是空间分布的格点数据，本实施例提供泰森多边形法和算术平均法供用户选择，以将站点观测数据处理为空间分布数据。Specifically, according to the observation location of the site and the boundary of the flash flood sub-basin, the site observation data is merged into the corresponding flash flood sub-basin according to the principle of the closest distance, and a data set of the flash flood basin and its flash flood sub-basin where the sensitive area is located is obtained. Among them, the site observation data includes at least rainfall and runoff. For the site observation data that is not spatially distributed grid data, this embodiment provides the Thiessen polygon method and the arithmetic mean method for users to choose, so as to process the site observation data into spatially distributed data.
进一步地，数据预处理单元1，还包括：Furthermore, the data preprocessing unit 1 further includes:
时间序列数据处理模块17，用于对时间序列数据进行质量检测，并根据检测结果删除时间序列数据的异常值和插补时间序列数据的缺失值。The time series data processing module 17 is used to perform quality detection on the time series data, and delete abnormal values of the time series data and interpolate missing values of the time series data according to the detection results.
部分数据尤其是时间序列数据，可能存在缺失或者不连续等问题，山洪建模需要对这些数据进行统一整理，进行数据质量分析和插补，最终形成符合模型要求的格式。本实施例所搜集的实测水文数据，由于观测设备供电和设备老旧更新换代的问题，导致部分时段数据缺失，同时部分时段数据出现明显差错。对此，如上所述的时间序列数据处理模块17通过时间序列分析对缺失数据进行插补，并对数据进行整理，具体规则如下：Some data, especially time series data, may be missing or discontinuous. Flash flood modeling requires that these data be organized uniformly, and data quality analysis and interpolation be performed to finally form a format that meets the model requirements. The measured hydrological data collected in this embodiment is missing for some time periods due to problems with power supply of observation equipment and replacement of old equipment, and at the same time, data for some time periods have obvious errors. In this regard, the time series data processing module 17 as described above interpolates the missing data through time series analysis and organizes the data. The specific rules are as follows:
1.若序列中缺失数据为零星分布，则采用多项式拟合进行插补；1. If the missing data in the sequence are sporadically distributed, polynomial fitting is used for interpolation;
2.若序列中连续缺失5个数据以上10个数据以下(具体阈值可由用户确定)，则对不同数据类型采用不同处理方式，具体为：若数据为下垫面数据，则根据前期相似时段进行移植；若数据为水文数据，则根据前期水文关系和降雨关系进行拟合插值；2. If there are more than 5 but less than 10 consecutive missing data in the sequence (the specific threshold can be determined by the user), different processing methods are used for different data types. Specifically, if the data is underlying surface data, it is transplanted according to the previous similar period; if the data is hydrological data, it is fitted and interpolated according to the previous hydrological relationship and rainfall relationship;
3.若序列中连续缺失10个以上数据(具体阈值可由用户确定)，则对不同数据类型采用不同处理方式，具体为：若数据为气象气候数据，则直接提示用户搜集其他数据增补；若数据为实测水文数据，则此段序列全部赋值为空值不参与后续对比计算。3. If there are more than 10 missing data in a row in the sequence (the specific threshold can be determined by the user), different processing methods are used for different data types. Specifically: if the data is meteorological and climate data, the user is directly prompted to collect other data to supplement it; if the data is measured hydrological data, all values in this sequence are assigned to null values and do not participate in subsequent comparison calculations.
模型构建与运算单元2用于耦合水文模型和水动力模型，并根据数据集获取水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数，以及根据敏感区域计算水动力模型。The model building and operation unit 2 is used to couple the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model, and obtain the sub-basin characteristic parameters required for the hydrological model parameter estimation according to the data set, and calculate the hydrodynamic model according to the sensitive area.
具体地，如图3所示，模型构建与运算单元2，包括：Specifically, as shown in FIG3 , the model building and operation unit 2 includes:
水文水动力模型耦合模块21，用于耦合一个水文模型和一个水动力模型；A hydrological and hydrodynamic model coupling module 21, used for coupling a hydrological model and a hydrodynamic model;
本实施例耦合一个水文模型用于计算上游来水过程，以及一个水动力模型用于计算敏感区域的洪水演进过程。具体地，本实施例优选的水文模型为集总式水文模型，水动力模型为二维浅水方程。特别是集总式水文模型，本实施例优选的是Varkarst模型，该模型参数少且在土石山区和喀斯特复杂地区表现出较好的模拟效果。当然，本实施例也可耦合其他集总式水文模型，比如新安江模型等。This embodiment couples a hydrological model for calculating the upstream water inflow process, and a hydrodynamic model for calculating the flood evolution process in sensitive areas. Specifically, the preferred hydrological model in this embodiment is a lumped hydrological model, and the hydrodynamic model is a two-dimensional shallow water equation. In particular, the lumped hydrological model, the preferred one in this embodiment is the Varkarst model, which has few parameters and shows good simulation effects in earth and rock mountainous areas and complex karst areas. Of course, this embodiment can also be coupled with other lumped hydrological models, such as the Xin'anjiang model.
