CN117737537A - Tungsten alloy based on light gas gun impact reinforcement and application - Google Patents
Tungsten alloy based on light gas gun impact reinforcement and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method based onA tungsten alloy reinforced by light gas gun impact and application. The tungsten phase of the tungsten alloy obtained by strengthening has dislocation and dislocation entanglement, and the grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binding phase, the grain size after refinement is less than or equal to 150nm, twin crystals are generated, and the twin crystals occupy more than 1/3 of the total area of the binding phase region; wherein the dislocation density is 10 or more 8 /mm 2 Dislocation entanglement density of 10 or more 5 /mm 2 . The tungsten alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 3-11% of nickel; 1-5% of iron; the balance being tungsten and unavoidable impurities. The invention regulates and controls the microstructure in the tungsten alloy by controlling parameters such as the type of a collision pair, the thickness of a target plate, the diameter of a projectile, the impact speed and the like in the loading process of the light gas gun, and can strengthen the tungsten alloy under certain impact pressure without spalling damage. The invention has reasonable structural design and simple and controllable process, and the obtained product has wide application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of tungsten alloy reinforcement, in particular to a tungsten alloy based on light gas gun impact reinforcement and application thereof.
Background
Tungsten alloys are typical representations of refractory metal matrix composites and generally refer to two-phase alloys having a tungsten content greater than 85% by sintering of a gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase uniformly embedded by body-centered-cubic (FCC) spherical tungsten particles of BCC. It has the advantages of high density, high melting point, high strength and the like, is often used for manufacturing key components in the extreme environment fields of national defense, aerospace, nuclear industry and the like, including counterweights, vibration dampers, kinetic energy penetrators, radiation shields, etc. With the development of modern technology, higher and higher requirements are put on the service performance of tungsten alloys in extreme environments. Ultra-high strength tungsten alloys are currently generally obtained by deformation strengthening processes such as forging, hot extrusion, and hot rolling. However, due to intrinsic brittleness caused by dislocation core structure of tungsten per se at normal temperature and low strain rate and the difference of thermal expansion coefficients of two phases, microscopic defects such as micro holes and micro cracks are easily introduced in the processing process, and the mechanical property of the tungsten alloy is reduced. In addition, when the deformation strengthening operation is carried out on the high-strength tungsten alloy which is difficult to deform, a special die is required to be used, and the cost is high.
The light air cannon device is simple, convenient to operate, reliable in experimental result, high in repeatability and good in impact planeness and parallelism, is mainly applied to the fields of high-pressure physics and the like, is generally used for determining a high-pressure state equation and dynamic tensile fracture (spalling) strength of materials, and is used for obtaining 92.85W-4.9Ni-2.25Fe alloy with a rain button elastic limit of 2.76+/-0.26 GPa and a spalling strength of 1.9+/-0.4 GPa by driving a flying piece to impact by using the light air cannon in a paper of Shock response of a heavy tungsten alloy.
The light air cannon can drive the high-speed projectile to act on the surface of the sample, so that the sample is deformed at a high strain rate, dislocation and twin crystal density in the sample can be improved under certain impact pressure, and even phase change occurs under higher impact pressure. But when the light air cannon drives the projectile to act on the surface of the sample, shock waves are generated, the shock waves propagate to the free surface and the side surface of the back of the sample to be reflected, and the reflected waves interact with the incident waves to cause the inside of the sample to be subjected to spalling damage.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the increasing requirement of mechanical properties of a tungsten alloy in a complex service environment under the modern national defense science and technology and advanced industrial development, the first aim of the invention is to provide a tungsten alloy based on light gas gun impact reinforcement.
A second object of the present invention is to provide the use of the reinforced tungsten alloy described above.
In the technical development process of the invention, the parameters such as the type of a collision pair, the thickness of a target plate, the diameter of a projectile, the impact speed and the like in the loading process of the light gas gun are accurately controlled to control the microstructure in the tungsten alloy, so that the tungsten alloy can be reinforced under certain impact pressure without spalling damage.
The invention adopts the light air gun technology to impact and deform the tungsten alloy material, and changes the microstructure in the tungsten alloy through the strain rate effect, thereby achieving the strengthening purpose.
According to the tungsten alloy based on light gas gun impact reinforcement, dislocation and dislocation entanglement are arranged in a tungsten phase of the tungsten alloy obtained through light gas gun impact reinforcement, grain refinement occurs in a gamma- (Ni, fe) binding phase, the grain size after refinement is less than or equal to 150nm, twin crystals are generated, and the twin crystals account for more than 1/3 of the total area of the binding phase region; wherein the dislocation density is 10 or more 8 /mm 2 Dislocation entanglement density of 10 or more 5 /mm 2 . The tungsten alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 3-11% of nickel; 1-5% of iron; the balance being tungsten and unavoidable impurities.
The dislocations include non-planar nucleation dislocation structures and/or threading dislocations.
