CN117808109B - Superconducting quantum chip and quantum computer - Google Patents
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of superconducting quantum computing, and discloses a superconducting quantum chip and a quantum computer. The superconducting quantum chip includes: the quantum phase sliding bits are formed by correspondingly connecting a cross capacitor and a nanowire in parallel; and the coupler is in one-to-one correspondence with each quantum phase sliding bit, and comprises a superconducting loop which is partially formed by nano wires and is used for adjusting the coupling strength between the corresponding adjacent quantum phase sliding bits. According to the scheme provided by the invention, the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum phase sliding bits is flexibly controlled, the on-chip direct current crosstalk of the superconducting quantum chip is reduced, the problems of quantum state leakage and crosstalk between quantum bits are avoided, the fidelity of the superconducting quantum bit gate in the superconducting quantum chip is ensured, and the performance of the superconducting quantum chip is effectively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of superconducting quantum computing, in particular to a superconducting quantum chip and a quantum computer.
Background
With new materials, new processes and new design schemes being used for manufacturing superconducting quantum chips, the performance of the superconducting quantum chips and the number of qubits are rapidly improved. In superconducting circuits, the qubits are coupled together in a specific manner and a single bit or two bit quantum gate can be implemented by applying microwave pulses to the qubits. When the quantum bits are controlled in the related technology, the problem that crosstalk among the quantum bits causes the fidelity of the quantum bit gate to be reduced can occur.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a superconducting quantum chip to solve the above problems.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a superconducting quantum chip and a quantum computer, which solve the problems of quantum state leakage, crosstalk between quantum bits, low coupler energy level non-harmony and the like in the quantum chip, and improve the fidelity of a quantum bit gate.
Based on the above object, an aspect of the embodiments of the present invention provides a superconducting quantum chip, which specifically includes:
The quantum phase sliding bit is formed by correspondingly connecting a cross capacitor and a nanowire in parallel;
and the couplers are in one-to-one correspondence with the quantum phase sliding bits, and comprise superconducting loops partially formed by nanowires and are used for adjusting the coupling strength between adjacent quantum phase sliding bits.
In some embodiments, the coupler is coupled to the corresponding quantum phase sliding bit by the cross capacitance.
In some embodiments, the coupler is further configured to:
and adjusting the total coupling strength of indirect coupling and direct coupling between the quantum phase sliding bit and the adjacent quantum phase sliding bit to be zero in response to the energy level of the coupler reaching a preset value.
In some embodiments, the superconducting loop includes a quantum slip nanowire junction and superconducting wires connecting both ends of the quantum slip nanowire junction.
In some embodiments, the quantum slip nanowire junction includes nanowires that are etched based on superconducting thin films and have widths that meet a preset width.
In some embodiments, the superconducting loop further comprises a plurality of tunneling junctions, each tunneling junction being used to control the frequency of the qubit.
In some embodiments, each of the tunneling junctions includes a plurality of layers of superconducting aluminum films disposed in a stacked arrangement and aluminum oxide films between adjacent superconducting aluminum films.
In some embodiments, the superconducting quantum chip further comprises a magnetic flux bias line for adding a magnetic flux quantum to the coupler to adjust an energy level of the coupler and an energy level of the quantum phase slip bit.
In some embodiments, the superconducting thin film includes an indium oxide material and/or a niobium-silicon material.
In some embodiments, the critical current of the quantum phase sliding bit satisfies the following formula:
；
Wherein, For the critical current,/>Is the superconductive energy gap, d is the thickness of the nanowire,/>Is the width of the nanowire,/>Is electron state density,/>Is Planck constant,/>Is the normal resistance of the superconducting thin film.
In some embodiments, the coupling strength of the indirect coupling is negative and the coupling strength of the direct coupling is positive.
In some embodiments, the tunneling junction is a tunneling junction that transports or tunnels for a single flux quantum.
In some embodiments, the difference in different energy level frequencies of the quantum phase sliding bits is no greater than 500GHz.
In some embodiments, the nanowire has a width of no greater than 40nm to adjust the critical current of the quantum phase sliding bit to meet a preset current value.
