CN117927237A - Directional roof cutting method for solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device - Google Patents
Directional roof cutting method for solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 141
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000008918 voyeurism Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
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- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C37/00—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C37/00—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading
- E21C37/06—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading by making use of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in a borehole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C37/00—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading
- E21C37/06—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading by making use of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in a borehole
- E21C37/14—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading by making use of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in a borehole by compressed air; by gas blast; by gasifying liquids
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
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- Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
Abstract
A method for directional roof cutting of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device includes measuring expansion coefficient of rock at working face; determining the cutting top height after measuring the crushing expansion coefficient of the rock; determining a drilling depth according to the roof cutting height and the drilling angle; determining a drilling interval; drilling holes by combining the drilling depth, the drilling angle and the drilling interval; after the drilling is finished, determining the number of kerf drilling holes to be blasted each time and the required loading quantity of each kerf drilling hole, and placing the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device; when the blasting device is placed, the blasting device is connected through a matched clamping tenon, and then the direction of the energy collecting pipe is adjusted, so that the energy collecting hole is aligned to the direction of the cutting line; before detonation, the gas concentration of the working surface needs to be detected, so that the safe rear detonation is ensured. The invention reduces the explosive consumption (at least more than 20%), reduces the blasting vibration, reduces harmful explosive gas and dust, and can improve the directional rock breaking effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cumulative blasting method, in particular to a directional roof cutting method of a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium cumulative blasting device, which belongs to the technical field of coal rock mass cumulative blasting.
Background
The energy gathering blasting has wide application in the fields of mining areas, tunnels, subways, national defense underground engineering and the like, which need to directionally crack the rock. The implementation of roof pre-splitting by energy gathering blasting is an important application of the energy gathering blasting technology in coal mines, and is one of core technologies of pillar-free self-forming roadway.
The existing main use is bidirectional energy gathering stretching blasting and energy gathering hydraulic blasting, the bidirectional energy gathering blasting realizes directional breaking of rock by gathering energy in two directions, and the defects of various blasts, such as larger dust generated by blasting, poisonous and harmful gas generated in the blasting process, obvious power attenuation and the like, are present, and the construction environment is bad, which is not beneficial to the health of workers. The energy-gathering hydraulic blasting can improve the blasting power by adding water as a coupling agent, and can solve the problems of harmful gas, noise, dust and the like, but still has the problems of insufficient blasting power, reclosing of cracks after rock fracture and the like.
The problems of insufficient length of the directional cracks, insufficient closing of the cracks after blasting, insufficient concentration of energy gathering effect, large vibration and the like can occur in the actual directional roof cutting process, so that a novel blasting method which is higher in power, better in energy gathering effect, small in vibration and the like and is beneficial to the roof falling due to the fact that the cracks are not closed after blasting is favorable for the roof falling, and can be used as propping agents to maintain the open state of the blasting cracks when dust, noise, harmful gas and the like are solved, the cracking state is not closed under the action of surrounding rock pressure, and the problems of connection between a cut roof and an uncut roof are reduced are needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a directional roof cutting method of a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device, which has better energy gathering effect and roof cutting forming effect, can greatly reduce dust and toxic and harmful gas, avoid gas explosion, can keep cracks in an open state after the rock is damaged, does not close, and has longer crack length formed by directional roof cutting.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides a method for directional roof cutting of a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device, which comprises the following steps:
① When directional roof cutting operation is carried out, firstly, the crushing expansion coefficient K of the rock at the working surface is required to be measured;
② After the crushing expansion coefficient of the rock is measured, determining the cutting top height, wherein the cutting top height is determined according to the working face mining height, the roof sinking amount and the bottom drum amount data, and the cutting top height is determined by adopting the following formula:
H＝(M-ΔH1-ΔH2)/(K-1)
Wherein: h is the cutting top height;
M is the sampling height;
Δh1 is the top plate subsidence amount;
ΔH2 is the bottom drum quantity;