The invention uses the tungsten alloy with clean and dry surface as the processing object, and adopts the light air cannon to impact the tungsten alloy; during the impact treatment of the light gas gun, the material of the used projectile is selected from one of 2017Al, GCr15 and WC-Co; the diameter of the projectile is 4.5 mm-15 mm; the thickness of the tungsten alloy is more than 5mm, and the speed of the projectile impacting the surface of the tungsten alloy ranges from 430m/s to 2500m/s. The surface roughness of the surface-cleaned and dried tungsten alloy is less than 50nm.
Preferably, the tungsten alloy comprises, in mass percent: 3.5 to 10.5 percent of nickel; iron 1.5-4.5%; the balance being tungsten and unavoidable impurities.
The tungsten alloy with clean and dry surface is prepared by the following steps:
before the light gas gun impact high strain rate deformation is strengthened, the tungsten alloy target plate needs to be subjected to surface treatment, so that the surface of the sample is smooth and flat and is in a mirror surface state, and the propagation and interaction of shock waves generated when the light gas gun impacts the target plate are facilitated. The method specifically comprises the following steps: the surfaces of the tungsten alloy samples are respectively ground by using P600, P800, P1000, P1200, P1500 and P2000 diamond sand paper on a grinding and polishing machine, and then the surfaces of the tungsten alloy are respectively polished by using a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 10 mu m and an alumina polishing solution with the particle size of 0.5 mu m from high to low.
The inventor finds that when the abrasive paper is used for polishing the tungsten alloy sample to remove the deformation layer, the surface area of the sample is large, so that the surface scratch is not uniform in the polishing process due to the difficulty in uniformly stressing the sample. In addition, the tungsten alloy sample has higher hardness, the surface layer is not easy to remove, a large amount of sand paper is required to be consumed to remove a new deformation layer introduced by the tungsten alloy sample, and the operation is inconvenient. And the diamond grinding disc is used for replacing sand paper to grind the high-hardness tungsten alloy sample, so that the effects of better sample surface evenness, more uniform scratches and easier removal can be achieved. In addition, the honeycomb structure of the diamond grinding disc polishes by reducing the contact area with a sample, so that the pressure required for grinding the sample is much smaller than that required by using a planar disc, the tearing risk of the grinding disc is reduced, the grinding disc can be recycled, and the cost is reduced. In addition, when the surface deformation layer generated by the previous working procedure, namely cutting, is removed, the new deformation layer introduced by the self is very thin compared with sand paper, and the sample preparation efficiency is comprehensively improved. In addition, the inventor finds that the small scratches on the surface of the material are difficult to eliminate due to the too large particle size selection gradient of the polishing solution, and the gradient is more reasonable to set in the middle. It was also found that a key step in maintaining the surface finish of the sample was a combination of polishing agents of different particle sizes and polishing cloths of different materials.
In industrial application, in order to further improve the effect, the surface of the tungsten alloy sample can be polished by using diamond grinding discs with the numbers of 0# (the interval of the abrasive paper corresponding to rough grinding is P80-P120), 1# (the interval of the abrasive paper corresponding to rough grinding is P120-P240), 2# (the interval of the abrasive paper corresponding to rough grinding is P240-P600), 3# (the interval of the abrasive paper corresponding to middle grinding is P600-P800) and 4# (the interval of the abrasive paper corresponding to fine grinding is P1000-P1200) in sequence, and then the tungsten alloy sample can be subjected to fine polishing by using canvas with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 10 mu m, silk cloth with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 3.5 mu m and short cloth with an alumina polishing liquid with the particle size of 0.5 mu m in sequence.
In the preferred scheme, a tungsten alloy sample after grinding and polishing is placed in a beaker filled with 2/3 volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, then is placed in an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic oscillation cleaning, the ultrasonic frequency is set to be 40-100 KHz, the ultrasonic temperature is 20-35 ℃, and the ultrasonic time is 10-30 min.
The inventor finds that absolute ethyl alcohol is a hydrophilic and fat-soluble organic solvent which can be mixed with water and most organic solvents, can effectively remove grease, organic matters and impurity dirt on the surface of a sample, but is extremely volatile into ethanol steam, and needs to be sealed by a preservative film. The ultrasonic cleaner is used for impacting and stripping dirt on the surface of an object by utilizing the cavitation of ultrasonic waves so as to achieve the cleaning purpose, and has the characteristics of high cleaning cleanliness, high cleaning speed and the like. However, too high an ultrasonic frequency and temperature may cause damage and destruction of the sample surface and even affect the microstructure and lattice stability of the material, while too low an ultrasonic frequency and temperature may not allow the sample surface to be cleaned. In addition, the ultrasonic time is not too low or too high, and the proper ultrasonic time is not wasteful of cost and can clean the surface of the sample.
