CN117805177A - Method for measuring heat release rate of material in reactor and radial heat transfer calorimeter - Google Patents
Method for measuring heat release rate of material in reactor and radial heat transfer calorimeter Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 35
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C17/00—Monitoring; Testing ; Maintaining
- G21C17/10—Structural combination of fuel element, control rod, reactor core, or moderator structure with sensitive instruments, e.g. for measuring radioactivity, strain
- G21C17/112—Measuring temperature
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring the heat release rate of a material in a reactor and a radial heat transfer calorimeter, belonging to the technical field of reactor material irradiation, wherein the method comprises the steps of determining the stable temperature difference caused by a sample to be measured by measuring the stable temperature of a sample module containing the sample to be measured and a reference module without the sample; the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module is determined by inputting the preset additional power into the sample module; according to the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module, calculating the input power corresponding to the stable temperature difference caused by the sample to be detected; and calculating the heat release rate of the material to be measured through the input power and the mass of the sample to be measured. According to the invention, the heating element is used for inputting additional power to the sample to be measured in the sample module to directly measure the material heat release rate, and the reference module is used as a reference to eliminate the structure heat release, so that the interference of environmental factors is avoided, and the rapid and direct measurement of the material heat release rate is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of reactor material irradiation, and particularly relates to a method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor and a radial heat transfer calorimeter.
Background
The heat release of the structural material within the reactor is a key parameter for the design of the reactor core and irradiation experiments. Nuclear heat release within a reactor mainly includes heat evolved by the action of nuclear fuel and structural materials during particle transport. In addition to nuclear fuel heat release, photons, neutrons, light charged particles (β), etc. generated during transport interact with the structural material to generate charged particles until thermal equilibrium is reached in the material, and the continuous energy deposition of the charged particles generates localized heating, which results in an increase in the temperature of the material, which is the source of the heat release from the structural material. Particles that react in the reactor mainly include photons and neutrons, where the bulk of the source of the structural material heat release is caused by the action of gamma rays with matter. The heat release of the structural material is of great importance for accurately determining the thermal design of the irradiated sample experiment and the safe operation of the reactor.
In reactors, particularly material testing stacks, as the amount of structural material in the stack increases and the fraction of structural material in certain irradiation devices increases, the heat release from the structural material has been one of the important sources of heat in the stack. The increased amount of build-up material in the reactor may cause an increase in the amount of heat released from the reactor, which may cause local elevated temperatures in the core to affect safe operation of the reactor. The determination of the heat release rate of a material can generally be determined by the Monte Carlo method or by the method of in-stack experiments. The calculation is performed by the Monte Carlo method, which cannot completely conform to the actual situation, for example, the generation and transportation of photons generated in the process of fission delayed light photons and nuclide decay and electrons can be ignored, so that a certain difference exists between the photons and the measurement result. The measurement of the heat release rate of materials by experimental measurement methods is generally based on calorimetric methods, and main techniques include adiabatic heating, static isothermal methods, experimental measurement of heat transfer coefficients, and the like. However, in the existing measurement technique, the material heat release rate needs to be converted by other measurement parameters. Therefore, the accuracy of the experimental measurement result is poor and is greatly influenced by the experimental environment, and a complex calculation method is needed to compensate the heat loss of the sample in the measurement process, so that the experimental result is corrected. At present, a technology for directly measuring the material heat release rate by a heat compensation method is proposed, but the process of adjusting the current to a specified input power in a core hole is time-consuming, and the device is large in size and has a certain limitation. In view of the above, a method and a radial heat transfer calorimeter are provided which can directly measure the heat release rate of a material, and can realize rapid measurement of the heat release rate of the material. The method can reduce the loss of heat conduction through gas and radiation heat conduction, can reduce the correction process of calculation on experimental results, and can adapt to the measurement of the material heat release rate in the environment with higher irradiation dose.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a measuring method and a radial heat transfer calorimeter suitable for the heat release rate of materials in a reactor, solve the defects of the prior device and measuring method, ensure the direct, rapid and accurate measurement of the heat release rate of the materials in the reactor, avoid the direct calculation of the heat release rate of the materials through theory and reduce the influence of parameters introduced by the theoretical calculation on the result, and reduce the heat release rate improvement range of the internal structure of the calorimeter through heat conduction of a radial structure, thereby being capable of realizing the direct measurement of the heat release rate of the materials.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme of the present invention is as follows: a method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor, comprising the steps of:
determining a stable temperature difference caused by a sample to be measured by measuring the stable temperature of a sample module containing the sample to be measured and a reference module without the sample;
the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module is determined by inputting the preset additional power into the sample module;
according to the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module, calculating the input power corresponding to the stable temperature difference caused by the sample to be detected;
and calculating the heat release rate of the material to be measured through the input power and the mass of the sample to be measured.
