CN117677993A - Device and method for determining soil humidity - Google Patents
Device and method for determining soil humidity Download PDFInfo
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- CN117677993A CN117677993A CN202280050278.2A CN202280050278A CN117677993A CN 117677993 A CN117677993 A CN 117677993A CN 202280050278 A CN202280050278 A CN 202280050278A CN 117677993 A CN117677993 A CN 117677993A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a forest fire early detection system and/or a forest fire risk analysis system, as well as a method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis, having a sensor unit with a signal source for emitting a signal, which is suitable and intended for transmitting the signal into a nearby test sample, and an evaluation unit for analyzing a measurement signal supplied by the sensor unit.
Description
The invention relates to a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system, and a method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis, the system comprising a sensor unit and an evaluation unit for evaluating a measurement signal supplied by the sensor unit.
Prior Art
Systems for early detection of forest fires are known. For this purpose, sensors are used to monitor the area to be monitored. For example, these sensors are rotatable cameras, but they have the disadvantage that they are less effective at night. A disadvantage of using an IR camera mounted on the satellite to monitor from a high orbit is that the satellite is not geostationary and therefore it takes a certain amount of time to walk through an orbit during which the area is not monitored. The purchase, maintenance and especially the transmission of satellites is also costly. Monitoring by ultra-small satellites in low orbit typically requires multiple satellites, which are also costly to launch. Satellite monitoring also involves high carbon dioxide emissions during emission. It may be more interesting to monitor the area using a plurality of inexpensive mass-produced sensors that work with optical smoke detection and/or gas detection. The sensors are distributed over the whole area and transmit data to the base station via a radio connection.
Such a system for early detection of forest fires is proposed in US 2008/0309502 A1. If a fire alarm occurs, the sensor will transmit information to a nearby control terminal, which then uses the long range radio frequency signal to trigger the alarm. The disadvantage of this system is that the control terminal triggers an alarm and must have a powerful RF unit to do so. The sensor needs to constantly send signals to the GPS unit of the control terminal. Therefore, the power consumption of the sensor is high, and the service life of the energy source (battery) of the sensor is limited.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system which works reliably, is scalable as required, and is inexpensive to install and maintain. The invention also aims to provide a method for early detection of forest fires and/or analysis of forest fire risk, which works reliably, can be extended as required, and is inexpensive to install and maintain. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a terminal for early detection of forest fires and/or risk analysis of forest fires which works reliably and accurately enough and is inexpensive to install and maintain.
The object is achieved with a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system according to claim 1. Additional advantageous embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following dependent claims.
The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system according to the invention has a sensor unit and an evaluation unit for evaluating a measurement signal supplied by the sensor unit. In international standards, forest fire risks are classified on a 1-5 level using a unified warning level model. For example, in germany, forest fire risk is classified using WBI forest fire risk index. In addition to atmospheric conditions such as temperature and humidity, the humidity of the plants and/or soil will also be considered. While dry forest soil vegetation increases the risk of fire, green vegetation reduces the risk. The warning level is mainly used for preventing forest fires.
The evaluation device for evaluating the measurement signals supplied by the sensor unit is understood to mean at least one device having: an information input for receiving a measurement signal from the sensor unit; an information processing unit for processing, in particular evaluating, the received measurement signals; and an information output for delivering the processed and/or evaluated measurement signal. The evaluation unit advantageously has components comprising at least a processor, a memory and an operating program with analysis and calculation routines. In particular, the electronic components of the evaluation device may be arranged on a circuit board (circuit board), preferably on a common circuit board with a control device, particularly preferably in the form of a microcontroller.
Furthermore, the control device and the evaluation device can also particularly preferably be designed as a single component. An evaluation device is provided for evaluating the measurement signal received from the sensor unit and determining at least one measurement value from the sample. Furthermore, the evaluation and/or sensor unit may have stored correction and/or calibration tables, which make it possible to interpret and/or convert and/or interpolate and/or extrapolate the evaluation results and calibrate the sensor unit and the evaluation device.
According to the invention, the sensor unit has a signal source for emitting a signal. The signal source is intended and adapted to pass signals into a nearby test sample. The distance between the signal source and the test sample is 0cm, i.e. the signal source and the test sample are in contact with each other up to 10 meters. The signal source may continuously transmit signals, but preferably intermittently transmit signals.