Further preferably, in the process of ultrasonic cleaning of the absolute ethyl alcohol, the ultrasonic frequency is set to 80KHz, the ultrasonic temperature is set to 25 ℃, and the ultrasonic time is set to 20min.
In the preferred scheme, a tungsten alloy sample subjected to ultrasonic treatment by absolute ethyl alcohol is taken out, then the surface of the sample is blown and dried by a nitrogen air gun, the air pressure range of the air gun is 0.5-1 MPa, and finally the sample is placed in a vacuum drying oven, the temperature is set to be 100-150 ℃, the drying time is 10-20 min, and the purity and the dryness of the surface of the sample are ensured. After drying by blowing nitrogen, the roughness of the tungsten alloy surface may be less than 50nm, such as 10-15 nm.
The inventors found that nitrogen is a dry, nontoxic, colorless, odorless gas that is commonly used in laboratories to remove impurities adhering to the surface of a sample. When using a nitrogen gun, it is necessary to choose the proper pressure so that the sample is not blown away and the sample surface is dried in a quick time. When the vacuum drying box is used for thoroughly drying, the proper temperature and time are also needed to be selected so as not to damage the sample caused by the excessive temperature or the excessive high temperature for a long time.
Further preferably, the pressure value of the nitrogen gun is set to 0.5MPa; the temperature of the vacuum drying oven is set to 120 ℃, and the drying time is 15min.
When the surface-cleaned and dried tungsten alloy is subjected to light air gun impact treatment, a tungsten alloy sample subjected to surface pretreatment is arranged in a sample chamber of a light air gun device, the expanded nitrogen gas is utilized to drive a projectile, the projectile is accelerated in a chamber, and finally, a tungsten alloy target plate is impacted after a gun muzzle obtains a required speed. The light gas gun device is a first-level light gas gun, the highest loading speed of the shot with a relatively small diameter (small mass) can reach 2.5km/s, and the device is provided with a soft recovery device for recovering the tungsten alloy sample after the impact is finished.
Preferably, GCr15 steel bullets with relatively lower strength and density compared with tungsten alloy are adopted as the bullets in the loading process of the light gas cannon.
Preferably, the diameter of the pellets is 5mm to 15mm, more preferably 5mm to 10mm. And recovering the tungsten alloy sample after the impact is finished.
The inventors have found that when a relatively low strength, low density projectile forms a collision pair with a higher strength and density target plate, the pit depth increases more slowly at lower impact speeds, and the pit depth increases more rapidly as the impact speed increases, the greater the amount of deformation of the material occurs. In addition, when the projectile collides with the target plate, the moment can be approximated as a one-dimensional plane collision, and according to the state equation of the Yugong button, the impact pressure p=ρ (c+su) P )U P Wherein ρ (physical meaning: material density), C (physical meaning: bulk wave sound velocity of material when pressure is zero), S (physical meaning: empirical parameter) are fixed values, which can be obtained by referring to related books and manuals, U P The particle velocity in the tungsten alloy is in direct proportion to the impact velocity, so that the higher the impact velocity is, the greater the kinetic energy of the projectile is, the higher the impact pressure of the tribute button is, the large strain rate deformation of the tungsten alloy target plate is facilitated, and the generation of internal defects of the tungsten alloy such as dislocation and twin crystals is facilitated. It is therefore desirable to choose a small pellet diameter to achieve a large deformation and impact pressure. However, the thickness of the target plate cannot be too low at high impact speeds because the projectile, during impact against the target plate, instantaneously forms a spherical compression stress wave having a strength corresponding to the impact pressure or to the impact forceThe impact speed is in direct proportion, when the stress wave reaches the free surface at the back of the target plate, the stress wave can be reflected and forms a tensile stress wave after reflection, in the propagation process of the reflected wave, the stress wave interacts with the incident wave to form a combined tensile stress wave, when the strength of the tensile stress wave reaches the critical fracture stress of the material, a spalling phenomenon, namely, a cavity and a crack are formed in the target plate, especially when the target plate is thinner, the distance of the stress wave reaching the free surface is shorter, the strength of the stress wave cannot be well dissipated, the spalling area is larger, and when the thickness of the tungsten alloy target plate is increased, the propagation distance of the stress wave is increased, the strength is reduced, the energy is well dissipated, and the spalling phenomenon disappears.
Preferably, the speed of the impact of the pellets on the surface of the tungsten alloy is in the range of 1000m/s to 2500m/s.
In industrial applications, the velocity of the impact of the projectile on the surface of the tungsten alloy increases with increasing W content in the tungsten alloy. If the W content is 85-86 wt%, the speed of the impact of the projectile to the surface of the tungsten alloy can be selected to be 1000-1150 m/s. When the W content is 89-91 wt%, the speed of the shot striking the tungsten alloy surface can be selected to be 1300-1350 m/s. When the W content is 92.5-93.5 wt%, the speed of the impact of the projectile on the surface of the tungsten alloy is 1650-1700 m/s. When the W content is 94.5 to 95.5wt%, the speed of the impact of the pellets on the surface of the tungsten alloy is 2150 to 2250m/s.