Further, the structures and the material compositions of the sample module and the reference module are the same, and a cavity for placing a sample to be measured is reserved in the sample module.
Further, the material and structure of the heating elements in the sample module and the reference module, as well as the heating power, are the same.
Further, determining a stable temperature difference caused by the sample to be measured, specifically comprising:
measuring the stable temperature of the sample module through measuring points at the central positions of the outer wall of the sample module and the inner wall of the shell, and calculating to obtain the stable temperature difference T of the sample module s ；
Measuring the stable temperature of the reference module through measuring points at the central positions of the outer wall of the reference module and the inner wall of the shell, and calculating to obtain the stable temperature difference T of the reference module r ；
According to the stable temperature difference T of the sample module s And a stable temperature difference T of the reference module r Determining the stable temperature difference T caused by a sample to be tested s -T r 。
Further, by inputting a preset additional power W into the sample module e Measuring the stable temperature of the sample module again through measuring points at the center positions of the outer wall of the sample module and the inner wall of the shell, and calculating to obtain the preset additional power W input into the sample module e Stable temperature difference T of rear sample module se The heat release rate W of the sample to be measured is calculated by the following formula n+γ ：
W n+γ ＝W e ·(T s -T s )/(T se -T s )/m
Wherein m is the mass of the sample to be measured.
The radial heat transfer calorimeter for the heat release rate of the materials in the reactor comprises an irradiation tank, wherein a shell thermocouple is arranged on the outer side wall of the irradiation tank, a measuring module is arranged in the irradiation tank, and the measuring module comprises a sample module and a reference module;
the sample module comprises a sample module cladding, a sample module cover is arranged at the top of the sample module cladding, a sample module supporting ring is arranged in the sample module cladding, a cavity for accommodating a sample to be tested is formed between the sample module supporting ring and the sample module cladding, a sample module heating element is arranged in the sample module supporting ring, a sample module heat transfer sheet is arranged in the sample module cladding, is in contact with the sample module heating element and extends out of the sample module cladding through the sample module supporting ring, and the sample module heat transfer sheet is electrically connected with a sample module thermocouple;
the reference module comprises a reference module cladding, a reference module cover is arranged at the top of the reference module cladding, a reference module supporting ring is arranged in the reference module cladding, a hollow cavity is formed between the reference module supporting ring and the reference module cladding, a reference module heating element is arranged in the reference module supporting ring, a reference module heat transfer sheet is arranged in the reference module cladding, is in contact with the reference module heating element and extends out of the reference module cladding through the reference module supporting ring, and a reference module thermocouple is electrically connected to the reference module heat transfer sheet.
Further, the irradiation tank comprises a top cover, a shell and a bottom cover, wherein the top cover and the bottom cover are respectively arranged at two ends of the shell, the shell thermocouple is arranged on the outer side wall of the shell, a groove is formed in the top cover, a lead tube is arranged in the groove and used for leading out a signal wire of the sample module thermocouple or the reference module thermocouple, and current wires of the sample module heating element and the reference module heating element, and lead holes matched with the lead diameter are formed in the lead tube.
Further, the sample module heating element and the reference module heating element are both composed of a current wire, a temperature control thermocouple, an electric heating wire and an insulating material, wherein the electric heating wire is arranged in the insulating material, the current wire and the temperature control thermocouple are electrically connected with the electric heating wire, and the current wire is electrically connected with a high-voltage power supply through a lead tube and a lead hole.
Further, two ends of the sample module heat transfer sheet are respectively and fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the sample module cladding and the center of the inner side wall of the shell; the two ends of the reference module heat transfer sheet are respectively and fixedly connected to the centers of the outer side wall of the reference module cladding and the inner side wall of the shell.