In another aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, there is also provided a quantum computer provided with at least a superconducting quantum chip as described above.
The invention has at least the following beneficial technical effects:
According to the superconducting quantum chip, the quantum phase sliding bits are built by utilizing nanowire combination cross capacitors, and the nanowire combination superconducting wires are used for forming loops to build couplers, so that each quantum phase sliding bit and each coupler can transport magnetic flux quanta or quantum vortex through the nanowire, further, the couplers are combined with the cross capacitors to control the quantum phase sliding bits to couple, the magnetic flux bias wires are used for transmitting the magnetic flux quanta to the couplers to adjust the energy level of the couplers and the energy level of the quantum phase sliding bits, the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum phase sliding bits is flexibly controlled, the on-chip direct current crosstalk of the superconducting quantum chip is reduced, the problem that quantum states leak to the high excitation state of the couplers when the quantum phase sliding bits are subjected to quantum gate operation due to small energy level non-harmony of the couplers is solved, the performance of the superconducting quantum chip is effectively improved, the nanowire is insensitive to external charge noise, the performance is more stable, the coupling turn-off control of the couplers between adjacent quantum phase sliding bits is more reliable, the preparation of the quantum phase sliding bits and the couplers is simple, the structure of the couplers is simple, the effective preparation of the superconducting circuit is improved, and the superconducting chip is effectively produced.
In addition, the invention also provides a quantum computer, which can achieve the technical effects as well, and the description is omitted here.
These and other aspects of the application will be more readily apparent from the following description of the embodiments. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the application as claimed.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are necessary for the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention and that other embodiments may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a superconducting quantum chip provided by the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the distinction of superconducting tunneling Josephson junctions from quantum phase sliding junctions;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a quantum phase sliding effect;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a quantized current platform observed on a quantum phase sliding bit;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of coupling based on quantum phase sliding bits according to the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a quantum computer according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Various embodiments and/or aspects are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It will be appreciated, however, by one skilled in the art that the aspects may be practiced without such specific details. Specific examples of one or more aspects will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed and the description as set forth is intended to include all aspects and their equivalents. In particular, the terms "embodiment," "example," "modality," "illustration," and the like as used in this specification may be construed as describing any modality or design that may be better or have advantages than other modalities or designs.
In addition, the various aspects and features may be embodied in systems that include more than one device, terminal, server, apparatus, component, and/or module, etc. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems may include additional pluralities of devices, terminals, servers, apparatus, components, and/or modules, and/or may not include all of the pluralities of devices, terminals, servers, apparatus, components, modules, etc. shown in the figures.
The terms "computer program," "component," "module," "system," and the like are used interchangeably herein and refer to a computer-related entity, hardware, firmware, software, a combination of software and hardware, or execution of software. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process executing on a processor, an object, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. For example, it may be an application executing on a computer device and/or all components of a computing device. More than one component may be installed within a processor and/or thread of execution. A component may be localized in one computer. A component may also be distributed between more than two computers.
Also, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored therein. These components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data transmitted by one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and across a network such as the internet with the other system by way of the signal).
Hereinafter, the same reference numerals are given to the same or similar components irrespective of the drawing symbols, and a repetitive description thereof will be omitted. In the description of the embodiments disclosed in the present specification, if it is determined that the detailed description of the known technology makes the gist of the present invention unclear, detailed description thereof will be omitted. The drawings are only for easier understanding of the embodiments disclosed in the present specification, and the technical ideas disclosed in the present specification are not limited to the drawings.
The terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Where not specifically mentioned, singular references in this specification include plural references. The use of "comprising" and/or "including" in the specification does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements than those mentioned.
The terms first, second, etc. may be used to describe various elements or components, but the elements or components are not limited to the terms. The term is used to distinguish one element or component from another element or component. Therefore, the first element or component mentioned below may be the 2 nd element or component within the technical idea of the present invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used in this specification have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In addition, terms defined in a dictionary generally used should not be interpreted in an idealized or overdecommenced manner unless specifically defined.
