CN117768448A - Streaming parameter adaptation-based audio and video streaming transmission method and system and cloud server - Google Patents
Streaming parameter adaptation-based audio and video streaming transmission method and system and cloud server Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an audio and video streaming transmission method and system based on streaming parameter adaptation, a cloud server of cloud machine end service and a computer readable storage medium, wherein the method comprises the following steps: identifying the currently running application process of the first cloud machine client; determining a current cloud application scene through a currently running application process; inquiring whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not from a back-end platform; if so, acquiring matched streaming parameters, updating coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters. The method can provide streaming parameters adapted to the cloud machine client based on the cloud application scene, optimize network parameters, avoid network congestion and network packet loss problems, and provide audio and video streams matched with requirements of users.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of audio and video stream processing, and in particular, to an audio and video stream transmission method and system based on stream parameter adaptation, a cloud server for cloud machine side service, and a computer readable storage medium.
Background
At present, cloud technology is mature and is applied to cloud computers, cloud desktops, cloud services and the like, and cloud mobile phones proposed for mobile phones are developed fully. The existing cloud mobile phone generally comprises a client and a cloud server, wherein the client can comprise a mobile phone, a tablet, a computer and the like, and the basic requirement is that the client APP can be installed and meanwhile a network is provided, and the client is connected to the cloud server through the network. When the cloud mobile phone cloud management system is used, the client runs the APP and can be connected to the cloud server, namely, on the basis of application of the cloud mobile phone, people can operate a plurality of cloud mobile phones by one client and control a plurality of mobile phone control interfaces by one client. Along with the different roles played by users, the daily life needs to process various different things, and many users carry multiple mobile phones to process different things according to different use requirements, for example, the carried multiple mobile phones comprise mobile phones specially used for receiving calls, mobile phones specially used for processing company transactions and mobile phones specially used for processing private life trivial matters. However, carrying multiple mobile phones according to different use requirements causes inconvenience to the user, and all required files and data cannot be obtained from one mobile phone at any time, and different mobile phones must be opened to obtain different files and data. Through cloud cell-phone, can improve user's use convenience, protect user data security.
When the cloud mobile phone is used currently, after the back-end platform provides equipment information and streaming parameters of cloud machine end service for cloud machine clients of users, the cloud machine clients are connected with the cloud machine end service through the equipment information, and the cloud machine end service provides audio and video streams for the cloud machine clients through the fixed streaming parameters for the cloud machine clients. However, when using the cloud machine client, the user often switches different applications, and the unused applications have different requirements for different networks. The cloud machine end service provides audio and video streams for users by using fixed streaming parameters, so that the problems of network congestion and network packet loss can be caused, the audio and video streams provided for the users are not matched with scene requirements of the users, and the user experience is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and provides an audio and video stream transmission method and system based on stream parameter adaptation, a cloud server for cloud machine end service and a computer readable storage medium.
In order to solve at least one of the above technical problems, an embodiment of the present invention provides an audio/video streaming method based on stream parameter adaptation, which is applied to a cloud terminal service, and the audio/video streaming method includes:
identifying the currently running application process of the first cloud machine client;
determining a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process;
inquiring whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not from a back-end platform;
if so, acquiring the matched streaming parameters, updating the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
Preferably, when the back-end platform receives a cloud machine streaming service request of the first cloud machine client, equipment information and recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine end service are returned to the first cloud machine client;
and the first cloud machine client initiates a connection request to the cloud machine end service according to the equipment information and the recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine end service, so that the cloud machine end service encodes the audio and video stream according to the recommended streaming parameters and returns the encoded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client.
Preferably, the stream parameters include a code rate, a resolution, and a frame rate;
the querying, by the backend platform, whether there is a streaming parameter matching the current cloud application scenario includes:
when the current cloud application scene is a video application, acquiring a first streaming parameter, wherein the first streaming parameter comprises a first code rate, a first resolution and a first frame rate;
when the current cloud application scene is a game application, acquiring a second streaming parameter, wherein the second streaming parameter comprises a second code rate, a second resolution and a second frame rate;
when the current cloud application scene is a tool application, acquiring a third streaming parameter, wherein the third streaming parameter comprises a third code rate, a third resolution and a third frame rate;
wherein the first resolution is greater than the second resolution and greater than the third resolution, the second code rate is greater than the first code rate and greater than the third code rate, the first frame rate is greater than the third frame rate, and the second frame rate is greater than the third frame rate.
