CN117289331A - Three-dimensional position sensitive Compton imaging detector constructed by strip-shaped scintillators - Google Patents
Three-dimensional position sensitive Compton imaging detector constructed by strip-shaped scintillators Download PDFInfo
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- CN117289331A CN117289331A CN202311434826.4A CN202311434826A CN117289331A CN 117289331 A CN117289331 A CN 117289331A CN 202311434826 A CN202311434826 A CN 202311434826A CN 117289331 A CN117289331 A CN 117289331A
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- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001579 optical reflectometry Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002059 diagnostic imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005025 nuclear technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/36—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry
- G01T1/362—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry with scintillation detectors
Abstract
The invention discloses a three-dimensional position sensitive Compton imaging detector constructed by strip scintillators, which comprises: a position sensitive strip scintillator detector and an SiPM photodetector; two end faces of a position sensitive strip scintillator detector are respectively coupled and fixed with an SiPM photoelectric readout device to form a minimum detection unit; the minimum detection unit utilizes the pulse signal amplitude output by the SiPM photoelectric readout devices at two ends to reconstruct the position of the energy deposited in the detector by gamma rays. A plurality of minimum detection units are stacked to form an area array detector with two-dimensional position sensitivity. The multi-layer area array detector is arranged front and back to form the Compton imaging detector with three-dimensional position sensitivity. The invention has the advantages that: and a larger sensitive area is realized, compton imaging efficiency is improved, and cost is effectively reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of radiation imaging, in particular to a three-dimensional position sensitive Compton imaging detector constructed by a strip scintillator
Background
With the rapid development and wide application of nuclear energy and nuclear technology, the attention of nuclear security is increasingly raised. In the nuclear safety monitoring means, the direct imaging of the radioactive hot spot can not only identify the species of nuclides in the radioactive source, but also draw a radiation distribution diagram, thereby facilitating the supervision and search of the radioactive nuclides or radioactive sources.
For low-energy gamma rays, imaging by using a traditional coding hole has a good imaging effect. For medium and high energy gamma rays, compton imaging is widely used due to its advantages of wide field of view and high efficiency. Because Compton camera uses the effect of gamma ray and out-of-core electron to determine the direction of incident gamma photon instead of using collimation device, compared with the imaging of coding plate, the design of no collimator makes the imaging sensitivity of detector higher, and is suitable for the gamma ray imaging of medium and high energy. The method has wide application in the fields of medical imaging, nuclear non-diffusion, nuclear emergency, environmental monitoring, space exploration and the like.
The principle of Compton imaging is based on the Compton scattering effects of gamma rays with matter. FIG. 1 reflects a typical Compton scattering, and the following Compton scattering equation can be derived from conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, assuming that the original extra-nuclear electrons are stationary and unbound, by passing a portion of the energy from the incident gamma rays to the extra-nuclear electrons of the impinging atoms. Wherein the energy of the incident photon is E 0 The scattered photon energy is E' and the scattering angle is θ. It can be seen from the formula that when the incident gamma ray energy is fixed, the scattered photon energy E' has a corresponding relationship with the Compton scattering angle.
If the first Compton scattering point occurrence location and the radiation deposition energy can be known, and the location of the scattered photon deposition energy can also be known, the direction of the incident photon can be limited to a conical surface with the opposite direction of the scattered photon emission as the axis and the Compton scattering angle as the half apex angle, which is called Compton cone or back projection cone as shown in FIG. 1. The Compton cones from the multiple Compton scattering cases are superimposed to determine the location of the incident photon.
In the reconstruction process, when the radioactive substance is closer to the Compton imaging detector, three-dimensional reconstruction can be performed by utilizing the distribution difference of Compton scattering points in the detector, and the real radioactive source position can be strengthened by passing through each cone, so that the three-dimensional position information of the radioactive source can be obtained, but the calculation amount is large. When the source is further from the detector, the detector can be considered approximately as a "point" and the differences in the distribution of Compton scattering points within the detector become negligible, and it can be considered approximately that all Compton cones originate from the same point, e.g., the center of the detector. Therefore, the positional relationship between the cones and the unit spherical intersecting ring can be replaced by the positional relationship between the cones and the same-vertex cones, as shown in fig. 2, which is called "far field approximation".
Since Compton imaging detectors require three-dimensional position resolution capability, the positioning of the incident radiation can be performed.
Compton imaging detectors may employ a monolithic semiconductor detector with three-dimensional position resolution as the Compton imaging detector that can measure the position and energy deposition of multiple ray interactions simultaneously. The imaging device has better imaging field of view because of certain detection sensitivity to gamma rays in all directions. However, the application of the scheme is limited due to the small sensitivity volume and high cost of the Compton imaging detector made of the semiconductor.
