CN117901456A - Forming tool and method for autoclave with fiber wound engine shell and artificial release layer - Google Patents
Forming tool and method for autoclave with fiber wound engine shell and artificial release layer Download PDFInfo
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- CN117901456A CN117901456A CN202410108629.1A CN202410108629A CN117901456A CN 117901456 A CN117901456 A CN 117901456A CN 202410108629 A CN202410108629 A CN 202410108629A CN 117901456 A CN117901456 A CN 117901456A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 50
- 239000012945 sealing adhesive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005580 one pot reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a forming tool and a forming method for an artificial debonding layer autoclave of a fiber winding engine shell, wherein the tool comprises a forming die and a shaping pressing die matched with the forming die, the forming die is in a semi-sphere shape, the top of the forming die is close to the center, and the outer edge of the forming die is provided with mounting holes, and the shaping pressing die is fixedly connected with the forming die through the mounting holes, so that the artificial debonding layer between the forming die and the shaping pressing die is fastened on the forming die; the forming die comprises a flat section, an arc section and a straight section from top to bottom, wherein the flat section is horizontally arranged, the flat section is in a plane ring shape or a cone shape, the straight section is in a cylinder shape or a cone shape, the upper end of the arc section is connected with the flat section into a whole, and the lower end of the arc section is connected with the straight section into a whole. Compared with the traditional compression molding method, the method has the advantages of simple tool design, less input, simple and quick surface mount die-filling operation, high product qualification rate and the like; meanwhile, the multi-mode batch production of one tank can be realized, and the production efficiency is greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of rubber heat insulation material curing molding, in particular to an autoclave molding tool and method for an artificial de-adhesive layer of a fiber-wound engine shell.
Background
The artificial debonding layer of the filament wound engine housing is located between the inner wall of the engine housing and the propellant grains and is an important part of the insulation layer in the filament wound engine housing. The manual release layer absorbs a large amount of heat through self heat absorption, decomposition, ablation and carbonization when the winding engine shell works, so that the shell is prevented from being damaged by fuel gas and heat generated at high temperature, and the winding engine is ensured not to overheat and lose strength and operates normally.
At present, the manual release layer is cured and formed by using a traditional molding mode of press molding, and the following defects exist: the compression molding tool is complex in design, an upper die and a lower die are required to be designed and molded, and the tool design and manufacturing cost are high; the manual stripping layer is purely manually pasted and molded, and the molding efficiency is low; the product quality can not be monitored by opening the tool in the compression molding process, and the product qualification rate is low; the press molding can only produce one die at a time, and the production efficiency is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at overcoming the defects of the prior art, and provides a tool and a method for forming an artificial debonding layer autoclave of a fiber winding engine shell, wherein the method for forming the artificial debonding layer autoclave has the advantages of simple tool design, less input, simple and quick surface mounting and die filling operation, high product percent of pass and the like compared with the traditional compression molding method; meanwhile, the multi-mode batch production of one tank can be realized, and the production efficiency is greatly improved.
In order to solve the technical problems, in a first aspect, the invention provides an autoclave forming tool for an artificial debonding layer of a fiber winding engine shell, which comprises a forming die and a shaping pressing die matched with the forming die, wherein the forming die is in a semi-sphere shape, mounting holes are formed in the position, close to the center, of the top of the forming die and the outer edge of the forming die, and the shaping pressing die is fixedly connected with the forming die through the mounting holes, so that the artificial debonding layer between the forming die and the shaping pressing die is fastened on the forming die;
The forming die comprises a flat section, an arc section and a straight section from top to bottom, wherein the flat section is in a plane ring shape or a cone shape, the straight section is in a cylinder shape or a cone shape, the upper end of the arc section is connected with the flat section into a whole, and the lower end of the arc section is connected with the straight section into a whole.
