CN117684957A - Formation pressure monitoring method while drilling suitable for overpressure of hydrocarbon production cause - Google Patents
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Abstract
Aiming at the current industry situation of lack of stratum overpressure monitoring means of hydrocarbon production, the invention provides a novel method for realizing stratum overpressure quantification of hydrocarbon production based on localization logging data. Firstly, collecting geochemical parameters, geophysical parameters and pore pressure parameters of adjacent wells, and returning an actual formation pore pressure and a localization parameter conversion model by utilizing the fact that the abnormal overpressure of hydrocarbon production causes is closely related to the content of organic matters in the stratum and combining the adjacent well localization logging pyrolysis parameters and the actual formation pore pressure. And according to the geothermal logging pyrolysis parameters of the target well, the stratum pore pressure of the target well can be calculated in real time. Technical basis is provided for determining the specific gravity of drilling fluid and real-time drilling decision in on-site drilling engineering.
Description
Technical Field
Aiming at abnormal overpressure of stratum caused by hydrocarbon production, the invention tries a brand new calculation mode, belongs to the field of petroleum exploration geology, and is more applied to drilling engineering.
Background
In the oil gas drilling process, timely and accurately acquiring the three pressure profile of the stratum is an important foundation for successful drilling. The formation three pressure refers to formation pore pressure, formation fracture pressure and formation collapse pressure, and overflow and even blowout can be caused when the drilling fluid column pressure between the drilling tool and the open hole wall is lower than the formation pore pressure in the drilling process; when the drilling fluid column pressure is lower than the formation collapse pressure, the mudstone formation may be destabilized; when the column of drilling fluid is above the formation fracture pressure, the formation may be fractured to form lost circulation. Therefore, accurate identification and calculation of formation pore pressure is a very important precondition in drilling engineering. However, in actual drilling engineering, actual formation pressure often differs from design, even south-to-north ruts, so that drilling engineering accidents frequently occur, the drilling construction period is greatly increased, even the drilling engineering is forced to be stopped, a great amount of time and funds are wasted, and great challenges are brought to petroleum exploration. On one hand, the insufficient knowledge of formation pressure causes, especially the lack of effective theory and calculation method for overpressure of hydrocarbon production causes, leads to far difference between calculation results and reality; on the other hand, when MWD (MeasurementWhile Drilling) while-drilling data is lacked in the drilling process, only a single d can be relied on c (composite parameter of engineering parameter calculation) calculating formation pressure by exponential method, due to d c The exponential method is more interfered by engineering parameters, and when the verification of various parameters of an electrical curve is lacking, larger errors can occur in the calculation result.
Several methods are currently employed to calculate formation pressure:
1、d c and (5) an exponential method. Also known as the rate of penetration, d c The exponential method is the most commonly used method for monitoring the formation pore pressure at presentIs only suitable for shale stratum. Under a normal compaction environment, the stratum of shale increases along with the burial depth, the compaction degree also responds to the increase, and the drilling speed during drilling is reduced. When an abnormal overpressure shale stratum is drilled, the mechanical drilling speed is also increased in response to the lack of compaction of the stratum and the increase of pore pressure. By utilizing the rule, the abnormal overpressure stratum can be timely found. d, d c The exponential method is based on the variation of the rate of penetration, and a complex index, d, is calculated by taking all drilling parameters affecting the rate of penetration into account c Index, and use d c The change in index may be quantified as a method for calculating the change in formation pressure. The large amount of real drilling data shows that the drill weight, the top drive rotating speed, the drill bit type and the drill bit diameter are removed without changing lithology (shale), and d c The index and the bottom hole pressure difference (the difference between the well bore pressure of a well bore and the pore pressure of a stratum) have good corresponding relation, so the method is simple and easy to apply and is widely used at home and abroad.