The scintillator detector is adopted as the Compton detector, the sensitive volume can be quite large, in order to enable the Compton detector to have the position resolution capability, the whole scintillator detector is cut and then is subjected to optical isolation, the planar array detector with the two-dimensional position sensitivity is manufactured, and the three-dimensional position resolution capability is realized by utilizing the combination of the multi-layer planar array detector.
Generally, a two-dimensional position-sensitive area array detector adopts a small-block scintillator detector as a minimum detection unit and performs array arrangement, and meanwhile, a large-area pixel type photoelectric readout device needs to be coupled, so that the number of required readout electronic channels is large, and the cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a Compton imaging detector based on a position sensitive strip scintillator detector aiming at the defects of the prior art. By optimizing the surface parameters of the single-position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector and selecting a proper light reflection coating, the single-position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector has better position resolution capability and energy resolution. The single-layer area array detector with two-dimensional position sensitivity can realize larger sensitivity area on the premise of adopting fewer electronic channels, thereby improving Compton imaging efficiency and effectively reducing cost.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a compton imaging detector based on a position sensitive strip scintillator detector comprising: a position sensitive strip scintillator detector and an SiPM photodetector;
two end faces of a position sensitive strip scintillator detector are respectively coupled and fixed with an SiPM photoelectric readout device to form a minimum detection unit; the minimum detection unit utilizes the pulse signal amplitude output by the SiPM photoelectric readout devices at two ends to reconstruct the position of the energy deposited in the detector by gamma rays.
A plurality of minimum detection units are stacked to form an area array detector with two-dimensional position sensitivity.
The front and back layers of area array detectors are arranged in a front-back mode to form a Compton imaging detector with three-dimensional position sensitivity, and the front and back layers of area array detectors with two-dimensional position sensitivity are arranged in an orthogonal mode to form a multi-layer structure.
Further, the location where Compton scattering occurs and the location where scattered photons deposit energy must be in two different location sensitive strip scintillator detectors.
Further, the number of layers of the area array detector is two or more. The imaging field of view of the Compton imaging detector is changed by changing the spacing between the area array detectors.
Further, the types of the position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector are: naI, csI, BGO, LSO, LYSO, GSO, YSO, CZT, YAP, GAGG.
Further, all six outer surfaces of the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector are mirror polished, the SiPM photoelectric readout device is coupled to two end faces with the smallest area of the strip-shaped scintillator, and the other four surfaces are covered by a coating with high light reflectivity.
Further, the two end faces of the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector coupled with the SiPM photoelectric readout device are mirror polished, the other four faces of the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector are polished, the roughness is larger than 0.1 (Ra > 0.1), and the rest four faces are wrapped by Teflon adhesive tape. Resulting in a small air gap, i.e. an air layer, between the reflective layer and the scintillator detector.
The invention also discloses an imaging method of the Compton imaging detector, which comprises the following steps:
in Compton imaging detectors, each area array detector can measure the Compton scattering event and the energy and location of the scattered photons.
For Compton scattering events, the energy of the scattered photons and the deposition location are measured. For scattered photon deposition events, deposition energy and position are measured.
The measured Compton scattering events and the location and energy data of the scattered photon deposition events are processed. An imaging calculation method including a direct back projection algorithm is used to reconstruct the distribution of the radioactive substance in space.
The resulting image is a three-dimensional image showing the location and distribution of the radioactive material in space.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
the single-position sensitive scintillator detector has higher energy resolution, and the single-layer area array detector with two-dimensional position sensitivity can realize larger sensitive area on the premise of adopting fewer electronic channels, thereby improving Compton imaging efficiency and effectively reducing cost.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of Compton imaging principle according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of compton imaging when the radioactive material is farther from the detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a compton imaging detector based on a position-sensitive strip scintillator detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a minimum detecting unit in a compton imaging detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the surface parameters and reflective materials of a single position-sensitive strip scintillator detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a single position sensitive strip scintillator detector for position reconstruction for a single energy deposition event in an embodiment of the present invention. Various points of collimation measurements are also illustrated.
FIG. 7 is a scatter plot of the maximum amplitude of the pulse signal output by the SiPM with two end-face coupling, using a collimated Cs-137 source to measure each measurement point of a single position sensitive strip scintillator detector, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a statistical histogram of the position distribution of each measurement point of a single position-sensitive strip scintillator detector, based on FIG. 7, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and by way of examples in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the invention more apparent.