According to the method for selecting the impact speed of the pellets on the surface of the tungsten alloy, the diameter of the pellets is reduced with the increase of the W content in the tungsten alloy for further optimization. The method comprises the following steps: when the W content is 85-86 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 7.8-8.2mm; when the W content is 89-91 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 6.8-7.2mm; when the W content is 92.5-93.5 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 5.8-6.2mm; when the W content is 94.5-95.5 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 5-5.2mm.
As a further preferred feature of the present invention,
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe, the diameter of the shot is 8mm, the impact speed of the shot is 1100m/s, the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm (more than three times of the diameter of the shot is taken, the adverse effect caused by the reflection of impact waves at the edge of the target plate is reduced), and the thickness is more than or equal to 6mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 90W-7Ni-3Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 7mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1335m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 8mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 6mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1680m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 10mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 5mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 2200m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 15mm.
The inventor finds that when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 6mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1679m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is 15mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 90W-7Ni-3Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 6mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1675m/s, the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm, and the thickness is 15mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 6mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1685m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is 15mm.
Under the experimental conditions, the 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe alloy and the 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy are extruded into long strips under the action of the impact speed, the plastic deformation capacity is lost, a large number of cracks are initiated and expanded, and the deformation amount of the 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy is smaller, so that the expected effect cannot be achieved. It is therefore necessary to design the impact pressure or impact velocity gradient, with the relatively higher density and strength tungsten alloys, and the shot impact velocity being designed to be relatively higher in order to achieve the desired amount of deformation, while the relatively lower density and strength tungsten alloys are the opposite. In addition, in order to reduce the cost, the thickness of the effective tungsten alloy target plate can be properly reduced, and the thickness of the other tungsten alloy target plate is properly adjusted along with the change of the impact speed.
As a still further preferred feature of the present invention,
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 8mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1100m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is 6mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 90W-7Ni-3Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 7mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1335m/s, the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm, and the thickness of the target plate is 8mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 6mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1680m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is 10mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 5mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 2200m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is 15mm.
After the light gas gun impact treatment is finished, a wire cutting machine is required to remove a damaged layer on the surface of the tungsten alloy target plate, and then the sample is ground, polished and ultrasonically cleaned as in the step of surface pretreatment, so that the tungsten alloy material with high strength, high hardness and excellent fatigue performance after the light gas gun impact high strain rate reinforcement is finally obtained.
The inventor finds that the surface area of the tungsten alloy is unevenly deformed after being impacted by a light air gun due to severe disturbance and the temperature rise of a local large deformation area, and heat-insulating shear bands are generated, and the shear bands are usually hollow and crack initiation areas, so that the surface quality and mechanical properties of the tungsten alloy are seriously affected. Therefore, in order to restore the smoothness and flatness of the tungsten alloy surface, it is necessary to remove the surface crack source, release the residual stress, and improve the overall mechanical properties of the tungsten alloy, and to remove the damaged layer of the surface by using a wire cutting machine. In addition, in order to remove the trace left by the wire cutting machine, the surface of the tungsten alloy target plate needs to be ground and polished and subjected to ultrasonic cleaning treatment.
Preferably, a wire cutting machine is used for removing a damaged layer on the surface of the tungsten alloy target plate, and then the sample is ground, polished, ultrasonically cleaned and dried in the same way as the surface pretreatment step.
The invention also provides application of the tungsten alloy reinforced by the reinforcing method, and the tungsten alloy is applied to at least one of high-temperature structural materials, high-speed cutting tools, electrodes, filaments, electronic components and resistors, superconducting magnets and electric power transmission lines.
The invention has simple operation and obvious effect.
Advantageous effects
According to the invention, through a reasonable design of sample surface pretreatment and post-treatment scheme, the cost can be effectively reduced, the sample preparation efficiency can be improved, adverse effects caused by a sample surface heat insulation shear band can be prevented, surface cavities and crack initiation and propagation can be prevented, and the damage rate can be reduced.
By designing proper light air gun impact process parameters including the shot size, the impact speed, the thickness of the tungsten alloy target plate and the like, the invention not only can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost, but also can effectively obtain large high strain rate deformation and impact pressure and inhibit the generation of spalling. So that the microhardness of the tungsten alloy surface material is obviously improved.