Further, the sample module and the reference module are wrapped by an air gap layer in a space surrounded by the shell, the top cover and the bottom cover, the top cover is provided with an air charging pipe, the air charging pipe is communicated with the air gap layer, and the air charging pipe is provided with an air regulating valve.
The technical principle of the scheme is as follows:
the method is characterized in that an additional power method is adopted, nuclear radiation energy deposition heat release in a material sample is simulated by utilizing input electric power, the electric power is input into a sample module to enable the sample to be tested to generate temperature rise, the heat generated by the sample is presented in a temperature difference mode, the corresponding relation between stable temperature difference and input power can be obtained, and the material heat release rate can be directly calculated by combining the stable temperature difference measured in a pile according to the relation. If the difference of the temperature difference between the measuring points of the sample module before and after the electric power is input is the same as the difference value of the temperature difference between the sample module and the reference module when the electric power is not input, the heat release rate of the material is obtained by dividing the input electric power by the mass of the sample to be measured.
The radial structure inside the calorimeter can reduce the size of the device due to heat conduction to the external environment, so that the heat release rate distribution of the active area of the reactor core can be accurately measured. The radial structural design can greatly reduce the consumption of structural materials, reduce the heat release of the structural materials, and can adapt to the measurement of the environment with high irradiation dose. Meanwhile, the sample to be measured is tightly wrapped by the sample module sealing cover, the sample module supporting ring and the sample module cladding, so that the heat loss of the material sample through gas heat conduction and radiation heat transfer can be effectively reduced, the correction of theoretical calculation on experimental results can be avoided, and the accuracy of measuring the heat release rate of the material is improved. The thermocouple is designed in the center of the outer wall of the outer shell of the calorimeter to monitor the temperature of an external cooling medium, so that physical boundary conditions can be applied to theoretical calculation and a physical model conveniently, correction of test results is facilitated, and measurement accuracy is improved. The thermocouple is designed in the heating element for monitoring the heating temperature in real time, so that the calorimeter is ensured to be in a safe temperature range, and the failure caused by high-temperature melting of materials is avoided.
The adoption of the scheme has the following beneficial effects:
1. compared with the prior art, the invention adopts the additional power method, and the material heat release rate is directly measured by inputting any additional power into the sample to be measured in the sample module through the heating element, and the structure heat release can be eliminated by adopting the reference module as a comparison, so that the interference of environmental factors is avoided, and the rapid and direct measurement of the material heat release rate is realized.
2. Compared with the prior art, the invention can reduce the loss of gas heat conduction and radiation heat exchange, reduce the correction of experimental results and improve the measurement precision.
3. Compared with the prior art, the radial structure heat transfer technology is adopted, the axial size of the device can be greatly reduced, the consumption of structural materials can be reduced, more accurate heat release rate distribution of the active area of the reactor core can be realized, and the method can be suitable for measuring the heat release rate of the materials in a high-radiation-dose environment.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a radial heat transfer calorimeter of the invention suitable for use with the heat release rate of a material in a reactor;
FIG. 3 is a left side view of an embodiment of a radial heat transfer calorimeter of the invention suitable for use with the heat release rate of a material in a reactor;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a sample module of an embodiment of a radial heat transfer calorimeter of the invention suitable for use with the heat release rate of a material in a reactor;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a reference module of an embodiment of a radial heat transfer calorimeter of the invention suitable for use with the heat release rate of a material in a reactor;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a heating element of an embodiment of a radial heat transfer calorimeter of the invention suitable for use in the heat release rate of a material in a reactor.
Reference numerals in the drawings of the specification include: 1. the sample module comprises a sample tube, 2, a lead hole, 3, a sample module thermocouple, 4, a sample module sealing cover, 5, a sample module heating element, 6, a sample module heat transfer sheet, 7, a sample to be tested, 8, a sample module supporting ring, 9, a sample module cladding, 10, a gas regulating valve, 11, an air charging tube, 12, a top cover, 13, a reference module thermocouple, 14, a reference module sealing cover, 15, a reference module heating element, 16, a housing thermocouple, 17, a reference module heat transfer sheet, 18, an empty chamber, 19, a reference module supporting ring, 20, a reference module cladding, 21, a housing, 22, an air gap layer, 23, a bottom cover, 501, a current wire, 502, a temperature control thermocouple, 503, an electric heating wire, 504 and an insulating material.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar elements or elements having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "longitudinal," "transverse," "vertical," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like indicate or are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate description of the invention and to simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be configured and operated in a particular orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified and defined, it should be noted that the terms "mounted," "connected," and "coupled" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, mechanical or electrical, or may be in communication with each other between two elements, directly or indirectly through intermediaries, as would be understood by those skilled in the art, in view of the specific meaning of the terms described above.
