CN117375876B - High-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum on digital domain - Google Patents
High-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum on digital domain Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN117375876B CN117375876B CN202311072701.1A CN202311072701A CN117375876B CN 117375876 B CN117375876 B CN 117375876B CN 202311072701 A CN202311072701 A CN 202311072701A CN 117375876 B CN117375876 B CN 117375876B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- dispersion
- time domain
- sequence
- signal
- chaotic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 230000000739 chaotic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001364 causal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrums on a digital domain, which comprises the following steps: (1) At a transmitting end, acquiring symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping, and calculating a chaotic sequence; (2) processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor; (3) Encrypting by using a dispersion factor, and then performing serial-parallel conversion; (4) At a receiving end, decrypting by using a dispersion factor, and performing 16QAM demodulation to obtain an original signal after decrypting by an inverse process; the invention is different from the traditional mode in using dispersion, only the dispersion in the transmission fiber is balanced in the general communication system; by utilizing the characteristic of unique chromatic dispersion, the chromatic dispersion is creatively introduced into optical fiber transmission as an encryption scheme in digital signal processing, and the transmission safety of the system is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical communication, in particular to a high-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrums on a digital domain.
Background
With the continuous updating of communication technology, the data capacity is continuously expanded, and the security problem of the communication system is also increasingly prominent. Accordingly, research into security technologies for data in the field of optical communication is also attracting attention. Reliability is an important index for measuring a communication system and is always a popular research direction in the communication field. The chaotic model was used in communication systems since nineties, is a seemingly random motion, is in fact in deterministic nonlinear systems, and can produce random-like behavior without the addition of any random factors. Because the chaotic sequence is sensitive to an initial value, the generated chaotic sequence is greatly influenced by slightly changing the initial value, and therefore, the chaotic sequence has wide application in a communication system. Because the chaotic system is random motion, random signals which are the same as noise signals can be generated, and original signals can be well hidden, so that the chaotic system is widely applied to a security system. In most of researches on optical fiber communication systems at present, the transmission capacity and the signal transmission quality of the system are improved through advanced code modulation and a high-performance algorithm, but the safety of the system is rarely considered due to the fact that the data volume is transmitted, the data is protected from being stolen by illegal users through a chaotic encryption technology, but the main influence of optical fiber dispersion on the system is mainly pulse broadening, and optical signal distortion is caused; typically manifested as pulse stretching and peak power reduction, resulting in system errors, as well as affecting the length of transmission distance and the magnitude of system rate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the invention aims to provide a high-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrums on a digital domain, which improves safety performance by dynamically changing a dispersion value through generating a chaotic sequence by a one-dimensional Logistic chaotic mapping model.
The technical scheme is as follows: the invention discloses a high-security communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrums on a digital domain, which comprises the following steps:
(1) At a transmitting end, acquiring symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping, and calculating a chaotic sequence;
(2) Processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor;
(3) Encrypting by using a dispersion factor, and then performing serial-parallel conversion;
(4) At the receiving end, the dispersion factor is used for decryption, and after the decryption in the inverse process, the 16QAM demodulation is carried out to obtain the original signal.
Further, the specific process of the step (1) is as follows: after serial-parallel conversion, the original data stream of the transmitting end is subjected to 16QAM constellation mapping;
The differential equation of the one-dimensional Logistic chaotic map is:
Xn+1＝Xn·μ·(1-Xn)，μ∈[0,4],X∈[0,1]；
Wherein μ ε [0,4] is called the Logistic parameter; n is a natural number, n=0, 1,2,3,; when X is E [0,1], and the Logistic mapping is in a state of pseudo-random distribution when bifurcation parameters are 3.57 < mu < 4, the Logistic function is in a complete chaotic state.
Further, the step (2) specifically includes the following steps: the dispersion factor q, namely the dispersion coefficient D, is obtained after the x sequence is processed in the following way, so that dynamic disturbance is carried out on the dispersion coefficient D of the time domain encryption and decryption module;
Wherein, 10 9 is the random of the enhanced x sequence, mod (·) is the remainder function; after processing, the encryption vector q is a random number within the range of (0,2000).