2. A log method. Also known as empirical coefficients. Logging information can truly reflect compaction rules of stratum and mechanical properties of underground rock, is ideal data for determining stratum pore pressure, and can obtain a relatively accurate stratum pore pressure profile. Acoustic logging measures the propagation time of elastic waves in the formation, and under the condition of known lithology, the changes of compaction degree and porosity are mainly reflected by the acoustic time difference, so that the pore pressure of the formation is indirectly reflected. In addition to the high value or cycle skip exhibited by the acoustic moveout of the gas bearing zone, the moveout is much less affected by changes in wellbore size, temperature and formation water mineralization than other logging methods. The conductivity or resistance of the formation, another logging parameter, is known to depend on formation porosity at intervals where the formation water properties are relatively stable, and thus for normally compacted formations, as the depth of burial increases, the mudstone porosity decreases and the conductivity also decreases. In an abnormal overpressure zone, the mudstone conductivity is increased and deviates from the normal change trend. Thus, pore pressure can be quantitatively calculated using a log using empirical coefficients or equivalent depth methods.
3. The Eton method. The original method of the Eaton method was a method proposed by Eaton in 1972 to calculate formation pressure based on the undercompact theory. It is one of the most widely used formation pressure determination methods in the petroleum industry at present. The principle is that the porosity of the stratum is gradually compressed along with the continuous increase of the pressure of the overlying stratum in the stratum deposition process, and the fluid in the stratum is continuously extruded and discharged. The formation porosity is thus gradually reduced over a range, i.e. compaction of the formation is better and if for some positive reason fluid is not expelled or the pores are increased, an abnormal pore overpressure is created. The principle is that the change of the overburden pressure gradient determines the relation between the actual value of compaction response parameter (acoustic time difference) and the normal trend value ratio and the formation pressure gradient, and the Eton method is a ratio method based on the normal compaction trend line. The method is also only used for mudstone strata, and the Eton index changes with no change in the region and geologic age. The Eton method is also used for calculating parameters such as the acoustic velocity of mudstone and the resistivity (conductivity) of mudstone.
4. The bowels method (palls), also known as the effective stress method. The powers method was proposed by powers of Exxon in 1995. The system considers the formation mechanism of other abnormal overpressures except for the lack of compaction of mudstone, unifies the concept of pore fluid expansion for other overpressure mechanisms, and finally classifies the reasons of the abnormal overpressure into two main factors: less compaction and pore fluid expansion. Bowers (1995) thought that: the undercompaction of mudstone and the pore fluid expansion process appear as two opposite processes on its sedimentary compaction process stress-strain relationship curve, namely a sedimentary compaction loading process and an unloading process. The deposition compaction loading process is a process in which the vertical effective stress is continuously increased or maintained unchanged (not decreased). Bowers (1995) thought that: the undercompaction of mudstone and the pore fluid expansion process appear as two opposite processes on its sedimentary compaction process stress-strain relationship curve, namely a sedimentary compaction loading process and an unloading process. The sedimentary compaction loading process is a process that the vertical effective stress is continuously increased or maintained unchanged (not reduced), and a relation curve reflecting the mudstone sonic velocity and the vertical effective stress of the process is called a sedimentary compaction loading curve; the unloading process refers to a process of reducing vertical effective stress, and a relationship curve of mudstone acoustic velocity and vertical effective stress reflecting the process is called an unloading curve. The core of the Bowers (1995) method is that abnormally high pressures created by mudstone undercompact should determine the vertical effective stress by the sedimentary compaction loading curve, while abnormally high pressures caused by pore fluid expansion should determine the vertical effective stress by the unloading curve. Formation pore pressure is then calculated using the effective stress theorem, i.e., the formation pore pressure is ultimately determined from overburden pressure and vertical effective stress. Advantageously, this approach does not require the establishment of normal compaction trend lines.