The following is a further detailed description of the embodiments:
example 1
As shown in fig. 1: a method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor, comprising the steps of:
s1: determining a stable temperature difference caused by the sample 7 to be measured by measuring the stable temperature of a sample module containing the sample 7 to be measured and a reference module without the sample;
s2: the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module is determined by inputting the preset additional power into the sample module;
s3: according to the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module, calculating the input power corresponding to the stable temperature difference caused by the sample 7 to be tested;
s4: and calculating the heat release rate of the material to be measured by the input power and the mass of the sample 7 to be measured.
The measuring method of the embodiment comprises a sample module and a reference module, wherein the sample module and the reference module are different in that whether the sample 7 to be measured is contained or not, and other structures and material compositions are consistent. The reference module is used to eliminate the interference of the heat released by the internal structure of the device and to determine the temperature difference variation caused by the sample 7 to be measured only.
In addition, the materials and structures of the heating element in the sample module and the heating element in the reference module, and the heating power are all identical, so as to ensure that the heat generated by the electric heating wire 503 and the insulating material 504 are identical.
In S1, determining a stable temperature difference caused by the sample 7 to be measured, specifically includes:
measuring the stable temperature of the sample module through measuring points at the center positions of the outer wall of the sample module and the inner wall of the shell 21, and calculating to obtain a sampleStable temperature difference T of product module s ；
The stable temperature of the reference module is measured through measuring points at the center positions of the outer wall of the reference module and the inner wall of the shell 21, and the stable temperature difference T of the reference module is calculated r ；
According to the stable temperature difference T of the sample module s And a stable temperature difference T of the reference module r Determining the stable temperature difference T caused by the sample 7 to be tested s -T r 。
Because the structural shape and the material of the sample module and the reference module are consistent and are in the same radiation environment, the difference T of the measured stable temperature difference s -T r Is caused by the heat emitted by the sample 7 to be measured.
In particular, the sample module heating element 5 is energized, while the heating element in the reference module is not energized. By inputting a predetermined additional power W into the sample module when the sample module heating element 5 is energized e (W) causing the temperature of the sample 7 to be measured to rise and forming a new stable temperature field, at this time, measuring the stable temperature of the sample module again through the central position measuring points of the outer wall of the sample module and the inner wall of the housing 21, calculating to obtain the input of the preset additional power W into the sample module e Stable temperature difference T of rear sample module se 。
Since the sample modules are still in the same radiation environment, T se -T s The value of (2) is related only to the heat evolved in the sample due to the joule effect. At this time, the heat release rate W of the sample 7 to be measured can be calculated by externally inputting electric power into the sample module n+γ (W/g), the heat release rate W of the sample 7 to be measured is calculated by the following formula n+γ ：
W n+γ ＝W e ·(T s -T r )/(T s -T r )/m
Wherein m is the mass of the sample to be detected 7, and the unit is g.
The measuring method has the advantages that excessive theoretical parameters can be prevented from being introduced to calculate, and the measuring method is quick and convenient and takes less time. Under the condition that the shape structure and the material of the sample module are consistent with those of the reference module, the input electric power on the sample module is only related to the heat release amount of the sample 7 to be detected, and the heat release rate of the sample 7 to be detected can be calculated by adding a certain value of electric power.
In addition, when the external power can ensure that the difference of the measured temperature difference of the sample module is consistent with the difference of the temperature difference of the sample module and the reference module when the power is not applied, the external power divided by the mass of the sample 7 to be measured can directly represent the material heat release rate. By the additional power method, uncertainty factors caused by temperature changes of the materials, the gas characteristics and the like of the heat measuring module can be avoided. For example, theoretical calculations by introducing physical quantities such as thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and density can be avoided.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 2-6, a radial heat transfer calorimeter for heat release rate of materials in a reactor comprises an irradiation tank, wherein a shell thermocouple 16 is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the irradiation tank, and a measuring module is arranged in the irradiation tank and comprises a sample module and a reference module.