③ Determining the drilling depth according to the roof cutting height and the drilling angle, namely:
L＝H/cosα
Wherein: l is the cutting height;
alpha is the drilling angle, namely the included angle between the drilling and the vertical direction;
④ Determining a borehole spacing comprising a rigid top plate: 400-500mm; medium hard top plate: 450-500mm; weak top plate: 500-600mm; composite top plate: 450-600mm;
⑤ Drilling holes are formed by combining the drilling depth, the drilling angle and the drilling interval, a row of kerf drilling holes are formed in a rock stratum of a roadway roof by a drilling machine according to a preset topping line, the preset topping line is positioned on one side of the roadway close to a working surface and is inclined from the vertical direction to the direction of the working surface, and a long arm Liang Qieduan is a short arm beam through directional topping, so that the pressure of the roof is reduced, and the integrity and stability of the roof of the roadway are protected;
⑥ After the drilling is finished, the quantity of kerf drilling holes which need to be blasted each time and the quantity of loading required by each kerf drilling hole are determined, the quantity of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices which are used is determined according to the loading quantity, the quantity and the proportion required by solid-liquid mediums are adjusted according to the requirements, (the proportion of the solid medium to the liquid medium is 1/6-1/4), and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices can be placed after the determination;
⑦ When the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device is placed, the device is connected through a matched clamping tenon, the direction of an energy gathering pipe is adjusted after the connection is finished, an energy gathering hole is aligned to the direction to be broken, a lead is led out of the device, stemming is used for blocking the stemming hole, and the device which needs blasting every time is connected according to the requirement;
⑧ Before detonation, the gas concentration of the working surface needs to be detected, and if the gas concentration exceeds the standard, the explosion is not allowed; after gas inspection is finished, confirming that personnel on a blasting working surface are all evacuated to a safe range, and then detonating the blasting device, wherein in the blasting process, solid medium and liquid medium are utilized, air in a drilling gap is combined to be used as coupling medium together to form solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, and energy generated by blasting is strengthened together through the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, wherein the solid medium and the liquid medium which absorb a large amount of energy are utilized to directly impact a rock mass, meanwhile, high-pressure gas generated by blasting is utilized to further impact the rock mass, further, particle-state solid medium formed in the blasting process, air wedge formed by high-pressure air flow generated in the blasting process and fluid wedge formed by high-pressure liquid generated in the blasting process are utilized to jointly impact the rock mass, and disordered energy in the blasting process is converted into ordered energy and concentrated to act on a concentrated energy direction by utilizing the concentrated energy, so that the reinforced blasting energy is enabled to be discharged along the concentrated energy direction and directional impact is generated on the rock to form a deeper directional crack; after blasting is completed, using a drilling peeping instrument to check the fracture condition of the kerf drilling hole, calculating the kerf rate, if the kerf rate is higher than 75%, continuing with reference to the parameter of the time, otherwise repeating the steps until the kerf rate reaches 75%.
When the explosive is filled, the filling quantity of the explosive can be adjusted according to the length of the filling pipe or the drilling depth, the explosive and the solid-liquid medium filling bags are placed in a staggered mode according to the requirement, a group of solid-liquid medium filling bags are filled after filling every two to three explosives is finished, and the detonator is fixed in the explosive, is connected with the detonator through a lead wire and is led out from the energy collecting hole.
The solid-liquid medium carrying bag is divided into solid-liquid mixing type and solid-liquid separation type in the carrying mode, wherein the solid-liquid mixing type is that solid medium and liquid medium are filled into the same solid-liquid medium carrying bag for mixing, the solid-liquid mixing type is simple to operate, and the solid medium and the liquid medium are fully mixed by virtue of impact generated when explosive explodes; the solid-liquid separation type is to respectively pack the solid medium and the liquid medium, the packing mode of the solid-liquid separation type is relatively complicated to operate, but the solid medium is distributed more uniformly, and the proportion of the solid medium and the liquid medium is more flexible to adjust.
The liquid medium of the invention is water or brine added with inorganic salt; the solid medium is a high-strength granular solid material; the greater the strength of the solid medium, the greater the dynamic impact capability at the time of blasting, the greater the maintenance crack non-closure capability, and the strength of the solid medium is not lower than 70MPa in consideration of cost.
The invention also comprises a cumulative blasting tube, a connecting clamping tenon, a lead, a detonator and a solid-liquid medium bearing bag, wherein the detonator is fixed in the explosive, one end of the lead is connected with the detonator, the other end of the lead is led out from the cumulative hole to be connected with a detonator, the cumulative blasting function is realized by arranging the explosive, the detonator and the solid-liquid medium bearing bag which is loaded with the solid medium and the liquid medium in the cumulative tube, the connecting clamping tenon is used for fixing and connecting, and the sequence and the time of detonation are controlled by the detonator and the lead, so that the practical use of the device is realized.
