CN117610270A - Pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering motion characteristics of pupil - Google Patents
Pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering motion characteristics of pupil Download PDFInfo
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- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
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- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of pupils, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a walking space of pedestrian facilities in an area to be evacuated, and dividing the pedestrian facilities into a plurality of cells; setting outlet information and internal structure information of an area to be evacuated, and setting potential energy values of which the outlet information and the internal structure information occupy target cells without considering pushing force; based on the cell with the smallest potential energy value in the ordered sequence and a plurality of adjacent cells, calculating potential energy values of the adjacent cells without considering the pushing force, and determining potential energy values of all cells without considering the pushing force; obtaining the pushing force of a pupil in a pedestrian facility on each cell; potential energy values which are related to each pupil and take pushing force into consideration of all elementary cells are obtained; calculating the transition probability of each pupil, and updating the position of the pupil based on the transition probability; judging whether pupil exists in the pedestrian facility, if so, returning to calculate potential energy values of all cells without considering pushing force, otherwise, obtaining pedestrian evacuation simulation results.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of traffic simulation, and particularly relates to a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of pupils.
Background
Schools are one of the primary activities of pupil, and a large number of pupil are gathered in the teaching area. When emergencies such as fire and earthquake occur, schools must evacuate pupils in an emergency. The pupil group is used as one of special groups in society, has low knowledge, short life experience and poor self-protection capability, and is easy to be injured by accidents. The pupil group is easy to enter an unstable state due to the small disturbance, and potential safety hazards are easy to generate. How to quickly and orderly evacuate pupils and eliminate potential safety hazards is an important problem facing schools. Pedestrian evacuation simulation techniques have been widely used in pedestrian flow research, and these simulation techniques can simulate the evacuation behavior of pedestrians and reproduce the self-organization phenomenon of pedestrians during evacuation. However, due to differences in physiological, psychological and cognitive levels, pupil decision making ability is significantly weaker than that of adults, and their locomotor activity during evacuation is significantly different from that of adults. The application object of the prior simulation technology is mainly aimed at general population, and the movement behavior characteristics of pupil in the evacuation process are not considered. Therefore, the existing simulation technology cannot truly describe the evacuation process of the pupil group, and a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of the pupil is needed to be provided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of pupil, and provides a safe and efficient evacuation plan for pupil.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of a pupil, including:
step 1, acquiring a walking space of a pedestrian facility in an area to be evacuated, and dividing the walking space into a plurality of cells;
step 2, setting potential energy values of the outlet and the internal structure occupying the cells without considering pushing force according to the outlet information and the internal structure information of the area to be evacuated;
step 3, placing the cells occupied by the outlet into an ordered queue, arranging the order of the ordered queue according to the ascending order of potential energy values of the cells, calculating potential energy values of the adjacent cells without considering the pushing force based on the cell with the smallest potential energy value and a plurality of adjacent cells in the ordered queue, adding the cells with the potential energy values into the ordered queue, and determining potential energy values of all cells without considering the pushing force;
step 4, obtaining the pushing force of the pupil in the pedestrian facility on each cell;
step 5, potential energy values which are related to all elementary cells and each pupil and consider pushing force are obtained;
step 6, calculating the transition probability of each pupil, and updating the position of each pupil based on the transition probability;
and 7, judging whether the pupil exists in the pedestrian facility, if so, returning to the step 3, otherwise, acquiring a pedestrian evacuation simulation result.
Optionally, the internal structure information includes: wall information and obstacle information.
Optionally, setting the potential energy value of the outlet and the internal structure to occupy the cell without considering the pushing force includes:
the potential energy value occupied by the cells by walls or obstacles is infinity;
the potential value of the cell occupied by the outlet is zero.
Optionally, calculating the potential energy value of the neighboring cells irrespective of the pushing force includes:
wherein,potential energy value irrespective of push force for adjacent cells, +.>For the cells with the smallest potential energy value in the ordered queue, the potential energy value of the pushing force is not considered, alpha is the influence degree of the distance on the potential energy value of the cells, and d i,j Beta is the influence degree of the number of barriers on the cell potential value, o i,j For the number of cells occupied by walls or obstacles in eight adjacent cells of a cell, γ is the degree of congestion affecting the cell potential value, c i,j Whether or not the cell is occupied by a pupil.