Preferably, when the current cloud application scenario is a tool application, the audio/video streaming method further includes:
when the current network quality is detected to not meet the set condition, a fourth code rate and a fourth resolution are obtained, wherein the fourth code rate is smaller than the third code rate, and the fourth resolution is smaller than the third resolution;
and updating the coding parameters of the coder by using the fourth code rate, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client based on the fourth resolution.
Preferably, the back-end platform obtains user non-sensitive network performance data reported by the first cloud machine client in real time, determines current optimal streaming parameters according to the user non-sensitive network performance data, and returns equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the current optimal streaming parameters to the second cloud machine client when receiving a cloud machine streaming service request of the second cloud machine client.
Preferably, the user insensitive network performance data includes time, ip, area, specification information, networking type, rtt, real-time code rate, frame rate, terminal decoding capability and cloud machine end service real-time coding parameters.
Preferably, the back-end platform receives a cloud machine streaming service request of the second cloud machine client, and when the networking type, the area and the specification information and the time of the second cloud machine client are matched with those of the first cloud machine client, returns the equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the current optimal streaming parameters to the second cloud machine client.
An audio and video streaming transmission system based on stream parameter adaptation comprises a cloud machine client, a cloud machine end service and a back-end platform;
the cloud machine client sends a cloud machine streaming service request to the back-end platform;
the back-end platform returns the equipment information and recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine side service to the cloud machine client;
the cloud machine client initiates a connection request to the cloud machine end service according to the equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the recommended streaming parameters;
the cloud machine side service encodes the audio and video stream according to the recommended streaming parameters and returns the encoded audio and video stream to the cloud machine client;
the cloud machine side service identifier identifies a currently running application process of a machine client, determines a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process, and inquires the back-end platform whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not;
the back-end platform sends the matched streaming parameters to the cloud machine end service;
the cloud machine side service updates the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmits the coded audio and video stream to the cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
The cloud server for cloud machine side service comprises a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and capable of running on the processor, wherein the processor realizes the steps of the method in any embodiment when executing the computer program.
A computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method of any of the embodiments described above.
The audio/video streaming transmission method and system based on stream parameter adaptation, the cloud server of the cloud machine side service and the computer readable storage medium comprise the steps of identifying the currently running application process of the first cloud machine client; determining a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process; inquiring whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not from a back-end platform; if so, acquiring the matched streaming parameters, updating the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters. Therefore, streaming parameters matched with the cloud machine client can be provided for the cloud machine client based on the cloud application scene, network parameters are optimized, the problems of network congestion and network packet loss are avoided, an audio and video stream matched with the requirements of the user is provided for the user, and the user experience is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of an application scenario of an audio/video streaming system based on stream parameter adaptation in an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of an audio/video streaming method based on stream parameter adaptation in an embodiment of the invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of an application scenario of an audio/video streaming system based on stream parameter adaptation according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The embodiment of the invention provides an audio/video streaming transmission system based on streaming parameter adaptation. As shown in fig. 1, an audio/video streaming system based on stream parameter adaptation includes a cloud client, a cloud service, and a back-end platform. The cloud machine client sends a cloud machine streaming service request to the back-end platform; the back-end platform returns the equipment information and recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine side service to the cloud machine client; the cloud machine client initiates a connection request to the cloud machine end service according to the equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the recommended streaming parameters; the cloud machine side service encodes the audio and video stream according to the recommended streaming parameters and returns the encoded audio and video stream to the cloud machine client; the cloud machine side service identifier identifies a currently running application process of a machine client, determines a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process, and inquires the back-end platform whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not; the back-end platform sends the matched streaming parameters to the cloud machine end service; the cloud machine side service updates the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmits the coded audio and video stream to the cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
Specifically, information interaction of the cloud machine client, the cloud machine end service and the back-end platform is shown in fig. 1. When the cloud machine client switches different applications, the cloud machine service automatically detects the application process running in the foreground, inquires whether a stream parameter combination corresponding to the currently running application process exists or not from the back-end platform, and if so, performs stream parameter switching to achieve the purpose of scenerising code transmission. And the cloud machine side service performs corresponding encoder setting change and stream transmission control according to the matched stream parameter combination determined from the back-end platform.