Further, the shaping pressing die is provided with multiple flaps around the annular direction of the forming die.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for forming an autoclave with an artificial debonding layer of a filament wound engine housing, comprising the steps of:
S1, calculating the size of an annular film corresponding to a flat section and the size of a rubber strip corresponding to a straight section and an arc section according to a manual debonding layer design drawing, cutting out the corresponding annular film, and extruding the corresponding rubber strip;
S2, attaching an annular film on the flat section position, and filling a die on the circular arc section and the straight section from the small diameter to the large diameter in a mode of winding adhesive tapes layer by layer in a circumferential direction, wherein the joint of the adhesive tapes and the annular film is in butt joint;
S3, paving a shaping pressing die on the forming die, and fastening and connecting the shaping pressing die with the forming die so that the shaping pressing die covers the artificial release layer;
s4, pre-curing the manual release layer;
s5, checking and trimming the manual debonding layer;
s6, forming the artificial debonding layer in an autoclave.
Further, in step S1, according to the shrinkage of the raw rubber material of the heat insulating material, the annular rubber sheet is accurately cut by using an automatic rubber sheet cutting device, and the rubber strip with uniform size is extruded by using a rubber extruder, so that the cut annular rubber sheet and the extruded rubber strip have enough shrinkage allowance.
Further, step S2 includes: and (3) taking the inner diameter of the flat section of the forming die as a reference, carrying out die filling of the annular film, taking the outer diameter of the flat section as a starting point, and annularly winding the adhesive tape from top to bottom, wherein the thickness of the wound adhesive tape is measured in real time in the adhesive tape winding process, so that the total winding thickness is ensured to meet the design thickness requirement.
Further, step S4 includes: the artificial debonding layer is fastened on the outer surface of the forming die and then integrally placed in an oven for pre-curing, the pre-curing parameters are that the temperature is 90-120 ℃, the heat is preserved for 90-120 min, and the whole body is removed from the oven after the heat preservation is finished.
Further, step S5 includes: removing the shaping pressing die, measuring the external molded surface of the pre-cured artificial debonding layer by using the external molded surface template of the artificial debonding layer, and measuring the clearance value between the external molded surface template and the pre-cured artificial debonding layer by using the feeler gauge to monitor the quality of the molded surface of the product; and (3) using a thin needle to insert the pre-cured artificial debonding layer to test the thickness dimension of each part, and comparing the test result with a design drawing to monitor the dimension of each part of the product.
Further, step S5 includes: and polishing and trimming the high points of the outer surface of the artificial release layer, smoothly transiting to ensure the surface quality of the product, cleaning the polished part by using ethyl acetate or absolute ethyl alcohol after polishing, and filling the thickness defect of the artificial release layer by cutting raw rubber sheets with corresponding sizes so as to ensure the size of the product.
Further, step S6 includes: sequentially laying a polytetrafluoroethylene film, an air felt and a vacuum film bag on the surface of the artificial debonding layer, and sealing the vacuum film bag and the outer edge of the forming die by using a high-temperature sealing tape; using a vacuum pump to vacuumize and remove air between the vacuum film bag and the forming die; curing the artificial release layer by using an autoclave; and after the solidification is finished, sequentially removing the vacuum film bag, the airfelt and the polytetrafluoroethylene film on the surface of the artificial debonding layer.
Further, in step S6, autoclave curing parameters are: adding initial pressure of 0.4-0.8 MPa, heating to 100-120 deg.c and maintaining for 30-60 min; after the heat preservation is finished, continuously pressurizing to 1.0 MPa-2.0 MPa, maintaining the pressure, continuously heating to 130-150 ℃, and preserving the heat for 120-180 min; and after the heat preservation is finished, cooling to below 60 ℃ along with the autoclave, and discharging.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. The tool disclosed by the invention is simple in design and low in cost. Compared with the condition that the traditional compression molding die is required to be designed with an upper die and a lower die, the invention can meet the production requirement by only designing a simple single die (molding die) according to the inner molded surface of the manual debonding layer.
2. The die-filling efficiency of the invention is high. The circular arc angle and the straight edge are uniformly die-filled by using the mode of winding the adhesive tape, so that the defects of larger die-filling error, uneven die-filling and low die-filling efficiency of the traditional manual die-filling are overcome.
3. The invention has the advantages of monitoring the production process and high qualification rate of finished products. The shaping method of the autoclave for the manual debonding layer ensures the thickness and apparent quality of the product after pre-solidification, but the manual debonding layer produced by the traditional compression molding process cannot be monitored and shaped, and the problems of larger apparent defect and high rejection rate of the product after demolding exist.