In addition, the term "or" is not intended to be exclusive "or" but rather is inclusive. That is, "X employs A or B" means one of the substitutions of natural connotation unless otherwise specifically or contextually ambiguous. That is, X utilizes A or; when X is B or X is A and B, the "X is A or B" may be any of the above. Also, it should be understood that the term "and/or" as used in this specification refers to all possible combinations of more than one of the items included in the list of related items.
In addition, the terms "information" and "data" are generally used interchangeably in this specification.
The suffixes "module" and "part" for the constituent elements used in the following description are given or used for convenience of writing the description, and do not have mutually distinguishing meanings or roles.
Along with the development of new materials and new processes, the development of superconducting quantum chips is also continuously promoted. IBM (International Business Machines Corporation ) introduced 433 bits of high performance superconducting quantum chips in 2022 and planned to introduce more than 1000 bits of superconducting quantum chips in 2023, the Beijing quantum institute achieved a coherence time of 500 microseconds on tantalum film-based superconducting quantum chips, the university of Zhejiang achieved a coherence time of about 100 microseconds on tantalum film superconducting quantum chips (multiple bits), the institute of distributed quantum computing research made breakthrough progress in 2023, 2 months of deep-oriented quantum science and engineering, achieved ultra-low loss quantum chip interconnection technology, improved the fidelity of inter-chip quantum state transmission to single chip level (99%), demonstrated a 12-bit maximum entangled state across three chips, and laid a solid foundation for a large-scale, scalable distributed quantum computing network. In a superconducting quantum chip, adjacent qubits are relatively close to each other, so that certain coupling exists and cannot be turned off. To completely shut off such residual coupling, an adjustable coupler is added between the qubits, which acts as a "switch", which can be signaled to turn on or off the coupling of adjacent bits, hereinafter referred to as a "coupler". Along with the application of the adjustable coupler on the superconducting quantum chip, the fidelity of the quantum gate operation on the superconducting quantum chip is greatly improved, and the fidelity of single bit and two bit gates on the superconducting quantum chip with more than 50 bits is more than 99 percent at present. Based on the superconducting quantum chip of the adjustable coupler, google preliminarily realizes quantum superiority on a 53-bit superconducting quantum bit chip in 2019 for the first time, and the Mingqiao in 2021 releases the quantum superiority on a superconducting quantum chip of 'ancestral towards'. However, the fidelity of the two-bit gates on the superconducting quantum chip in the related art is still lower than 99.9%, so that the superconducting quantum chip still cannot be used for realizing the universal error-correcting quantum computer.
In the related art, the types of adjustable couplers used on superconducting quantum chips are various, including adjustable inductive couplers, fixed frequency superconducting cavity couplers, adjustable frequency superconducting cavity couplers and qubit type couplers. The quantum bit type coupler is a coupler scheme adopted by mainstream laboratories around the world, and plays a great role in promoting the improvement of the fidelity of quantum gates on superconducting quantum chips. However, the energy level non-harmonic property of the coupler based on the transmission sub-qubit (Transmon, xmon) type in the related art is smaller, only 200MHz to 400MHz, and the quantum bit is easy to transition to the qubit or the high excitation state of the coupler in the process of quantum gate operation, which can cause leakage of the quantum state and crosstalk among the quantum bits, thereby influencing the fidelity of the superconducting quantum bit gate in the superconducting quantum chip.
The invention aims to improve the quantum gate operation fidelity by improving the design scheme and the energy level structure of superconducting quantum bits and adjustable couplers in a superconducting quantum chip.
Based on the above object, in a first aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, embodiments of a superconducting quantum chip are presented. As shown in fig. 1, the superconducting quantum chip 10 specifically includes a plurality of quantum phase sliding bits 11, and each quantum phase sliding bit 11 is formed by correspondingly connecting a cross capacitor and a nanowire in parallel; and couplers 12 corresponding to the quantum phase sliding bits 11 one by one, wherein the couplers 12 comprise superconducting loops partially formed by nanowires and are used for adjusting the coupling strength between the corresponding adjacent quantum phase sliding bits. In some possible embodiments, the nanowires comprise superconducting nanowires that are etched based on a superconducting thin film and have a width that meets a preset width, for example 40 nanometers.