The embodiment of the invention provides an audio/video streaming transmission method based on streaming parameter adaptation, which is applied to cloud machine side service as shown in fig. 1. As shown in fig. 2, an audio/video streaming method based on stream parameter adaptation includes the following steps:
s201, the currently running application process of the first cloud machine client is identified.
Specifically, when the first cloud machine client switches different applications, the cloud machine service automatically detects an application process running in the foreground of the first cloud machine client. The application processes include video class applications, game class applications, tool class applications, and the like.
In one example, before step S201, when the back-end platform receives a cloud machine streaming service request of the first cloud machine client, the back-end platform returns device information of the cloud machine end service and recommended streaming parameters to the first cloud machine client; the first cloud machine client initiates a connection request to the cloud machine end service according to the equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the recommended streaming parameters, so that the cloud machine end service encodes the audio and video stream according to the recommended streaming parameters and returns the encoded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1, the back-end platform presets several sets of stream parameters, which may be stream coding parameters. When the cloud machine client sends the cloud mobile phone streaming service to the back-end platform, the back-end platform returns the equipment information of the cloud machine client service and the recommended streaming parameter information to the cloud machine client. The cloud machine client is connected with the cloud machine. And after the cloud machine side service sets the encoder parameters according to the recommended streaming parameters, the encoded audio and video streaming data is returned to the cloud machine client side. And the cloud machine client decodes the audio and video stream and plays the audio and video stream. Meanwhile, the cloud machine side service detects an application scene of a foreground running on the cloud machine client at regular time, and step S201 is executed.
S202, determining a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process.
Specifically, different application processes correspond to different cloud application scenarios. For example, the video application, the game application and the tool application correspond to different current cloud application scenes of the first cloud machine client.
S203, inquiring whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not to a back-end platform.
Specifically, the back-end platform prestores streaming parameters matched with various application scenes. The cloud machine side service inquires whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not from the back-end platform.
In one example, the stream parameters include a code rate, a resolution, and a frame rate; the querying, by the backend platform, whether there is a streaming parameter matching the current cloud application scenario includes: when the current cloud application scene is a video application, acquiring a first streaming parameter, wherein the first streaming parameter comprises a first code rate, a first resolution and a first frame rate; when the current cloud application scene is a game application, acquiring a second streaming parameter, wherein the second streaming parameter comprises a second code rate, a second resolution and a second frame rate; when the current cloud application scene is a tool application, acquiring a third streaming parameter, wherein the third streaming parameter comprises a third code rate, a third resolution and a third frame rate; wherein the first resolution is greater than the second resolution and greater than the third resolution, the second code rate is greater than the first code rate and greater than the third code rate, the first frame rate is greater than the third frame rate, and the second frame rate is greater than the third frame rate.
Specifically, the stream parameters include a combination of code rate, resolution, and frame rate. In different application scenarios, the requirements on the audio and video communication quality are different. For example, video applications have high definition requirements, game applications have high time-setting requirements, and tool applications have low frame rate requirements. Thus, i take different combinations of streaming parameters for different scenarios.
In one example, when the current cloud application scenario is a tool class application, the audio-video streaming method further includes: when the current network quality is detected to not meet the set condition, a fourth code rate and a fourth resolution are obtained, wherein the fourth code rate is smaller than the third code rate, and the fourth resolution is smaller than the third resolution; and updating the coding parameters of the coder by using the fourth code rate, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client based on the fourth resolution.
Specifically, when the current cloud application scene is a tool application, if the current network condition is not good, the resolution and the code rate can be actively reduced, and the first cloud machine client is prevented from being blocked.