4. The invention has high production efficiency. Traditional compression molding can only produce one mould at a time, and the manual release layer for autoclave molding can realize single-time one-pot multi-mode batch molding, so that the production efficiency is high.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the tooling of the present invention.
Reference numerals: a forming die 1; shaping a pressing mold 2; an outer edge 3; a flat section 4; a circular arc section 5; a straight section 6; a bolt 7; a ring-shaped film 8; and a rubber strip 9.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical schemes and beneficial effects to be solved more clear, the application is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the application.
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment provides an autoclave forming tool for manually releasing an adhesive layer of a fiber winding engine shell, which comprises a forming die 1 and a shaping pressing die 2 matched with the forming die 1;
The forming die 1 is hemispherical, a circular groove is formed in the top of the forming die 1, mounting holes are formed in the bottom of the circular groove, a circle of outer edges 3 are formed in the bottom of the forming die 1, and a plurality of mounting holes are uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction of the outer edges 3. The forming die 1 comprises a flat section 4, an arc section 5 and a straight section 6 from top to bottom; the flat section 4 is in a plane ring shape or a cone shape, in the embodiment, the flat section 4 is in a plane ring shape, and the circular groove is positioned at the inner side of the flat section 4 and is coaxially arranged with the flat section 4; the straight section 6 is cylindrical or conical, in this embodiment, the straight section 6 is cylindrical, and the outer edge 3 is fixedly connected with the lower end surface of the straight section 6; the upper end of the arc section 5 is connected with the outer diameter of the flat section 4 into a whole, and the lower end of the arc section 5 is connected with the upper end of the straight section 6 into a whole.
The shaping pressing die 2 is provided with multiple pieces around the annular direction of the forming die 1, and the upper end and the lower end of the shaping pressing die 2 are fixedly connected with the forming die 1 through bolts 7 penetrating through mounting holes, so that the manual release layer between the shaping pressing die 2 and the forming die 1 is fastened. Only one flap of the shaping stamp 2 is illustrated in fig. 1.
The molding method of the autoclave molding tool for winding the engine shell by utilizing the fiber is as follows:
S1, pretreatment of a heat insulating material: according to the design drawing of the manual debonding layer, the size of the annular film 8 corresponding to the flat section 4 is calculated, and the size of the adhesive tape 9 corresponding to the straight section 6 and the circular arc section 5 is calculated. According to the shrinkage of the raw and cooked rubber material of the heat insulating material, the annular rubber sheet 8 is accurately cut by using cutting system equipment, and the rubber strip 9 with uniform size is extruded by using a rubber extruder, so that the cut annular rubber sheet 8 and the extruded rubber strip 9 have enough shrinkage allowance. The manual release layer is composed of an annular film 8 and an adhesive tape 9.
S2, laying and winding the artificial release layer: and (3) taking the inner diameter of the flat section 4 of the forming die 1 as a reference to carry out die filling of the annular film 8, taking the outer diameter of the flat section 4 as a starting point to annularly wind the adhesive tape 9 from top to bottom, measuring the thickness of the wound adhesive tape 9 in real time in the winding process of the adhesive tape 9, and ensuring that the total winding thickness meets the design thickness requirement. In fig. 1 only the strip 9 wound around the lower part of the forming die 1 is schematically shown.
S3, fixing the artificial release layer: paving a shaping pressing die 2 on the forming die 1, and connecting the shaping pressing die 2 with the forming die 1 through a bolt 7, so that the shaping pressing die 2 is pressed on the artificial release layer;
s4, pre-curing the manual release layer: the artificial debonding layer is fastened on the outer surface of the forming die 1 and then is integrally placed in an oven for pre-curing, the pre-curing parameters are that the temperature is 90 ℃ to 120 ℃, the heat is preserved for 90min to 120min, and the whole body is removed from the oven after the heat preservation is finished.
S5, checking and trimming the manual release layer:
Removing the shaping press mold 2, and measuring the external molded surface of the pre-cured artificial debonding layer by using the external molded surface template of the artificial debonding layer, wherein the clearance value between the external molded surface template and the pre-cured artificial debonding layer is measured by a feeler gauge; and (3) using a thin needle to insert the pre-cured artificial debonding layer to test the thickness dimension of each part, and comparing the test result with a design drawing.