As shown in fig. 1, the Compton scattering principle and the Compton conical surface drawn according to the Compton scattering angle are basic theoretical basis for realizing imaging finally in the scheme of the embodiment.
As shown in fig. 2, when the radioactive substance is far from the compton imaging detector, the calculation process can be simplified by using the far-field approximation method to perform imaging calculation, which is the calculation method for compton imaging in this scheme.
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, a compton imaging detector based on a position sensitive strip scintillator detector, comprising:
the minimum detection unit consists of a single position sensitive strip scintillator detector 1 and an SiPM photoelectric readout device 3: such detectors can detect the location of the gamma rays depositing energy in the detector and generate a scintillation signal. Since the detector is stripe-shaped, a higher position resolution can be provided.
The plurality of minimum detection units are stacked to form the area array detector 2 with two-dimensional position sensitivity. This allows for the detection of the two-dimensional location of the gamma rays depositing energy in the detector.
The plurality of minimum detection units constitute an area array detector 2 with two-dimensional position sensitivity. This allows for the detection of the two-dimensional location of the gamma rays depositing energy in the detector.
The multi-layer area array detector 2 is arranged back and forth to form a Compton imaging detector with three-dimensional position sensitivity: the front layer and the rear layer are provided with two-dimensional position sensitive area array detectors which are arranged in an orthogonal mode to form a multi-layer structure. This allows measurement of the three-dimensional location of the gamma rays where energy deposition occurs in the detector, thus allowing Compton imaging.
The multi-layer area array detector 2 is arranged back and forth to form a Compton imaging detector with three-dimensional position sensitivity: the front layer and the rear layer are provided with two-dimensional position sensitive area array detectors which are arranged in an orthogonal mode to form a multi-layer structure. This allows measurement of the three-dimensional location of the gamma rays where energy deposition occurs in the detector, thus allowing Compton imaging.
The position at which Compton scattering occurs and the position at which scattered photons deposit energy must be in two different position sensitive strip scintillator detectors 1.
It should be noted that the number of layers of the detector in this embodiment, the type of the detector is merely an exemplary illustration, that is, the number of layers of the area array detector 2 is not limited to two layers. The number of layers can be adjusted according to the actual situation by a person skilled in the art.
Each layer of array detector 2 is composed of a plurality of minimum detector units as shown in fig. 4, and each minimum detector unit comprises a position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 and two SiPM photoelectric readout devices 3 coupled with end faces.
It should be noted that, the number of the position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detectors used in the present embodiment is merely illustrative, that is, the number of the position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detectors used in the single-layer area array detector with two-dimensional position sensitivity is not limited to 16, and the workers in the field can make appropriate adjustments according to actual needs.
It should be noted that the dimensions of the position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 used in the present embodiment are merely illustrative of example properties, and the dimensions of the position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 are not limited to those shown in the schematic drawings, and the types of detectors involved may be: naI, csI, BGO, LSO, LYSO, GSO, YSO, CZT, YAP, GAGG, the person skilled in the art can make appropriate adjustments according to actual needs.
As shown in fig. 5, there are two schemes for the surface treatment of the single position-sensitive strip scintillator detector 1, one of which is shown in fig. 5 a: six outer surfaces of the single position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 are all mirror polished, siPM photoelectric readout devices are coupled to two end surfaces with the smallest area of the strip-shaped scintillator, and the other four surfaces are covered by a coating with high light reflectivity.
Scheme two is shown in fig. 5 b: the two end faces of the single-position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 coupled with the SiPM photoelectric readout device are polished in a mirror surface mode, the other four faces of the detector 1 are polished, the roughness is larger than 0.1 (Ra > 0.1), and the reflecting layer is wrapped by adopting a Teflon adhesive tape. It should be noted that, since the four sides of the scintillator detector are not smooth and the reflective material teflon is covered by wrapping, a small air gap, i.e., an air layer, exists between the reflective layer and the scintillator detector.
As shown in fig. 6, in the minimum detection unit of the present detector, in the process of reconstructing the position of the single position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 for energy deposition, when the optical parameters of the surface of the single position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 are uniform and have no difference, the process of transmitting scintillation photons generated by energy deposition to two end surfaces is approximately exponentially distributed, and the attenuation distance l thereof 0 Parameters related to scintillator size, refractive index, absorptivity of the reflective layer, etc.
Setting DOI of the middle position of the position sensitive strip scintillator detector 1 to be 0 and length l, if incident particles are in Z DOI N scintillation photons which are deposited with energy and are generated, and the quantity of the scintillation photons emitted from the two end faces is N respectively right And N left The relationship between them can be expressed by the following formula:
in the method, F represents the ratio of the quantity of scintillation photons emitted from one end face to the quantity of scintillation photons emitted from the total of the two end faces of the position-sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector, namely
As shown in fig. 6, in the present embodiment, a single position-sensitive strip scintillator detector 1 is uniformly divided into a plurality of measurement points. And measuring each point position by using the collimated Cs-137 radioactive source.
And measuring each point position of the single-position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 by using the collimated Cs-137 radioactive source. The pulse signal amplitude values output by SiPM at two ends are recorded, and a scatter diagram is drawn.
As shown in fig. 8, data of each measurement point is analyzed, a gaussian distribution diagram of the position resolution is drawn, and statistics are performed. From this, a fitting equation of the energy deposition locations and the pulse signal amplitudes output by the two end-face coupled sipms can be calculated.
After the action depth of the ray in a specific certain position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector 1 is calculated, the position of Compton scattering event or scattered photon energy deposition event can be calculated by calculating the arrangement position of the scintillator in a two-dimensional position sensitive area array detector and calculating the layer number of the two-dimensional position sensitive area array detector.
In the front and back two layers of different area array detectors with two-dimensional position sensitivity, 8-dimensional data can be obtained by measuring the position where Compton scattering occurs and the energy deposited, and measuring the energy of scattered photons and the position deposited: (x 1, y1, z1, e 1), (x 2, y2, z2, e 2).
According to the method, after the Compton scattering event and the position and the deposited energy of the scattered photon deposition event are obtained, a series of methods including a direct back projection algorithm can be adopted to perform imaging calculation, and finally, the distribution condition of the radioactive substance in the space is obtained.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the embodiments described herein are intended to aid the reader in understanding the practice of the invention and that the scope of the invention is not limited to such specific statements and embodiments. Those of ordinary skill in the art can make various other specific modifications and combinations from the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit thereof, and such modifications and combinations remain within the scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (7)
1. A three-dimensional position-sensitive compton imaging detector constructed from a strip scintillator, comprising: a position sensitive strip scintillator detector and an SiPM photodetector;
two end faces of a position sensitive strip scintillator detector are respectively coupled and fixed with an SiPM photoelectric readout device to form a minimum detection unit; the minimum detection unit utilizes the pulse signal amplitude output by the SiPM photoelectric readout devices at two ends to reconstruct the position of the energy deposited in the detector by gamma rays;
a plurality of minimum detection units are stacked to form an area array detector with two-dimensional position sensitivity;
the multi-layer area array detector is arranged back and forth to form a Compton imaging detector with three-dimensional position sensitivity: the front layer and the rear layer are provided with two-dimensional position sensitive area array detectors which are arranged in an orthogonal mode to form a multi-layer structure.
2. The compton imaging detector of claim 1 wherein: the position at which Compton scattering occurs and the position at which scattered photons deposit energy must be in two different position sensitive strip scintillator detectors.
3. The compton imaging detector of claim 1 wherein: the number of layers of the area array detector is two or more than two; the imaging field of view of the Compton imaging detector is changed by changing the spacing between the area array detectors.
4. The compton imaging detector of claim 1 wherein: the types of the position sensitive strip scintillator detector are as follows: naI, csI, BGO, LSO, LYSO, GSO, YSO, CZT, YAP, GAGG.
5. The compton imaging detector of claim 1 wherein: six outer surfaces of the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector are all mirror polished, the SiPM photoelectric readout device is coupled to the end faces with the smallest areas of the strip-shaped scintillator, and the other four surfaces are covered by a coating with high light reflectivity.
6. The compton imaging detector of claim 1 wherein: the two end faces of the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector coupled with the SiPM photoelectric readout device are mirror polished, the other four faces of the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector are polished, the roughness is greater than 0.1, and the position sensitive strip-shaped scintillator detector is wrapped by Teflon adhesive tape; resulting in a small air gap, i.e. an air layer, between the reflective layer and the scintillator detector.
7. An imaging method based on the compton imaging detector of one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by the steps of:
in Compton imaging detectors, each area array detector can measure the Compton scattering event and the energy and position of the scattered photons;
for Compton scattering events, the energy of the scattered photons and the deposition location are measured; for scattered photon deposition events, measuring deposition energy and position;
processing the measured Compton scattering events and the location and energy data of scattered photon deposition events; reconstructing the distribution of the radioactive substance in space by using an imaging calculation method comprising a direct back projection algorithm;
the resulting image is a three-dimensional image showing the location and distribution of the radioactive material in space.
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