Referring to fig. 4, the sample module includes a sample module housing 9, a sample module cover 4 is fixedly connected to the top of the sample module housing 9, a sample module supporting ring 8 is fixedly connected in the sample module housing 9, a chamber for accommodating a sample 7 to be tested is formed between the sample module supporting ring 8 and the sample module housing 9, a sample module heating element 5 is fixedly connected in the sample module supporting ring 8, a sample module heat transfer sheet 6 is fixedly connected in the sample module housing 9, the sample module heat transfer sheet 6 contacts with the sample module heating element 5 and extends out of the sample module housing 9 through the sample module supporting ring 8, and the sample module heat transfer sheet 6 is electrically connected with a sample module thermocouple 3; the sample module thermocouple 3 is used to measure the stable temperature difference.
Referring to fig. 5, the reference module includes a reference module housing 20, a reference module cover 14 is fixedly connected to the top of the reference module housing 20, a reference module supporting ring 19 is fixedly connected in the reference module housing 20, a hollow chamber 18 is formed between the reference module supporting ring 19 and the reference module housing 20, the hollow chamber 18 is a closed space surrounded by the reference module housing 20, the reference module supporting ring 19 and the reference module cover 14, a reference module heating element 15 is fixedly connected in the reference module supporting ring 19, a reference module heat transfer sheet 17 is fixedly connected in the reference module housing 20, the reference module heat transfer sheet 17 contacts with the reference module heating element 15 and extends out of the reference module housing 20 through the reference module supporting ring 19, and the reference module heat transfer sheet 17 is electrically connected with a reference module thermocouple 13; the reference module thermocouple 13 is used to measure the stable temperature difference.
Specifically, referring to fig. 2-3, the irradiation tank includes a top cover 12, a housing 21 and a bottom cover 23, the top cover 12 and the bottom cover 23 are respectively and fixedly connected to two ends of the housing 21, the housing thermocouple 16 is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the housing 21, a groove is formed in the top cover 12, a lead tube 1 is fixedly connected in the groove, the lead tube 1 is used for leading out a signal wire of the sample module thermocouple 3 or the reference module thermocouple 13, and a current wire 501 of the sample module heating element 5 and the reference module heating element 15, lead holes 2 matched with lead diameters are formed in the lead tube 1, and sealing can be performed by glue filling, welding and other modes.
Wherein, the shell thermocouple 16 is used for evaluating the external environment temperature, and the sample module thermocouple 3 and the reference module thermocouple 13 are connected with an external multichannel temperature controller through the lead hole 2, the lead tube 1 and synchronously monitor the internal temperature change. The housing thermocouple 16 mounted to the calorimeter housing 21 is then directly connected to the multichannel temperature controller.
Wherein, the sample module and the reference module are wrapped by an air gap layer 22 in a space surrounded by a shell 21, a top cover 12 and a bottom cover 23, an air charging tube 11 is fixedly connected on the top cover 12, the air charging tube 11 is communicated with the air gap layer 22, and an air regulating valve 10 is fixedly connected on the air charging tube 11. The air gap layer 22 is inflated or evacuated through the inflation tube 11 on the top cover 12. The gas regulating valve 10 on the gas charging pipe 11 has the function of regulating the gas flow and sealing.
Referring to fig. 6, the reference module heating element 15 is identical to the sample module heating element 5 in terms of its components, including the shape and structure, the amount of the electric heating wire 503, and the heating power; specifically, the sample module heating element 5 and the reference module heating element 15 are each composed of a current wire 501, a temperature control thermocouple 502, an electric heating wire 503 and an insulating material 504, wherein the electric heating wire 503 is fixedly connected in the insulating material 504, the current wire 501 and the temperature control thermocouple 502 are electrically connected with the electric heating wire 503, and the current wire 501 is electrically connected with a high-voltage power supply through the lead tube 1 and the lead hole 2.
The two ends of the sample module heat transfer sheet 6 are respectively and fixedly connected with the outer side wall of the sample module cladding 9 and the center of the inner side wall of the shell 21, so as to transfer heat to the external environment; correspondingly, the two ends of the reference module heat transfer sheet 17 are respectively and fixedly connected to the centers of the outer side wall of the reference module cladding 20 and the inner side wall of the housing 21, so as to transfer heat to the external environment.