The energy-gathering blasting tube comprises an energy-gathering tube body and energy-gathering structures, wherein the cross section of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body is circular, the cross section of an inner cavity of the energy-gathering tube body is elliptical, the number of the energy-gathering structures is two, the two energy-gathering structures are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the elliptical inner cavity, and the two energy-gathering structures are both positioned on the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity, so that the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity is in an energy-gathering direction; the wall thickness of the energy-gathering tube body is gradually increased from the long axis of the elliptical cavity to the short axis of the elliptical cavity, and the thickness is the largest in the short axis direction of the elliptical cavity; the energy collecting structure is composed of a plurality of energy collecting holes, the energy collecting holes are arranged in a straight line at equal intervals, and the straight line is parallel to the axis of the energy collecting pipe body.
The energy gathering holes are axisymmetric energy gathering holes (such as circular holes, elliptical holes, diamond holes, regular hexagonal holes and the like), and the longest symmetry axis direction of each energy gathering hole is consistent with the direction of the scribing line. The axisymmetric energy gathering holes are selected to be matched with the score lines, and the energy gathering pipes are assisted to release energy linearly along the score line direction. The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the lumen is 16:9 to 4: 3. Therefore, the control of the pipe wall thickness can be ensured, and energy can be better gathered in the energy gathering direction during blasting; the length of the longest symmetrical axis of each energy gathering hole is 1/7-1/11 of the circular diameter of the outer surface of the energy gathering pipe, the distance between every two adjacent energy gathering holes is 3-5 times of the length of the longest symmetrical axis of each energy gathering hole, the circular diameter of the outer surface of the energy gathering pipe is 6-8mm smaller than the diameter of a blast hole, energy can be better gathered in the energy gathering direction during blasting within the range, and the material of the energy gathering pipe has flame-retardant and antistatic properties, so that the safety of the energy gathering pipe in contact with explosive is ensured.
The connecting clamping tenons are of an I-shaped structure, the edges of the parts, which are used for being connected with the charging pipe, of the upper part and the lower part are arc-shaped, the outer side profile of the charging pipe is ensured to keep all the time after connection, and interference caused when the connecting clamping tenons are placed into a drilling hole due to the fact that the connecting clamping tenons are protruding is avoided.
Compared with the prior art, the energy-gathering blasting device is a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy-gathering blasting device, the device realizes a more efficient blasting effect by adding a special solid coupling agent and a liquid coupling agent, and the energy-gathering effect is enhanced by using the energy-gathering blasting tube with an elliptic inner cavity so as to realize a brand-new directional roof cutting mode. The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting utilizes the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium to transfer energy, and particularly, the addition of high-strength solid particles can obviously improve the blasting power, and the explosive consumption can be reduced by more than 22% compared with the traditional blasting according to field tests. Compared with the traditional energy-gathering hydraulic blasting, the technology increases the rock breaking effect of high-speed particle impact (solid medium generation) +high-pressure water jet (liquid medium generation) and the rock breaking effect of high-speed particle impact (solid medium generation), and in addition, the solid particles can maintain the state of crack breaking. The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device is different from the traditional two-way stretch energy gathering blasting and energy gathering hydraulic blasting by adding the solid coupling agent, after adding the solid medium and the liquid medium, the solid medium and the liquid medium are used as coupling media together with air in a drill hole and a device gap to form the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, the transmission efficiency of energy generated by blasting and vibration waves generated by blasting is higher, impact is generated on the periphery, and the power of the energy gathering hydraulic blasting can be increased to more than ten times. Besides the pneumatic wedge effect of the detonation wave and the high-pressure gas of the conventional blasting, the invention has the dynamic impact effect of high-strength solid particles and the fluid wedge effect of high-pressure liquid water jet which absorbs a large amount of energy to impact the rock, the four effects jointly break the broken coal rock mass rock, in addition, the high-strength solid particle medium can be used as a propping agent in the crack to maintain the open state of the crack. The invention can greatly reduce the explosive consumption (the explosive consumption can be reduced by more than 22 percent according to the field test result), reduce the blasting vibration, has better energy collecting effect and better roof cutting forming effect, can greatly reduce dust and toxic and harmful gas, avoid gas explosion, can keep the open state of cracks after the rock is damaged, does not close the cracks, and has longer crack length formed by directional roof cutting.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a solid-liquid mixed solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a solid-liquid separation (solid medium is close to explosive) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a solid-liquid separation (liquid medium is close to explosive) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a borehole structure;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view A-A of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a multi-group device connection effect;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a multi-drilling apparatus connection effect;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a topping effect;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view B-B of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a three-phase coupling medium energy-gathering blasting of the present invention, wherein (a) is a stress distribution diagram of an inner cavity of an energy-gathering blasting tube, and (b) is a schematic diagram of directional rock breaking;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the structure of the energy gathering blasting tube of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a left side view of FIG. 9;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a linear energy concentrating structure according to the present invention;
Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of a dot-line combined energy accumulating structure in the present invention.