Optionally, obtaining potential energy values of all cells related to each pupil that take into account the pushing force includes:
wherein,for the pushing force of pupil k on the adjacent cells, delta is the influence degree of pupil's pushing action on cell potential energy, +.>Considering the pushing force for the cells and the potential energy value related to pupil k, +.>The potential energy value of the pushing force is not considered for the cells.
Optionally, calculating the transition probability of each pupil includes:
wherein,for the potential value of the cell adjacent to the cell, -/-, for the cell adjacent to the cell>Epsilon is a sensitive parameter to indicate how much the potential energy value affects the transition probability in order to determine whether a cell is occupied by a pedestrian or obstacle.
Optionally, updating the location of each pupil based on the transition probabilities includes:
wherein,for pupil k transition probability in direction j, < >>The cumulative transition probability from direction 1 to direction i for pupil k.
The invention has the technical effects that:
(1) According to the invention, the microscopic movement behaviors of the pupil are depicted on a microscopic level based on the cellular automaton model, the influence of the distance to an outlet, the number of the front path obstacles, the crowding degree and the pushing action of the pupil are comprehensively considered, and the movement behavior characteristics of the child in the evacuation process can be more truly reproduced.
(2) According to the invention, the influence of the pupil movement behavior characteristics on the evacuation process is evaluated from two dimensions of the evacuation time and the pushing force accumulated value, and the pupil movement behavior rules with different movement behavior characteristics and the formation and evolution rules of the self-organization phenomenon of various groups can be revealed.
(3) The invention provides a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of pupils, which can provide scientific basis and suggestion for the safety evacuation scheme of public places where children gather and ensure the safety of the children.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application, illustrate and explain the application and are not to be construed as limiting the application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of a pupil according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the implementation of the present invention with a routine and facility grid division and pupil movement direction;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a scenario of a pupil in the present invention, wherein (a) the pupil is in north and the pupil in northwest is in jotting behavior, (b) the pupil is in north and the pupil in northwest is in jotting behavior, (c) the pupil is in north and the pupil in northeast is in jotting behavior, (d) the pupil is in east and the pupil in northeast is in jotting behavior, (e) the pupil is in east and the pupil in northwest is in jotting behavior, (f) the pupil is in easting direction, the method comprises the steps of (1) generating a pushing action with a pupil in the southwest direction, (g) generating a pushing action with the pupil in the southwest direction when the advancing direction of the pupil is the southwest direction, (h) generating a pushing action with the pupil in the southwest direction when the advancing direction of the pupil is the southwest direction, (i) generating a pushing action with the pupil in the southwest direction when the advancing direction of the pupil is the southwest direction, (j) generating a pushing action with the pupil in the northwest direction when the advancing direction of the pupil is the southwest direction, (k) generating a pushing action with the pupil in the northwest direction when the advancing direction of the pupil is the southwest direction, and (l) generating a pushing action with the pupil in the southwest direction when the advancing direction of the pupil is the southwest direction;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a simulation area of a classroom according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a simulation result of the relationship between the magnitude of the pushing force and the ratio of pupils with pushing action and the evacuation time steps and the evacuation number of the exit according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a simulation result of evacuating pupil at different times at each exit under the condition of different pushing force according to the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a simulation result of the cumulative value of the pushing force on each cell when λ=1.0 and μ=2;
fig. 8 is a simulation result of the cumulative value of the pushing force on each cell when λ=1.0 and μ=6;
fig. 9 shows simulation results of the cumulative value of the pushing force on each cell when λ=1.0 and μ=10.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments may be combined with each other. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with embodiments.
It should be noted that the steps illustrated in the flowcharts of the figures may be performed in a computer system such as a set of computer executable instructions, and that although a logical order is illustrated in the flowcharts, in some cases the steps illustrated or described may be performed in an order other than that illustrated herein.
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment provides a pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of a pupil, which includes the following steps:
step 1: the walking space of the pedestrian facility is divided into two-dimensional cells of the same size.