In summary, the only difference between the sample module and the reference module is whether the sample 7 to be measured is contained, the sample module contains a chamber for containing the sample 7 to be measured, wherein the sample 7 to be measured is contained, and the reference module does not contain the material sample as the empty chamber 18. When the sample module does not contain the sample 7 to be measured, the heat quantity generated by the sample module is the same as that generated by the reference module under the same irradiation environment. Since the sample and reference modules are of the same structural material, the difference in heat generated by both the sample and reference modules when the calorimeter is in operation is caused by the sample 7 to be measured.
When the radial heat transfer calorimeter works in the core hole, the sample module and the reference module are in the same irradiation environment, and the sample module and the reference module can respond to the environment in the same amplitude, so that the interference of environmental factors is reduced as much as possible. By the additional current method, the calorimeter does not need to be calibrated by using the outside of the reactor, and only needs to provide stable current or voltage for inputting stable power by using external power supply equipment when in operation, so that the heat release rate of the material can be directly measured.
The specific implementation process is as follows:
when the radial heat transfer calorimeter works in the reactor, the radial heat transfer calorimeter is generally fixedly and vertically inserted into the core hole through a mechanical structure, and the periphery of the calorimeter is wrapped by flowing cooling water. When photons, neutrons, light charged particles (beta) and the like generated in the in-pile transportation process interact with substances in a sample module, such as a sample 7 to be detected, a sample module supporting ring 8, a sample module shell 9, a sample module sealing cover 4, a sample module heating element 5 and the like, the products are generatedThe charged particles emit heat and transfer the heat to the outside through the radial structure sample module heat transfer sheet 6. After the thermal balance state is reached, the temperature between two measuring points is measured by a sample module thermocouple 3, and the stable temperature difference T is obtained s 。
At the same time, the cavity chamber 18, the reference module support ring 19, the reference module enclosure 20, the reference module cover 14, the reference module heating element 15, etc. in the reference module also interact with the particles to generate heat, which is transferred to the outside through the radial structure reference module heat transfer sheet 17. After the thermal balance state is reached, the temperature between two measuring points is measured by the reference module thermocouple 13 to obtain the stable temperature difference T r 。
At this time, the heating elements and none of the samples in the sample module and the reference module are input with power, and the difference in the values of the stable temperature difference, namely T, is due to the consistent structures of the sample module and the reference module s -T r But only by the heat generated by the sample 7 to be measured. In order to measure the heat release rate of the direct material by the temperature difference, nuclear radiation energy deposition in the sample 7 to be measured is simulated by inputting electric power, and the relationship between the input power and the stable temperature difference is obtained. The power W with a certain magnitude is input into the sample module heating element 5 e Can cause the heat generated by the sample 7 to be measured to increase so as to reach a new heat balance state, and the temperature between the two measuring points is measured again through the sample module thermocouple 3, so that a stable temperature difference T can be obtained se 。
At this time, the electric power W is input in the sample module e The temperature difference generated in the sample 7 to be measured is T s -T r Input electric power W e And the resulting temperature difference T se -T s Corresponding to each other. The temperature difference T can be calculated by the relation s -T r The corresponding heat release power of the sample 7 to be measured is divided by the mass of the sample 7 to be measured to directly obtain the heat release rate of the material, and the calculation formula is as follows: w (W) n+γ ＝W e ·(T s -T r )/(T se -T s )/m。
For example, in a special case when the temperature is different T se -T s And T s -T r When equal, the power W input in the sample module heating element 5 e Divided by the mass of the sample 7 to be measured to obtain the material heat release rate W of the sample 7 to be measured n+γ 。
The basic principle of the radial heat transfer calorimeter is to use joule effect input heating power to simulate nuclear radiation energy deposition heat release in the sample 7 to be measured. In order to directly measure the heat release rate of the material, power is input into the heating element 5 of the sample module to simulate the temperature difference caused by nuclear radiation energy deposition, and the corresponding relation between the input power and the stable temperature difference is obtained. Because the sample module and the reference module are completely the same in structural material, the difference of the measured stable temperature difference between the sample module and the reference module is only caused by the sample 7 to be measured, and the corresponding input power is calculated through the obtained relationship between the input electric power and the stable temperature difference, so that the heat release rate of the material can be directly measured. The heat lost by the sample through gas heat conduction and radiation heat exchange is not negligible, so that the sample 7 to be measured is arranged in the space enclosed by the sample module cladding 9, the sample module supporting ring 8 and the sample module sealing cover 4 and is in close contact, and the heat lost by the direct contact of the sample 7 to be measured and the gas through gas heat conduction and radiation heat exchange can be reduced.