子流域特征参数获取模块22，用于根据数据集设定集总式水文模型模拟的山洪子流域，并在山洪子流域内统计集总式水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数；The sub-basin characteristic parameter acquisition module 22 is used to set the flash flood sub-basin simulated by the lumped hydrological model according to the data set, and to calculate the sub-basin characteristic parameters required for the lumped hydrological model parameter estimation in the flash flood sub-basin;
具体地，根据数据预处理单元1中划分的栅格地图和提取的河网分布，并结合敏感区域与河道的交点识别入流口和出流口，进而自动设定集总式水文模型模拟的山洪子流域，并在山洪子流域内自动统计集总式水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数。其中，子流域特征参数至少包括流域面积、流域平均海拔、流域平均坡度和流域坡度标准差。Specifically, according to the grid map divided in the data preprocessing unit 1 and the extracted river network distribution, the inlet and outlet are identified in combination with the intersection of the sensitive area and the river channel, and then the flash flood sub-basin simulated by the lumped hydrological model is automatically set, and the sub-basin characteristic parameters required for the lumped hydrological model parameter estimation are automatically counted in the flash flood sub-basin. Among them, the sub-basin characteristic parameters include at least the basin area, the average basin altitude, the average basin slope and the basin slope standard deviation.
水动力模型计算模块23，用于对敏感区域进行网格划分和设置边界条件，以在敏感区域内求解二维浅水方程。The hydrodynamic model calculation module 23 is used to perform meshing on the sensitive area and set boundary conditions to solve the two-dimensional shallow water equation in the sensitive area.
为了实现山洪水文模拟的高效性，该水动力模型仅在敏感区域内计算。具体地，如图4所示，水动力模型计算模块23，包括：In order to achieve high efficiency of mountain flood hydrological simulation, the hydrodynamic model is only calculated in sensitive areas. Specifically, as shown in FIG4 , the hydrodynamic model calculation module 23 includes:
网格划分模块23-A，用于采用有限元分析对敏感区域进行网格划分，得到敏感区域对应的有限元网格；A meshing module 23-A is used to mesh the sensitive area using finite element analysis to obtain a finite element mesh corresponding to the sensitive area;
具体地，采用有限元分析对敏感区域进行网格划分，生成有限元网格，并根据敏感区域数字高程实现网格加密。Specifically, finite element analysis is used to mesh the sensitive areas, generate finite element meshes, and implement mesh encryption based on the digital elevation of the sensitive areas.
边界条件设置模块23-B，用于基于有限元网格设置敏感区域的边界条件；A boundary condition setting module 23-B is used to set boundary conditions of sensitive areas based on finite element meshes;
具体地，边界条件至少包括入流边界条件和下边界条件，入流边界条件为集总式水文模型得到的入流口随时间变化的水位和流量过程，由于水动力模型运算受到时间步长的严重影响，集总式水文模型模拟结果在时间序列上通过线性插值自动插补，以满足水动力模型的时间步长要求。Specifically, the boundary conditions include at least inflow boundary conditions and lower boundary conditions. The inflow boundary conditions are the water level and flow process of the inlet changing with time obtained by the lumped hydrological model. Since the operation of the hydrodynamic model is seriously affected by the time step, the simulation results of the lumped hydrological model are automatically interpolated through linear interpolation in the time series to meet the time step requirements of the hydrodynamic model.
下边界条件为开边界或实测出流口随时间变化的水位和流量过程。本实施例下边界条件默认设定为开边界，若用户有下边界实测数据，则可设定为实测出流口随时间变化的水位和流量过程。The lower boundary condition is an open boundary or a measured water level and flow rate process of the outlet over time. In this embodiment, the lower boundary condition is set to an open boundary by default. If the user has measured data for the lower boundary, it can be set to the measured water level and flow rate process of the outlet over time.