In some embodiments, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example of the distinction of superconducting tunneling josephson junctions from quantum phase sliding junctions. Superconducting tunneling-type Josephson junctions are tunneling based on superconducting Cowbar pairs, the structure of which is a superconductor-insulator-superconductor sandwich. The quantum phase sliding bit is based on a nanowire with a preset width, for example, a nanowire with a width of 40nm, and can transport quantum vortex or flux quanta through the nanowire. Quantum phase slip effects are physical phenomena that occur when a magnetic flux "tunnels" across a nanowire, and such phase slip is generally considered to be a phase jump caused by the magnetic flux tunneling through the nanowire in the lateral direction. Because the quantum phase sliding bit is not provided with a charge island (island) compared with a superconductive tunneling type Josephson junction, the quantum phase sliding quantum bit is insensitive to charge noise, and has more stable performance and higher reliability. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a quantum phase sliding effect. Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a quantized current platform observed on a quantum phase sliding bit.
In some embodiments, the quantum phase sliding bit is prepared based on a nanowire, a superconducting tunneling junction with an insulating layer is not required to be prepared, the process flow for preparing the quantum phase sliding bit is relatively simple, and the requirement on the machine complexity is low. The physical structure of the superconductive tunneling type josephson junction comprises an aluminum-aluminum oxide-aluminum three-layer structure, and the oxidation process needs to be controlled with high precision in the preparation process of an aluminum oxide insulating layer of the device, but the oxidation speed and the thickness of the oxide layer often deviate due to the drift effect of an instrument, so that the resistance and the frequency of the superconductive tunneling type josephson junction deviate greatly, and the performance of the device is affected. The quantum phase sliding bit and the nanowire junction of the quantum sliding nanowire junction (i.e. the phase sliding josephson junction) in the coupler only need to etch the superconducting thin film with high precision, so that the width of the nanowire is controlled to be about a preset width, for example, 40 nanometers, and compared with the processing flow of the superconducting tunneling josephson junction, the method has the advantage of reducing the complexity. Although the process flow of phase-sliding josephson junctions is relatively simple, it is still challenging to etch superconducting thin films into nanowires of smaller width.
In some embodiments, the frequency difference between the first energy level and the second excited state energy level of the quantum phase sliding bit in the invention can reach 500 GHz at maximum, so that the working energy level difference between the coupler and the quantum bit is larger, for example, the frequency difference is 4GHz-5GHz, quantum state leakage is not easy to generate, and crosstalk between the quantum bits can be suppressed. The frequency difference between the third energy level and the second energy level of the common superconducting resonant cavity and the Xmon quantum bit type coupler is 4-5 GHz, and the working energy level difference between the Xmon quantum bit type coupler and the quantum bit is very small and is only 200MHz-400MHz. Because Xmon quantum bit coupler and quantum bit energy level are very small in non-harmony, transition to a high-excitation state is easy, and quantum state leakage is easy to generate in the quantum gate operation process.
In some embodiments, fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of coupling based on quantum phase sliding bits according to the present invention. As shown in fig. 5, the preset width is taken as an example of 40 nanometers, a nanowire with a width of 40 nanometers is taken as a quantum slip nanowire junction, and two ends of the quantum slip nanowire junction are connected by superconducting wires to form a superconducting loop to be taken as a coupler. The quantum slip nanowire junction-based adjustable coupler is used for adjusting the interaction strength between two quantum phase slip bits to selectively turn on or off the coupling between the two quantum phase slip bits.
In some embodiments, the main structure of the quantum phase sliding bit is a nanowire satisfying a preset width, and indium oxide (InOx) and niobium-silicon (Nb-Si) materials are currently commonly used as materials for nanowires. Nanowires satisfying a preset width are prepared by performing high-precision etching on a superconducting thin film. The critical current of the quantum phase slipping bit realized in the current experiment is about 400nA, and the frequency can reach tens of gigahertz. The higher the frequency of the equivalent quantum phase sliding bit, the more effectively the quantum transition caused by the environmental thermal noise can be suppressed.
In some embodiments, a superconducting loop includes a quantum slip nanowire junction and superconducting wires connecting both ends of the quantum slip nanowire junction. In some further embodiments, the quantum slip nanowire junction comprises a nanowire that is etched based on a superconducting thin film and has a width that meets a preset width.