According to the invention, the sensor unit has a detector unit for detecting the signal. The detector unit is intended and adapted to detect signals from nearby test samples. The distance between the detector unit and the test sample is 0cm, i.e. the detector unit and the test sample are in contact with each other up to 10 meters. The detector unit may continuously detect the signal, but preferably detects the signal at intervals.
In another embodiment of the invention, the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system has a communication unit separate from the sensor unit in addition to the sensor unit. Using the communication unit, messages, in particular measurement data, are transmitted wirelessly as data packets using a single-hop connection and/or a multi-hop connection.
In a further development of the invention, the sensor unit has a gas sensor and/or a temperature sensor. In addition to the dense smoke, forest fires can produce various gases, particularly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The type and concentration of these gases are characteristic of forest fires and can be detected and analyzed using suitable sensors. The signals detected by the sensor unit are analyzed with respect to the concentration of the gas component. If the gas concentration exceeds the standard, a forest fire is detected.
In addition, the temperature of the gas was also analyzed. In addition to the type and concentration of gases generated in a forest fire, its temperature is also an indicator of a forest fire. The occurrence and/or presence of a forest fire is inferred by combining the concentrations of the analyzed gas components and/or the analyzed temperatures. The type, composition and temperature of the gases generated in a forest fire also indicate the occurrence of the forest fire. This makes it possible to detect a forest fire that has just occurred and to extinguish the forest fire at an early stage.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the sensor unit has a humidity sensor. Determining the humidity value means deriving a report from the backscattered wave trains obtained by the detection unit, said report being in particular related to the relative and/or absolute moisture content and/or humidity gradient.
In another design of the invention, the test sample is soil and/or an object in contact with the soil. The test sample may also be a test sample in the prototype sense. The test sample then has a specified property, such as shape, size, or material composition (e.g., soil). In particular, the test specimens have the same moisture value as the soil. In another embodiment, the test sample may be a root of a tree.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the signal comprises an acoustic signal and/or an electrical signal and/or an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm. Different methods may be used: an indirect method for determining the matric potential is the gypsum block method. The conductivity between two electrodes is measured as the moisture content of the material between the two electrodes changes. To prevent the influence of fluctuation of salt content in the soil, measurement was performed in blocks in a saturated gypsum solution. However, the water content in the soil is different from the water content in the gypsum cake because there is a different capillary action component in the soil compared to gypsum. On the other hand, the solution-containing masses and the soil water are in equilibrium with respect to the matric potential. The gypsum cake must be calibrated specifically for the soil. The new generation of gypsum-based sensors uses tightly packed particles or ceramics that balance the moisture content of the soil.
The pF meter measures the moisture content of the test sample. The sensor is attached to the soil matrix via a cosmid. The cosmid adapts to the matrigel potential. The difference from the conventional measurement method is that molar heat capacity is measured. The heat capacity varies linearly with the water content in the soil. The thermal capacity of the cosmid is determined by a short heating pulse emitted by the signal source and converted into an applied matric potential value using an internally stored calibration curve.
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) measures the transit time of a pulse through an electrode rod. Such electromagnetic pulses depend on the dielectric constant of the medium surrounding the probe. In comparison, the speed of the pulses in vacuum is equal to the speed of light. The dielectric constant of ultrapure water is 78.38as=vm, and the dielectric constant of soil is between 3 and 5as=vm. The run time or capacity can be used to indirectly determine the moisture content of the soil matrix. Soil specific calibration improves accuracy and reduces the impact of soil structure. The temperature dependence of TDR measurements exists near the soil surface and in heavy clays.