In addition, the close contact mode can ensure that the heat generated by the sample 7 to be tested transfers the heat to the outside through the sample module cladding 9, the sample module supporting ring 8, the sample module sealing cover 4 and the heat measuring module heat transfer sheet as much as possible. The calorimeter inner air gap layer 22 is filled with a low thermal conductivity gas in a manner that ensures heat transfer outwardly, primarily by conduction through the sample module heat transfer sheet 6 and the reference module heat transfer sheet 17. The heat transfer structure design can greatly reduce the size of the calorimeter and reduce structural materials, ensure that the calorimeter can be suitable for measuring the material heat release rate of more points in the reactor core hole canal, and can be suitable for measuring the material heat release rate in higher neutron and photon flux environments. Since the heating elements also react with the particles in the stack to generate heat, the sample module heating element 5 and the reference module heating element 15 must be identical in shape and structure to ensure the same heat release.
Meanwhile, in order to reduce heat loss of gas heat conduction and radiation heat exchange, the sample module heating element 5 and the reference module heating element 15 are installed inside the sample module support ring 8 and the reference module support ring 19, respectively.
The radial heat transfer calorimeter adopts an additional power method, the material heat release rate can be calculated by inputting any additional power into a heating element in a sample 7 to be measured, the material heat release rate can be prevented from being calculated theoretically, and the material heat release rate can be measured directly from any additional power, so that the rapid measurement in a pile is realized. By adding the radial heat transfer structure, the size and the consumption of structural materials of the calorimeter can be greatly reduced, the heat release rate distribution of the core duct can be more accurately measured, and the heat release quantity of the structural materials can be reduced, so that the calorimeter is suitable for measuring in a higher irradiation environment. By placing the sample 7 to be tested in the sealed enclosure to avoid direct contact with the gas, the heat conduction and radiation heat exchange quantity of the gas can be reduced, the correction of experimental results is reduced, and the measurement accuracy is improved.
The foregoing is merely exemplary of the present invention and the specific structures and/or characteristics of the present invention that are well known in the art have not been described in detail herein. It should be noted that modifications and improvements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the structure of the present invention, and these should also be considered as the scope of the present invention, which does not affect the effect of the implementation of the present invention and the utility of the patent. The protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the content of the claims, and the description of the specific embodiments and the like in the specification can be used for explaining the content of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for measuring the heat release rate of a material in a reactor, comprising the steps of:
determining a stable temperature difference caused by a sample to be measured by measuring the stable temperature of a sample module containing the sample to be measured and a reference module without the sample;
the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module is determined by inputting the preset additional power into the sample module;
according to the corresponding relation between the additional power and the caused stable temperature difference change in the sample module, calculating the input power corresponding to the stable temperature difference caused by the sample to be detected;
and calculating the heat release rate of the material to be measured through the input power and the mass of the sample to be measured.
2. The method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor according to claim 1, wherein: the structure and the material composition of the sample module and the reference module are the same, and a cavity for placing a sample to be measured is reserved in the sample module.
3. The method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor according to claim 1, wherein: the material and structure of the heating elements in the sample module and the reference module are the same, as well as the heating power.
4. The method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor according to claim 1, wherein: determining a stable temperature difference caused by a sample to be measured, which specifically comprises the following steps:
measuring the stable temperature of the sample module through measuring points at the central positions of the outer wall of the sample module and the inner wall of the shell, and calculating to obtain the stable temperature difference T of the sample module s ；
Measuring the stable temperature of the reference module through measuring points at the central positions of the outer wall of the reference module and the inner wall of the shell, and calculating to obtain the stable temperature difference T of the reference module r ；
According to the stable temperature difference T of the sample module s And a stable temperature difference T of the reference module r Determining the stable temperature difference T caused by a sample to be tested s -T r 。
5. The method for measuring a heat release rate of a material in a reactor according to claim 4, wherein: by inputting a predetermined additional power W into the sample module e Again through the central position measuring points of the outer wall of the sample module and the inner wall of the shell,measuring the stable temperature of the sample module, and calculating to obtain the preset additional power W input into the sample module e Stable temperature difference T of rear sample module se The heat release rate W of the sample to be measured is calculated by the following formula n+γ ：
W n+γ ＝W e ·(T s -T r )/(T se -T s )/m
Wherein m is the mass of the sample to be measured.
