CN117559503A - Direct-connection energy supply framework of fuel cell and energy storage module and control method - Google Patents
Direct-connection energy supply framework of fuel cell and energy storage module and control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN117559503A CN117559503A CN202311593690.1A CN202311593690A CN117559503A CN 117559503 A CN117559503 A CN 117559503A CN 202311593690 A CN202311593690 A CN 202311593690A CN 117559503 A CN117559503 A CN 117559503A
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 182
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 149
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- HEZMWWAKWCSUCB-PHDIDXHHSA-N (3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H]1C=CC(C(O)=O)=C[C@H]1O HEZMWWAKWCSUCB-PHDIDXHHSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
- H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/30—The power source being a fuel cell
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a direct-connection energy supply architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module and a control method, belongs to the technical field of hydrogen fuel cells, and solves the problem of hardware cost limitation of the existing system architecture; the direct-connection energy supply framework comprises a fuel cell, an energy storage module and a control unit, wherein the fuel cell and the energy storage module are connected in parallel and then are connected to a load together to supply energy to the load in a combined way; after the energy supply system is formed, the control unit is in communication connection with the fuel cell and the energy storage module and is used for controlling the start-up stage, the operation stage and the stop stage of the energy supply system through a preset control strategy in the combined energy supply process of the energy supply system; before the energy supply system is built, matching corresponding fuel cells and energy storage modules according to index requirements of the energy supply system and loads, and arranging control devices in each loop; the invention omits a DCDC converter necessary in the traditional architecture, simplifies the fuel cell system, reduces the weight of the system and reduces the integration cost of the fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of hydrogen fuel cells, and is suitable for low-cost and light-weight scenes such as a cogeneration system for houses, an unmanned aerial vehicle system and the like, in particular to a direct-connection energy supply framework of a fuel cell and an energy storage module and a control method.
Background
In the field of hydrogen fuel cells, because the electric energy output characteristic of the fuel cell is softer, and the high voltage output means that the number of single cells in the fuel cell is continuously increased, and the excessive serial number of single cells puts severe demands on the integration, component performance and the like of the whole system; in order to ensure the availability and stability of the output power of the fuel cell system, components such as a DCDC converter and an energy storage device are generally integrated in the fuel cell system, and the introduction of a full-power DCDC converter tends to increase the weight and complexity of the fuel cell system, and at the same time, the integration cost of the fuel cell system will also increase, so that there is a need in the art to try to make corresponding improvements with a completely new concept.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the current situation in the background technology, the invention creatively connects the fuel cell and various energy storage devices in parallel directly, and omits a DCDC converter through a control strategy of direct connection energy supply, thereby simplifying the fuel cell system, reducing the weight of the system and reducing the integration cost of the fuel cell.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme to achieve the purpose:
the direct-connection energy supply framework of the fuel cell and the energy storage module comprises the fuel cell, the energy storage module and a control unit, wherein the fuel cell is connected with the energy storage module in parallel and then is connected with a load together to supply energy to the load in a combined way; the control unit is in communication connection with the fuel cell and the energy storage module, and is used for controlling the start-up stage, the operation stage and the stop stage of the energy supply system through a preset control strategy in the combined energy supply process of the energy supply system after the energy supply system is formed by the fuel cell and the energy storage module.
The invention also provides a control method of the direct-connection energy supply framework of the fuel cell and the energy storage module, wherein the hardware basis of the control method is the direct-connection energy supply framework; the method comprises the following steps:
s1, matching corresponding fuel cells and energy storage modules according to index requirements of an energy supply system and a load;
s2, constructing the matched fuel cell and the energy storage module as an energy supply system, and connecting the control unit to the energy supply system in a communication connection mode;
s3, in the starting stage of the energy supply system, firstly starting the energy storage module, supplying fuel gas for the fuel cell according to the electrical parameters of the energy storage module, and then starting the fuel cell;
s4, in the operation stage of the energy supply system, detecting electrical parameters of the energy storage module and the fuel cell in real time, and adjusting the flow of fuel gas supplied to the fuel cell;
s5, in the energy supply system stopping stage, after the external load is disconnected, the fuel cell continues to operate and charges the energy storage module; after the charging is completed, the fuel cell and the energy storage module are stopped at the same time, and the energy supply system is stopped immediately.