Further, the step (3) includes the following steps:
The time domain signal A is subjected to Fourier transformation to obtain a frequency domain signal A 1, multiplied by a signal transfer function G (z, omega) subjected to dynamic disturbance of a chaotic sequence, and a distance step d z is introduced to obtain an encrypted frequency domain signal A 1', wherein the following formula is shown:
Further, in the step (4), the sign of the dispersion coefficient D in the disturbed signal transfer function is inverted, so that the transfer function of the dispersion compensation filter F c is obtained as follows:
And carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the F c to obtain a time domain impulse response signal, and adopting a finite impulse response non-recursive structure filter to realize decryption.
The invention relates to a high-safety communication system based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrums in a digital domain, which comprises the following modules:
an initialization module: the method comprises the steps of obtaining symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping at a transmitting end, and calculating a chaotic sequence;
and a pretreatment module: for processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor;
An encryption module: for encrypting with the dispersion factor and then serial-parallel converting;
Decryption module: the method is used for decrypting by using the dispersion factor at a receiving end, and demodulating an original signal by 16QAM after decrypting by the inverse process.
Further, in the initialization module, after serial-parallel conversion, the original data stream of the transmitting end is subjected to 16QAM constellation mapping;
The differential equation of the one-dimensional Logistic chaotic map is:
Xn+1＝Xn·μ·(1-Xn)，μ∈[0,4],X∈[0,1]；
Wherein μ ε [0,4] is called the Logistic parameter; n is a natural number, n=0, 1,2,3,; when X is E [0,1], and the Logistic mapping is in a state of pseudo-random distribution when bifurcation parameters are 3.57 < mu < 4, the Logistic function is in a complete chaotic state.
Further, in the preprocessing module, the dispersion factor q, namely the dispersion coefficient D, is obtained after the x sequence is processed in the following way, so that dynamic disturbance on the dispersion coefficient D of the time domain encryption and decryption module is realized;
Wherein, 10 9 is the random of the enhanced x sequence, mod (·) is the remainder function; after processing, the encryption vector q is a random number within the range of (0,2000).
Further, in the encryption module, the time domain signal a is subjected to fourier transformation to obtain a frequency domain signal a 1, multiplied by a signal transfer function G (z, ω) subjected to dynamic disturbance of a chaotic sequence, and a distance step d z is introduced to obtain an encrypted frequency domain signal a 1', which is shown in the following formula:
further, in the decryption module, the sign of the dispersion coefficient D in the disturbed signal transfer function is inverted, so that the transfer function of the dispersion compensation filter F c can be obtained as follows:
And carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the F c to obtain a time domain impulse response signal, and adopting a finite impulse response non-recursive structure filter to realize decryption.
The beneficial effects are that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages: the invention creatively applies the dispersion mode used in digital signal processing as an encryption mode in optical fiber transmission by utilizing the unique characteristic of the dispersion, thereby improving the transmission safety of the system.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a bifurcation diagram of the Logistic chaotic model of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a dispersion encryption process according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is a time domain dispersion compensating filter structure.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a high security communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum in the digital domain, including the following steps:
(1) At a transmitting end, acquiring symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping, and calculating a chaotic sequence; the specific process is as follows: after serial-parallel conversion, the original data stream of the transmitting end is subjected to 16QAM constellation mapping;
The differential equation of the one-dimensional Logistic chaotic map is:
Xn+1＝Xn·μ·(1-Xn)，μ∈[0,4],X∈[0,1]；
wherein μ ε [0,4] is called the Logistic parameter; n is a natural number, n=0, 1,2,3,; as shown in FIG. 2, when X is 0,1, and the Logistic map is 3.57 < mu < 4, especially near 4, the iteratively generated sequence is in a pseudo-random distribution state, and the Logistic function is in a complete chaos state.