Geological radar (GPR) uses ultra-wideband technology to transmit very short pulses in the picosecond and nanosecond range into the subsurface. Separate antennas receive the transmitted and reflected signals. The velocity and attenuation of the reflected signal can be used to determine the dielectric constant and conductivity, and thus also the moisture content, using the same analysis as TDR. GPR can be used to determine water cut at depths up to 15m below ground. Similar methods include radar diffraction measurements, passive microwave methods, and electromagnetic induction methods. GPR and the mentioned methods are not suitable for continuous measurement, since they are fundamentally difficult to automate. Another effective method is to radiate sound waves into the test sample, in particular ultrasonic waves with a frequency of about 20kHz to 100 kHz. This exploits the fact that the velocity of sound waves in a test sample varies with moisture content. In particular, a plurality of wave trains are transferred into the soil, wherein each wave train is emitted continuously and/or at intervals by a signal source. In addition, a capacitive sensor is also used. A capacitive sensor is a sensor that operates based on a change in capacitance of a single capacitor or a system of capacitors. Capacitive sensors for measuring soil humidity consist for example of a plastic tube covered internally with two wide metal foils spaced apart by about 10cm, the capacitance of which is measured. This is strongly influenced by the dielectric constant of the environment, in particular the water content.
In another embodiment of the invention, the sensor unit has a detection unit, wherein the detection unit is adapted and intended to detect a return signal of the signal emitted by the sensor unit. The detection unit is further configured to detect acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves according to the type of the transmitted signals. In a further development of the invention, the detection unit is adapted and provided for detecting a return signal of the signal transmitted by the sensor unit into the sample body.
In a further development of the invention, the detection unit is intended and adapted to detect acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm. The backscattered signal then also has the same wavelength range as the transmitted signal.
In another embodiment of the invention, a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system includes a gateway network having a network server. The network also has a plurality of terminals. In such a network, one or more terminals connect directly (single hub) to a gateway via radio using LoRa modulation or FSK modulation FSK and communicate with an internet network server via the gateway using standard internet protocols.
In a further development of the invention, the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system comprises a mesh gateway network having a first gateway and a second gateway. The first gateway and the second gateway are combined in one device. These so-called mesh gateways are a combination of a first gateway and a second gateway. The mesh gateways communicate with each other using an MHF multi-hub wireless network and at least one mesh gateway MGDn connects to a network server via a standard internet protocol.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first gateway communicates directly with only the other gateways and terminals of the mesh gateway network. In particular, the communication between the terminal and the first gateway is direct, i.e. without an additional intermediate station (single hop connection). Communication between gateways may occur via a direct single-hop connection; multi-hop connections are also possible. This also expands the range of mesh gateway networks because a first gateway is connected to a second gateway via a mesh multi-hop network and thus can forward data from a terminal to an internet network server. The connection between the second gateway and the network server is wireless or wired.
In another embodiment of the invention, the mesh gateway network comprises an LPWAN and preferably a LoRaWAN. LPWAN describes a class of network protocols for connecting low power devices, such as battery powered sensors, to a network server. The protocol is designed in such a way that a long-range and low-energy-consuming terminal can be realized at low operating costs. The LoRaWAN requires particularly little energy. The LoRaWAN network implements a star architecture using gateway message packets between the terminals and a central network server. The gateway connects to the network server and the terminal communicates with the corresponding gateway via the LoRa.
In another embodiment of the invention, the second gateway has a communication interface providing an internet connection to a network server. The internet connection is a wireless point-to-point connection, preferably using standard internet protocols.
In another embodiment of the invention, the terminal and/or the first gateway has a self-sufficient energy supply. In order to be able to install and operate the terminal and the first gateway to which it is connected even in rural areas, which are not suitable for living and are particularly remote from the energy supply, the terminal and the first gateway are equipped with a self-sufficient energy supply. The energy supply may for example be provided by an energy storage (also a rechargeable energy storage).
In a further development of the invention, the self-sufficient energy supply has an energy storage body and/or an energy conversion device. In particular, energy supply using solar cells should be mentioned, in which energy conversion from light energy to electrical energy takes place. Electrical energy is typically stored in an energy storage volume in order to ensure energy supply even when solar radiation is low (e.g. at night).
In another embodiment of the invention, the terminal and the first gateway are off-network operated. Due to the autonomous energy supply of the terminal and the first gateway, these devices may operate autonomously without a supply network. Thus, the terminal and the first gateway may be distributed and networked, especially in non-trafficable areas that are not reachable with conventional radio networks.
This task is further solved using a method for early detection of forest fires and/or risk analysis of forest fires. Further embodiments of the invention are set forth in the dependent claims.
The method for early detection of forest fires and/or risk analysis of forest fires has four method steps: in a first method step, a signal is emitted by a signal source of the sensor unit. The signals may be transmitted continuously or preferably at intervals. In a second method step, the signal is transmitted to a nearby test sample. The signal source may be communicated by connecting it to the test sample directly or via a suitable line. Thus, the test sample is arranged at a distance of 0m to 10m from the signal source. In a third method step, the signal is detected with a detection unit of the sensor unit. In a fourth method step, the detected signal is evaluated. In particular, the assessment includes classifying forest fire risk using a risk classification system. In addition, forest fires that have already exploded can also be detected.
In a further development of the invention, the detected signal is a back-scattered signal of the transmitted signal. The backscattered signal on the test sample thus allows conclusions to be drawn about the risk of forest fires.
In another embodiment of the invention, the gas composition and/or temperature is determined from the detected signal. In addition to the dense smoke, forest fires can produce various gases, particularly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The type and concentration of these gases are characteristic of forest fires and can be detected and analyzed using suitable sensors. The signals detected by the sensor unit are analyzed with respect to the concentration of the gas component. If the gas concentration exceeds the standard, a forest fire is detected. In addition, the temperature of the gas was also analyzed. In addition to the type and concentration of gases generated in a forest fire, its temperature is also an indicator of a forest fire. The occurrence and/or presence of a forest fire is inferred by combining the concentrations of the analyzed gas components and/or the analyzed temperatures. The type, composition and temperature of the gases generated in a forest fire also indicate the occurrence of the forest fire.
In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the humidity of the test sample is determined from the detected signal. The backscattered wave train reports received from the detection unit are evaluated to determine the relative and/or absolute moisture content and/or humidity gradient of the test sample.
In another embodiment of the invention, the test sample is soil and/or an object in contact with soil. The humidity of the soil is determined. The test sample may also be a test sample in the prototype sense. The test sample then has a specified property, such as shape, size, or material composition (e.g., soil). In particular, the test specimens have the same moisture value as the soil. In another embodiment, the test sample may be a root or trunk of a tree.
In another embodiment of the invention, acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves are emitted in the wavelength range of 1mm to 30cm. For example using the gypsum block method, a pF meter, a Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR), the radiation of radar or sound waves and/or the use of capacitive sensors or a combination of the mentioned options.
In a further development of the invention, acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm are detected. The backscattered signal then also has the same wavelength range as the transmitted signal. The detection unit is configured to detect acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves according to the type of the transmitted signals.
In another embodiment of the invention, the method is performed using a forest fire early detection and/or a forest fire risk analysis system. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system comprises a gateway network with a network server and a plurality of terminals, wherein the sensor unit is part of the terminals and the signals and/or the evaluated signals are transmitted via the gateway to the network server. In such a network, one or more terminals connect directly (single hub) to a gateway via radio using LoRa modulation or FSK modulation FSK and communicate with an internet network server via the gateway using standard internet protocols.
In another embodiment of the invention, the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system has a mesh gateway network having a first gateway and a second gateway, wherein the evaluated signals are transmitted to a network server via the first gateway and the second gateway. This enables expansion of the range of the LoRaWAN network by inserting a multi-hop network using a gateway and thereby maintaining full compatibility with the LoRaWAN specification.
In another embodiment of the invention, the first gateway communicates directly with only other gateways and terminals of the mesh gateway network and the second gateway communicates with the network server. In particular, the communication between the terminal and the first gateway is direct, i.e. without an additional intermediate station (single hop connection). Communication between gateways may occur via a direct single-hop connection; multi-hop connections are also possible. This also expands the range of mesh gateway networks because a first gateway is connected to a second gateway via a mesh multi-hop network and thus can forward data from a terminal to an internet network server. The connection between the second gateway and the network server is wireless or wired.
In another embodiment of the invention, the communication of the mesh gateway network is via LPWAN and preferably the LoRaWAN protocol. The first gateway is connected to the second gateway via a mesh multi-hop radio network and forwards data from the terminal to an internet network server. This eliminates the range limitation of the direct connection between the terminal and gateway provided by the lorewan standard.
In another embodiment of the invention, the terminal and/or the first gateway supply energy via a self-sufficient energy supply. In order to be able to install and operate the terminal and the first gateway to which it is connected even in rural areas, which are not suitable for living and are particularly remote from the energy supply, the terminal and the first gateway are equipped with a self-sufficient energy supply. The energy supply may for example be provided by an energy storage (also a rechargeable energy storage).
In a further development of the invention, the self-sufficient energy supply has an energy storage body and/or an energy conversion device. In particular, energy supply using solar cells should be mentioned, in which energy conversion from light energy to electrical energy takes place. Electrical energy is typically stored in an energy storage volume to ensure energy supply even when solar radiation is low (e.g., at night).
In another embodiment of the invention, the terminal and the first gateway are off-network operated. Due to the autonomous energy supply of the terminal and the first gateway, these devices may operate autonomously without a supply network. Thus, the terminal and the first gateway may be distributed and networked, especially in non-trafficable areas that are not reachable with conventional radio networks.
The object is also achieved with a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal. Further embodiments of the invention are set forth in the dependent claims.
The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal according to the invention has a signal source for transmitting signals, a detection unit for detecting signals and a communication unit. The transmitted signals may be transmitted continuously or preferably at intervals. The emitted signals are acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm. The detection unit is configured to detect acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm. Using the communication unit, messages, in particular measurement data, can be transmitted wirelessly as data packets using a single-hop connection and/or a multi-hop connection.
In a further development of the invention, the communication unit is arranged separately from the signal source and the detection unit. The signal source and the detection unit may be connected to the communication unit, for example via a cable connection or a bluetooth connection, so that the signal source and the detection unit may also be flexibly arranged at a distance from the communication unit.
Embodiments of the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system according to the present invention, the method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to the present invention, and the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal according to the present invention are schematically shown in simplified form in the drawings and explained in more detail in the following description.
Wherein:
fig. 1a: showing the emission of waves by the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system according to the present invention
Fig. 1b: showing the detection of waves backscattered from the root of a tree by a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system
Fig. 1c: showing the detection of waves backscattered from forest soil by a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system
Fig. 2a: showing a sensor/detector unit in contact with forest soil connected to a terminal for early detection of forest fires and/or risk analysis of forest fires
Fig. 2b: showing a plurality of sensor/detector units in contact with the root of a tree connected to a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal
Fig. 2c: two sensor/detector units in contact with tree roots and forest soil are shown connected to a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal
Fig. 3a: sensor unit and detection unit showing a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system
Fig. 3b: sensor unit and detection unit coupled to a trunk of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system
Fig. 3c: sensor unit and detection unit coupled to soil showing a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system
Fig. 4: loRaWAN mesh gateway network with terminals, network servers, gateways and border gateways
Fig. 5: a detailed view of the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system according to the present invention is shown
Fig. 6a: exemplary embodiments of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal are shown
Fig. 6b: exemplary embodiments of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal are shown
Fig. 6c: exemplary embodiments of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal are shown
Fig. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system 10 according to the present invention. The sensor unit SE and the detection unit DE with the signal source S are arranged in a forest fire early detection and/or a forest fire risk analysis terminal ED. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal ED is itself arranged on the trees B at a distance from the forest soil, which forms the test sample PK1.
In order to determine the risk of a forest fire or forest fire, a signal source S arranged in the terminal ED transmits a signal into the test samples PK1, PK2 (fig. 1 a). In this exemplary embodiment, the first test specimen PK1 is forest soil and the second test specimen PK2 is the root of tree B. The emitted signal is backscattered from the test samples PK1, PK2 (fig. 1b, fig. 1 c) and is detected by a detection unit DE also arranged in the terminal ED. The transmitted signals are acoustic, electrical and/or electromagnetic signals. If the signal is a wave, the wavelength of the wave is 1mm to 30cm. The wavelength of the signal detected by the detection unit DE is then also 1mm to 30cm.
The evaluation unit is then used to determine the humidity value of the test samples PK1, PK2 from the backscatter signal. The evaluation unit may be arranged in the terminal ED itself; the humidity value is then transmitted to the network server NS via the gateway network 1 or the mesh gateway network 1 (see fig. 4) and stored there. The evaluation unit may also be arranged externally, preferably on a network server NS (see fig. 4). In this case, only the backscatter signal is transmitted to the network server NS using the gateway network 1 or the mesh gateway network 1. The evaluation unit also determines a humidity value. In this exemplary embodiment, the determined humidity value is an average of the test samples PK1, PK2 (forest soil and tree root).