In some embodiments, the quantum slip bit and the aluminum-aluminum oxide-aluminum tunneling junction carried on the coupler superconducting loop are used for better controlling the frequency of the quantum bit, wherein one or more aluminum-aluminum oxide-aluminum tunneling junctions can be arranged on the coupler superconducting loop according to practical application requirements. Each tunnel junction includes a plurality of superconducting aluminum films stacked and an aluminum oxide film between adjacent ones of the superconducting aluminum films, and in one example, the aluminum-aluminum oxide-aluminum tunnel junction is formed by preparing an oxide layer between two superconducting aluminum films, the oxide layer being formed by controlling an oxidation rate with high accuracy in ultra-high vacuum. The magnetic flux bias line can be used for regulating and controlling the energy level of the coupler and the quantum phase sliding bit.
In some embodiments, the couplers are respectively coupled to the quantum phase sliding bits by cross capacitors, which coupling induces an indirect coupling between the two quantum phase sliding bits. Whereas the indirect coupling of chromatic dispersion depends on the frequency difference between the quantum phase sliding bits and the coupler, the sign of the indirect coupling between the coupler-induced quantum phase sliding bits is opposite to the sign of the direct coupling when the frequency of the coupler is above the two quantum phase sliding bits. When the energy level of the coupler is regulated to a preset value, the indirect coupling and the direct coupling induced by the quantum bit can be counteracted, the effect of closing the coupling between two quantum phase sliding bits is achieved, and therefore the fidelity of the single-bit gate and the two-bit gate is improved. The quantum phase sliding bit and the coupler have larger energy level non-harmony, and can suppress quantum state leakage in the quantum phase sliding bit operation process.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, quantum slip bits are built by utilizing nanowire combination cross capacitors, and a loop is formed by utilizing nanowire combination superconducting wires to build a coupler, so that each quantum slip bit and each coupler can be used for transporting magnetic flux quanta or quantum vortex through the nanowire, further, the coupler is combined with the cross capacitors to control the quantum slip bits to couple, the magnetic flux bias wires are utilized to transmit the magnetic flux quanta to the coupler to realize the adjustment of the energy level of the coupler and the energy level of the quantum slip bits, thereby realizing the flexible control of the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum slip bits, reducing the on-chip direct current crosstalk of the superconducting quantum chip, avoiding the problem that quantum states leak to the high excitation state of the coupler when the quantum slip bits are subjected to quantum gate operation due to small energy level non-harmony of the coupler, effectively improving the performance of the superconducting quantum chip, enabling the nanowire to be insensitive to external charge noise, enabling the performance to be more stable and higher, enabling the coupler to control the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum bits to be more reliable, the preparation of the quantum slip bits and the coupler to be simple, the structure of the coupler to be simple, and the preparation efficiency of the superconducting quantum slip bits to effectively reduce the coupling production process of the coupler.
In some embodiments, each coupler is coupled to a corresponding quantum phase sliding bit by a cross capacitance.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, the coupler is combined with the cross capacitor to control the quantum slip bit to couple, so that the frequency difference between the quantum slip bit on the superconducting quantum chip and the coupler is controlled, and the adjustable coupler with proper frequency based on the quantum slip bit is prepared.
In some embodiments, the coupler is further configured to: and in response to the energy level of the coupler reaching a preset value, adjusting the total coupling strength of indirect coupling and direct coupling between the quantum phase sliding bit and the adjacent quantum phase sliding bit to be zero.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, the magnetic flux bias line is utilized to transmit magnetic flux quanta to the coupler to adjust the energy level of the coupler and the energy level of the quantum slip bit, so that the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum slip bits is flexibly controlled, on-chip direct current crosstalk of the superconducting quantum chip is reduced, the problem that quantum states leak to a high excitation state of the coupler when the quantum slip bit performs quantum gate operation due to low energy level non-harmony of the coupler is avoided, and the performance of the superconducting quantum chip is effectively improved.