In the figure: 1. solid-liquid medium bearing bag 2, explosive 3, energy gathering blasting tube 3.1, energy gathering tube body 3.2, energy gathering hole 4, stemming 5, detonator 6, lead wire 7, solid-liquid mixed medium 8, gas medium-air 9, liquid medium 10, solid particles 11, drilling hole 12, initiator 13, energy gathering groove.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A method for directional roof cutting of a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device comprises the following steps:
① In the process of directional roof cutting operation, firstly, the crushing expansion coefficient K of the rock at the working surface needs to be measured, and the measurement of the crushing expansion coefficient is also known in the prior art by the person skilled in the art;
② After the crushing expansion coefficient of the rock is measured, the cutting top height is determined, wherein the cutting top height is determined according to the working face mining height, the roof sinking amount and the bottom drum amount data, and the cutting top height is determined by adopting the following formula:
H＝(M-ΔH1-ΔH2)/(K-1)
Wherein: h is the cutting top height;
M is the sampling height;
Δh1 is the top plate subsidence amount;
ΔH2 is the bottom drum quantity;
③ The drilling depth is determined from the angle of the truncated height with the borehole 9, i.e.:
L＝H/cosα
Wherein: l is the cutting height;
alpha is the drilling angle, namely the included angle between the drilling and the vertical direction;
④ Determining a borehole spacing comprising a rigid top plate: 400-500mm; medium hard top plate: 450-500mm; weak top plate: 500-600mm; composite top plate: 450-600mm;
⑤ The drilling holes 11 are formed by combining the drilling depth, the drilling angle and the drilling hole spacing, a row of kerf drilling holes 11 are formed in a rock layer of a roadway roof by a drilling machine according to a preset kerf line, as shown in fig. 4 and 5, the kerf line is positioned on one side of the roadway close to a working surface and is inclined from the vertical direction to the direction of the working surface, and a long arm Liang Qieduan is used as a short arm beam through directional kerf, so that the pressure of the roof is reduced, and the complete stability of the roof of the roadway is protected;
⑥ After the drill holes 11 are opened, determining the number of kerf drill holes to be blasted each time and the required explosive loading amount of each kerf drill hole, and determining the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices according to the explosive loading amount, wherein fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the solid-liquid mixed solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device, and fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the solid-liquid separation type (solid medium is close to explosive) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a solid-liquid separation (liquid medium is close to explosive) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device; the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device can be placed after the determination by adjusting the required quantity and proportion of the solid-liquid medium according to the requirement;
⑦ When the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device is placed, a plurality of energy gathering blasting tubes 3 are coaxially connected through matched clamping tenons, the connection effect of the plurality of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices is shown in fig. 6, the direction of the energy gathering blasting tubes is adjusted after connection is finished, energy gathering holes 3.2 are aligned to the direction of a cutting line, a lead 6 is led out of the device, stemming 4 is used for blocking the stemming holes, the devices required to be blasted each time are connected according to requirements, and the connection effect of the devices is shown in fig. 7 after a plurality of groups of drilling holes are filled.
⑧ Before detonation, the gas concentration of the working surface needs to be detected, and if the gas concentration exceeds the standard, the explosion is not allowed; after the gas inspection is finished, the personnel on the blasting working face are completely evacuated to a safe range, the blasting device is detonated by the exploder 12, in the blasting process, the solid medium and the liquid medium are added, and the air in the gap of the drill hole 11 is combined to be used as a coupling medium together to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, and the energy generated by blasting is strengthened together through the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, wherein the coal rock mass is jointly cracked by the high-speed dynamic impact action of the high-strength solid particle medium, the fluid wedge action of high-pressure fluid water jet formed by the liquid medium, the detonation wave action of the explosive and the air wedge action of the high-pressure air flow, and meanwhile, the crack expansion is further promoted by the high-pressure air generated by the explosion, and the cracking state of the crack is maintained by the solid particles. The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting utilizes the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium to transfer energy, and particularly, the addition of high-strength solid particles can obviously improve the blasting power, and the explosive consumption can be reduced by more than 22% compared with the traditional blasting according to field tests. Compared with the traditional energy-gathering hydraulic blasting, the technology increases the rock breaking effect of high-speed particle impact (solid medium generation) +high-pressure water jet (liquid medium generation) and the rock breaking effect of high-speed particle impact (solid medium generation), and in addition, the solid particles can maintain the state of crack breaking. Synchronously, disordered energy conversion in the blasting process is integrated into ordered energy by utilizing the energy gathering effect of the energy gathering blasting grooves and the energy gathering holes and acts on the energy gathering direction in a concentrated manner, so that the reinforced blasting energy is ejected along the energy gathering direction and directional impact is generated on the rock; after blasting is completed, using a drilling peeping instrument to check the fracture condition of the kerf drilling hole, calculating the kerf rate, if the kerf rate is higher than 75%, continuing with reference to the parameter of the time, otherwise repeating the steps until the kerf rate reaches 75%.
