CN117585959A - CO (carbon monoxide) 2 Sandstone similar material for geological sequestration model test of salt water layer and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
CO (carbon monoxide) 2 Sandstone similar material for geological sequestration model test of salt water layer and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN117585959A CN117585959A CN202311559697.1A CN202311559697A CN117585959A CN 117585959 A CN117585959 A CN 117585959A CN 202311559697 A CN202311559697 A CN 202311559697A CN 117585959 A CN117585959 A CN 117585959A
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004379 similarity theory Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/20—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the density
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of rock-like material test pieces, and in particular relates to a CO 2 A sandstone similar material for a geological sequestration test of a salty water layer and a preparation method thereof. CO 2 The sandstone similar material for the geological storage model test of the salt water layer comprises, by weight, 2-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 40-50 meshes, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 100-200 meshes, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 1000-1250 meshes, 1-5 parts of cement, 1-2 parts of gypsum and 1-5 parts of water. Based on the physical and mechanical properties and the mesoscopic characteristics of the raw rock, a method for regulating and controlling the properties of the material by using aggregate is adopted, quartz sand is selected to improve the brittleness of the material, and gypsum and cement are selected as cementing materials to improve the strength of the material. The brittleness and strength of the sandstone-like material are realized, and the main physical mechanics of the similar material and the original rock meet the similar theory. The characteristics of sandstones in the Shandong De sunk sand river street group are successfully simulated. The invention has the advantages of few types of required materials and low cost,the manufacturing efficiency is high, and the practicability is wide.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rock-like material test pieces, and in particular relates to a CO 2 A sandstone similar material for a geological sequestration test of a salty water layer and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The disclosure of this background section is only intended to increase the understanding of the general background of the invention and is not necessarily to be construed as an admission or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Sandstone is the most common reservoir of salt water, cemented with various grits, sedimentary rock due to weathering and erosion. The joint fracture of the natural sandstone rock sample is highly developed, the buried depth is large, the problems of difficult sampling and large difference of mechanical properties of the sample exist in the natural sandstone rock sample, and the CO is difficult to be subjected to 2 And developing an indoor physical model research on the migration law of the saline water layer.
The preparation test of similar materials is a main means for researching the rock mechanics engineering and scientific problems. The invention patent CN 109020364A discloses a sandstone similar material and a preparation method thereof, and successfully simulates the characteristics of sandstone in a rock slope of a Xinjiang Tianshan highway; the invention patent CN 110294617A discloses a sandstone similar material based on a freeze-thawing cycle model test and a preparation method thereof, and provides a rock material capable of better simulating the frost resistance of sandstone; the invention patent CN 105092325A discloses a material for simulating sandstone in nature, and provides a material for researching the structure evolution process of mountain making belts and basins.
Sandstone can be divided into different types according to different compositions, the mechanical properties of the sandstone between different types are extremely different, and CO is not disclosed in the prior art 2 A similar material for salt water layer sandstone.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a CO 2 A sandstone similar material for a geological sequestration test of a salty water layer and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a CO 2 The sandstone similar material for the geological storage model test of the salt water layer comprises, by weight, 2-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 40-50 meshes, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 100-200 meshes, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 1000-1250 meshes, 1-5 parts of cement, 1-2 parts of gypsum and 1-5 parts of water.
The quartz sand with three particle sizes in the similar material is used as aggregate, and cement and gypsum are used as cementing materials.
Preferably, the cement mortar comprises, by weight, 2-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 0.5mm, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 0.1mm, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 0.01mm, 1-5 parts of cement, 1-2 parts of gypsum and 1-5 parts of water.
Preferably, the cement comprises portland cement.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a CO as described in the first aspect 2 The preparation method of the sandstone similar material for the geological storage model test of the salty water layer comprises the following steps:
s1, mixing and uniformly stirring quartz sand with the particle size of 40-50 meshes, quartz sand with the particle size of 100-200 meshes, quartz sand with the particle size of 1000-1250 meshes, cement and gypsum to obtain mixed powder;
s2, adding the mixed powder into water, fully stirring, pouring into a mold, then placing the mold on a vibration platform for fixing and vibrating, standing and demolding at an indoor dry and ventilated place, and performing rotary curing after demolding to obtain a finished product;
s3, immersing the finished product into salt water and standing to obtain the CO 2 And testing the sandstone similar materials by using a saline water layer geological storage model.
Preferably, in step S3, the casting speed is 30-40m 3 /h。
Preferably, in step S3, the mixture is vibrated for 2 to 4 minutes.
Preferably, in the step S3, standing is carried out for 12-24 hours for demoulding.
Preferably, the curing temperature is 19-21 ℃ and the curing time is 26-30 days.
Preferably, the mineralization degree of the brine is 4-6g/L.
Preferably, in step S4, the standing time is 5-6 days.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a CO as described in the first aspect 2 The application of the sandstone similar material in the physical model test in the geological storage model test of the salt water layer.