In some embodiments, the coupler includes a quantum slip nanowire junction composed of nanowires, and superconducting wires connecting both ends of the quantum slip nanowire junction to form a superconducting loop.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, quantum slip bits are built by utilizing nanowire combination cross capacitors, loops are formed by utilizing nanowire combination superconducting wires to build couplers, and the purpose that each quantum slip bit and each coupler can transport magnetic flux quanta or quanta vortex through nanowires is achieved.
In some embodiments, the nanowires are etched based on the superconducting thin film and have a width that meets a preset width.
The superconducting quantum chip provided by the invention has the advantages that the nanowire is insensitive to external charge noise, the performance is more stable and the reliability is higher, so that the coupling turn-off control of the coupler to adjacent quantum bits is more reliable, the preparation flow of the quantum slip bits and the coupler is simple, the structure of the coupler is simple, the circuit complexity of the coupler is effectively reduced, and the production and preparation efficiency of the superconducting quantum chip is effectively improved.
In some embodiments, the superconducting loop further comprises a plurality of tunneling junctions, each tunneling junction being used to control the frequency of the qubit.
In some embodiments, each tunneling junction includes several layers of superconducting aluminum films disposed in a stacked arrangement and an aluminum oxide film between adjacent ones of the superconducting aluminum films.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, the frequency of quantum bits is better controlled through the aluminum-aluminum oxide-aluminum tunneling junction on the superconducting loop of the coupler, and the frequency difference between the quantum slip bits on the superconducting quantum chip and the coupler is favorably controlled to prepare the adjustable coupler with proper frequency based on the quantum slip bits.
In some embodiments, the superconducting quantum chip further comprises a flux bias line configured to apply flux quanta to the coupler to adjust an energy level of the coupler and an energy level of the quantum phase slip bit.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, the magnetic flux bias line is utilized to transmit magnetic flux quanta to the coupler to adjust the energy level of the coupler and the energy level of the quantum slip bit, so that the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum slip bits is flexibly controlled, on-chip direct current crosstalk of the superconducting quantum chip is reduced, the problem that quantum states leak to a high excitation state of the coupler when the quantum slip bit performs quantum gate operation due to low energy level non-harmony of the coupler is avoided, and the performance of the superconducting quantum chip is effectively improved.
In some embodiments, the superconducting thin film includes an indium oxide material and/or a niobium-silicon material.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, the preparation flow of the nanowire obtained by etching the superconducting thin film is simple, the production and preparation efficiency of the superconducting quantum chip is effectively improved, the nanowire is insensitive to external charge noise, the performance is more stable, the reliability is higher, and therefore the coupling and disconnection of the coupler to adjacent quantum bits are more reliably controlled.
In some embodiments, the critical current of the quantum phase slip bit satisfies the following formula:
；
Wherein, Is critical current,/>Is the superconductive energy gap, d is the thickness of the nanowire,/>Is the width of the nanowire,/>Is electron state density,/>Is Planck constant,/>Is the normal resistance of the superconducting thin film.
In some embodiments, the critical current is related to the width and thickness of the nanowire, so it is important to etch the superconducting thin film to obtain the nanowire with proper width to improve the performance of the superconducting quantum chip.
In some embodiments, the coupling strength of the indirect coupling is negative and the coupling strength of the direct coupling is positive.
In some embodiments, the tunneling junction is a tunneling junction that transports or tunnels for a single flux quantum.
In some embodiments, the difference in different energy level frequencies of the quantum phase sliding bit is no greater than 500GHz.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the preset width includes 40nm. The preset width can be set according to the needs in practical application, and the invention does not specifically limit the value of the preset width.
According to the superconducting quantum chip, quantum slip bits are built by utilizing nanowire combination cross capacitors, and a loop is formed by utilizing nanowire combination superconducting wires to build a coupler, so that each quantum slip bit and each coupler can be used for transporting magnetic flux quanta or quantum vortex through the nanowire, further, the coupler is combined with the cross capacitors to control the quantum slip bits to couple, the magnetic flux bias wires are utilized to transmit the magnetic flux quanta to the coupler to realize the adjustment of the energy level of the coupler and the energy level of the quantum slip bits, thereby realizing the flexible control of the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum slip bits, reducing the on-chip direct current crosstalk of the superconducting quantum chip, avoiding the problem that quantum states leak to the high excitation state of the coupler when the quantum slip bits are subjected to quantum gate operation due to small energy level non-harmony of the coupler, effectively improving the performance of the superconducting quantum chip, enabling the nanowire to be insensitive to external charge noise, enabling the performance to be more stable and higher, enabling the coupler to control the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum bits to be more reliable, the preparation of the quantum slip bits and the coupler to be simple, the structure of the coupler to be simple, and the preparation efficiency of the superconducting quantum slip bits to effectively reduce the coupling production process of the coupler.