5. A comprehensive judgment method for gas. The method is based on field experience, and usually establishes an exponential correspondence with the activity level of hydrocarbon gas (usually the total hydrocarbon content or methane content) and the pressure difference state in a shaft (the difference between the specific gravity of drilling fluid and the pressure coefficient of the bottom hole stratum when the gas diffuses from the stratum to the shaft) according to the field experience. According to the established model of the adjacent wells of the zone, when the gas measurement of the target well is abnormal, according to the model, the pressure difference of the well bore can be reversely calculated from the current gas measurement value, so as to estimate the formation pressure at the bottom of the well. The core of the method is that the pressure difference of the shaft is used for controlling the diffusion speed of hydrocarbon gas to the shaft under the same deposition background condition at the same horizon and the same reservoir condition, and the larger the pressure difference is, the higher the gas measurement value of the shaft is, and the lower the gas measurement value of the shaft is conversely. Namely, the size of hydrocarbon gas is positively correlated with the pressure difference state of the shaft, and has a good corresponding relation. This method is often applied in sandstone reservoirs, especially when wellbore gas invasion is caused by an excessive underbalance.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the calculation data relied on by the method comes from the current localization logging pyrolysis data and the acoustic wave while drilling and resistivity, and can be calculated without adding other tools and parameters, so that the method has obvious economical efficiency;
2. the invention aims at the abnormal overpressure generated by hydrocarbon production in the drilling process, lacks effective theory and calculation method, and leads to far difference between calculation results and actual resultsOpens up a brand new calculation method based on the pyrolysis parameters of the logging in the ground. This approach avoids the need to rely on only a single d during drilling due to the lack of MWD while drilling data c Formation pressure is calculated and the calculation result is relatively erroneous due to lack of a proof of the electrical parameters. The method overcomes the limitation and the deficiency of other stratum pressure calculation methods.
3. The invention provides a method for identifying the overpressure situation of hydrocarbon production by utilizing geochemical parameters and calculating the pressure value of formation hydrocarbon production contribution by utilizing the logging maturity parameters during the drilling process. And the regression correlation coefficient of the adjacent well data model is utilized, so that the abnormal overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation can be accurately calculated. And well control safety guarantee is provided for the current well drilling engineering.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention designs and develops an abnormal overpressure generated by formation hydrocarbon production by utilizing the pyrolysis parameters (TOC, tmax) of the localization logging, establishes a relation conversion model of the actual pore pressure of the formation and the pyrolysis parameters of the localization logging according to adjacent well data, and determines related indexes and coefficients. The formation pore pressure data obtained by combining the geothermal logging pyrolysis parameters of the target well can be calculated in real time, and a technical basis can be provided for determining the specific gravity of drilling fluid and drilling decision-making in site drilling engineering.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the invention designs and develops an abnormal overpressure generated by formation hydrocarbon production by utilizing the pyrolysis parameters (TOC, tmax) of a localization logging, which comprises the following specific steps: collecting logging data such as stratum pore pressure, acoustic logging, resistivity, gamma and the like of an adjacent well, and collecting total organic carbon TOC or effective carbon PG of pyrolysis parameters of the adjacent well localization logging, wherein the peak value of S2 corresponds to the temperature Tmax; and determining the stratum overpressure type of the adjacent well section and the horizon and depth range of the generated hydrocarbon overpressure according to the change trend of the organic carbon content of the adjacent well and the change trend of the maximum kerogen cracking peak parameter, and eliminating adverse horizon interference factors such as non-source rock, a coal seam compact layer and the like. Preferably, the logging pyrolysis parameters are related to the hydrocarbon production overpressure section, the hydrocarbon source rock is required to be mature, the TOC is more than 0.5, the oil production section is the main, and the Tmax is a high-quality parameter of 430-470 degrees. Simultaneously selecting sound waves and resistivity of corresponding depth points, and determining two indexes a and b in a conversion relation by regression calculation according to the corresponding relation between organic matter content TOC/PG and sound wave-resistance amplitude difference so as to determine a related relation; according to the corresponding relation between the actual stratum pore pressure (cable pressure measurement or test pressure) and the organic matter content (organic matter content is increased due to hydrocarbon generation pressurization) of the collected adjacent wells, adopting a multi-group data regression method to determine the exponential relation of the two, and carrying out regression calculation to obtain three constants of a conversion relation formula; thereby obtaining a relational equation for calculating abnormal pressure of the hydrocarbon producing section by using the localization logging pyrolysis parameters.