The light gas gun impact reinforcement designed by the invention is used as a tungsten alloy high strain rate deformation reinforcement method, and the high impact pressure and the large high strain rate deformation in the impact process of the light gas gun can promote the sliding and the strain transfer between two phases, so that a large amount of dislocation is generated in the tungsten phase of the tungsten alloy, and the dislocation density is more than or equal to 10 8 /mm 2 Dislocation entanglement density of 10 or more 5 /mm 2 The tungsten phase is provided with a non-planar nuclear dislocation structure and screw dislocation with high Peierls stress, so that the slip system is increased, obvious grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binding phase, the grain size is less than or equal to 150nm, a large number of twin crystals are generated, and the twin crystals occupy 1/3 or more of the total area of the binding phase region. The strength of the tungsten alloy is remarkably improved due to the effects of dislocation strengthening, twin boundary strengthening and grain boundary strengthening, and the increase of a sliding system in the tungsten phase and deformation twin crystals in a gamma- (Ni, fe) binding phase provide a continuous plastic source for the tungsten alloy. This is advantageous in obtaining a tungsten alloy excellent in mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, toughness, and fatigue property.
The light gas gun impact high strain rate deformation reinforced tungsten alloy provided by the invention can be applied to high-temperature structural materials, high-speed cutting tools, electrodes, filaments, electronic components, resistors, superconducting magnets, electric power transmission lines and the like, and greatly widens the application of the tungsten alloy materials.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device and a process flow diagram of a light air cannon impact high strain rate deformation strengthening method of the invention; wherein, (a) is a schematic diagram of a light gas gun impact high strain rate deformation strengthening method device; (b) The process flow chart is a light air cannon impact high strain rate deformation strengthening method.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope back-scattered electron image of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy before and after impact obtained in example 1, wherein (a) is a back-scattered electron image of a raw sample of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy; (b) Is a back scattering electron image of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy after impact reinforcement.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the hardness of a sample obtained by impact strengthening of an original 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy with a light gas gun obtained in example 1.
FIG. 4 is a transmission electron microscope analysis of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy after impact reinforcement obtained in example 1; wherein (a) is a transmission electron microscope bright field image of the gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase, and the small inset is a polycrystalline diffraction ring of the gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase; (b) a bright field image of a tungsten phase transmission electron microscope; (c) a selected area electron diffraction pattern of (b); (d) A bright field image graph of a transmission electron microscope for other areas of the gamma- (Ni, fe) binding phase; (e) a selected area electron diffraction pattern of (d); (f) is a high resolution transmission microscope image of (d).
The basic structure of the apparatus used in the present invention and the basic flow of the process used in the present invention can be seen from fig. 1.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the microstructure strain strengthening of the strengthened sample obtained in example 1 is evident in comparison with the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy, and the tungsten phase is elongated.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the microhardness of the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy strengthened by example 1 was significantly improved.
From fig. 4, it can be seen that in the impact strengthening 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy microstructure obtained in example 1, the γ - (Ni, fe) binder phase is recrystallized, the crystal grains are refined, and a large amount of nano-scale deformed twins are generated, dislocation in the tungsten phase is significantly increased, dislocation entanglement and slip system is significantly increased. This is advantageous in obtaining a tungsten alloy excellent in mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, toughness, and fatigue property.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A93W-4.9 Ni-2.1Fe alloy based on light gas gun impact (namely the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy comprises, by mass, 4.9% of nickel, 2.1% of iron and 93% of tungsten) high strain rate deformation strengthening method comprises the following steps:
step 1: tungsten alloy surface pretreatment
Taking 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy samples with the diameter of 30mm and the thickness of 10mm, grinding the surfaces of the samples on an automatic grinding and polishing machine sequentially by adopting diamond grinding discs with the numbers of 0# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P80-P120), 1# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P120-P240), 2# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P240-P600), 3# (the interval of medium grinding corresponding sand paper is P600-P800) and 4# (the interval of fine grinding corresponding sand paper is P1000-P1200), and then carrying out fine polishing on the samples sequentially by adopting canvas with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 10 mu m, silk cloth with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 3.5 mu m and short velvet cloth with an alumina polishing solution with the particle size of 0.5 mu m.
Placing the ground and polished sample in a beaker filled with 2/3 volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, then placing in an ultrasonic cleaner, setting ultrasonic frequency to 80KHz, and ultrasonic temperature to 25 ℃ for 20min.
Taking out the absolute ethyl alcohol ultrasonic test sample, drying the surface of the test sample by using a 0.5MPa nitrogen air gun, and finally placing the test sample in a vacuum drying oven at 120 ℃ for drying for 15min, thereby ensuring the purity and dryness of the surface of the test sample.
Step 2: light air cannon impact treatment
The surface-pretreated sample is arranged in a first-level light air gun sample chamber, a 6mm diameter GCr15 steel bullet is driven to impact the sample at an impact speed of 1680m/s, and the impact-finished sample is subjected to soft recovery.
Step 3: light air cannon impact post-treatment
After the light air gun is impacted, a linear cutting machine is used for removing a damaged layer on the surface of the sample, and the sample is ground, polished, ultrasonically cleaned and dried in the same way as the step 1.