And (3) polishing and trimming the high points of the outer surface of the artificial release layer according to the actually measured gap value, smoothly transiting, and cleaning the polished part by using ethyl acetate or absolute ethyl alcohol after polishing to remove the surplus, so that the product is ensured to be free of impurities. And according to the detected sizes of all parts, cutting out raw rubber sheets with corresponding sizes at the defect of the thickness of the manual release layer to fill up so as to ensure the size of the product.
S6, forming the artificial debonding layer in an autoclave:
Sequentially laying polytetrafluoroethylene films, airfelt and vacuum film bags on the surface of the artificial debonding layer. And (3) sticking a circle of high-temperature sealing adhesive tape on the surface of the outer edge 3 of the forming die 1, and sticking the high-temperature sealing adhesive tape on the whole circle of the vacuum film bag at a position 4 cm-10 cm away from the edge, wherein the white isolating film on the surface of the high-temperature sealing adhesive tape is not removed, and checking the position of the high-temperature sealing adhesive tape after the high-temperature sealing adhesive tape is stuck to ensure that no through bubbles exist so as to ensure the tightness of the vacuum film bag. And respectively removing the vacuum film bag and the white isolating film on the surface of the high-temperature sealing glue of the forming die 1, adhering the two high-temperature sealing glue together, and superposing and pressing the two sealing adhesive tapes from left to right by taking the starting position of the vacuum bag as a starting point during adhering until one circle is sealed, so that no gap exists in the adhering area of the vacuum tape, the sealing glue and the die. And (3) after sealing, integrally transferring the film bag into an autoclave, pumping air to the vacuum film bag through a reserved vacuum nozzle until no air exists in the bag before curing, stopping vacuumizing until the vacuum degree is less than or equal to-0.095 Mpa, maintaining the vacuum degree unchanged for 10-15 min, starting a starting procedure for curing, and sequentially removing the vacuum film bag, the airfelt and the polytetrafluoroethylene film on the surface of the manual debonding layer after curing is finished.
Wherein, autoclave curing parameters are: adding initial pressure of 0.4-0.8 MPa, heating to 100-120 deg.c and maintaining for 30-60 min; after the heat preservation is finished, continuously pressurizing to 1.0 MPa-2.0 MPa, maintaining the pressure, continuously heating to 130-150 ℃, and preserving the heat for 120-180 min; and after the heat preservation is finished, cooling to below 60 ℃ along with the autoclave, and discharging.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present application, and not for limiting the same; although the application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and are intended to be included in the scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. Manual release layer autoclave shaping frock of fiber winding engine case, its characterized in that: the forming die (1) is in a hemispherical shape, the top of the forming die (1) is close to the center, and the outer edge (3) is provided with mounting holes, and the forming die (2) is fixedly connected with the forming die (1) through the mounting holes, so that a manual release layer between the forming die and the forming die is fastened on the forming die (1);
The forming die (1) comprises a flat section (4), an arc section (5) and a straight section (6) from top to bottom, wherein the flat section (4) is in a plane ring shape or a cone shape, the straight section (6) is in a cylinder shape or a cone shape, the upper end of the arc section (5) is connected with the flat section (4) into a whole, and the lower end of the arc section (5) is connected with the straight section (6) into a whole.
2. The fiber wound engine housing manual debonding layer autoclave molding tooling of claim 1, wherein: the shaping pressing die (2) is wound into a forming die (1) and is provided with multiple petals in the circumferential direction.
3. A fiber winding engine shell manual release layer autoclave molding method is characterized in that: comprising the following steps:
S1, calculating the size of an annular film (8) corresponding to a flat section (4) and the size of an adhesive tape (9) corresponding to a straight section (6) and an arc section (5) according to a manual debonding layer design drawing, cutting out the corresponding annular film (8), and extruding the corresponding adhesive tape (9);
S2, attaching an annular film (8) on the flat section (4), and carrying out die filling on the circular arc section (5) and the straight section (6) from small diameter to large diameter in a mode of winding adhesive tapes (9) layer by layer in a circumferential direction, wherein the joint of the adhesive tapes (9) and the annular film is in butt joint;
S3, paving a shaping pressing die (2) on the forming die (1) and connecting the shaping pressing die (2) with the forming die (1) so that the shaping pressing die (2) is pressed on the artificial release layer;
s4, pre-curing the manual release layer;
s5, checking and trimming the manual debonding layer;
s6, forming the artificial debonding layer in an autoclave.