The walking space of the pedestrian facility is represented by a two-dimensional grid, and fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the divided grid. Each grid is equivalent to one cell, and one cell can be empty, can be occupied by pedestrians, and can be occupied by barriers such as walls, tables and chairs and the like.
Step 2: setting all outlets, walls and obstacles occupying the cells does not take into account the potential energy value of the pushing force.
Cell (i, j) is used for potential energy value without considering pushing forceAnd (3) representing. If the cell (i, j) is occupied by a wall or obstacle, < >>If the cell (i) is to be used as a cell, j) occupied by the outlet, +.>The cells occupied by the outlets are placed in an ordered queue, the order of the queue being arranged in ascending order of potential energy values of the cells. The cells placed in the ordered queue are cells which have not been checked for adjacent cells, the initial setting is to place the cells occupied by the exit (potential value 0), and then select one of the potential values to be the mostThe small cells, the adjacent cells are checked, step 3. The potential energy value is calculated for all the cells of the walkable region, regardless of whether they are occupied by the pupil. In the simulation process, pupil needs to move according to potential energy value of the whole space.
Step 3: the potential energy value of the pushing force is not considered in the cell calculation.
Selecting a cell (i) with the smallest potential energy value from the ordered queue 0 ,j 0 ) And removing it from the ordered queue, checking its neighboring eight cells (i, j), if the potential energy value of a cell (i, j) has not been given, then the potential energy value of a cell (i, j) irrespective of the push force is calculated as follows:
where di, j represents neighboring cells (i, j) to (i 0 ,j 0 ) Is a distance of (3). If cell (i, j) is cell (i) 0 ,j 0 ) Diagonally adjacent cells, thenOtherwise, d i,j =1. Alpha (0) represents the degree of influence of distance on the cell potential value. The formula shows that the increasing speed of the potential energy value of the adjacent cells in the diagonal direction is greater than that of the adjacent cells in the horizontal or vertical direction.
o i,j (. Gtoreq.0) represents the number of cells occupied by walls or obstacles among eight adjacent cells of the cell (i, j). Beta (. Gtoreq.0) represents the degree of influence of the number of obstacles on the cell potential value. The formula shows that if a cell is adjacent to a wall or an obstacle, the potential value of that cell increases relatively rapidly.
c i,j Is a 0-1 variable, if cell (i, j) is occupied by a pupil, then c i,j =1; otherwise, c i,j =0. Gamma (. Gtoreq.0) represents the degree of influence of the degree of congestion on the cell potential value. The formula shows that the potential energy value of a cell occupied by a pupil increases at a greater rate than a cell not occupied by a pupilThe rate of increase of the potential energy value of the cell.
Step 4: and (3) adding the cells calculated in the step (3) to the ordered queue.
Step 5: if all cells have determined potential energy values that do not take into account the pushing force, then step 6 is performed; otherwise, step 3 is executed.
Step 6: the pushing force of each pupil in the pedestrian facility on each cell is calculated.
For each pupil k in a pedestrian facility, set upWherein (1)>Representing the pushing force exerted by pupil K on cell (i, j), K representing the number of pupil in the pedestrian facility.
The pushing action occurs if the pupil m advances with an adjacent cell occupied by pupil n. Fig. 3 presents a scenario in which the pushing action occurs.Representing the pushing force exerted by pupil n on cell (i, j).
If pupil m advances in the north direction, the push force is calculated according to the following three cases:
(1) Pupil n is in the northwest direction of pupil m, then
(2) Pupil n is in the north direction of pupil m, then
(3) Pupil n is in the northeast direction of pupil m, then
If pupil m advances in the east direction, the push force is calculated according to the following three cases:
(1) Pupil n is in the northeast direction of pupil m, then
(2) Pupil n is in the forward direction of pupil m, then
(3) Pupil n is in the southeast direction of pupil m, then
If pupil m advances in the south direction, the push force is calculated according to the following three cases:
(1) Pupil n is in the southeast direction of pupil m, then
(2) Pupil n is in the right south of pupil m, then
(3) Pupil n is in the southwest direction of pupil m, then
If pupil m advances in the western direction, the push force is calculated according to the following three cases:
(1) Pupil n is in the northwest direction of pupil m, then
(2) Pupil n is in the front-to-west direction of pupil m, then
(3) Pupil n is in the southwest direction of pupil m, then
If all pupil in the pedestrian facility update the location according to the transition probability, then the settings are set
Wherein μ (. Gtoreq.0) represents the strength of the pushing force. When the value of mu is relatively large,the value of (2) is relatively small, so is the cell potential value associated with pupil k. Pupil tend to choose a direction of motion with a smaller potential energy value and a greater probability of transition. Thus, when a pupil is applied with a pushing force from behind, the pupil may turn the direction of motion sideways or move forward faster.