When the explosive 2 is filled, the filling quantity can be adjusted according to the length of a filling pipe or the depth of a drilling hole, the explosive 2 and the solid-liquid medium bearing bags 1 are placed in a staggered mode according to the requirement, a group of solid-liquid medium bearing bags 1 are filled after filling every two to three explosives is finished, and detonators 5 are fixed in the explosive 2, connected with the detonators 5 through leads 6 and led out from the energy collecting holes 3.2.
The solid-liquid medium carrying bag 1 is divided into solid-liquid mixing type and solid-liquid separation type in the carrying mode, namely, solid medium and liquid medium are filled into the same solid-liquid medium carrying bag 1 to be mixed into solid-liquid mixing medium 7, the carrying mode is simple to operate, the solid medium and the liquid medium are fully mixed by virtue of impact generated when explosive explodes, and the solid-liquid medium proportion is 1/6-1/4. The solid-liquid separation type is to respectively pack the solid medium and the liquid medium, the packing mode is relatively complicated to operate, but the distribution of the solid medium is more uniform, and the proportion of the solid medium to the liquid medium is more flexible to adjust.
The liquid medium of the invention is water or brine added with inorganic salt; the solid medium is a high strength granular solid material. The invention has various choices in material selection, from the simplest water or salt water added with inorganic salt to other components which have auxiliary effect on rock fracture or components which help reduce harmful factors generated by explosion, for example, after sodium silicate is added, the invention can promote the complete reaction of nitrites generated by explosion to generate harmless gas, can also have a certain corrosion effect on rock, and strengthen the damage effect on the rock. The main purpose of adding a liquid medium is to increase the transfer of burst energy by means of a liquid, which is less compressible, denser and less lossy when transmitting energy than a gaseous medium. The liquid medium can also absorb the heat generated after explosion better, so that other hidden hazards caused by open fire generated by overlarge heat are avoided. In addition, the liquid medium can absorb dust and toxic and harmful gas generated by blasting, so that vibration can be reduced, the working environment is improved, and the working efficiency is improved.
The solid medium of the invention is a granular solid material with high strength (the larger the strength of the solid medium is, the larger the dynamic impact capability during blasting is, the stronger the maintenance crack non-closure capability is, and the compressive strength is not lower than 70MPa in consideration of cost), and the main functions of the solid medium are as follows: during the blasting process, a large amount of energy is obtained by means of the explosion of the explosive, high-speed impact is generated on the rock, and after the explosion is carried out on the rock, the rock is broken to generate cracks; after the rock is damaged, the rock is wedged into the explosive cracks, and the crack is used as a propping agent to maintain the opening state of the explosive cracks, so that the crack cannot be closed under the action of surrounding rock pressure, the communication effect between directional cracks generated between different drilling holes is better, and finally, a more continuous joint cutting surface is formed.
The three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting schematic diagram is shown in fig. 10, after a solid medium and a liquid medium are added, the solid medium and the liquid medium are used as coupling medium together with a drilling hole and a gas medium-air 8 in a device gap to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, the transmission efficiency of energy generated by blasting and vibration waves generated by blasting is higher, impacts are generated on the periphery, and compared with the traditional energy gathering blasting or energy gathering water pressure blasting power is greatly improved. By means of the energy gathering effect of the energy gathering pipe, disordered energy is converted into ordered energy, the energy is guided to the energy gathering direction and is emitted along the energy gathering direction, the energy is more concentrated, and the utilization rate is higher. After energy collection, the energy collection pipe is broken but not broken only in the energy collection direction, so that surrounding rocks in other directions are further protected from being impacted and uniformly stressed, and the rock mass is complete and provides energy for stretching damage of the directional cracks. In addition to the detonation wave of conventional explosion and the gas wedge effect of high-pressure gas, the explosion method has the dynamic impact effect of high-strength solid particles and the fluid wedge effect of high-pressure liquid water jet which absorbs a large amount of energy, and the quadruple effect commonly cracks the coal rock mass to form a directional tension crack.