进一步地，由于敏感区域内地形复杂，可能存在堤防、低洼地、村庄、农田和丘陵等，所以除了入流边界条件和下边界条件外，其余边界条件采用干湿边界条件。Furthermore, due to the complex terrain in the sensitive area, there may be embankments, low-lying areas, villages, farmlands and hills, so except for the inflow boundary conditions and the lower boundary conditions, the remaining boundary conditions adopt dry and wet boundary conditions.
方程求解模块23-C，用于根据边界条件并结合有限元分析求解二维浅水方程。The equation solving module 23-C is used to solve the two-dimensional shallow water equations according to boundary conditions and in combination with finite element analysis.
模型参数优化单元3用于耦合水文模型参数集和水动力模型参数集，并根据水文模型参数集和水动力模型参数集分别对水文模型和水动力模型进行参数赋值，以及当用户输入实测数据时，采用优化算法优化水文模型和水动力模型的参数。The model parameter optimization unit 3 is used to couple the hydrological model parameter set and the hydrodynamic model parameter set, and assign parameters to the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model respectively according to the hydrological model parameter set and the hydrodynamic model parameter set, and when the user inputs measured data, the optimization algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model.
具体地，如图5所示，模型参数优化单元3，包括：Specifically, as shown in FIG5 , the model parameter optimization unit 3 includes:
水文模型参数获取模块31，用于耦合一个水文模型参数集，根据水文模型参数集并采用机器学习构建水文模型参数与子流域特征参数之间的关系；A hydrological model parameter acquisition module 31 is used to couple a hydrological model parameter set, and to construct a relationship between the hydrological model parameters and the sub-basin characteristic parameters according to the hydrological model parameter set and by using machine learning;
具体地，水文模型参数集包括基于多个流域校正的水文模型参数。本实施例优选的水文模型参数集为基于全球3000个大中小流域校正的Varkarst模型参数，在此基础上采用机器学习方法建立Varkarst模型参数与子流域特征参数之间的关系。Specifically, the hydrological model parameter set includes hydrological model parameters calibrated based on multiple watersheds. The preferred hydrological model parameter set in this embodiment is Varkarst model parameters calibrated based on 3,000 large, medium and small watersheds around the world, on which the relationship between Varkarst model parameters and sub-watershed characteristic parameters is established using a machine learning method.
水文模型参数初始化模块32，用于根据水文模型参数集和关系对水文模型进行参数赋值，以初始化水文模型的参数；A hydrological model parameter initialization module 32, used to assign parameters to the hydrological model according to the hydrological model parameter set and relationship, so as to initialize the parameters of the hydrological model;
水动力模型参数初始化模块33，用于耦合一个水动力模型参数集，并根据水动力模型参数集和敏感区域对水动力模型进行参数赋值，以初始化水动力模型的参数；A hydrodynamic model parameter initialization module 33 is used to couple a hydrodynamic model parameter set and assign parameters to the hydrodynamic model according to the hydrodynamic model parameter set and the sensitive area to initialize the parameters of the hydrodynamic model;
具体地，本实施例耦合的是二维浅水方程的参数集，该数据集即水动力模型参数集包括多种下垫面的水动力摩擦系数，通过文献调研方式获得。根据水动力模型参数集以及敏感区域的土地利用类型和地形为水动力模型的参数直接赋值。Specifically, this embodiment couples a parameter set of a two-dimensional shallow water equation, and the data set, i.e., the hydrodynamic model parameter set, includes hydrodynamic friction coefficients of various underlying surfaces, which are obtained through literature research. The parameters of the hydrodynamic model are directly assigned values according to the hydrodynamic model parameter set and the land use type and topography of the sensitive area.
参数优化模块34，用于判断用户是否输入实测数据，若是则采用遗传算法先后优化水文模型和水动力模型的参数。The parameter optimization module 34 is used to determine whether the user inputs measured data. If so, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model in sequence.
需要说明的是，参数优化在输入实测数据即有实测数据的情况下才能进行，否则不能进行参数优化。其中，实测数据包括实测上游来水数据和实测敏感区域的洪水演进数据。故本实施例判断用户是否输入实测数据，若是则采用遗传算法先后优化水文模型和水动力模型的参数。It should be noted that parameter optimization can only be performed when measured data is input, i.e., when there is measured data, otherwise parameter optimization cannot be performed. The measured data includes measured upstream water inflow data and measured flood evolution data of sensitive areas. Therefore, this embodiment determines whether the user inputs measured data, and if so, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model in turn.