It is noted that the above-described figures are only schematic illustrations of processes involved in a method according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, and are not intended to be limiting. It will be readily appreciated that the processes shown in the above figures do not indicate or limit the temporal order of these processes. In addition, it is also readily understood that these processes may be performed synchronously or asynchronously, for example, among a plurality of modules.
It should be understood that although described in a certain order, the steps are not necessarily performed sequentially in the order described. The steps are not strictly limited to the order of execution unless explicitly recited herein, and the steps may be executed in other orders. Moreover, some steps of the present embodiment may include a plurality of steps or stages, which are not necessarily performed at the same time, but may be performed at different times, and the order of the steps or stages is not necessarily sequential, but may be performed alternately or alternately with at least a part of the steps or stages in other steps or other steps.
In another aspect of the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 6, there is also provided a quantum computer 20, the quantum computer 20 being provided with at least the superconducting quantum chip 10 as above, the superconducting quantum chip 10 specifically including:
the quantum phase sliding bits are formed by correspondingly connecting a cross capacitor and a nanowire in parallel;
And the coupler is in one-to-one correspondence with each quantum phase sliding bit, and comprises a superconducting loop which is partially formed by nano wires and is used for adjusting the coupling strength between the corresponding adjacent quantum phase sliding bits.
As a further aspect of the invention, the couplers are coupled to the corresponding quantum phase slip bits by cross capacitors.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the coupler is further configured to: and adjusting the total coupling strength of the indirect coupling and the direct coupling between the quantum phase sliding bit and the adjacent quantum phase sliding bit to be zero in response to the energy level of the coupler reaching a preset value.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the superconducting loop includes a quantum slip nanowire junction and superconducting wires connecting both ends of the quantum slip nanowire junction.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the quantum slip nanowire junction includes a nanowire having a width satisfying a preset width, which is etched based on a superconducting thin film.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the superconducting loop of the coupler further includes a plurality of tunneling junctions, each tunneling junction being configured to control the frequency of the qubit.
As a further aspect of the present invention, each tunnel junction includes a plurality of layers of superconducting aluminum films stacked and aluminum oxide films between adjacent superconducting aluminum films.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the superconducting quantum chip further includes a magnetic flux bias line for applying a magnetic flux quantum to the coupler to adjust an energy level of the coupler and an energy level of the quantum phase slip bit.
In some embodiments, materials used for the superconducting thin film include indium oxide materials and niobium-silicon materials.
In some embodiments, the critical current of the quantum phase slip bit satisfies the following formula:
；
Wherein, Is critical current,/>Is the superconductive energy gap, d is the thickness of the nanowire,/>Is the width of the nanowire,/>Is electron state density,/>Is Planck constant,/>Is the normal resistance of the superconducting thin film.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the coupling strength of the indirect coupling is negative and the coupling strength of the direct coupling is positive.
As a further aspect of the present invention, the tunneling junction is a tunneling junction that transmits or tunnels for a single flux quantum.
As a further aspect of the invention, the difference in different energy level frequencies of the quantum phase sliding bit is no greater than 500GHz.
