CN117860765A - Application of ergosterol in preparation of medicine for treating and/or preventing psoriasis - Google Patents
Application of ergosterol in preparation of medicine for treating and/or preventing psoriasis Download PDFInfo
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- 201000004681 Psoriasis Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- OILXMJHPFNGGTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (22E)-(24xi)-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol Natural products C1C=C2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(C)C=CC(C)C(C)C)C1(C)CC2 OILXMJHPFNGGTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- RQOCXCFLRBRBCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (22E)-cholesta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol Natural products C1C(O)CCC2(C)C(CCC3(C(C(C)C=CCC(C)C)CCC33)C)C3=CC=C21 RQOCXCFLRBRBCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- OQMZNAMGEHIHNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-Dehydrostigmasterol Natural products C1C(O)CCC2(C)C(CCC3(C(C(C)C=CC(CC)C(C)C)CCC33)C)C3=CC=C21 OQMZNAMGEHIHNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- DNVPQKQSNYMLRS-NXVQYWJNSA-N Ergosterol Natural products CC(C)[C@@H](C)C=C[C@H](C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2C3=CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@H]3CC[C@]12C DNVPQKQSNYMLRS-NXVQYWJNSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- DNVPQKQSNYMLRS-SOWFXMKYSA-N ergosterol Chemical compound C1[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@H](CC[C@]3([C@H]([C@H](C)/C=C/[C@@H](C)C(C)C)CC[C@H]33)C)C3=CC=C21 DNVPQKQSNYMLRS-SOWFXMKYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
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- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 description 8
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- 229960001967 tacrolimus Drugs 0.000 description 7
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- WZUVPPKBWHMQCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Haematoxylin Chemical compound C12=CC(O)=C(O)C=C2CC2(O)C1C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1OC2 WZUVPPKBWHMQCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229960002751 imiquimod Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DOUYETYNHWVLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N imiquimod Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C3N(CC(C)C)C=NC3=C(N)N=C21 DOUYETYNHWVLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004969 inflammatory cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
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- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010015278 Erythrodermic psoriasis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100028999 High mobility group protein HMGI-C Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101000986379 Homo sapiens High mobility group protein HMGI-C Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N L-methotrexate Chemical compound C=1N=C2N=C(N)N=C(N)C2=NC=1CN(C)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000005775 Parakeratosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004264 Petrolatum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010037575 Pustular psoriasis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004430 acanthocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N all-trans-retinoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037005 anaesthesia Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- UREBDLICKHMUKA-CXSFZGCWSA-N dexamethasone Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)C=C[C@]2(C)[C@]2(F)[C@@H]1[C@@H]1C[C@@H](C)[C@@](C(=O)CO)(O)[C@@]1(C)C[C@@H]2O UREBDLICKHMUKA-CXSFZGCWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003957 dexamethasone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- DNVPQKQSNYMLRS-APGDWVJJSA-N ergosterol group Chemical group [C@@H]1(CC[C@H]2C3=CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)\C=C\[C@H](C)C(C)C DNVPQKQSNYMLRS-APGDWVJJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GGXMRPUKBWXVHE-MIHLVHIWSA-N halometasone Chemical compound C1([C@@H](F)C2)=CC(=O)C(Cl)=C[C@]1(C)[C@]1(F)[C@@H]2[C@@H]2C[C@@H](C)[C@@](C(=O)CO)(O)[C@@]2(C)C[C@@H]1O GGXMRPUKBWXVHE-MIHLVHIWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002475 halometasone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000036732 histological change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002055 immunohistochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012151 immunohistochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002510 keratinocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004630 mental health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000485 methotrexate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004660 morphological change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940066842 petrolatum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930002330 retinoic acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 210000004761 scalp Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000434 stratum corneum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001727 tretinoin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
- A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Steroid Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological medicines, and particularly relates to application of ergosterol in preparation of a medicament for treating and/or preventing psoriasis. The invention utilizes in-vitro and in-vivo experiment verification to explore the curative effect and action mechanism of ergosterol for preventing and treating psoriasis. Research results show that ergosterol can inhibit local inflammation of skin lesions of psoriasis, reduce the content of inflammatory factor IL-17 in skin tissues, effectively inhibit proliferation of epidermal cells, and obviously alleviate symptoms of psoriasis. Compared with the existing medicines, the invention has the characteristics of low irritation and toxicity, is expected to be developed into a clinical medicine for safely and effectively treating and preventing psoriasis, and has great significance and broad market prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological medicines, and particularly relates to application of ergosterol in preparation of a medicament for treating and/or preventing psoriasis.
Background
Psoriasis (Psoriasis), also known as "Psoriasis," is a chronic skin condition characterized by skin lesions and white skin coverage, with the scalp, palms and soles being common sites of morbidity, with erythema on the surface of the patient's skin. The pathological characteristics are that keratinocyte and acanthocyte are abnormal proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration and vascular proliferation, the disease is easy to recur and difficult to radically cure, and the medicine is one of the diseases which are focused at home and abroad. And the incidence rate is in an increasing trend every year, most patients suffer from anxiety and depression, and the life quality is seriously affected.
Psoriasis is classified into four types according to clinical symptoms: articular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, pustular psoriasis and psoriasis vulgaris, with the most common psoriasis occurring, different patients are likely to have different types of psoriasis. The current method for treating psoriasis mainly comprises medicines including methotrexate, tacrolimus, dexamethasone, halometasone and vitamins medicines mainly comprising retinoic acid and vitamin D derivatives. Alternatively, photosensitizers may be applied to the patient's skin or the skin may be irradiated with long-wave, broad-band short-wave or broad-band short-wave ultraviolet light for heavy psoriasis. Psoriasis has long disease course, and the traditional therapy is usually accompanied by side effects of different degrees, has easy recurrence tendency and seriously damages the physical and mental health of patients.
There is therefore a need to develop new drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems and disadvantages of curative effect, toxic and side effects and the like of psoriasis treatment medicines in the prior art, the primary aim of the invention is to provide the application of ergosterol in preparation of the medicines for treating and/or preventing psoriasis.
In particular, the ergosterol content of the medicament is at least 0.1% w/w.
The medicine also comprises pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary agents; the pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary agent comprises at least one of a slow release agent, a filler, a binder, a wetting agent, a disintegrating agent, an absorption enhancer, an adsorption carrier, a surfactant and a lubricant.
The psoriasis is a psoriasis that a mammal suffers from, more particularly a human, the psoriasis being of the vulgaris type, the medicament acting through at least one of the following pathways:
(1) Reducing skin damage infiltration;
(2) The scales are reduced;
(3) Relieving erythema;
(4) Inhibiting epidermal thickening;
(5) Inhibiting proliferation of epidermal basal layer cells;
(6) Inhibiting keratinization insufficiency.
The psoriasis is characterized by an onset of at least one of the following symptoms:
(1) Infiltrating skin damage;
(2) Scaling;
(3) Erythema;
(4) Thickening the epidermis;
(5) Proliferation of epidermal basal layer cells;
(6) Parakeratosis.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of psoriasis comprising a therapeutically effective amount of ergosterol, the balance being a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or other compatible drug.
The structural formula of ergosterol (24 beta-methylcholesterol-5, 7 alkene-3 beta-alkyl) is shown in figure 8, is an important component of fungal cell membrane, has the functions of antioxidation, antiproliferation and anti-inflammatory, and is a compound with good prospect. According to the invention, the expression of IL-17 is obviously reduced by the ergosterol through immunohistochemical IHC, and the occurrence of psoriasis can be inhibited by the ergosterol through psoriasis severity index (PASI) and tissue section, so that the skin thickness of epidermis is obviously reduced, and a new path is found for treating and preventing psoriasis.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The invention uses ergosterol of natural origin for preparing a medicament for treating psoriasis, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the ergosterol. The technology of the invention can not only inhibit local inflammation of psoriasis skin injury and reduce the content of inflammatory factor IL-17 in skin tissues, but also effectively inhibit proliferation of epidermal cells and obviously alleviate the symptoms of psoriasis.
(2) Compared with the existing medicine, the ergosterol is used as the main component of the medicine for relieving skin psoriasis, can effectively inhibit psoriasis, has small irritation to damaged skin and low toxicity, and can greatly reduce the risk of toxic and side effects caused by excessive use.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the weight trend of mice in each group
FIG. 2 is a photograph showing back skin lesions of each group of mice.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the PASI score trend of skin lesions in mice of each group
Fig. 4 is a photograph (HE, 200×) showing morphological changes in skin lesions of mice.
FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing the thickness of the epidermis of the mouse skin lesionCompared with blank group, # # # P < 0.0001; p < 0.05, P < 0.005 compared to model group.
Fig. 6 is a photograph (IHC, 200×) showing the pathological features of skin lesions in mice.
FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing pathological features of skin lesions in miceCompared with blank group, # # # P < 0.0001; p < 0.0001 compared to model group.
FIG. 8 is a chemical structure of ergosterol.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made to the following description of specific examples, which are included in the terminology used to describe specific embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the examples, the experimental methods used are conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and the materials, reagents, etc. used, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available.
1 Experimental method
1.1 animal model and group dosing conditions
Weighing 1.0g of ergosterol (24 beta-methylcholesterol-5, 7 alkene-3 beta-alkyl), adding 100mL of acetone, uniformly mixing to prepare an acetone solution of 1% w/w ergosterol, taking part of the solution, and diluting to 0.1% w/w with acetone for later use; BABL/c mice (university of Guangdong, 6-7 weeks) were divided into 30 groups, 6 groups, and randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, a tacrolimus group (positive group), a high-dose ergosterol group, and a low-dose ergosterol group, and 5 groups in total. The skin on the back of each group of mice was dehaired to form an area of about 2cm by 4 cm. The blank was only smeared with petrolatum daily on the back skin, and the other groups were used to induce psoriasis in the skin daily with 60mg of 5% w/w Imiquimod (IMQ) cream in addition to the blank, and a psoriasis model was established. The tacrolimus group is smeared with 60mg of 5% w/w tacrolimus Mo Siru paste for 4 hours after daily molding, and the back of each of the other groups is smeared with corresponding liquid medicine, each of which is 0.1mL once daily. The dosages were as follows: the ergosterol was administered at daily timings at high doses of 50 mg/(kg.d) and at low doses of 5 mg/(kg.d), respectively, and the model group was administered with an equal amount of acetone solution. After 7 days of continuous administration, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after anesthesia on day 8 of the experiment, and the corresponding skin lesion tissues were cut out from each group and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution.
1.2 detection index and method
1.2.1 assessment of body weight tendency of mice
The body weights of the mice in each group were measured and recorded on days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 during the treatment of the mice, the average value of each group was taken, a line graph was drawn, and the change of the body weights of the mice in each group was observed.
1.2.1 mice psoriasis-like skin lesion area and disease severity (PASI) scoring
The mice in each group record the rough change of the morphology of the skin lesions by adopting a digital photographing method, and according to the PASI scoring standard, the red spots, scales and the infiltration thickening degree of 0-4 are given to the skin lesions of the mice, and the total integral is obtained by adding 3 integral. PASI scoring criteria were as follows: none (0); light (1); a medium degree (2); severe (3); extremely severe (4). And scoring and averaging the mice in each group, drawing a skin damage integral trend graph, and observing the change condition of the skin damage of the mice in each group.
1.2.2 mouse skin lesion tissue morphology
Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used. The tissue fixed at the skin lesion in 4% paraformaldehyde solution was subjected to dehydration, embedding, slicing and staining procedures. After photographing under a 200-fold objective, the skin thickness was measured using Image-Pro Plus6.0 Image analysis software.
1.2.3 Pathology of skin lesions in mice
The expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) at the skin lesion of the mice is detected by an immunohistochemical method. Paraffin sections in 1.2.2 are selected, dewaxed, gradient alcohol and blocked, then a primary anti-IL-17 rabbit monoclonal antibody is added, the mixture is incubated for 1h at room temperature, a goat anti-rabbit HPR secondary antibody is added, the mixture is incubated for 1h at room temperature, a freshly prepared DAB color development liquid is dripped for color development, and hematoxylin is used for counterstaining for about 3 min. After dehydration of the patches, the results were photographed under a white light microscope and the interleukin-17 expression, expressed as the average optical density (IOD), was analyzed using Image-Pro Plus6.0 Image analysis software.
1.3 statistical methods
Statistical treatment of experimental data with mean ± standard deviationAnd (3) representing. Data were analyzed using GraphPadPrism 9 software, with anova (One-waydanova) for variance homogeneity and non-parametric test analysis for variance homogeneity. P < 0.05 represents a statistical significance.
2 results
2.1 influence of ergosterol on body weight of mice model of psoriasis
Body weight trends as shown in figure 1, it was found that tacrolimus group mice had a decreasing body weight during the course of the mice treatment and were lower than the mice in the contemporaneous high dose group and low dose group of ergosterol. This demonstrates that ergosterol is less irritating to mice and more gentle to treat than the commonly used clinical drug tacrolimus to treat psoriasis.
2.2 Effect of ergosterol on skin lesions in mice model of psoriasis
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the skin of the mice in the blank group is smooth and even, and the skin lesions of the mice in the model group are provided with a large number of scales, red spots and deep color, and the infiltration is obvious; compared with the model group, the scale at the skin lesions of each dose group of ergosterol is reduced, the erythema is light, the infiltration is reduced, and the skin lesions of the tacrolimus group are improved more obviously (figure 2), which shows that the ergosterol group can obviously reduce the severity of psoriasis of mice. Meanwhile, the indexes of the ergosterol low-dose group and the ergosterol high-dose group PASI score are lower than those of a model group mouse in the same period, and the score is almost equal to that of He gram Mo Sizu in terms of improvement of infiltration and erythema (figure 3), so that the results apparently indicate that the ergosterol can relieve the progress of psoriasis.
2.3 influence of ergosterol on histological changes in skin lesions in mice model of psoriasis
The results of HE-stained skin tissue sections are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, and the model group has thickened epidermis stratum corneum, and has keratinization insufficiency, obvious inflammatory cell infiltration of dermis, and similar psoriasis-like skin damage histological manifestations. Compared with the mice in the model group, the mice in each dose group of ergosterol have smoother epidermis layer, the cells with insufficient keratinization are obviously reduced, the dermis layer is thinner, the epidermis layer thickness is obviously lower than that of the mice in the model group, the difference has statistical significance (P < 0.01), and the reduction of the epidermis layer thickness of the high dose group of ergosterol is most obvious.
The results of immunohistochemistry are shown in fig. 6 and 7, and compared with a blank group, the content of IL-17 in the epidermis of the model group is remarkably increased, and the animal experiment shows that the animal experiment has statistical significance (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the ergosterol has the effect of inhibiting the expression of IL-17 in epidermis, which shows that the ergosterol can obviously reduce the content of IL-17 protein and has the effect of relieving psoriasis.
3. Conclusion(s)
The invention uses ergosterol of natural origin for preparing a medicament for treating psoriasis, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the ergosterol. The technology of the invention can not only inhibit local inflammation of psoriasis skin injury and reduce the content of inflammatory factor IL-17 in skin tissues, but also effectively inhibit proliferation of epidermal cells and obviously alleviate the symptoms of psoriasis. Compared with the existing medicine, the ergosterol is used as the main component of the medicine for relieving skin psoriasis, can effectively inhibit psoriasis, has small irritation to damaged skin and low toxicity, and can greatly reduce the risk of toxic and side effects caused by excessive use.
The foregoing detailed description is directed to one of the possible embodiments of the present invention, which is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but is to be accorded the full scope of all such equivalents and modifications so as not to depart from the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. Use of ergosterol in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of psoriasis.
2. The use according to claim 1, wherein the ergosterol content in the medicament is at least 0.1% w/w.
3. The use according to claim 1, wherein the medicament further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
4. The use according to claim 3, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant comprises at least one of a slow release agent, a filler, a binder, a wetting agent, a disintegrant, an absorption enhancer, an adsorption carrier, a surfactant and a lubricant.
5. The use according to claim 1, wherein the psoriasis is a psoriasis suffered by a mammal.
6. The use according to claim 1, wherein the medicament acts by at least one of the following pathways:
(1) Reducing skin damage infiltration;
(2) The scales are reduced;
(3) Relieving erythema;
(4) Inhibiting epidermal thickening;
(5) Inhibiting proliferation of epidermal basal layer cells;
(6) Inhibiting keratinization insufficiency.
7. A medicament comprising an active ingredient comprising ergosterol.
8. The medicament according to claim 7, wherein the ergosterol is present in an amount of at least 0.1-1% w/w.
9. The medicament according to claim 7, characterized in that it further comprises pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries.
10. The medicament of claim 7, wherein the medicament acts by at least one of the following:
(1) Reducing skin damage infiltration;
(2) The scales are reduced;
(3) Relieving erythema;
(4) Inhibiting epidermal thickening;
(5) Inhibiting proliferation of epidermal basal layer cells;
(6) Inhibiting keratinization insufficiency.
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