In step S1, the working voltage and current of the fuel cell are matched with the working voltage and current of the energy storage module, and the fuel cell and the energy storage module for the energy supply system are selected according to the matching result; the matching process is as follows:
the load demand power is recorded as P; the operating voltage and current ranges of the fuel cell are respectively recorded as U min ～U max ，I min ～I max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The working voltage and current range of the energy storage module are respectively recorded as U' min ～U′ max ，I′ min ～I′ max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Matching the corresponding fuel cell and energy storage module by the following constraint conditions:
s11: the rated power of the fuel cell and the rated power of the energy storage module are both larger than the load demand power P;
s12: maximum operating voltage U of fuel cell max Is larger than the maximum working voltage U 'of the energy storage module' max Minimum operating voltage U of fuel cell min Is larger than the minimum working voltage U 'of the energy storage module' min ；
S13: maximum operating current I 'of energy storage module' max Greater than combustionMaximum operating current I of material battery max ；
Through the constraint conditions, an energy supply system can be constructed after the matching is completed.
In summary, by adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, through design matching of voltage and current of the fuel cell and the energy storage device, the fuel cell and the energy storage device are directly connected in parallel, and finally, the effect of combined external energy supply of the fuel cell and the energy storage device is realized through a control strategy of direct energy supply; the DCDC converter of the original system can be omitted in the framework of the fuel cell system, and the effects of simplifying the framework of the fuel cell system, reducing the weight of the fuel cell system and reducing the integration cost of the fuel cell are achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a direct-coupled energy supply architecture according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a logic flow diagram of a method for architecture control according to the present invention.
The meaning of the symbols in the drawings is specifically as follows:
1-fuel cell, 2-fuel cell voltage sensor, 3-fuel cell fuse, 4-fuel cell current sensor, 5-fuel cell contactor, 6-energy storage module, 7-energy storage module voltage sensor, 8-energy storage module fuse, 9-energy storage module current sensor, 10-energy storage module contactor, 11-load, 12-control unit.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments of the present invention. The components of the embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, as presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, a direct-connection energy supply architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module comprises a fuel cell 1, the energy storage module 6 and a control unit 12, wherein the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 are connected in parallel and then are connected to a load 11 together to jointly supply energy to the load 11; the control unit 12 is in communication connection with the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6, and after the energy supply system is formed by the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6, the control unit 12 is used for controlling the start-up stage, the operation stage and the stop stage of the energy supply system through a preset control strategy in the combined energy supply process of the energy supply system.
In the embodiment, through the architecture, the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 are directly connected in parallel, and a DCDC converter is omitted through an energy supply control strategy, so that the complexity and the integrated cost of the whole system are simplified.
In this embodiment, the parallel connection position of the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 is a joint energy supply node, and the joint energy supply node is connected with the load 11; the output end of the energy storage module 6 is connected to the joint energy supply node through an energy storage module independent loop, and an energy storage module voltage sensor 7, an energy storage module fuse 8, an energy storage module current sensor 9 and an energy storage module contactor 10 are arranged on the energy storage module independent loop.
The energy storage module 6 is of a plurality of specific types, and can be applied to the architecture of the present embodiment, and typical types thereof include a lithium battery and an energy storage capacitor.
In this embodiment, the output of the fuel cell 1 is connected to the joint power supply node through a fuel cell independent circuit on which a fuel cell voltage sensor 2, a fuel cell fuse 3, a fuel cell current sensor 4, and a fuel cell contactor 5 are provided.