The procedure and theory for determining the c, d, e constants are as follows: the organic hydrocarbon production produces an abnormally higher excess pressure than that which is distinguished from the conventional underpressure cause. The conventional Eton method and trend line method can only calculate relatively low pressure, the pressure part of hydrocarbon generation contribution is closely related to the content of organic matters, and the geochemical parameters marking the content of the organic matters of source rock are introduced into the pressure calculation method, which is equivalent to directly calculating the contribution quantity of the hydrocarbon generation to the formation pressure, so that the true pressure of the formation can be accurately calculated. Three relation parameters c, d and e are introduced through statistical regression of a large amount of data of the block, a relation equation of the logging pyrolysis parameters and pore pressure can be established, and the three parameters can be determined through a data regression method through the corresponding relation between the pore pressure of an adjacent well and the logging pyrolysis parameters;
Pp＝c+d*(TOC*10 (a-b*Tmax) ) e
wherein: PP is formation pore pressure and TOC is organic carbon content; tmax is the pyrolysis peak temperature of the localization logging, and a, b, c, d and e are constants;
drawings
FIG. 1 is a technical scheme suitable for monitoring formation pressure while drilling due to overpressure in a hydrocarbon production process according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the comparison of the actual calculated corrected pressure with the formation pressure monitoring method while drilling for overpressure due to hydrocarbon production.
Detailed Description
The invention aims at trying a new calculation method aiming at the situation that the abnormal overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation is difficult to identify and calculate by the conventional method in the existing pressure while drilling monitoring. The abnormal overpressure of hydrocarbon production causes and the formation porosity do not change much, so the formation pressure calculated by the conventional underpressure method tends to be much smaller than the actual value. The abnormal high pressure is closely related to the content of organic matters in the stratum, the relation constant of a relation equation is determined by utilizing the relation between the sound wave-resistivity amplitude difference and the organic matter content, and then the relation between the stratum pressure and the electric curve amplitude difference is regressed by utilizing the adjacent well data, so that the stratum pore pressure is calculated by introducing the localization logging pyrolysis parameter. The implementation method comprises the following specific steps:
1. collecting the underground logging pyrolysis parameters, acoustic logging, resistance logging and gamma logging data and cuttings logging data of an adjacent well, and extracting relevant parameters of pressure anomaly sections of hydrocarbon production.
(1) Determining a hydrocarbon producing interval according to actual logging gamma logging data and cuttings logging, and eliminating adverse horizon interference factors such as non-source rock, a reservoir, a coal seam compact layer and the like;
(2) and determining the stratum overpressure type of the adjacent well section and the horizon and depth range of the produced hydrocarbon overpressure according to the change trend of the organic carbon content of the adjacent well and the change trend of the maximum kerogen cracking peak parameter. The general resistivity is one time higher than the basic value, and the depth sequence H of the mudstone point of the overpressure section of the raw hydrocarbon, the resistivity R and the acoustic wave time difference DT are determined by taking the single-layer thickness not smaller than 10m as a discrimination standard;
2. determining a relation parameter a and b of a relation equation according to a relation equation of geophysical parameters and organic matter content of an abnormal overpressure section of a hydrocarbon production cause;
3. collecting conventional calculated pressure values, including data such as midway pressure measurement, actual pressure calculation, well completion test pressure and the like;
(1) according to the depth range determined by the hydrocarbon production overpressure section, referring to the adjacent well mudstone layer depth sequence, extracting stratum pore pressure data of the target well mudstone layer; the actual formation pressure is greater than the conventional calculated pressure by more than 0.1;
(2) regression of relationships between pore pressure parameters and geophysical parameters using the plurality of sets of data;
4. and determining a formation pressure calculation formula of the overpressure of the hydrocarbon production factor according to the established model.