The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device also comprises an energy gathering blasting tube 3, a connecting clamping tenon, an explosive 2, a lead 6, a detonator 5 and a solid-liquid medium bearing bag 1, wherein the detonator 5 is fixed in the explosive 2, one end of the lead 6 is connected with the detonator 5, the other end of the lead is led out from the energy gathering hole 3.2 to be connected with a detonator 12, the function of energy gathering blasting is realized by arranging the explosive 2, the detonator 5 and the solid-liquid medium bearing bag 1 which is loaded with solid medium and liquid medium inside the energy gathering tube, the connecting clamping tenon is used for fixing and connecting, and the sequence and time of detonation are controlled by the detonator 5 and the lead 6, so that the practical use of the device is realized.
The energy-gathering blasting tube 3 comprises an energy-gathering tube body 3.1 and energy-gathering structures, wherein the cross section of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body 3.1 is circular, the cross section of an inner cavity of the energy-gathering tube body is elliptical, the number of the energy-gathering structures is two, the two energy-gathering structures are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the elliptical inner cavity, and the two energy-gathering structures are both arranged on the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity, so that the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity is the energy-gathering direction; the pipe wall thickness of the energy-gathering pipe body 3.1 gradually increases from the long axis of the elliptical cavity to the short axis of the elliptical cavity, and the thickness is the largest in the short axis direction of the elliptical cavity; the energy collecting structure is composed of a plurality of energy collecting holes 3.2, the energy collecting holes 3.2 are arranged in a straight line at equal intervals, and the straight line is parallel to the axis of the energy collecting pipe body 3.1.
The energy gathering holes are a kind of 'point' type energy gathering, and the energy generated during blasting can be gathered to impact the rock mass in the form of 'point' through the small holes. The energy gathering mode can also be that an energy gathering groove 13 is formed in the pipe wall, the energy gathering groove 13 is a line type energy gathering, and energy generated during blasting can be gathered through the groove in the pipe wall to impact the rock mass in a straight line type. In addition, the pipe wall can be provided with an energy gathering hole and a pipe wall slot, so that the combined energy gathering of point-line is realized, and the advantages of high concentration degree of point-line type energy gathering and convenient processing of line type are absorbed. According to the actual test effect, the point type energy gathering effect is optimal, so that the energy gathering hole mode is selected for orientation.
The material of the energy gathering blasting tube is flame-retardant and antistatic material, such as PVC material; the long axis direction of the inner cavity of the energy-collecting tube body 3.1 is an energy-collecting direction, and the inside and the outside of the tube body are marked, and the energy-collecting holes 3.2 are uniformly distributed on the tube wall along the marking direction; ; t-shaped grooves are formed in two ends of the energy-collecting pipe body 3.1 and are connected with the connecting clamping tenons in an adaptive mode. The energy gathering holes are axisymmetric energy gathering holes (such as circular holes, elliptical holes, diamond holes, regular hexagonal holes and the like), and the longest symmetry axis direction of each energy gathering hole is consistent with the direction of the scribing line. The axisymmetric energy gathering holes are selected to be matched with the score lines, and the energy gathering pipes are assisted to release energy linearly along the score line direction. The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the lumen is 16:9 to 4: 3. Therefore, the control of the pipe wall thickness can be ensured, and energy can be better gathered in the energy gathering direction during blasting; the length of the longest symmetrical axis of each energy gathering hole is 1/7-1/11 of the diameter of the outer surface of the energy gathering pipe body, the distance between every two adjacent energy gathering holes is 3-5 times of the length of the longest symmetrical axis of each energy gathering hole, the diameter of the outer surface of the energy gathering pipe body is 6-8mm smaller than the diameter of the blast hole, and energy can be gathered in the energy gathering direction better during blasting within the range.