S204, if the matched streaming parameters exist, the matched streaming parameters are obtained, the coding parameters of the coder are updated according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and the coded audio and video stream is transmitted to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
Specifically, if there is a streaming parameter matching the current cloud application scene, receiving the streaming parameter matching the current cloud application scene sent from the back-end platform, and updating the coding parameter of the encoder according to the matched streaming parameter. The encoder encodes the audio/video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated encoding parameters, and transmits the encoded audio/video stream to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
The audio/video streaming transmission method based on stream parameter adaptation comprises the steps of identifying a currently running application process of a first cloud machine client; determining a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process; inquiring whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not from a back-end platform; if so, acquiring the matched streaming parameters, updating the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters. Therefore, streaming parameters matched with the cloud machine client can be provided for the cloud machine client based on the cloud application scene, network parameters are optimized, the problems of network congestion and network packet loss are avoided, an audio and video stream matched with the requirements of the user is provided for the user, and the user experience is improved.
In one example, the back-end platform obtains user non-sensitive network performance data reported by the first cloud machine client in real time, determines a current optimal streaming parameter according to the user non-sensitive network performance data, and returns device information of the cloud machine end service and the current optimal streaming parameter to the second cloud machine client when receiving a cloud machine streaming service request of the second cloud machine client. The user non-sensitive network performance data comprise time, ip, area, specification information, networking type, rtt, real-time code rate, frame rate, terminal decoding capability and cloud machine end service real-time coding parameters.
Further, the back-end platform receives a cloud machine streaming service request of the second cloud machine client, and when the networking type, the area and the specification information and the time of the second cloud machine client are matched with those of the first cloud machine client, equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the current optimal streaming parameters are returned to the second cloud machine client.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, the first cloud client is a cloud client a, and the second cloud client is a cloud client B. During cloud streaming, all user-insensitive network performance data is collected from cloud client a. Such as time, ip, area, networking type, rtt, real-time code rate, frame rate, terminal decoding capability, cloud machine end real-time coding parameters, etc. And the cloud machine client A reports the data to a big data module of the back-end platform at regular time so as to store, classify and statistically analyze the data. The back-end platform can judge corresponding different specific networking types, areas and time based on the big data module, determines optimized streaming parameters, recommends the streaming parameters to a newly initiated client side streaming request, enables the cloud client side B to obtain proper coding transmission parameters, optimizes and deals with the situation that a network is congested, can timely sense and adjust streaming code rate, avoids congestion, reduces retransmission of lost packets and time delay rise caused by congestion, obtains an optimization balance from time delay, smoothness and definition, and improves user experience.
The embodiment of the invention provides a computer readable storage medium, on which an application program is stored, which when executed by a processor, implements an audio/video streaming method based on stream parameter adaptation in any one of the above embodiments. The computer readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, hard disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs (Read-Only memories), RAMs (Random AcceSS Memory, random access memories), EPROMs (EraSable Programmable Read-Only memories), EEPROMs (Electrically EraSable ProgrammableRead-Only memories), flash memories, magnetic cards, or optical cards. That is, a storage device includes any medium that stores or transmits information in a form readable by a device (e.g., computer, cell phone), and may be read-only memory, magnetic or optical disk, etc.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a computer application program which runs on a computer and is used for executing the audio/video streaming transmission method based on the streaming parameter adaptation in any one of the embodiments.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a cloud server for cloud machine side service, which comprises a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and capable of running on the processor, wherein the processor realizes the steps of the streaming parameter adaptation-based audio/video streaming method when executing the computer program.
In addition, the foregoing describes in detail an audio and video streaming method and system based on stream parameter adaptation, a cloud server for cloud machine side service, and a computer readable storage medium according to embodiments of the present invention, and specific examples should be adopted herein to illustrate the principles and embodiments of the present invention, where the foregoing description of the embodiments is only for helping to understand the method and core idea of the present invention; meanwhile, as those skilled in the art will have variations in the specific embodiments and application scope in accordance with the ideas of the present invention, the present description should not be construed as limiting the present invention in view of the above.
Claims (10)
1. An audio and video streaming transmission method based on stream parameter adaptation is characterized by being applied to cloud machine end service, and comprises the following steps:
identifying the currently running application process of the first cloud machine client;
determining a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process;
inquiring whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not from a back-end platform;
if so, acquiring the matched streaming parameters, updating the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the first cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
2. The audio/video streaming method according to claim 1, wherein when the back-end platform receives a cloud machine streaming service request of the first cloud machine client, equipment information and recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine end service are returned to the first cloud machine client;
and the first cloud machine client initiates a connection request to the cloud machine end service according to the equipment information and the recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine end service, so that the cloud machine end service encodes the audio and video stream according to the recommended streaming parameters and returns the encoded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client.