Pp＝c+d*(TOC*10 (a-b*Tmax) ) e
5. And collecting the logging pyrolysis parameters and logging parameters of the target well.
(1) Determining abnormal intervals of hydrocarbon production pressure (different from conventional uncompacted abnormal pressure) according to the well logging and the localization data of the actual measurement well, and eliminating adverse horizon interference factors such as non-source rock, a reservoir, a coal seam compact layer and the like;
(2) extracting the pyrolysis parameters TOC or PG and Tmax of the localization logging of the formation pressure abnormal section;
6. according to the calculation model established by the adjacent well data and the target well data, the effective pyrolysis parameters of the local logging are extracted, so that the abnormal stratum pressure caused by hydrocarbon production can be calculated in real time.
According to the invention, the adjacent well data is utilized to establish a mathematical conversion model of formation pore pressure and logging pyrolysis parameters of the hydrocarbon production, and the current well pore pressure data is obtained by calculation by combining the logging pyrolysis parameters of the target well and the cuttings logging data, so that real-time and reliable basic data can be provided for monitoring the formation pore pressure while drilling.
The method is applied to monitoring formation pressure while drilling of 5 wells in the Bohai Bay basin, calculates formation pore pressure of hydrocarbon generation cause sections of the target well based on adjacent well localization data, has better consistency compared with drilling pressure measurement data, and has an error of less than 10%. Compared with the conventional stratum pressure calculation method, the method has obvious economical efficiency and better application effect.
The application of the method in Bohai Bay basin shows that the calculation of the formation pore pressure of the formation hydrocarbon-producing factor section by combining adjacent well data modeling and target well localization data has obvious advantages. The method does not need to add extra measurement while drilling equipment, can acquire the current stratum localization logging pyrolysis parameters in time while the conventional logging project is carried out, calculates abnormal pressure in real time according to a determined calculation equation, effectively guides adjustment of a drilling fluid density window, and provides benefits for drilling safety and quality improvement and efficiency improvement.
Referring to fig. 1, the invention extracts the parameters related to the pressure anomaly section of the hydrocarbon production by collecting the logging pyrolysis parameters, logging data and cuttings logging data of adjacent wells. And determining the relation parameters of the relation equation by regression according to the relation equation of the sound wave-resistivity combination and the organic matter content of the abnormal overpressure section of the hydrocarbon production cause. And collecting actual formation pressure and conventional calculated pressure values of adjacent wells, establishing a relational expression of the amplitude difference of the acoustic wave-resistance and the abnormal pressure value of the hydrocarbon production overpressure section by using a data regression method, and finally converting the relational expression into a relation of the organic matter content and the hydrocarbon production cause abnormal formation pressure calculation. Finally, by combining the localization data of the current target well in real time analysis, the abnormal stratum pressure generated by the current hydrocarbon generation cause can be easily calculated.
The following describes the implementation steps of the present invention with reference to the drawings, and illustrates the use of the present invention with actual well data, and shows the comparison of the formation pressure calculated in the actual process of the present invention with the actual calculated corrected pressure. 1. The invention is applied to actual drilling:
the H well is arranged in the Bohai of Bohai Bay basin, the eastern camping group stratum mudstone of the area has large thickness and superpressure of the universally developed stratum, the situation of the adjacent well shows that the stratum pressure trend of the local area is complex, certain deviation exists by using the conventional underpressure theory calculation, and further analysis shows that the block has an overpressure mode of a certain degree of hydrocarbon production cause.