The tungsten phase of the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy strengthened by the method of the invention generates a large number of dislocation (the dislocation density is about 1.1X10) 8 /mm 2 ) Dislocation entanglement (dislocation entanglement density about 1.05X10) 5 /mm 2 ) The slip system is significantly increased, while significant grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase and a large number of twins are generated (grain size less than 150nm, twins account for 1/3 of the total binder phase area). The microhardness of the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy is significantly increased from the original 389HV to 515HV due to the effects of dislocation strengthening, twin boundary strengthening and grain boundary strengthening.
Example 2
The 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe alloy (namely the 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe alloy comprises, by mass, 10.5% of nickel, 4.5% of iron and 85% of tungsten) high strain rate deformation strengthening method based on light air cannon impact comprises the following steps:
step 1: tungsten alloy surface pretreatment
Taking a 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe alloy sample with the diameter of 30mm and the thickness of 6mm, grinding the surface of the sample on an automatic grinding and polishing machine by adopting diamond grinding discs with the numbers of 0# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P80-P120), 1# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P120-P240), 2# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P240-P600), 3# (the interval of middle grinding corresponding sand paper is P600-P800) and 4# (the interval of fine grinding corresponding sand paper is P1000-P1200) in sequence, and then carrying out fine polishing on the sample by adopting canvas with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 10 mu m, a silk cloth with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 3.5 mu m and a short velvet cloth with an alumina polishing solution with the particle size of 0.5 mu m in sequence.
Placing the ground and polished sample in a beaker filled with 2/3 volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, then placing in an ultrasonic cleaner, setting ultrasonic frequency to 80KHz, and ultrasonic temperature to 25 ℃ for 20min.
Taking out the absolute ethyl alcohol ultrasonic test sample, drying the surface of the test sample by using a 0.5MPa nitrogen air gun, and finally placing the test sample in a vacuum drying oven at 120 ℃ for drying for 15min, thereby ensuring the purity and dryness of the surface of the test sample.
Step 2: light air cannon impact treatment
And (3) installing the sample subjected to surface pretreatment in a first-stage light air gun sample chamber, driving an 8mm diameter GCr15 steel bullet to impact the sample at an impact speed of 1100m/s, and performing soft recovery impact to obtain the finished sample.
Step 3: light air cannon impact post-treatment
After the light air gun is impacted, a linear cutting machine is used for removing a damaged layer on the surface of the sample, and the sample is ground, polished, ultrasonically cleaned and dried in the same way as the step 1.
The tungsten phase of the 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe alloy strengthened by the method of the invention generates a large number of dislocation (the dislocation density is about 1.08X10) 8 /mm 2 ) Dislocation entanglement (dislocation entanglement density of about 1X 10) 5 /mm 2 ) The slip system increases significantly, while significant grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase and a large number of twins are generated. The microhardness of the 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe alloy is significantly increased from the original 232HV to 356HV due to the effects of dislocation strengthening, twin boundary strengthening and grain boundary strengthening.
Example 3
A90W-7 Ni-3Fe alloy (namely, the 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy comprises, by mass percent, 7% of nickel, 3% of iron and 90% of tungsten) high strain rate deformation strengthening method based on light gas gun impact comprises the following steps:
step 1: tungsten alloy surface pretreatment
Taking a 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy sample with the diameter of 30mm and the thickness of 8mm, grinding the surface of the sample on an automatic grinding and polishing machine by adopting a diamond grinding disc with the serial numbers of 0# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P80-P120), 1# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P120-P240), 2# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P240-P600), 3# (the interval of middle grinding corresponding sand paper is P600-P800) and 4# (the interval of fine grinding corresponding sand paper is P1000-P1200) in sequence, and then carrying out fine polishing on the sample by adopting canvas and a diamond polishing agent with the grain size of 10 mu m, a silk cloth and a diamond polishing agent with the grain size of 3.5 mu m and a short velvet cloth and an alumina polishing liquid with the grain size of 0.5 mu m in sequence.
Placing the ground and polished sample in a beaker filled with 2/3 volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, then placing in an ultrasonic cleaner, setting ultrasonic frequency to 80KHz, and ultrasonic temperature to 25 ℃ for 20min.
Taking out the absolute ethyl alcohol ultrasonic test sample, drying the surface of the test sample by using a 0.5MPa nitrogen air gun, and finally placing the test sample in a vacuum drying oven at 120 ℃ for drying for 15min, thereby ensuring the purity and dryness of the surface of the test sample.
Step 2: light air cannon impact treatment
The sample after surface pretreatment is arranged in a first-level light air gun sample chamber, a 7mm diameter GCr15 steel bullet is driven to impact the sample at the impact speed of 1335m/s, and the impact completion sample is recovered in a soft mode.
Step 3: light air cannon impact post-treatment
After the light air gun is impacted, a linear cutting machine is used for removing a damaged layer on the surface of the sample, and the sample is ground, polished, ultrasonically cleaned and dried in the same way as the step 1.