The connecting clamping tenons are of an I-shaped structure, the edges of the parts, which are used for being connected with the charging pipe, of the upper part and the lower part are arc-shaped, so that the connecting clamping tenons are ensured to keep the profile of the outer side of the charging pipe all the time after being connected, and interference caused when the connecting clamping tenons are placed into a drilling hole due to the fact that the connecting clamping tenons are protruding is avoided; when in connection, the T-shaped groove slides in after being aligned from the side surface of the T-shaped groove until the T-shaped groove is completely embedded in the T-shaped groove; the clamping tenons are connected with the T-shaped grooves, so that the positions of the charging tubes can be adjusted conveniently, the structure can be ensured to be more stable and not easy to slide when the charging tubes are placed, and the charging tubes are taken out more easily when taken out, for example, when taken out after a dead gun is found, the charging tubes can be taken out of the whole charging tube without being contacted with explosives, and the safety is higher. The situation that the lower energy collecting pipe is separated from the upper energy collecting pipe due to gravity in the adjustment process can be avoided when the energy collecting pipe is placed in the downward drilling hole.
In summary, the solid medium of the invention is a granular solid material with high strength (compressive strength is more than 70 MPa), and the main functions of the solid medium are as follows: (1) During the blasting process, a large amount of energy is obtained by means of the explosion of the explosive, high-speed impact is generated on the rock, and after the explosion is carried out on the rock, the rock is broken to generate cracks; (2) After the rock is damaged, the rock is wedged into the explosive cracks, and the crack is used as a propping agent to maintain the open state of the explosive cracks, so that the crack is not closed under the action of surrounding rock pressure, and the communication effect between cracks generated between different drilling holes is better.
The liquid medium has various choices in material selection, from the simplest water or brine added with inorganic salt to other components which assist in breaking the rock or reduce harmful factors generated by explosion, for example, after sodium silicate is added, the liquid medium can promote the complete reaction of nitrites generated by explosion to generate harmless gas, can play a certain corrosive role on the rock and strengthen the damage effect on the rock. The main purpose of adding a liquid medium is to improve the transfer of burst energy by means of a liquid, and the liquid medium is less compressible, has higher density and has lower loss when transmitting energy than a gaseous medium. The liquid medium can also absorb the heat generated after explosion better, so that other hidden hazards caused by open fire generated by overlarge heat are avoided. In addition, the liquid medium can absorb dust and toxic and harmful gas generated by blasting, so that vibration can be reduced, the working environment is improved, and the working efficiency is improved.
The invention fully plays the quadruple actions of detonation wave (explosive generation) +high-speed particle impact (solid medium generation) +high-pressure water jet (liquid medium generation) +high-energy gas fracturing (explosive generation), improves the blasting power through the solid-liquid medium, greatly reduces the loading quantity compared with the traditional blasting power, and further reduces the economic cost; the blasting vibration is reduced, the disturbance effect of blasting on surrounding objects is reduced, and the area range is small, so that the post-stage support is simpler and more convenient.
Claims (8)
1. The method for directional roof cutting of the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
① When directional roof cutting operation is carried out, firstly, the crushing expansion coefficient K of the rock at the working surface is required to be measured;
② After the crushing expansion coefficient of the rock is measured, determining the cutting height, wherein the cutting height is determined by adopting the following formula:
H＝(M-ΔH1-ΔH2)/(K-1)
Wherein: h is the cutting top height;
M is the sampling height;
Δh1 is the top plate subsidence amount;
ΔH2 is the bottom drum quantity;
K is the coefficient of crushing expansion;
③ Determining the drilling depth according to the roof cutting height and the drilling angle, namely:
L＝H/cosα
Wherein: l is the cutting height;
alpha is the drilling angle, namely the included angle between the drilling and the vertical direction;
④ Determining a drilling interval;
⑤ Drilling holes are formed by combining the drilling depth, the drilling angle and the drilling interval, a row of kerf drilling holes are formed in a rock stratum of a roadway roof by a drilling machine according to a preset topping line, the topping line is positioned on one side of the roadway close to a working surface and is inclined from the vertical direction to the direction of the working surface, and a long arm Liang Qieduan is a short arm beam through directional topping, so that the pressure of the roof is reduced, and the completeness and stability of the roof of the roadway are protected;
⑥ After the drilling is finished, determining the quantity of kerf drilling holes to be blasted each time and the quantity of explosive loading required by each kerf drilling hole, determining the quantity of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices according to the quantity of explosive loading, adjusting the quantity and the proportion required by solid-liquid media according to the requirement, and placing the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices after the determination;
⑦ When the device is placed, one or more solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting devices are connected through matched clamping tenons, the direction of an energy gathering pipe is adjusted after the connection is finished, an energy gathering hole is aligned to the direction of a cutting line, a lead is led out of the device, and stemming is used for blocking the stemming hole;
⑧ Before detonation, the gas concentration of the working surface needs to be detected, and if the gas concentration exceeds the standard, the explosion is not allowed; after the gas inspection is finished, confirming that personnel on a blasting working surface are all evacuated to a safe range, detonating the blasting device, in the blasting process, utilizing the added solid medium and liquid medium and combining air in a drilling gap to serve as a coupling medium together to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, and jointly reinforcing energy generated by blasting through the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium, wherein the coal rock mass is jointly cracked by utilizing the high-speed dynamic impact action of a high-strength solid particle medium, the fluid wedge action of high-pressure fluid water jet formed by the liquid medium, the detonation wave action of an explosive and the gas wedge action of high-pressure gas flow, and simultaneously, utilizing high-pressure gas generated by explosion to further impact the rock mass to promote crack expansion and utilizing solid particles to maintain the cracking state of the crack to be not closed; synchronously, disordered energy conversion in the blasting process is integrated into ordered energy by utilizing the energy gathering effect of the energy gathering blasting grooves and the energy gathering holes and acts on the energy gathering direction in a concentrated manner, so that the reinforced blasting energy is ejected along the energy gathering direction and directional impact is generated on the rock to form a directional crack with a deeper length; after blasting is completed, using a drilling peeping instrument to check the fracture condition of the kerf drilling hole, calculating the kerf rate, if the kerf rate is higher than 75%, continuing with reference to the parameter of the time, otherwise repeating the steps until the kerf rate reaches 75%.