The beneficial effects obtained by one or more of the technical schemes of the invention are as follows:
the sandstone similar material provided by the invention adopts a method of regulating and controlling the material properties by adopting aggregates with different particle sizes based on the porosity, permeability and mesoscopic characteristics of raw rock, and quartz sand is selected to improve the brittleness of the material; gypsum and cement are adopted to improve the cementing degree of the material; immersing the sandstone in the salty water layer by adopting brine, and reducing the occurrence environment of the sandstone in the salty water layer; realizing the porosity and permeability of the sandstone-like material; the sandstone similar material provided by the invention successfully simulates the characteristics of sandstones in the Shandong De sunk sand river street group. The invention has the advantages of few types of required materials, low cost, high manufacturing efficiency and wide practicability.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention.
FIG. 1 is a ternary phase diagram of quartz-feldspar-cuttings for sandstone.
Detailed Description
In order to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand the technical scheme of the present invention, the technical scheme of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples and comparative examples.
As described in the background art, the sandstone has a complex structure, and the different types of sandstones have extremely different properties, and as shown in FIG. 1, the sandstones can be classified into quartz sandstone, feldspar quartz sandstone, rock chip quartz sandstone, feldspar sandstone, rock chip feldspar sandstone, feldspar rock chip sandstone and rock chip sandstone according to the ternary composition of quartz, feldspar body and rock chip. The sandstone in the salty water layer is not a single component, so that the existing similar materials cannot be directly utilized to obtain CO 2 A similar material for salt water layer sandstone. The preparation of the similar material is to select proper similar material, proper preparation method and maintenance means, calculate the similar ratio according to the similar theory and combining the physical and mechanical properties of the original rock in the actual engineering, thereby determining the physical and mechanical parameters of the similar material, and finally prepare the similar material meeting the research purpose.
In the similarity theory, a dimension analysis method is adopted to calculate the similarity ratio, and the following relation is satisfied:
α σ -a stress similarity constant; alpha E -modulus of elasticity similarity constant; alpha γ -a bulk density similarity parameter; alpha L -geometric similarity constant; the porosity and permeability of the material were determined experimentally.
The porosity test uses an automatic pore-permeation joint tester. The principle of measuring porosity by an instrument is based on Boyle's law (formula 1), i.e. using a known volume V 1 At a set initial pressure P 1 Under the condition of that the gas is isothermally expanded into the core chamber under normal pressure, the gas is diffused into the core pore (volume is V 2 ) By means of the pressure P after variation 2 And the known volume, according to the gaseous equation, can calculate the effective pore volume and particle volume of the rock sample to be measured, calculate the porosity of the rock sample:
V 1 P 1 ＝V 2 P 2 (1)
wherein V is 1 -known standard fast volume, cm 3 ；V 2 -unknown volume, cm3; p (P) 1 -a known volume V 1 Measured pressure, MPa; p (P) 2 -post-equilibration pressure, MPa; n-porosity, 100%; v (V) t Soil sample volume, cm 3 。
The permeability test adopts a KSY-II type automatic pore-permeation combined tester, the absolute permeability of the rock core is calculated mainly according to a generalized Darcy formula, and an expression of the absolute permeability calculation can be obtained through the deformation according to the formula (4):
wherein the permeability of k-rock, D; q-gas flow, mL/s; mu-viscosity of gas, pa.s; l-sample length, cm; a-area of sample, cm 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Density of ρ -liquid phase, kg/m 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the ΔP—pressure differential between the air inlet and the air outlet, MPa.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a CO 2 Sandstone similar material formula for geological sequestration model test:
the aggregate is quartz sand with the particle size of 0.5mm, 0.1mm and 0.01mm, and the cementing material is cement and gypsum. Wherein, the weight ratio is 0.5mm particle diameter quartz sand: quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.1 mm: 0.01mm quartz sand: and (3) cement: gypsum: distilled water = 5:1:1:1:1:5.
the embodiment provides a preparation method of the similar material, which comprises the following operation steps:
a. weighing cement, gypsum and quartz sand, mixing and stirring uniformly to obtain mixed powder;
b. adding the mixed powder into distilled water, and fully and uniformly stirring by adopting a high-strength stirrer;
c. pouring the mixed materials into a mould which is manufactured in advance, and filling the mixture into a mould with a diameter of 35m 3 Uniformly pouring at a low speed;
d. after pouring is completed, placing a vibration platform for fixing, vibrating for about 3 minutes, and waiting until no bubbles overflow on the surface of the test piece;
e. standing the similar material at an indoor dry ventilation place for about 12 hours to finish demoulding;
f. transferring the material into a curing pool with the temperature of 20 ℃ for curing for 28 days after demolding;
g. and (5) putting the finished product after curing into brine with the mineralization degree of 5g/L until the finished product is completely immersed, and soaking for 5 days to finish the test piece manufacturing.