Another exemplary embodiment of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system 10 according to the present invention is shown in fig. 2. In this exemplary embodiment, in contrast to the previous exemplary embodiment (see fig. 1), the average humidity value of the test samples PK1, PK2 is not determined, but the humidity value of each test sample PK1, PK2 is determined. In this exemplary embodiment, capacitive sensors disposed in the test samples PK1, PK2 are preferably used. A capacitive sensor is a sensor that operates based on a change in capacitance of a single capacitor or a system of capacitors. The sensor should first be calibrated in situ (ideally in the field) to achieve high accuracy.
The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal ED is arranged on the trees B at a distance from the forest soil. The sensor unit SE and the detection unit DE with the signal source S are arranged in a certain device and are connected by means of a cable connection to a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal ED. The plurality of sensor units SE connected to the terminal ED may also be arranged in such a way that the sensor units SE are arranged in the forest soil PK1 (fig. 2 a), at different locations of the tree roots PK2 of the tree B (fig. 2B), or in the forest soil PK1 and at the tree roots PK2 (fig. 2 c). Any combination of the mentioned arrangements is also possible. The evaluation unit advantageously determines the humidity value of each sensor unit SE, in this exemplary embodiment the humidity value of the forest soil PK1 (fig. 2 a), the average humidity value of the tree root PK2 of the tree B (fig. 2B), and the average humidity values of the forest soil PK1 and the tree root PK2 of the tree B (fig. 2 c).
Fig. 3 shows another exemplary embodiment of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system 10 according to the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the sensor units SE are distributed in such a way that the signal source S and the detection unit DE are at a distance from each other and each of them is connected via a cable connection to a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal ED. Due to the distance of the signal source S to the detection unit DE on the one hand and the distance of the signal source S or the detection unit DE to the terminal ED on the other hand, a flexible arrangement of the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system 10 is possible; further, the humidity value may be determined from different test samples.
The signal source S and the detection unit DE are arranged in such a way that they conduct signals through the forest soil PK1 (fig. 3 a). Thus, the evaluation unit is used to determine the moisture value of the forest soil PK1. Furthermore, the signal source S and the detection unit DE may be arranged at a distance from each other such that an average value of the humidity of the two test samples PK1, PK2 is determined (fig. 3 b). The signal source S and the detection unit DE can also be arranged in such a way that the test sample PK2 is the trunk of the tree B (fig. 3 c). For this purpose, the signal source S emits an electromagnetic signal in the range of 1cm (centimeter wave), which has a penetration depth in the wood of about 15cm. Thus, the signal emitted by the signal source S passes through the bark into the trunk. Therefore, an evaluation unit is used to determine the average value of the humidity value of the trunk PK 2. Furthermore, the terminal ED may optionally have a temperature sensor and/or a gas sensor. The gas composition and/or temperature is determined from the detected signal.
An exemplary embodiment of a lorewan mesh gateway network 1 according to the present invention as part of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system 10 is shown in fig. 4. The lorewan mesh gateway network 1 has a mesh gateway network 1 using the lorewan network technology. The LoRaWAN network has a star architecture in which message packets are exchanged between the terminal ED and the central internet network server NS by means of a gateway.
The lorewan mesh gateway network 1 has a large number of terminals ED connected to a gateway G via a single hop connection FSK. Gateway G is typically a mesh gateway MGD. Mesh gateways MGD are connected to each other and partially to border gateway BGD. The border gateway BGD connects to the internet network server NS via a wired connection WN or via a wireless connection using the internet protocol IP.
A detailed view of the early detection system 10 of a forest fire according to the present invention is shown in fig. 5. The early detection system 10 for forest fires has a plurality of terminals ED equipped with sensors, wherein eight terminals ED each communicate with a gateway G via a single-hop connection FSK. The FGD gateways are connected to each other and to the BGD border gateway. The border gateway BGD connects to the internet network server NS via a wired connection WN or via a wireless connection using the internet protocol IP.