2. The method for directional roof cutting of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device according to claim 1, wherein the explosive in the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device can be adjusted in loading quantity according to the length of the loading tube or the drilling depth, and is placed in a staggered manner with the solid-liquid medium containing bags according to the requirement, and a group of solid-liquid medium containing bags is usually loaded after every two to three explosive loading is completed.
3. The method for directional roof cutting of a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the solid-liquid medium carrying bag is divided into solid-liquid mixed type and solid-liquid separated type in carrying manner; the solid-liquid medium ratio is 1/6-1/4.
4. A method for directional roof cutting by a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the liquid medium is one of water, brine added with inorganic salt or sodium silicate; the solid medium is granular solid material with high strength, and the strength of the solid medium is higher than 70MPa.
5. The method for directional roof cutting of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device according to claim 3, wherein the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device further comprises an energy gathering blasting tube, a connecting clamping tenon, a lead, a detonator and a solid-liquid medium carrying bag, wherein the detonator is fixed in the explosive, one end of the lead is connected with the detonator, the other end of the lead is led out of the energy gathering hole to be connected with an initiator, the function of energy gathering blasting is realized by arranging the explosive, the detonator and the solid-liquid medium carrying bag carrying solid medium and liquid medium inside the energy gathering tube, the connecting clamping tenon is used for fixing and connecting, and the sequence and the time of blasting are controlled by means of the detonator and the lead, so that the device is practically used.
6. The method for directional roof cutting of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting device according to claim 3, wherein the energy gathering blasting tube comprises an energy gathering tube body and energy gathering structures, the cross section of the outer surface of the energy gathering tube body is circular, the cross section of the inner cavity of the energy gathering tube body is elliptical, the number of the energy gathering structures is two, the two energy gathering structures are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the elliptical inner cavity, and the two energy gathering structures are both positioned on the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity, so that the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity is the energy gathering direction; the wall thickness of the energy-gathering tube body is gradually increased from the long axis of the elliptical cavity to the short axis of the elliptical cavity, and the thickness is the largest in the short axis direction of the elliptical cavity; the energy collecting structure is composed of a plurality of energy collecting holes, the energy collecting holes are arranged in a straight line at equal intervals, and the straight line is parallel to the axis of the energy collecting pipe body.
7. The method for directional roof cutting by a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy concentrating blasting device according to claim 6, wherein the energy concentrating holes are axisymmetrically shaped energy concentrating holes, the longest symmetry axis direction of each energy concentrating hole is consistent with the direction of a scribing line, and the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the inner cavity is 16:9 to 4: 3; the length of the longest symmetrical axis of each energy gathering hole is 1/7-1/11 of the diameter of the outer surface of the energy gathering pipe, the distance between every two adjacent energy gathering holes is 3-5 times of the length of the longest symmetrical axis of each energy gathering hole, the diameter of the outer surface of the energy gathering pipe is 6-8mm smaller than the diameter of the blast hole, and the material of the energy gathering pipe has flame-retardant and antistatic properties.
8. A method for directional roof cutting of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy gathering blasting apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the connecting trip is in an "i" shape, and the edges of the upper and lower parts for connecting with the charging tube are arc-shaped.
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