具体地，参数优化目标函数为模拟数据和实测数据之间的均方根误差。若某组模型参数使得模拟数据和实测数据之间的均方根误差达到最小，则认为该组参数为最优参数组。进一步地，如上所述的遗传算法中，所需优化的参数个数设置为目标模型的参数个数总数，亚种群的个体数、最大遗传代数、代沟、二进制精度分别默认设置为35、100、0.6和10，循环次数默认设置为1000次。上述遗传算法的参数可以直接采用默认值，也可以根据实际需要重新设置。Specifically, the parameter optimization objective function is the root mean square error between the simulated data and the measured data. If a certain group of model parameters makes the root mean square error between the simulated data and the measured data reach a minimum, then it is considered that this group of parameters is the optimal parameter group. Further, in the genetic algorithm as described above, the number of parameters required to be optimized is set to the total number of parameters of the target model, the number of individuals of the subpopulation, the maximum genetic generation, the generation gap, and the binary precision are set to 35, 100, 0.6, and 10 respectively by default, and the number of cycles is set to 1000 times by default. The parameters of the above-mentioned genetic algorithm can directly adopt default values, or can be reset according to actual needs.
数据分析与可视化单元4用于评估水文模型和水动力模型的模拟效果。The data analysis and visualization unit 4 is used to evaluate the simulation effects of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model.
具体地，如图6所示，数据分析与可视化单元4，包括：Specifically, as shown in FIG6 , the data analysis and visualization unit 4 includes:
模型效果评估模块41，用于判断用户是否输入实测数据，若是则分别输出水文模型和水动力模型的模拟数据和实测数据的对照图，以及模拟数据和实测数据之间的偏差；The model effect evaluation module 41 is used to determine whether the user inputs measured data, and if so, outputs the comparison charts of the simulated data and the measured data of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model, as well as the deviation between the simulated data and the measured data;
具体地，偏差至少包括均方根误差、相对误差和相关系数。Specifically, the deviation includes at least a root mean square error, a relative error, and a correlation coefficient.
进一步地，本实施例数据分析与可视化单元4还用于对敏感区域的淹没范围和洪水演进过程进行展示，以及获取淹没特征。Furthermore, the data analysis and visualization unit 4 of this embodiment is also used to display the flooding range and flood evolution process of the sensitive area, and to obtain flooding characteristics.
具体地，数据分析与可视化单元4，还包括：Specifically, the data analysis and visualization unit 4 further includes:
动画展示模块42，用于根据水文模型和水动力模型的模拟数据并采用动画展示敏感区域的淹没范围和洪水演进过程；An animation display module 42, used to display the flooding range and flood evolution process of sensitive areas by using animation according to the simulation data of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model;
具体地，动画包括淹没水深动画和洪水流场动画。其中，淹没深度采用不同颜色进行表示，动画的帧间隔时间可由用户自主设定。本实施例优选的帧间隔时间取值范围为1秒到30分钟。Specifically, the animation includes flood depth animation and flood flow field animation. The flood depth is represented by different colors, and the frame interval of the animation can be set by the user. The preferred frame interval value range of this embodiment is 1 second to 30 minutes.
淹没特征获取模块43，用于根据敏感区域的土地利用类型和洪水演进过程，得到每种土地利用类型的平均淹没时间、平均淹没水深、平均流速和最大流速。通过统计不同土地利用类型的淹没特征，便于用户进行洪水灾害评估。The flooding feature acquisition module 43 is used to obtain the average flooding time, average flooding depth, average flow velocity and maximum flow velocity of each land use type according to the land use type and flood evolution process of the sensitive area. By statistically analyzing the flooding features of different land use types, it is convenient for users to conduct flood disaster assessment.
需要说明的是，本实施例数据分析与可视化单元4还可根据用户选择的敏感区域内的指定位置，输出该位置的水位、流量和流速随时间变化的过程和数据表。It should be noted that the data analysis and visualization unit 4 of this embodiment can also output the process and data table of the water level, flow rate and flow velocity changes over time at a designated location within the sensitive area selected by the user.
本发明实施例一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统，降低山洪水文水动力建模的专业性和繁琐性，提升山洪水文水动力模型移植效率和水灾害预警预报能力。The embodiment of the present invention provides a rapid modeling system of a hydrological and hydrodynamic model of a small watershed of mountain torrents, which reduces the professionalism and tediousness of the hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling of mountain torrents, and improves the transplantation efficiency of the hydrological and hydrodynamic model of mountain torrents and the early warning and forecasting capabilities of water disasters.