Example 2
Based on embodiment 1, the embodiment applies its direct-connection energy supply architecture to introduce a corresponding control method, and the overall steps of the method may be as follows:
s1, matching the corresponding fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 according to index requirements of an energy supply system and a load;
s2, constructing the matched fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 as an energy supply system, and connecting the control unit 12 to the energy supply system in a communication connection mode;
s3, in the starting stage of the energy supply system, firstly starting the energy storage module 6, supplying fuel gas to the fuel cell 1 according to the electrical parameters of the energy storage module 6, and then starting the fuel cell 1;
s4, in the operation stage of the energy supply system, the electrical parameters of the energy storage module 6 and the fuel cell 1 are detected in real time, and the fuel gas flow supplied to the fuel cell 1 is regulated;
s5, in the energy supply system stopping stage, after the external load 11 is disconnected, the fuel cell 1 continues to operate and charges the energy storage module 6; after the charging is completed, the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 are stopped at the same time, and the energy supply system is stopped immediately.
The details of this embodiment will be specifically described according to the method steps described above.
In order to achieve the effect of directly connecting the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage device 6 in parallel to supply energy to the outside, the operating voltage and current of the fuel cell and the operating voltage and current of the energy storage module must be designed and matched.
In step S1, the operating voltage and current of the fuel cell 1 are matched with the operating voltage and current of the energy storage module 6, and the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 for the energy supply system are selected according to the matching result; the matching process is as follows:
the load demand power is recorded as P; the operating voltage and current ranges of the fuel cell 1 are respectively denoted as U min ～U max ，I min ～I max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The working voltage and current ranges of the energy storage module 6 are respectively recorded as U' min ～U′ max ，I′ min ～I′ max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The corresponding fuel cell 1 and energy storage module 6 are matched by the following constraints:
s11: the rated power of the fuel cell and the rated power of the energy storage module are both larger than the load demand power P; the constraint condition is used for preventing the problem of power deficiency of the energy storage module caused in the process of outputting the high power to the outside for a long time;
s12: maximum operating voltage U of fuel cell max Is larger than the maximum working voltage U 'of the energy storage module' max To ensure that the fuel cell 1 can fully charge the energy storage module 6; minimum operating voltage U of fuel cell min Is larger than the minimum working voltage U 'of the energy storage module' min The energy storage module 6 can also work normally when the fuel cell 1 works under the rated low-voltage working condition;
s13: maximum operating current I 'of energy storage module' max Greater than the maximum operating current I of the fuel cell max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the This constraint ensures that the charging current of the energy storage module 6 is greater than the maximum operating current of the fuel cell 1, so as to solve the problem that when the system outputs under rated conditions, the load 11 is suddenly cut off, and the fuel cell 1 charges the energy storage module 6 with the rated operating current.
Through the constraint conditions, an energy supply system can be constructed after the matching is completed. In the constructed energy supply system, an energy storage module voltage sensor 7, an energy storage module fuse 8, an energy storage module current sensor 9 and an energy storage module contactor 10 are arranged on an energy storage module independent loop; on the fuel cell independent circuit, a fuel cell voltage sensor 2, a fuel cell fuse 3, a fuel cell current sensor 4, and a fuel cell contactor 5 are installed; the above-described mounted devices are controlled by the control unit 12.
Next, reference may be made to the logic flow diagram of fig. 2, which describes the start-up phase, the run phase and the shut-down phase of the energy supply system.
In the start-up stage of step S3, when the energy supply system starts up, the energy storage module contactor 10 is closed first, and at this time, the voltage is built by combining the external output bus at the energy supply node and supplies energy to the load 11; the voltage and the current of the external output bus are measured in real time through the energy storage module voltage sensor 7 and the energy storage module current sensor 9; inquiring an I-V curve of the fuel cell 1 according to the measured voltage to obtain the working current of the fuel cell which should be provided at the moment, and supplying fuel gas to the fuel cell 1 according to the working current, so as to establish the power-saving voltage in the fuel cell 1;
when the voltage and current values detected by the fuel cell voltage sensor 2, the fuel cell current sensor 4, the energy storage module voltage sensor 7 and the energy storage module current sensor 9 are all within a preset normal range, the fuel cell contactor 5 is closed, and the energy supply system starting stage is completed; if any detected value is not in the normal range, the control unit 12 enables the energy supply system to be switched into an alarm shutdown process.
In the operation stage of step S4, when the energy supply system is operating normally, the fuel cell voltage sensor 2, the fuel cell current sensor 4, the energy storage module voltage sensor 7 and the energy storage module current sensor 9 each detect voltages and currents corresponding to the fuel cell 1 and the energy storage module 6 in real time; at this time, according to the voltage and current detected by the fuel cell 1 in real time, the BOP components of the fuel cell 1 are adjusted to match the fuel gas flow required by different output powers; the control unit 12 establishes a current fuel cell I-V curve according to the output characteristics of the fuel cell 1 under different working conditions according to a preset period, compares the current fuel cell I-V curve with a theoretical design curve of the fuel cell 1, and judges whether the fuel cell 1 is in a normal working performance range; if the comparison shows that the fuel cell 1 is out of the normal operating performance range, the control unit 12 switches the energy supply system to the alarm shutdown mode.
After the normal operation phase of the energy supply system is finished, the shutdown phase of the step S5 is entered, at this time, the external load 11 is disconnected, and the fuel cell 1 continues to operate and charges the energy storage module 6; when the energy storage module 6 is charged to reach the preset voltage required by the start-up stage, the fuel cell 1 stops running; at this point, the fuel cell contactor 5 and the energy storage module contactor 10 are opened, the BOP components of the fuel cell 1 are closed, and the power supply system is immediately shut down.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a fuel cell and energy storage module direct connection energy supply framework which characterized in that: the energy storage system comprises a fuel cell (1), an energy storage module (6) and a control unit (12), wherein the fuel cell (1) is connected with the energy storage module (6) in parallel and then is connected to a load (11) together to jointly power the load (11); the control unit (12) is in communication connection with the fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6), and after the energy supply system is formed by the fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6), the control unit (12) is used for controlling the start-up stage, the operation stage and the shutdown stage of the energy supply system through a preset control strategy in the combined energy supply process of the energy supply system.
2. The direct connection energy supply architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 1, wherein: the parallel connection position of the fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6) is a joint energy supply node, and the joint energy supply node is connected with the load (11); the output end of the energy storage module (6) is connected to the joint energy supply node through an energy storage module independent loop, and an energy storage module voltage sensor (7), an energy storage module fuse (8), an energy storage module current sensor (9) and an energy storage module contactor (10) are arranged on the energy storage module independent loop.
3. The direct connection energy supply architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 2, wherein: the types of the energy storage modules (6) comprise lithium batteries and energy storage capacitors.
4. The direct connection energy supply architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 2, wherein: the output end of the fuel cell (1) is connected to the joint energy supply node through a fuel cell independent loop, and a fuel cell voltage sensor (2), a fuel cell fuse (3), a fuel cell current sensor (4) and a fuel cell contactor (5) are arranged on the fuel cell independent loop.
5. A control method of a direct-connection energy supply framework of a fuel cell and an energy storage module is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the hardware basis of the control method is the direct-connection energy supply architecture as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4; the control method comprises the following steps:
s1, matching corresponding fuel cells (1) with energy storage modules (6) according to index requirements of an energy supply system and loads;
s2, constructing the matched fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6) as an energy supply system, and connecting the control unit (12) to the energy supply system in a communication connection mode;
s3, in a starting stage of the energy supply system, firstly starting the energy storage module (6), supplying fuel gas for the fuel cell (1) according to the electrical parameters of the energy storage module (6), and then starting the fuel cell (1);
s4, in the operation stage of the energy supply system, detecting electrical parameters of the energy storage module (6) and the fuel cell (1) in real time, and adjusting the fuel gas flow supplied to the fuel cell (1);
s5, in the energy supply system stopping stage, after the external load (11) is disconnected, the fuel cell (1) continues to operate and charges the energy storage module (6); after the charging is completed, the fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6) are stopped simultaneously, and the energy supply system is stopped immediately.
6. The method for controlling a direct-coupled power architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 5, wherein: in the step S1, the working voltage and the working current of the fuel cell (1) are matched with those of the energy storage module (6), and the fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6) for the energy supply system are selected according to the matching result; the matching process is as follows:
the load demand power is recorded as P; the operating voltage and current ranges of the fuel cell (1) are respectively recorded as U min ～U max ，I min ～I max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The working voltage and current ranges of the energy storage module (6) are respectively recorded as U' min ～U′ max ，I′ min ～I′ max The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The corresponding fuel cell (1) and energy storage module (6) are matched by the following constraint conditions:
s11: the rated power of the fuel cell and the rated power of the energy storage module are both larger than the load demand power P;
s12: maximum operating voltage U of fuel cell max Is larger than the maximum working voltage U 'of the energy storage module' max Minimum operating voltage U of fuel cell min Is larger than the minimum working voltage U 'of the energy storage module' min ；
S13: maximum operating current I 'of energy storage module' max Greater than the maximum operating current I of the fuel cell max ；
Through the constraint conditions, an energy supply system can be constructed after the matching is completed.
7. The method for controlling a direct-coupled power architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 6, wherein: in the step S2, after matching is completed, an energy storage module voltage sensor (7), an energy storage module fuse (8), an energy storage module current sensor (9) and an energy storage module contactor (10) are installed on an independent loop of an energy storage module in the constructed energy supply system; a fuel cell voltage sensor (2), a fuel cell fuse (3), a fuel cell current sensor (4) and a fuel cell contactor (5) are arranged on the fuel cell independent loop; the above-mentioned mounted devices are controlled by a control unit (12).
8. The method for controlling a direct-coupled power architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 7, wherein: in step S3, when the energy supply system is started, the energy storage module contactor (10) is closed firstly, and at the moment, the voltage is built on an external output bus at the joint energy supply node and the load (11) is supplied with energy; the voltage and the current of the external output bus are measured in real time through an energy storage module voltage sensor (7) and an energy storage module current sensor (9); inquiring an I-V curve of the fuel cell (1) according to the measured voltage to obtain the working current of the fuel cell which should be provided at the moment, and supplying fuel gas to the fuel cell (1) according to the working current, so as to establish the power-saving voltage inside the fuel cell (1);
when the voltage and current values detected by the fuel cell voltage sensor (2), the fuel cell current sensor (4), the energy storage module voltage sensor (7) and the energy storage module current sensor (9) are all within a preset normal range, closing the fuel cell contactor (5) to finish the start-up stage of the energy supply system; if any detection value is not in the normal range, the control unit (12) enables the energy supply system to be switched into an alarm stopping process.
9. The method for controlling a direct-coupled power architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 7, wherein: in step S4, when the energy supply system is operating normally, the fuel cell voltage sensor (2), the fuel cell current sensor (4), the energy storage module voltage sensor (7) and the energy storage module current sensor (9) each detect voltages and currents corresponding to the fuel cell (1) and the energy storage module (6) in real time; at the moment, according to the voltage and current detected in real time at the fuel cell (1), the BOP component of the fuel cell (1) is regulated to match the fuel gas flow required by different output powers; the control unit (12) establishes a current fuel cell I-V curve according to the output characteristics of the fuel cell (1) under different working conditions according to a preset period, compares the current fuel cell I-V curve with a theoretical design curve of the fuel cell (1), and judges whether the fuel cell (1) is in a normal working performance range; if the comparison result shows that the fuel cell (1) is beyond the normal working performance range, the control unit (12) enables the energy supply system to be switched into an alarm shutdown process.
10. The method for controlling a direct-coupled power architecture of a fuel cell and an energy storage module according to claim 7, wherein: in the step S5, after the normal operation phase of the energy supply system is finished, the energy supply system enters a shutdown phase, at the moment, an external load (11) is disconnected, and the fuel cell (1) continues to operate and charges an energy storage module (6); when the energy storage module (6) is charged to reach the preset voltage required by the start-up stage, the fuel cell (1) stops running; at this time, the fuel cell contactor (5) and the energy storage module contactor (10) are disconnected, the BOP components of the fuel cell (1) are closed, and the energy supply system is immediately stopped.
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