Fig. 6 shows three variants of an exemplary embodiment of a forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal ED. In order to be able to install and operate the ED terminals in rural areas, which are not suitable for living and in particular remote from the energy supply, the ED terminals are equipped with a self-sufficient energy supply E. In the simplest case, the energy supply E is a battery, which can also be designed to be rechargeable. However, the use of capacitors, in particular supercapacitors, is also possible. The use of solar cells is somewhat more complicated and more costly, but provides a very long service life for the terminal ED. In addition to the energy supply E, a memory and power electronics (not shown) are also arranged in the terminal ED.
Furthermore, the terminal ED has a signal source S which emits acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves in the wavelength range of 1mm to 30cm. The detection unit DE is configured to receive the backscatter signal. The terminal ED also has a communication interface K. Using the communication interface K, messages from the terminal ED, in particular measurement data, are wirelessly transmitted as data packets to the gateway G, MDG, BDG via LoRa (chirped frequency spread modulation) or frequency modulation using the single-hop connection FSK.
All the components mentioned are arranged in a housing to protect them from the weather (fig. 6 a). The signal source S and the detection unit DE may also be connected to the terminal ED via a cable connection, wherein the signal source S and the detection unit DE may be arranged in a housing (fig. 6 b) or separately from each other ((fig. 6 c). A combination of the above mentioned arrangements of the signal source S and the detection unit DE is also possible the evaluation unit is arranged in the network server NS, but it may also be arranged in the terminal ED.
Description of the reference numerals
1 LoRaWAN mesh gateway network
10. Forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system
ED forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis terminal/terminal
G gateway
NS internet network server
IP Internet protocol
W forest
B tree
MHF multi-hub wireless network
BGD border gateway
FSK FSK modulation
WN wired connection
SE sensor unit
S signal source
DE detection unit
Communication unit of K terminal
E energy supply
EK energy conversion device
ES energy storage
PK, PK1, PK2 test samples
Claims (32)
1. A forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) having
● A sensor unit (SE),
● An evaluation unit for evaluating the measurement signal supplied by the sensor unit (SE),
the system is characterized in that
The sensor unit (SE) has a signal source (S) for emitting a signal, which is suitable and intended for transmitting the signal into a nearby test sample (PK, PK1, PK 2).
2. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 1,
the system is characterized in that
In addition to the sensor unit (SE), the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) also has a communication unit (K) that is independent of the sensor unit (SE).
3. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 1 or 2,
the system is characterized in that
The sensor unit (SE) has a gas sensor and/or a temperature sensor.
4. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of the preceding claims,
the system is characterized in that
The sensor unit (SE) has a humidity sensor.
5. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of the preceding claims,
the system is characterized in that
The test specimens (PK, PK1, PK 2) are soil and/or objects in contact with said soil.
6. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of the preceding claims,
the system is characterized in that
The signals comprise acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm.
7. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of the preceding claims,
the system is characterized in that
The sensor unit (SE) has a detection unit (DE), wherein the detection unit (DE) is adapted and intended to detect a return signal of the signal emitted by the sensor unit (SE).
8. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 7,
the system is characterized in that
The detection unit (DE) is intended and suitable for detecting acoustic signals and/or electrical signals and/or electromagnetic waves having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm.
9. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of the preceding claims,
the system is characterized in that
The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) has a gateway network (1) with a Network Server (NS) and a plurality of terminals (ED).
10. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 9,
the system is characterized in that
The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) has a mesh gateway network (1) with a first gateway (G1) and a second gateway (G2).
11. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 10,
the system is characterized in that
The first gateway (G1) communicates directly with only the other gateways (G1, G2) and terminals (ED) of the mesh gateway network (1), and the second gateway (G2) communicates with the Network Server (NS).
12. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 10 or 11,
the system is characterized in that
The mesh gateway network (1) comprises an LPWAN, preferably a LoRaWAN.
13. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of claims 10 to 12,
the system is characterized in that
The second gateway (G2) has a communication interface (K) providing an internet connection (IP) to the Network Server (NS).
14. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of claims 10 to 13,
the system is characterized in that
The terminal (ED) and/or the first gateway (G1) has a self-sufficient energy supply (E).
15. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to claim 14,
the system is characterized in that
The self-sufficient energy supply (E) comprises an Energy Storage (ES) and/or an energy conversion device (EK).