6. A radial heat transfer calorimeter for the heat release rate of a material in a reactor, characterized by: the device comprises an irradiation tank, wherein a shell thermocouple (16) is arranged on the outer side wall of the irradiation tank, a measurement module is arranged in the irradiation tank, and the measurement module comprises a sample module and a reference module;
the sample module comprises a sample module cladding (9), a sample module cover (4) is arranged at the top of the sample module cladding (9), a sample module supporting ring (8) is arranged in the sample module cladding (9), a cavity for accommodating a sample (7) to be tested is formed between the sample module supporting ring (8) and the sample module cladding (9), a sample module heating element (5) is arranged in the sample module supporting ring (8), a sample module heat transfer sheet (6) is arranged in the sample module cladding (9), the sample module heat transfer sheet (6) is in contact with the sample module heating element (5), and extends out of the sample module cladding (9) through the sample module supporting ring (8), and the sample module heat transfer sheet (6) is electrically connected with a sample module thermocouple (3);
the reference module comprises a reference module cladding (20), a reference module cover (14) is arranged at the top of the reference module cladding (20), a reference module supporting ring (19) is arranged in the reference module cladding (20), a cavity chamber (18) is formed between the reference module supporting ring (19) and the reference module cladding (20), a reference module heating element (15) is arranged in the reference module supporting ring (19), a reference module heat transfer sheet (17) is arranged in the reference module cladding (20), the reference module heat transfer sheet (17) is in contact with the reference module heating element (15), and extends out of the reference module cladding (20) through the reference module supporting ring (19), and the reference module heat transfer sheet (17) is electrically connected with a reference module thermocouple (13).
7. The radial heat transfer calorimeter of claim 6 adapted for the heat release rate of a material in a reactor, wherein: the irradiation tank comprises a top cover (12), a shell (21) and a bottom cover (23), wherein the top cover (12) and the bottom cover (23) are respectively arranged at two ends of the shell (21), a shell thermocouple (16) is arranged on the outer side wall of the shell (21), a groove is formed in the top cover (12), a lead tube (1) is arranged in the groove, the lead tube (1) is used for leading out a signal wire of a sample module thermocouple (3) or a reference module thermocouple (13), and a current wire (501) of a sample module heating element (5) and a reference module heating element (15), and a lead hole (2) matched with the lead diameter is formed in the lead tube (1).
8. The radial heat transfer calorimeter of claim 7 adapted for the heat release rate of a material in a reactor, wherein: the sample module heating element (5) and the reference module heating element (15) are both composed of a current wire (501), a temperature control thermocouple (502), an electric heating wire (503) and an insulating material (504), wherein the electric heating wire (503) is arranged in the insulating material (504), the current wire (501) and the temperature control thermocouple (502) are electrically connected with the electric heating wire (503), and the current wire (501) is electrically connected with a high-voltage power supply through a lead tube (1) and a lead hole (2).
9. The method for measuring the heat release rate of a material in a reactor and the radial heat transfer calorimeter according to claim 8, wherein: two ends of the sample module heat transfer sheet (6) are respectively and fixedly connected with the outer side wall of the sample module cladding (9) and the center of the inner side wall of the shell (21); the two ends of the reference module heat transfer sheet (17) are respectively and fixedly connected to the centers of the outer side wall of the reference module cladding (20) and the inner side wall of the shell (21).
10. The method for measuring the heat release rate of a material in a reactor and the radial heat transfer calorimeter according to claim 9, wherein: the sample module and the reference module are wrapped by an air gap layer (22) in a space surrounded by the shell (21), the top cover (12) and the bottom cover (23), an air charging tube (11) is arranged on the top cover (12), the air charging tube (11) is communicated with the air gap layer (22), and an air regulating valve (10) is arranged on the air charging tube (11).
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