如图7所示，基于上述山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统，本发明实施例还提供了一种快速建模方法，包括：As shown in FIG7 , based on the above-mentioned rapid modeling system of the hydrological and hydrodynamic model of a small watershed of mountain torrents, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a rapid modeling method, including:
S1、读取和处理山洪建模数据，以得到适用于敏感区域水文水动力模拟的数据集；S1. Read and process flash flood modeling data to obtain a dataset suitable for hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation in sensitive areas;
具体地，山洪建模数据包括空间分布数据和时间序列数据，空间分布数据至少包括DEM地形数据、叶面积指数、土地利用数据和土壤性质数据，时间序列数据至少包括气象气候数据和实测水文数据；敏感区域为用户指定评估的山洪流域。Specifically, flash flood modeling data include spatial distribution data and time series data. The spatial distribution data include at least DEM terrain data, leaf area index, land use data and soil property data, and the time series data include at least meteorological climate data and measured hydrological data. The sensitive area is the flash flood basin specified by the user for evaluation.
S2、耦合水文模型和水动力模型，并根据数据集获取水文模型参数估计所需的子流域特征参数，以及根据敏感区域计算水动力模型；S2, coupling the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model, and obtaining the sub-basin characteristic parameters required for the estimation of the hydrological model parameters based on the data set, and calculating the hydrodynamic model based on the sensitive areas;
具体地，子流域特征参数至少包括流域面积、流域平均海拔、流域平均坡度和流域坡度标准差。Specifically, the sub-basin characteristic parameters include at least the basin area, the average elevation of the basin, the average slope of the basin and the standard deviation of the basin slope.
S3、耦合水文模型参数集和水动力模型参数集，并根据水文模型参数集和水动力模型参数集分别对水文模型和水动力模型进行参数赋值，以及当用户输入实测数据时，采用优化算法优化水文模型和水动力模型的参数；S3, coupling the hydrological model parameter set and the hydrodynamic model parameter set, and assigning parameters to the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model respectively according to the hydrological model parameter set and the hydrodynamic model parameter set, and when the user inputs measured data, optimizing the parameters of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model by using an optimization algorithm;
具体地，水文模型参数集包括基于多个流域校正的水文模型参数，水动力模型参数集包括多种下垫面的水动力摩擦系数，实测数据包括实测上游来水数据和实测敏感区域的洪水演进数据。Specifically, the hydrological model parameter set includes hydrological model parameters based on multiple basin corrections, the hydrodynamic model parameter set includes hydrodynamic friction coefficients of various underlying surfaces, and the measured data includes measured upstream water inflow data and measured flood evolution data of sensitive areas.
S4、评估水文模型和水动力模型的模拟效果。S4. Evaluate the simulation effects of the hydrological model and the hydrodynamic model.
需要说明的是，上述一种快速建模方法的具体限定参见上文中对于一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统的限定，二者具有相同的功能和作用，在此不再赘述。It should be noted that the specific limitation of the above-mentioned rapid modeling method refers to the limitation of a rapid modeling system of a flash flood small watershed hydrological and hydrodynamic model mentioned above. The two have the same functions and effects and will not be repeated here.
综上所述，本发明实施例一种山洪小流域水文水动力模型快速建模系统及方法，降低山洪水文水动力建模的专业性和繁琐性，提升山洪水文水动力模型移植效率和水灾害预警预报能力。In summary, the embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for rapid modeling of hydrological and hydrodynamic models of small watersheds of flash floods, which reduces the professionalism and tediousness of hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling of flash floods, and improves the transplantation efficiency of hydrological and hydrodynamic models of flash floods and the early warning and forecasting capabilities of water disasters.
本说明书中的各个实施例均采用递进的方式描述，各个实施例直接相同或相似的部分互相参见即可，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处。尤其，对于方法实施例而言，由于其基本相似于系统实施例，所以描述的比较简单，相关之处参见系统实施例的部分说明即可。需要说明的是，上述实施例的各技术特征可以进行任意的组合，为使描述简洁，未对上述实施例中的各个技术特征所有可能的组合都进行描述，然而，只要这些技术特征的组合不存在矛盾，都应当认为是本说明书记载的范围。Each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, and the same or similar parts of each embodiment can be directly referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. In particular, for the method embodiment, since it is basically similar to the system embodiment, the description is relatively simple, and the relevant parts can be referred to the partial description of the system embodiment. It should be noted that the technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are not described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明技术原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和替换，这些改进和替换也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and substitutions can be made without departing from the technical principles of the present invention. These improvements and substitutions should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present invention.
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