16. The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) according to one or more of claims 10 to 15,
the system is characterized in that
The terminal (ED) and the first gateway (G1) are off-network operated.
17. Method for early detection of forest fires and/or risk analysis of forest fires, having the following method steps
● Transmitting a signal from a signal source (S) of the sensor unit (SE),
● The signal is transferred to a nearby test sample (PK, PK1, PK 2),
● Detecting the signal with a detection unit (DE) of the sensor unit (SE),
● The (detected) signal is evaluated.
18. A method for early detection of forest fires and/or analysis of risk of forest fires according to claim 17,
the method is characterized in that
The detected signal is a backscattered signal of the transmitted signal.
19. A method for early detection of forest fires and/or analysis of risk of forest fires according to claim 17 or 18,
the method is characterized in that
Determining the gas composition and/or temperature from the detected signal.
20. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 19,
the method is characterized in that
-determining the humidity of the test sample (PK 1, PK 2) from the detected signal.
21. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 20,
the method is characterized in that
The test sample (PK, PK1, PK 2) is soil and/or an object in contact with the soil,
wherein the humidity of the soil is determined.
22. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 21,
the method is characterized in that
An acoustic signal and/or an electrical signal and/or an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm is emitted.
23. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 22,
the method is characterized in that
An acoustic signal and/or an electrical signal and/or an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength in the range of 1mm to 30cm is detected.
24. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 23,
the method is characterized in that
The method is performed using a forest fire early detection and/or a forest fire risk analysis system (10),
wherein the forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) comprises a gateway network (1) with a Network Server (NS) and a plurality of terminals (ED),
wherein the sensor unit (SE) is part of a terminal (ED) and the signal and/or the evaluated signal is transmitted to the Network Server (NS) via a gateway (G1, G2).
25. A method for early detection of forest fires and/or analysis of risk of forest fires according to claim 24,
the method is characterized in that
The forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis system (10) has a mesh gateway network (1) with a first gateway (G1) and a second gateway (G2),
wherein the evaluated signal is transmitted to the Network Server (NS) via the first gateway (G1) and the second gateway (G2).
26. A method for early detection of forest fires and/or analysis of risk of forest fires according to claim 24 or 25,
the method is characterized in that
The first gateway (G1) communicates directly with only the other gateways (G1, G2) and terminals (ED) of the mesh gateway network (1), and the second gateway (G2) communicates with the Network Server (NS).
27. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 24 to 26,
the method is characterized in that
The communication of the mesh gateway network (1) is via LPWAN and preferably the LoRaWAN protocol.
28. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 27,
the method is characterized in that
The terminal (ED) and/or the first gateway (G1) supply energy via a self-sufficient energy supply (E).
29. A method for early detection of forest fires and/or analysis of risk of forest fires according to claim 28,
the method is characterized in that
The self-sufficient energy supply (E) comprises an Energy Storage (ES) and/or an energy conversion device (EK).
30. Method for forest fire early detection and/or forest fire risk analysis according to one or more of the claims 17 to 29,
the method is characterized in that
The terminal (ED) and the first gateway (G1) are off-network operated.
31. An early detection of forest fires and/or a forest fire risk analysis terminal (ED) having
● A signal source (S) for transmitting a signal,
● A detection unit (DE) for detecting the signal,
● A communication unit (K).
32. An early detection of forest fires and/or a forest fire risk analysis terminal (ED) as claimed in claim 31,
the terminal is characterized in that
The communication unit (K) is arranged separately from the signal source (S) and the detection unit (DE).
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021118588.2 | 2021-07-19 | ||
| DE102021133218.4 | 2021-12-15 | ||
| DE102021133218.4A DE102021133218A1 (en) | 2021-07-19 | 2021-12-15 | Device and method for determining soil moisture |
| PCT/EP2022/069651 WO2023001668A1 (en) | 2021-07-19 | 2022-07-13 | Device and method for determining soil humidity |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN117677993A true CN117677993A (en) | 2024-03-08 |
Family
ID=90071688
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202280050278.2A Pending CN117677993A (en) | 2021-07-19 | 2022-07-13 | Device and method for determining soil humidity |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN117677993A (en) |
-
2022
- 2022-07-13 CN CN202280050278.2A patent/CN117677993A/en active Pending
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