3. The audio-video streaming method according to claim 1, wherein the streaming parameters include a code rate, a resolution, and a frame rate;
the querying, by the backend platform, whether there is a streaming parameter matching the current cloud application scenario includes:
when the current cloud application scene is a video application, acquiring a first streaming parameter, wherein the first streaming parameter comprises a first code rate, a first resolution and a first frame rate;
when the current cloud application scene is a game application, acquiring a second streaming parameter, wherein the second streaming parameter comprises a second code rate, a second resolution and a second frame rate;
when the current cloud application scene is a tool application, acquiring a third streaming parameter, wherein the third streaming parameter comprises a third code rate, a third resolution and a third frame rate;
wherein the first resolution is greater than the second resolution and greater than the third resolution, the second code rate is greater than the first code rate and greater than the third code rate, the first frame rate is greater than the third frame rate, and the second frame rate is greater than the third frame rate.
4. The audio-video streaming method according to claim 3, wherein when the current cloud application scenario is a tool-class application, the audio-video streaming method further comprises:
when the current network quality is detected to not meet the set condition, a fourth code rate and a fourth resolution are obtained, wherein the fourth code rate is smaller than the third code rate, and the fourth resolution is smaller than the third resolution;
and updating the coding parameters of the coder by using the fourth code rate, and transmitting the coded audio and video stream to the first cloud machine client based on the fourth resolution.
5. The audio/video streaming method according to claim 1, wherein the back-end platform obtains user non-sensitive network performance data reported by the first cloud machine client in real time, determines a current optimal streaming parameter according to the user non-sensitive network performance data, and returns device information of the cloud machine service and the current optimal streaming parameter to the second cloud machine client when receiving a cloud machine streaming service request of the second cloud machine client.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the user-insensitive network performance data includes time, ip, area, specification information, networking type, rtt, real-time code rate, frame rate, terminal decoding capability, and cloud-side service real-time encoding parameters.
7. The audio/video streaming method according to claim 6, wherein the back-end platform receives a cloud machine streaming service request of a second cloud machine client, and when identifying that the networking type, the area, the specification information and the time of the second cloud machine client match with those of the first cloud machine client, returns the device information of the cloud machine service and the current optimal streaming parameters to the second cloud machine client.
8. The audio and video streaming transmission system based on stream parameter adaptation is characterized by comprising a cloud machine client, a cloud machine end service and a back-end platform;
the cloud machine client sends a cloud machine streaming service request to the back-end platform;
the back-end platform returns the equipment information and recommended streaming parameters of the cloud machine side service to the cloud machine client;
the cloud machine client initiates a connection request to the cloud machine end service according to the equipment information of the cloud machine end service and the recommended streaming parameters;
the cloud machine side service encodes the audio and video stream according to the recommended streaming parameters and returns the encoded audio and video stream to the cloud machine client;
the cloud machine side service identifier identifies a currently running application process of a machine client, determines a current cloud application scene through the currently running application process, and inquires the back-end platform whether streaming parameters matched with the current cloud application scene exist or not;
the back-end platform sends the matched streaming parameters to the cloud machine end service;
the cloud machine side service updates the coding parameters of the coder according to the matched streaming parameters, so that the coder codes the audio and video stream transmitted to the cloud machine client based on the updated coding parameters, and transmits the coded audio and video stream to the cloud machine client according to the matched streaming parameters.
9. A cloud server for cloud-side services, comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, characterized in that the processor implements the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 when executing the computer program.
10. A computer readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, characterized in that the computer program, when being executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109640116A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-04-16 | 广州微算互联信息技术有限公司 | The coding method of cloud mobile phone network video and server |
| CN114760309A (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-07-15 | 中国电信股份有限公司 | Business interaction method, device, equipment and medium of terminal based on cloud service |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109640116A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-04-16 | 广州微算互联信息技术有限公司 | The coding method of cloud mobile phone network video and server |
| CN114760309A (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-07-15 | 中国电信股份有限公司 | Business interaction method, device, equipment and medium of terminal based on cloud service |
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