The tungsten phase of the 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy strengthened by the method of the invention generates a large number of dislocation (the dislocation density is about 1.09 multiplied by 10) 8 /mm 2 ) Dislocation entanglement (dislocation entanglement density of about 1.02X10) 5 /mm 2 ) The slip system increases significantly, while significant grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase and a large number of twins are generated. The microhardness of the 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy is significantly increased from the initial 290HV to 423HV due to dislocation strengthening, twin boundary strengthening, and grain boundary strengthening effects.
Example 4
A95W-3.5 Ni-1.5Fe alloy based on light gas gun impact (namely, the 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy comprises 3.5% of nickel, 1.5% of iron and 95% of tungsten by mass percent) high strain rate deformation strengthening method comprises the following steps:
step 1: tungsten alloy surface pretreatment
Taking a 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy sample with the diameter of 30mm and the thickness of 15mm, grinding the surface of the sample on an automatic grinding and polishing machine by adopting a diamond grinding disc with the serial numbers of 0# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P80-P120), 1# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P120-P240), 2# (the interval of coarse grinding corresponding sand paper is P240-P600), 3# (the interval of middle grinding corresponding sand paper is P600-P800) and 4# (the interval of fine grinding corresponding sand paper is P1000-P1200) in sequence, and then carrying out fine polishing on the sample by adopting canvas with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 10 mu m, silk cloth with a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 3.5 mu m and short velvet cloth with an alumina polishing solution with the particle size of 0.5 mu m in sequence.
Placing the ground and polished sample in a beaker filled with 2/3 volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, then placing in an ultrasonic cleaner, setting ultrasonic frequency to 80KHz, and ultrasonic temperature to 25 ℃ for 20min.
Taking out the absolute ethyl alcohol ultrasonic test sample, drying the surface of the test sample by using a 0.5MPa nitrogen air gun, and finally placing the test sample in a vacuum drying oven at 120 ℃ for drying for 15min, thereby ensuring the purity and dryness of the surface of the test sample.
Step 2: light air cannon impact treatment
The sample after surface pretreatment is arranged in a first-level light air gun sample chamber, a 5mm diameter GCr15 steel bullet is driven to impact the sample at an impact speed of 2200m/s, and the impact finished sample is subjected to soft recovery.
Step 3: light air cannon impact post-treatment
After the light air gun is impacted, a linear cutting machine is used for removing a damaged layer on the surface of the sample, and the sample is ground, polished, ultrasonically cleaned and dried in the same way as the step 1.
The tungsten phase of the 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy strengthened by the method of the invention generates a large number of dislocation (the dislocation density is about 1.15 multiplied by 10) 8 /mm 2 ) Dislocation entanglement (dislocation entanglement density of about 1.08X10) 5 /mm 2 ) The slip system increases significantly, while significant grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binder phase and a large number of twins are generated. The microhardness of the 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy is significantly improved from the initial 400HV to 597HV due to dislocation strengthening, twin boundary strengthening and grain boundary strengthening effects.
Example 5
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the thickness of the sample used in the light air gun impact strengthening of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy was different: the sample was taken to a thickness of 12mm.
The 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy obtained in comparative example 2 was used to reinforce the sample, and after removing the surface damaged layer, the deformation amount and microhardness of the sample were observed to be substantially the same as those of example 1, and the microhardness was increased from the original 389HV to 517HV, so that the increase in the thickness of the sample did not affect the deformation area.
Comparative example 1
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the thickness of the sample used in the light air gun impact strengthening of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy was different: the sample was taken to a thickness of 5mm.
The 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy obtained in comparative example 1 has the defects that the stress wave intensity cannot be dissipated and a large number of spalling areas are generated by interaction in the sample due to the small thickness, a large number of cracks are initiated and expanded, the microhardness of the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy is improved from the original 389HV to 395HV, and the strengthening effect is poor.
Comparative example 2
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the pellet diameters used were different in the light air cannon impact strengthening of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy: the pellet diameter was 15mm, at which point the impact speed was 425m/s.
The 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy obtained in comparative example 2 has the advantages that the impact area of the surface of the sample is increased due to the enlarged diameter of the shot, but due to the lower impact speed, the unobvious adiabatic shearing phenomenon is only generated on the surface of the sample, the tungsten alloy is not obviously deformed after the surface damaged layer is removed, the microhardness is changed from the original 389HV to 390HV, and the strengthening effect is not good.
Comparative example 3
The other conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the nitrogen pressure was reduced to 948m/s at the time of impact strengthening of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy by a light gas gun.
With the 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy obtained in comparative example 3, the sample deformation is small due to the low impact velocity, and the microhardness is increased from the original 389HV to 410HV, so that the required strengthening effect is not achieved.
Comparative example 4
Except for the above, the conditions were the same as in example 1, except that the tungsten alloy material was changed to a 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy.