And before drilling, extracting logging pyrolysis parameters, logging parameters and cuttings logging parameters of hydrocarbon production due to abnormal pressure segments by collecting adjacent well data, and determining correlation coefficients of the logging pyrolysis parameters and the amplitude difference relation equation by utilizing the relation between the acoustic wave-resistivity amplitude difference and the organic matter content. And combining the formation pore pressure data and the electrical curve regression to obtain a calculation model of the geothermal logging pyrolysis parameters and the formation pore pressure coefficient. In the H well drilling process, the geothermal logging pyrolysis parameters TOC (or PG) and Tmax of the target well are collected in real time, and the stratum pressure value of the target well mudstone point is calculated by combining a calculation model established by utilizing adjacent well data. After completion, the well is subjected to MDT pressure measurement and sampling, the calculated result is compared with the actual calculated correction pressure (figure 2), and the result shows that the calculated result of the MDT pressure measurement and sampling at the selected hydrocarbon production overpressure section is consistent, the error is less than 10%, the requirement of data quality in the industry is completely met, and compared with the conventional calculation method, the accuracy is greatly improved.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed above, it is not limited to the details and embodiments shown and described, it is well suited to various fields of use for which the invention would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and accordingly, the invention is not limited to the specific details and illustrations shown and described herein, without departing from the general concepts defined in the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. A method for monitoring formation pressure while drilling for generating hydrocarbon by overpressure is characterized by providing a method for measuring the content of organic matters and maturity aiming at pressure abnormality caused by formation hydrocarbon generation. The new method for quantifying the overpressure of the stratum due to hydrocarbon production is realized by returning a relation model between adjacent well localization logging data and stratum pressure relation, and comprises the following steps:
collecting the logging pyrolysis parameters, acoustic logging, resistance logging and gamma logging data of adjacent wells and the local well, and determining a hydrocarbon production overpressure section;
collecting actual stratum pressure and conventional calculated pressure values of adjacent wells, wherein the actual stratum pressure and conventional calculated pressure values comprise midway pressure measurement, actual pressure calculation and well completion test pressure data;
establishing a relationship conversion equation of the measured pressure and the geochemical parameter according to the relationship of the big data regression; determining a formation pressure calculation formula of overpressure of a hydrocarbon production cause;
and calculating the abnormal formation pressure of the hydrocarbon production factor of the target well according to the calculation model of the adjacent well and the geothermal logging pyrolysis parameters of the target well.
2. A method for monitoring formation pressure while drilling for excess pressure of hydrocarbon production according to claim 1, wherein said extracting related parameters of abnormal pressure of hydrocarbon production in adjacent wells;
and if the abnormal pressure section of the hydrocarbon production causes determines that the organic carbon content of each mudstone sample in a certain section of stratum of an adjacent well presents an increasing trend along with the increase of depth, and the kerogen maximum cracking peak parameter of each mudstone sample also presents an increasing trend along with the increase of depth, determining that the stratum overpressure in the stratum of the adjacent well section is the superpressure of the hydrocarbon production.
3. The method for monitoring formation pressure while drilling for overpressure of hydrocarbon production according to claim 2, wherein the equation of the relation is regressed according to the feature parameters of the section of abnormal overpressure of hydrocarbon production and the pyrolysis parameters of logging while localization.
4. A method for monitoring formation pressure while drilling for overpressure due to hydrocarbon production according to claim 3, wherein actual formation pressure of adjacent wells is collected, and a pore pressure and geophysical parameter conversion model is obtained based on a regression method.
5. The method for monitoring formation pressure while drilling for overpressure due to hydrocarbon production according to claim 4, wherein the formation pressure calculation model of the overpressure due to hydrocarbon production in the adjacent well is:
Pp＝c+d*(TOC*10 (a-b*Tmax) ) e
wherein:
PP is the formation pore pressure gradient in g/cm 3 ；
TOC is the organic carbon content in mg/g; tmax is the pyrolysis peak temperature of the localization logging, and is unit DEG C;
a, b, c, d, e are regression constants, dimensionless.
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