4. A method of forming an artificial debonding layer autoclave for a filament wound engine housing of claim 3, wherein: in the step S1, according to the shrinkage of the heat-insulating material raw and cooked sizing material, the annular film (8) is accurately cut by using cutting system equipment, and the rubber extruder is used for extruding the rubber strips (9) with uniform size, so that the cut annular film (8) and the extruded rubber strips (9) have enough shrinkage allowance.
5. A method of forming an artificial debonding layer autoclave for a filament wound engine housing of claim 3, wherein: the step S2 comprises the following steps: and (3) taking the inner diameter of the flat section (4) of the forming die (1) as a reference to carry out die filling of the annular film (8), taking the outer diameter of the flat section (4) as a starting point to annularly wind the adhesive tape (9), measuring the thickness of the wound adhesive tape (9) in real time in the winding process of the adhesive tape (9), and ensuring that the total winding thickness meets the design thickness requirement.
6. A method of forming an artificial debonding layer autoclave for a filament wound engine housing of claim 3, wherein: the step S4 includes: the artificial debonding layer is fastened on the outer surface of the forming die (1), then the whole body is placed in an oven for pre-curing, the pre-curing parameter is that the temperature is 90 ℃ to 120 ℃, the heat is preserved for 90min to 120min, and the whole body is removed from the oven after the heat preservation is finished.
7. A method of forming an artificial debonding layer autoclave for a filament wound engine housing of claim 3, wherein: the step S5 comprises the following steps: removing the shaping pressing die (2), and measuring the external molded surface of the pre-cured artificial debonding layer by using the external molded surface template of the artificial debonding layer, wherein the clearance value between the external molded surface template and the pre-cured artificial debonding layer is measured by a feeler gauge; and (3) using a thin needle to insert the pre-cured artificial debonding layer to test the thickness dimension of each part, and comparing the test result with a design drawing.
8. The method for forming an autoclave for manually releasing a bonding layer of a filament wound engine housing according to claim 7, wherein: the step S5 comprises the following steps: polishing and trimming the high points of the outer surface of the artificial release layer according to the actually measured gap value, smoothly transiting, cleaning the polished part by using ethyl acetate or absolute ethyl alcohol after polishing, removing the surplus, and ensuring that the product has no impurities; and according to the detected sizes of all parts, cutting out raw rubber sheets with corresponding sizes at the defect of the thickness of the manual release layer to fill up so as to ensure the size of the product.
9. A method of forming an artificial debonding layer autoclave for a filament wound engine housing of claim 3, wherein: the step S6 comprises the following steps: sequentially laying a polytetrafluoroethylene film, an airfelt and a vacuum film bag on the surface of the artificial debonding layer, sealing the vacuum film bag with the outer edge (3) of the forming die (1) by using high-temperature sealant, vacuumizing by using a vacuum pump to remove air between the vacuum film bag and the forming die (1), curing the artificial debonding layer by using an autoclave, and sequentially removing the vacuum film bag, the airfelt and the polytetrafluoroethylene film on the surface of the artificial debonding layer after curing is completed.
10. The fiber wound engine housing artificial debonding layer autoclave molding method of claim 9, wherein: in step S6, autoclave curing parameters are: adding initial pressure of 0.4-0.8 MPa, heating to 100-120 deg.c and maintaining for 30-60 min; after the heat preservation is finished, continuously pressurizing to 1.0 MPa-2.0 MPa, maintaining the pressure, continuously heating to 130-150 ℃, and preserving the heat for 120-180 min; and after the heat preservation is finished, cooling to below 60 ℃ along with the autoclave, and discharging.
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CN202410108629.1A CN117901456A (en) | 2024-01-26 | 2024-01-26 | Forming tool and method for autoclave with fiber wound engine shell and artificial release layer |
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CN202410108629.1A CN117901456A (en) | 2024-01-26 | 2024-01-26 | Forming tool and method for autoclave with fiber wound engine shell and artificial release layer |
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