The 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy obtained in comparative example 4 has higher density and strength than 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy, and has smaller deformation under certain impact pressure, and the microhardness of the 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe alloy is improved from original 400HV to 419HV, so that the required strengthening effect is not achieved.
Claims (10)
1. A tungsten alloy based on light gas gun impact reinforcement is characterized in that: the tungsten phase of the tungsten alloy obtained by the impact strengthening of the light gas gun has dislocation and dislocation entanglement, and the grain refinement occurs in the gamma- (Ni, fe) binding phase, the grain size after refinement is less than or equal to 150nm, twin crystals are generated, and the twin crystals occupy more than 1/3 of the total area of the binding phase region; wherein the dislocation density is 10 or more 8 /mm 2 Dislocation entanglement density of 10 or more 5 /mm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The tungsten alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 3-11% of nickel; 1-5% of iron; the balance being tungsten and unavoidable impurities.
2. A light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 1, wherein: the method comprises the steps of taking a tungsten alloy with a clean and dry surface as a treatment object, and performing impact treatment on the tungsten alloy by adopting a light air gun; during the impact treatment of the light gas gun, the material of the used projectile is selected from one of 2017Al, GCr15 and WC-Co; the diameter of the projectile is 4.5 mm-15 mm; the thickness of the tungsten alloy is more than 5mm, and the speed range of the impact of the projectile to the surface of the tungsten alloy is 430 m/s-2500 m/s; the surface roughness of the surface-cleaned and dried tungsten alloy is less than 50nm.
3. A light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 1, wherein: the tungsten alloy with clean and dry surface is prepared by the following steps;
before the light gas gun impact high strain rate deformation is strengthened, the tungsten alloy target plate is subjected to surface treatment, so that the surface of a sample is smooth and flat and is in a mirror surface state, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: the surfaces of the tungsten alloy samples are respectively ground by using P600, P800, P1000, P1200, P1500 and P2000 diamond sand paper on a grinding and polishing machine, and then the surfaces of the tungsten alloy are respectively polished by using a diamond polishing agent with the particle size of 10 mu m and an alumina polishing solution with the particle size of 0.5 mu m from high to low.
4. A light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 1, wherein: placing the ground and polished tungsten alloy sample in a beaker filled with 2/3 volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, then placing in an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic oscillation cleaning, setting the ultrasonic frequency to be 40-100 KHz, and the ultrasonic temperature to be 20-35 ℃ and the ultrasonic time to be 10-30 min.
5. The light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 4, wherein: taking out the tungsten alloy sample after ultrasonic treatment by absolute ethyl alcohol, then blowing and drying the surface of the sample by using a nitrogen air gun, wherein the air pressure range of the air gun is 0.5-1 MPa, and finally placing the sample in a vacuum drying oven, wherein the temperature is set to be 100-150 ℃ and the drying time is 10-20 min.
6. A light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 1, wherein: GCr15 steel bullet is adopted as the bullet in the loading process of the light gas gun;
the diameter of the pellets is 5mm to 15mm, more preferably 5mm to 10mm.
The speed of the shot impacting the surface of the tungsten alloy ranges from 1000m/s to 2500m/s.
7. The light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 6, wherein: the impact speed of the projectile on the surface of the tungsten alloy increases with the increase of the W content in the tungsten alloy;
when the W content is 85-86 wt%, the speed of the shot impacting the surface of the tungsten alloy can be selected to be 1000-1150 m/s;
when the W content is 89-91 wt%, the speed of the shot impacting the surface of the tungsten alloy can be selected to be 1300-1350 m/s;
when the W content is 92.5-93.5 wt%, the speed of the shot impacting the surface of the tungsten alloy is 1650-1700 m/s;
when the W content is 94.5 to 95.5wt%, the speed of the impact of the pellets on the surface of the tungsten alloy is 2150 to 2250m/s.
8. The light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 7, wherein: the diameter of the shot decreases with increasing W content in the tungsten alloy;
when the W content is 85-86 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 7.8-8.2mm;
when the W content is 89-91 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 6.8-7.2mm;
when the W content is 92.5-93.5 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 5.8-6.2mm;
when the W content is 94.5-95.5 wt%, the diameter of the pellet is 5-5.2mm.
9. The light air cannon impact reinforced tungsten alloy according to claim 8, wherein: when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 85W-10.5Ni-4.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 8mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1100m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 6mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 90W-7Ni-3Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 7mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1335m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 8mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 6mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 1680m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 10mm;
when the tungsten alloy target plate material is 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe, the diameter of the projectile is 5mm, the impact speed of the projectile is 2200m/s, and the impact diameter of the target plate is 30mm and the thickness is more than or equal to 15mm.
10. Use of a tungsten alloy based on impact reinforcement of a light gas gun according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that: the tungsten alloy is applied to at least one of high temperature structural materials, high speed cutting tools, electrodes, filaments, electronic components and resistors, superconducting magnets, and electric power transmission lines.
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