Step 7: potential energy values of all the elementary cells related to each pupil are calculated, which take the pushing force into consideration.
For each pupil k, cell (i, j) is associated with pupil k, taking into account potential energy value of the pushing forceThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
where δ represents the extent to which the pupil's pushing action affects the potential energy of the cell.
Step 8: the transition probability for each pupil is calculated.
The pupil can move one cell distance in four directions. Pupil k moves from cell (i, j) to adjacent cell (i) 0 ,j 0 ) The transition probability of (2) isThe calculation formula is as follows:
wherein,representing a cell (i) adjacent to the cell (i, j) 0 ,j 0 ) Potential energy value of the pushing force, which potential energy value is related to pupil k; />Is a 0-1 variable, if the cell (i 0 ,j 0 ) Occupied by a pedestrian or obstacle, its value is 0, otherwise its value is 1; epsilon (not less than 0) is a sensitive parameter, and when the value of epsilon is zero, the pupil randomly selects the moving direction; when its value is infinity, the pupil will choose the direction in which the potential energy value is smallest to move.
Step 9: the location of each pupil within the pedestrian facility is updated based on the transition probabilities.
For each pupil k, the cumulative transition probabilities for the four movable directions are calculated as follows:
wherein,for pupil k transition probability in direction j, < >>The cumulative transition probability from direction 1 to direction i for pupil k. If->Namely, all four directions are not movable, so that the pupil is kept still at the original position; otherwise, in [0,1]Generating a random number r in the interval if +.>Then direction 1 is selected as the direction of movement, otherwise direction d is selected such that +.>This is true.
Step 10: if all pupil leave the pedestrian facility, the simulation ends; otherwise, step 2 is performed.
In order to determine the influence of optimal parameter values and pushing behaviors on the pupil evacuation process, a classroom area shown in fig. 4 is selected for actual data acquisition and simulation experiments. In fig. 4, gray rectangles represent desks and desks, and the initial position of a pupil is indicated by circles numbered 1-52. The invention sets the size of the cells to 0.2 multiplied by 0.2m 2 One pupil takes up 2×2 cells, and the entire classroom area is divided into 38×43 cells.
And calibrating model parameters according to the exit selection and evacuation time of each pupil in the evacuation experiment. By usingTo represent the difference between the experimental results and the simulation results. The calculation formula of the simulation time step is as follows:
wherein T is i The time taken for the ith pupil to leave the classroom in the experiment, t i Representing the time taken for the ith pupil to leave the classroom in the simulation, E i Indicating the exit choice of the ith pupil from the classroom in the experiment, e i Indicating the exit choice of the ith pupil from the classroom in the simulation, Δt indicates the size of the time step in the model.
When the model parameters are calibrated, firstly, the parameter values of the model are changed to pre-test the model, and the approximate value range of each parameter is determined. And then, according to the value range of each parameter, determining a group of parameter values by adopting an enumeration method to simulate, wherein the simulation result of each group of parameter values takes the average value of 30 times of simulation. And determining the optimal parameter values of the model by comparing the difference between the simulation result and the experimental result of each group of parameter values, wherein the optimal parameter values are respectively as follows: epsilon=1, alpha=1, beta=1.5, gamma=1, delta=1, mu=1, time step Δt=0.14 s, i.e. the individual movement speed is 1.43m/s.
Taking a classroom area as shown in fig. 4 as an example, the impact of the pushing action on the pupil evacuation process under different conditions is compared by taking the magnitude μ of the pushing force and the pupil proportion λ with the pushing action as variables. Simulation results of the relationship between the magnitude of the pushing force and the ratio of the pupils with pushing action and the evacuation time steps and the number of people evacuated from the exit are shown in fig. 5. The simulation results of evacuating the number of pupils at different times at each exit under different pushing force levels are shown in fig. 6. As shown in fig. 5 and 6, the crowd behavior has a significant impact on the pupil evacuation process. The higher the proportion of pupils with pushing action, the greater the pushing force and the longer the total evacuation time.
The invention utilizes the accumulated value of the pushing force on each cell to evaluate the position distribution of the pushing action under different pushing force. Three sets of simulation experiments were set with λ=1.0 and μ=2, 6, 10, and simulation results of the cumulative values of the pushing force on each cell are shown in fig. 7 to 9. From fig. 7-9 it can be seen that there is a significant pushing action near the exit, as congestion occurs at the exit and lasts for a long time. In addition, the accumulated pushing force value of the southern horizontal channel is relatively large. This is because the number of pupils using the channel is large, and congestion is formed in a narrow channel, thereby generating a pushing action.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present application, but the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions easily conceivable by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present application should be covered in the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (7)
1. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of the pupil is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, acquiring a walking space of a pedestrian facility in an area to be evacuated, and dividing the walking space into a plurality of cells;
step 2, setting potential energy values of the outlet and the internal structure occupying the cells without considering pushing force according to the outlet information and the internal structure information of the area to be evacuated;
step 3, placing the cells occupied by the outlet into an ordered queue, arranging the order of the ordered queue according to the ascending order of potential energy values of the cells, calculating potential energy values of the adjacent cells without considering the pushing force based on the cell with the smallest potential energy value and a plurality of adjacent cells in the ordered queue, adding the cells with the potential energy values into the ordered queue, and determining potential energy values of all cells without considering the pushing force;
step 4, obtaining the pushing force of the pupil in the pedestrian facility on each cell;
step 5, potential energy values which are related to all elementary cells and each pupil and consider pushing force are obtained;
step 6, calculating the transition probability of each pupil, and updating the position of each pupil based on the transition probability;
and 7, judging whether the pupil exists in the pedestrian facility, if so, returning to the step 3, otherwise, acquiring a pedestrian evacuation simulation result.
2. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of the pupil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the internal structure information includes: wall information and obstacle information.
3. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of a pupil according to claim 2, wherein setting the potential energy value of the outlet and the internal structure occupying the cells without considering the pushing force comprises:
the potential energy value occupied by the cells by walls or obstacles is infinity;
the potential value of the cell occupied by the outlet is zero.
4. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of a pupil according to claim 1, wherein calculating potential energy values of the adjacent cells without considering a pushing force comprises:
wherein,potential energy value irrespective of push force for adjacent cells, +.>For the cells with the smallest potential energy value in the ordered queue, the potential energy value of the pushing force is not considered, alpha is the influence degree of the distance on the potential energy value of the cells, and d i,j Beta is the influence degree of the number of barriers on the cell potential value, o i,j For the number of cells occupied by walls or obstacles in eight adjacent cells of a cell, γ is the degree of congestion affecting the cell potential value, c i,j Whether or not the cell is occupied by a pupil.
5. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of the pupil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the obtaining of potential energy values of all cells related to each pupil considering the pushing force comprises:
wherein,for the impact of pupil k on adjacent cells, delta is the impact of pupil's impact on cell potentialDegree of (I)>Considering the pushing force for the cells and the potential energy value related to pupil k, +.>The potential energy value of the pushing force is not considered for the cells.
6. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of the pupil as claimed in claim 1, wherein calculating the transition probability of each pupil includes:
wherein,a is the potential energy value of the cell adjacent to the cell i0,j0 Epsilon is a sensitive parameter to indicate how much the potential energy value affects the transition probability in order to determine whether a cell is occupied by a pedestrian or obstacle.
7. The pedestrian evacuation simulation method considering the motion characteristics of the pupil as claimed in claim 1, wherein updating the position of each pupil based on the transition probabilities includes:
wherein,for pupil k transition probability in direction j, < >>The cumulative transition probability from direction 1 to direction i for pupil k.
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