According to the quantum computer, quantum slip bits are built by utilizing nanowire combination cross capacitors, and a loop is formed by utilizing nanowire combination superconducting wires to build a coupler, so that each quantum slip bit and each coupler can be used for transporting magnetic flux quanta or quantum vortex through the nanowire, further, the coupler is combined with the cross capacitors to control the quantum slip bits to couple, the magnetic flux bias wires are utilized to transmit the magnetic flux quanta to the coupler to realize the adjustment of the energy level of the coupler and the energy level of the quantum slip bits, thereby realizing the flexible control of the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum slip bits, reducing the on-chip direct current crosstalk of a superconducting quantum chip, avoiding the problem that the quantum states leak to the high excitation state of the coupler when the quantum slip bits are subjected to quantum gate operation due to small energy level non-harmony of the coupler, effectively improving the performance of the superconducting quantum chip, enabling the nanowire to be insensitive to external charge noise, enabling the performance to be more stable and higher, enabling the coupler to control the coupling turn-off between adjacent quantum bits to be more reliable, the preparation of the quantum slip bits and the coupler to be simple, the structure of the coupler to be simple, and the preparation efficiency of the superconducting chip to effectively reduce the complexity of the quantum gate.
It should be understood that all of the embodiments, features and advantages set forth above for superconducting quantum chips according to the invention equally apply to quantum computers according to the invention, without conflicting therewith.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as software or hardware depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
The foregoing is an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, but it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure of the embodiments of the invention. The functions, steps and/or actions of the methods in accordance with the disclosed embodiments described herein need not be performed in any particular order. The foregoing embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed with reference to the number of embodiments for the purpose of description only, and does not represent the advantages or disadvantages of the embodiments. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosed embodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.
It should be understood that as used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly supports the exception. It should also be understood that "and/or" as used herein is meant to include any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that: the discussion of any of the embodiments above is merely exemplary and is not intended to suggest that the scope of the disclosure of embodiments of the invention is limited to these examples; combinations of features of the above embodiments or in different embodiments are also possible within the idea of an embodiment of the invention, and many other variations of the different aspects of the embodiments of the invention as described above exist, which are not provided in detail for the sake of brevity. Therefore, any omission, modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. of the embodiments should be included in the protection scope of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. A superconducting quantum chip, comprising:
The quantum phase sliding bit is formed by correspondingly connecting a cross capacitor and a nanowire in parallel;
The couplers are in one-to-one correspondence with the quantum phase sliding bits, and each coupler comprises a superconducting loop partially formed by nanowires;
A magnetic flux bias line for adding magnetic flux quanta to the coupler to adjust the energy level of the coupler and the energy level of the quantum phase sliding bit, so that the coupler adjusts the coupling strength between the adjacent quantum phase sliding bits based on the energy level of the coupler;
The superconducting loop comprises a quantum slip nanowire junction and superconducting wires connected with two ends of the quantum slip nanowire junction, wherein the quantum slip nanowire junction comprises nanowires which are obtained based on superconducting film etching and have widths meeting preset widths.
2. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 1, wherein the coupler is coupled to the corresponding quantum phase slip bit by the cross capacitance.
3. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 1, wherein the coupler is further configured to:
and adjusting the total coupling strength of indirect coupling and direct coupling between the quantum phase sliding bit and the adjacent quantum phase sliding bit to be zero in response to the energy level of the coupler reaching a preset value.
4. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of tunneling junctions in the superconducting loop, each tunneling junction for controlling a frequency of a qubit.
5. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 4, wherein each tunneling junction comprises a plurality of layers of superconducting aluminum films stacked and aluminum oxide films between adjacent ones of the superconducting aluminum films.
6. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 1, wherein the superconducting thin film comprises indium oxide and/or niobium-silicon material.
7. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 1, wherein the critical current of the quantum phase slip bit satisfies the formula:
；
Wherein, For the critical current,/>Is the superconductive energy gap, d is the thickness of the nanowire,/>Is the width of the nanowire,/>Is electron state density,/>Is Planck constant,/>Is the normal resistance of the superconducting thin film.
8. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 3 wherein the coupling strength of the indirect coupling is negative and the coupling strength of the direct coupling is positive.
9. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 5, wherein the tunneling junction is a tunneling junction that transmits or tunnels for a single flux quantum.
10. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 6 wherein the difference in different energy level frequencies of the quantum phase slip bits is no greater than 500GHz.
11. The superconducting quantum chip of claim 1, wherein the nanowire has a width of no greater than 40nm to adjust the critical current of the quantum phase slip bit to meet a preset current value.
12. A quantum computer provided with at least a superconducting quantum chip as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11.
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