(2) Processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor; the method comprises the following steps: the dispersion factor q, namely the dispersion coefficient D, is obtained after the x sequence is processed in the following way, so that dynamic disturbance is carried out on the dispersion coefficient D of the time domain encryption and decryption module;
wherein, 10 9 is the random of the enhanced x sequence, mod (·) is the remainder function; after processing, the dispersion factor q is a random number within the range (0,2000), representing the random dynamic change of the dispersion coefficient D within the range; the dispersion coefficient formula is as follows:
σ＝δλ*D*L
The effect of dispersion on the signal envelope U (z, τ) can be expressed as a partial differential equation as follows:
Wherein z represents a transmission distance, τ represents a normalized time parameter, D represents a dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber, λ represents a wavelength of the light wave, and c represents a light velocity; obtaining a frequency domain transmission equation through Fourier transform solution:
Where ω represents an arbitrary frequency component.
As shown in fig. 3, (3) encryption is performed using a dispersion factor, and serial-parallel conversion is performed; the method comprises the following steps:
The time domain signal A is subjected to Fourier transformation to obtain a frequency domain signal A 1, multiplied by a signal transfer function G (z, omega) subjected to dynamic disturbance of a chaotic sequence, and a distance step d z is introduced to obtain an encrypted frequency domain signal A 1', wherein the following formula is shown:
(4) At the receiving end, decrypting by using the dispersion factor, and after decrypting by the inverse process, demodulating the original signal by 16QAM, wherein the decrypting process is specifically as follows: the dispersion coefficient D symbol in the disturbed signal transfer function is inverted to obtain the transfer function of the dispersion compensation filter F c as follows:
and carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the F c to obtain a time domain impulse response signal, wherein the formula is as follows:
from the impulse response, the corresponding system response time is infinite and non-causal, and the impulse response time of the system is further truncated to a finite length by adopting a time domain equalization algorithm to overcome the phenomenon of frequency aliasing.
Let the sampling time interval of impulse response be T, then the sampling frequency beNyquist frequencyFrequency aliasing may occur when the sampling frequency exceeds the nyquist angle frequency. The impulse response is described in terms of a rotation vector whose angular frequency formula is as follows:
aliasing occurs when the amplitude of ω exceeds the nyquist frequency, and time domain truncation is required to avoid aliasing according to the following formula:
after the processing, the impulse response time is truncated to a finite time length, and then the design of a time domain dispersion compensation filter at a decryption end can be realized by adopting a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) non-recursion structure filter, namely decryption is realized. The filter structure is shown in fig. 4, where Δt represents the delay, which is typically half the symbol period.
The calculation formula of the FIR filter can be obtained from fig. 4 as follows:
Wherein E eq (n) is the output signal of the filter, E (n) is the input signal of the filter, alpha k is the tap coefficient, and the total number of taps (sampling points) of the filter is Wherein,The rounding down operation is shown to ensure that the truncated integer length NT of g (z, t) is not less than the minimum truncated length.
Wherein,Taking kT into g (z, t) to obtain a value alpha k of a kth sampling point, wherein the formula is as follows:
The embodiment of the invention also provides a high-security communication system based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrums in the digital domain, which is characterized by comprising the following modules:
an initialization module: the method comprises the steps of obtaining symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping at a transmitting end, and calculating a chaotic sequence;
and a pretreatment module: for processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor;
An encryption module: for encrypting with the dispersion factor and then serial-parallel converting;
Decryption module: the method is used for decrypting by using the dispersion factor at a receiving end, and demodulating an original signal by 16QAM after decrypting by the inverse process.
Further, in the initialization module, after serial-parallel conversion, the original data stream of the transmitting end is subjected to 16QAM constellation mapping;
The differential equation of the one-dimensional Logistic chaotic map is:
Xn+1＝Xn·μ·(1-Xn)，μ∈[0,4],X∈[0,1]；
Wherein μ ε [0,4] is called the Logistic parameter; n is a natural number, n=0, 1,2,3,; when X is E [0,1], and the Logistic mapping is in a state of pseudo-random distribution when bifurcation parameters are 3.57 < mu < 4, the Logistic function is in a complete chaotic state.
Further, in the preprocessing module, the dispersion factor q, namely the dispersion coefficient D, is obtained after the x sequence is processed in the following way, so that dynamic disturbance on the dispersion coefficient D of the time domain encryption and decryption module is realized;
Wherein, 10 9 is the random of the enhanced x sequence, mod (·) is the remainder function; after processing, the encryption vector q is a random number within the range of (0,2000).