Example 2:
the embodiment provides a CO 2 Sand lithofacies for geological sequestration model testThe similar material formula comprises:
the aggregate is quartz sand with the particle size of 0.5mm, 0.1mm and 0.01mm, and the cementing material is cement and gypsum. Wherein, the quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.5mm is calculated by weight: quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.1 mm: 0.01mm quartz sand: and (3) cement: gypsum: distilled water = 4:2:2:1.5:1:4.
the preparation method is the same as in example 1.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a CO 2 Sandstone similar material formula for geological sequestration model test:
the aggregate is quartz sand with the particle size of 0.5mm, 0.1mm and 0.01mm, and the cementing material is cement and gypsum. Wherein, the quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.5mm is calculated by weight: quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.1 mm: 0.01mm quartz sand: and (3) cement: gypsum: distilled water = 2:4:2:1:1:3.5.
the preparation method is the same as in example 1.
The main physical and mechanical parameters of the sandstone similar material provided in the embodiment 1 of the present invention and the sandstone collected by Shandong De Shahejie street group are shown in table 1, and it can be seen that the physical and mechanical parameters of the two are relatively similar, so that the similar material can be classified as a sandstone-like material.
TABLE 1 comparison of physical and mechanical parameters of materials
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, but various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. CO (carbon monoxide) 2 The sandstone similar material for the geologic sequestration model test of the salt water layer is characterized by comprising, by weight, 2-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 40-50 meshes, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 100-200 meshes, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 1000-1250 meshes,1-5 parts of cement, 1-2 parts of gypsum and 1-5 parts of water.
2. The CO of claim 1 2 The sandstone similar material for the geological storage model test of the salt water layer is characterized by comprising, by weight, 2-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 0.5mm, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 0.1mm, 1-8 parts of quartz sand with the particle size of 0.01mm, 1-5 parts of cement, 1-2 parts of gypsum and 1-5 parts of water.
3. A CO as claimed in claim 1 2 The preparation method of the sandstone similar material for the geologic sequestration model test of the salt water layer is characterized in that the cement comprises Portland cement.
4. A CO as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 2 The preparation method of the sandstone similar material for the geological storage model test of the salty water layer is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, mixing and uniformly stirring quartz sand with the particle size of 40-50 meshes, quartz sand with the particle size of 100-200 meshes, quartz sand with the particle size of 1000-1250 meshes, cement and gypsum to obtain mixed powder;
s2, adding the mixed powder into water, fully stirring, pouring into a mold, then placing the mold on a vibration platform for fixing and vibrating, standing and demolding at an indoor dry and ventilated place, and performing rotary curing after demolding to obtain a finished product;
s3, immersing the finished product into salt water and standing to obtain the CO 2 And testing the sandstone similar materials by using a saline water layer geological storage model.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step S3, the casting speed is 30-40m 3 /h。
6. The method of claim 4, wherein in step S3, the mixture is vibrated for 2 to 4 minutes.
7. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step S3, the mold is released by standing for 12 to 24 hours.
8. The process according to claim 4, wherein the curing temperature is 19 to 21℃and the curing time is 26 to 30 days.
9. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step S4, the mineralization degree of the brine is 4-6g/L and the standing time is 5-6 days.
10. A CO according to any one of claims 1 to 3 2 The application of the sandstone similar material in the physical model test in the geological storage model test of the salt water layer.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202311559697.1A CN117585959A (en) | 2023-11-21 | 2023-11-21 | CO (carbon monoxide) 2 Sandstone similar material for geological sequestration model test of salt water layer and preparation method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202311559697.1A CN117585959A (en) | 2023-11-21 | 2023-11-21 | CO (carbon monoxide) 2 Sandstone similar material for geological sequestration model test of salt water layer and preparation method thereof |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105092325A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2015-11-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Natural sandstone simulation material |
| CN109020364A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-18 | 湖北工程学院 | A kind of sandstone analog material and preparation method thereof |
| CN110294617A (en) * | 2019-07-11 | 2019-10-01 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | A kind of sandstone analog material and preparation method thereof based on Frozen-thawed cycled model test |
| US20230167026A1 (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2023-06-01 | Institute Of Geology And Geophysics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Rock similar material satisfying water-induced strength degradation characteristic and preparation method and use thereof |
-
2023
- 2023-11-21 CN CN202311559697.1A patent/CN117585959A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105092325A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2015-11-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Natural sandstone simulation material |
| CN109020364A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-18 | 湖北工程学院 | A kind of sandstone analog material and preparation method thereof |
| CN110294617A (en) * | 2019-07-11 | 2019-10-01 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | A kind of sandstone analog material and preparation method thereof based on Frozen-thawed cycled model test |
| US20230167026A1 (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2023-06-01 | Institute Of Geology And Geophysics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Rock similar material satisfying water-induced strength degradation characteristic and preparation method and use thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| 北京地质学院工程地质教研室编: "《工程地质学（下册）》", 31 August 1964, 中国工业出版社, pages: 63 * |
| 王飞等: "《岩石物理学基础》", vol. 1, 31 August 2022, 中国地质大学出版社, pages: 26 - 27 * |
| 郭会荣等: "《地质封存温压条件下CO2溶解、扩散及水岩反应实验研究》", vol. 1, 31 December 2014, 中国地质大学出版社, pages: 54 - 55 * |
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