Further, in the encryption module, the time domain signal a is subjected to fourier transformation to obtain a frequency domain signal a 1, multiplied by a signal transfer function G (z, ω) subjected to dynamic disturbance of a chaotic sequence, and a distance step d z is introduced to obtain an encrypted frequency domain signal a 1', which is shown in the following formula:
further, in the decryption module, the sign of the dispersion coefficient D in the disturbed signal transfer function is inverted, so that the transfer function of the dispersion compensation filter F c can be obtained as follows:
And carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the F c to obtain a time domain impulse response signal, and adopting a finite impulse response non-recursive structure filter to realize decryption.
Claims (2)
1. A high security communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum in the digital domain, comprising the steps of:
(1) At a transmitting end, acquiring symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping, and calculating a chaotic sequence; the specific process is as follows: after serial-parallel conversion, the original data stream of the transmitting end is subjected to 16QAM constellation mapping;
The differential equation of the one-dimensional Logistic chaotic map is:
Xn+1＝Xn·μ·(1-Xn),μ∈[0,4],X∈[0,1]
Wherein μ ε [0,4] is called the Logistic parameter; n is a natural number, n=0, 1,2,3 … …,; when X n E [0,1] and the Logistic mapping is in a bifurcation parameter of 3.57 < mu < 4, the iteratively generated sequence is in a pseudo-random distribution state, and the Logistic function is in a complete chaotic state;
(2) Processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor; the method comprises the following steps: the dispersion factor q, namely the dispersion coefficient D, is obtained after the x sequence is processed in the following way, so that dynamic disturbance is carried out on the dispersion coefficient D of the time domain encryption and decryption module;
Wherein, 10 9 is the random of the enhanced x sequence, mod (·) is the remainder function; after processing, the encryption vector q is a random number within the range of (0,2000);
(3) Encrypting by using a dispersion factor, and then performing serial-parallel conversion; the method comprises the following steps:
The time domain signal A is subjected to Fourier transformation to obtain a frequency domain signal A 1, multiplied by a signal transfer function G (z, omega) subjected to dynamic disturbance of a chaotic sequence, and a distance step d z is introduced to obtain an encrypted frequency domain signal A 1', wherein the following formula is shown:
(4) At a receiving end, decrypting by using a dispersion factor, and performing 16QAM demodulation to obtain an original signal after decrypting by an inverse process; the method comprises the following steps: the dispersion coefficient D symbol in the disturbed signal transfer function is inverted to obtain the transfer function of the dispersion compensation filter F c as follows:
And carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the F c to obtain a time domain impulse response signal, and adopting a finite impulse response non-recursive structure filter to realize decryption.
2. A high security communication system based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectra in the digital domain, comprising the following modules:
an initialization module: the method comprises the steps of obtaining symbols subjected to 16QAM modulation mapping at a transmitting end, and calculating a chaotic sequence; the method comprises the following steps: after serial-parallel conversion, the original data stream of the transmitting end is subjected to 16QAM constellation mapping;
The differential equation of the one-dimensional Logistic chaotic map is:
Xn+1＝Xn·μ·(1-Xn),μ∈[0,4],X∈[0,1]
Wherein μ ε [0,4] is called the Logistic parameter; n is a natural number, n=0, 1,2,3, … …; when X n E [0,1] and the Logistic mapping is in a bifurcation parameter of 3.57 < mu < 4, the iteratively generated sequence is in a pseudo-random distribution state, and the Logistic function is in a complete chaotic state;
and a pretreatment module: for processing the chaotic sequence and generating a dispersion factor; the method comprises the following steps: the dispersion factor q, namely the dispersion coefficient D, is obtained after the x sequence is processed in the following way, so that dynamic disturbance is carried out on the dispersion coefficient D of the time domain encryption and decryption module;
Wherein, 10 9 is the random of the enhanced x sequence, mod (·) is the remainder function; after processing, the encryption vector q is a random number within the range of (0,2000);
An encryption module: for encrypting with the dispersion factor and then serial-parallel converting; the method comprises the following steps: the time domain signal A is subjected to Fourier transformation to obtain a frequency domain signal A 1, multiplied by a signal transfer function G (z, omega) subjected to dynamic disturbance of a chaotic sequence, and a distance step d z is introduced to obtain an encrypted frequency domain signal A 1', wherein the following formula is shown:
Decryption module: the method is used for decrypting by using the dispersion factor at a receiving end, and demodulating an original signal by 16QAM after decrypting by the inverse process; the method comprises the following steps: the dispersion coefficient D symbol in the disturbed signal transfer function is inverted to obtain the transfer function of the dispersion compensation filter F c as follows:
And carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the F c to obtain a time domain impulse response signal, and adopting a finite impulse response non-recursive structure filter to realize decryption.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202311072701.1A CN117375876B (en) | 2023-08-24 | High-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum on digital domain |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202311072701.1A CN117375876B (en) | 2023-08-24 | High-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum on digital domain |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN117375876A CN117375876A (en) | 2024-01-09 |
| CN117375876B true CN117375876B (en) | 2024-07-09 |
Family
ID=
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105577360A (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2016-05-11 | 杭州电子科技大学 | OOFDM (Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) encryption system based on chaos sequence mapping |
| CN105577359A (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2016-05-11 | 杭州电子科技大学 | OOFDM (Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) encryption system based on chaos sequence pilot frequency mapping |
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105577360A (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2016-05-11 | 杭州电子科技大学 | OOFDM (Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) encryption system based on chaos sequence mapping |
| CN105577359A (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2016-05-11 | 杭州电子科技大学 | OOFDM (Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) encryption system based on chaos sequence pilot frequency mapping |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN101965698B (en) | Apparatus and method for equalizing chromatic dispersion and digital coherent optical receiver | |
| CN103338171B (en) | A kind of receiving terminal equalization methods based on channel estimation in frequency domain and system | |
| CN103684601B (en) | Coefficient determining device, equalizer, Receiver And Transmitter | |
| EP3512125B1 (en) | Optical receiver, optical reception method and optical communication system | |
| CN105577359A (en) | OOFDM (Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) encryption system based on chaos sequence pilot frequency mapping | |
| Shi et al. | Generalized convolution theorem associated with fractional Fourier transform | |
| Nowsheen et al. | Design of a high frequency FPGA acoustic modem for underwater communication | |
| CN108111455B (en) | Logging-while-drilling data V-OFDM sound wave transmission method based on compressed sensing | |
| Kumar et al. | Filter bank multicarrier modulation schemes for visible light communication | |
| CN117375876B (en) | High-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum on digital domain | |
| CN106301593B (en) | Adaptive blind polarization demultiplexing treating method and apparatus | |
| CN117375876A (en) | High-safety communication method based on dynamic aliasing of time domain spectrum on digital domain | |
| CN107959648B (en) | Design method of prototype filter in double-prototype FBMC-OQAM system | |
| Wang et al. | Reduction PAPR of OFDM signals by combining grouped DCT precoding with PTS | |
| CN102164106B (en) | Fractionally spaced decision feedback Rayleigh Renyi entropy wavelet blind equalization method | |
| JP7311804B2 (en) | Wavelength dispersion compensator, optical receiver, wavelength dispersion compensation method, and computer program | |
| CN116318614A (en) | Codebook and chirp combined disturbance method based on SCMA-OCDM | |
| US20120082457A1 (en) | K-Means Clustered Polyphase Filtering for Sample Rate Conversion in Coherent Polarization Multiplexing Fiber Optic Systems | |
| Bi et al. | Study of FFT/IFFT precision in optical OQAM-OFDM system with limited resolution DAC/ADC | |
| Alaghbari et al. | Robust precoder for mitigating inter-symbol and inter-carrier interferences in coherent optical FBMC/OQAM | |
| US9407374B2 (en) | Nonlinear fourier analysis in optical systems | |
| Gaete et al. | Pulse shaping using the discrete Fourier transform for direct detection optical systems | |
| CN105681237A (en) | Method for suppressing intersymbol interference through digital optical pre-equalization method | |
| Willstatter et al. | Use of the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm for denoising of constant-envelope OFDM signals | |
| Ji et al. | Hardware Implementation of Chromatic Dispersion Compensation in Finite Fields |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |