CN117245101B - Additive manufacturing method for electron beam powder bed melting - Google Patents
Additive manufacturing method for electron beam powder bed melting Download PDFInfo
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- CN117245101B CN117245101B CN202311541442.2A CN202311541442A CN117245101B CN 117245101 B CN117245101 B CN 117245101B CN 202311541442 A CN202311541442 A CN 202311541442A CN 117245101 B CN117245101 B CN 117245101B
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 275
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 20
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- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910015372 FeAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021330 Ti3Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;iron Chemical compound [AlH3].[Fe] KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;titanium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ti] UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/142—Thermal or thermo-mechanical treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/34—Process control of powder characteristics, e.g. density, oxidation or flowability
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/10—Pre-treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention relates to an additive manufacturing method for electron beam powder bed melting, which comprises the following steps: constructing a three-dimensional model of the part to be printed, slicing and scanning path planning the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and scanning path planning data into the additive manufacturing device; loading a metal powder having a specific powder surface microstructure composition into an additive manufacturing apparatus; paving powder and preheating; carrying out zone-selection melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data; repeating the powder spreading, preheating and zone selection melting processes to obtain the whole part; wherein the specific powder surface microstructure composition comprises: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features. The invention improves the stability of the batch product forming process and the consistency of the product quality by controlling the stable forming of the powder from the angle of controlling the performance of the raw material powder, and ensures the universality of the additive manufacturing process.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment of the invention relates to the technical field of additive manufacturing, in particular to an additive manufacturing method for electron beam powder bed melting.
Background
The electron beam powder bed additive manufacturing technology has the problem of powder collapse all the time, and has two different views aiming at the problem of powder collapse. First, each electron carries very high kinetic energy under the acceleration action of a high-voltage electric field, the electrons impact the metal powder and then transfer the kinetic energy to the metal powder, and the metal powder also has quite large kinetic energy, so that when the friction resistance of the metal powder is insufficient to block the movement trend, the metal powder can collapse. Secondly, the action of the electron beam can lead part of metal powder particles to carry negative charges, the metal powder particles carrying the negative charges are displaced under the action of coulomb force, and meanwhile, the nearby metal powder particles are pushed away, so that the metal powder particles fly out around by taking the electron beam spot as the center and deviate from the original stacking position, namely, the powder collapsibility phenomenon is generated. The local powder collapse can cause poor bonding between the workpiece layers, and even further, can directly cause the forming process to cease, and can damage core components of equipment such as electron guns.
Aiming at the problem of powder collapsibility, the equipment is generally required to be greatly modified, the engineering is large, the modification cost is high, and the effect is not necessarily obvious. Or adding a conductive material to the raw material, but changing the composition of the shaped material. The most common method is to perform layer-by-layer presintering on the powder bed, so that on one hand, the conductivity of the powder layer is improved, and accumulated negative charges are conveniently conducted away; on the other hand, the anti-collapse capability of the powder bed after sintering is also obviously improved. However, this method does not completely solve the problem of powder collapse, and continuous or intermittent collapse of a part of the powder occurs regardless of the sintering process.
Accordingly, there is a need to improve one or more problems in the related art as described above.
It is noted that this section is intended to provide a background or context for the technical solutions of the invention set forth in the claims. The description herein is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of additive manufacturing of electron beam powder bed melting, which further solves at least to some extent one or more of the above-mentioned problems due to the limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of additive manufacturing by electron beam powder bed fusion, comprising:
constructing a three-dimensional model of a part to be printed, slicing and scanning path planning the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and scanning path planning data into an additive manufacturing device;
loading a metal powder having a specific powder surface microstructure composition into an additive manufacturing apparatus;
paving the metal powder based on the slice data, and preheating the metal powder after powder paving;
carrying out zone-selection melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data;
repeating the powder spreading, preheating and zone selecting melting processes to obtain the whole part;
wherein the powder surface microstructure comprises: smooth surface without characteristic structure and rough surface dendrite structure; the specific powder surface microstructure composition comprises: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features.
Optionally, the step of loading a metal powder having a specific powder surface microstructure composition into an additive manufacturing apparatus comprises:
the metal powder is provided with a specific powder surface microstructure composition by pre-treating the metal powder.
Optionally, the step of pre-treating the metal powder includes:
and placing the metal powder into heat treatment equipment protected by vacuum or inert gas for heat treatment, wherein the heat treatment temperature is 1000-1350 ℃ and the heat treatment time is 2-4 hours.
Optionally, the step of pre-treating the metal powder further includes:
after the heat treatment, a cooling treatment is performed by means of furnace cooling or inert atmosphere cooling.
Optionally, the step of pre-treating the metal powder includes:
placing the metal powder into the additive manufacturing device, paving the metal powder according to a preset height, and heating the metal powder subjected to powder paving to a temperature of between 1000 and 1350 ℃ through electron beam preheating scanning;
the process of laying down the powder and heating is repeated until the heat treatment is completed for all the metal powders.
Optionally, the step of heating the metal powder with the powder spread to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning includes:
when the electron beam preheating scanning is carried out, the scanning current is 40-48 mA, the scanning speed is 10-20 m/s, the scanning interval is 0.7-1.5 mm, and the scanning times are as follows: 15-100 times.
Optionally, the step of heating the metal powder with the powder spread to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning includes:
and carrying out heat treatment on all the metal powder for 2-5 times.
In a second aspect, the present invention also provides a method of additive manufacturing by electron beam powder bed fusion, comprising:
constructing a three-dimensional model of a part to be printed, slicing and scanning path planning the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and scanning path planning data into an additive manufacturing device;
loading a metal powder into an additive manufacturing device;
preheating a forming bottom plate of the additive manufacturing device;
laying the metal powder based on the slice data;
pretreating the metal powder subjected to powder spreading to enable the metal powder to have a specific powder surface microstructure composition;
carrying out zone-selection melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data;
repeating the powder spreading, preheating and zone selecting melting processes to obtain the whole part;
wherein the powder surface microstructure comprises: smooth surface without characteristic structure and rough surface dendrite structure; the specific powder surface microstructure composition comprises: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features.
Optionally, the step of pre-treating the metal powder after finishing the powder laying comprises:
the temperature of the metal powder after powder spreading is heated to between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning.
Optionally, the step of heating the metal powder of the finished spread to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning includes:
when the electron beam preheating scanning is carried out, the scanning current is 40-48 mA, the scanning speed is 10-20 m/s, the scanning interval is 0.7-1.5 mm, and the scanning times are as follows: 15-100 times.
The technical scheme provided by the invention can comprise the following beneficial effects:
in the invention, the powder is controlled to be stably formed from the angle of controlling the performance of the raw material powder, so that the stability and the consistency of the product quality in the batch product forming process are improved, and the universality of the additive manufacturing process is ensured.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. It is evident that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention and that other drawings may be obtained from these drawings without inventive effort for a person of ordinary skill in the art.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic flow diagram of an additive manufacturing method of electron beam powder bed fusion in an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a comparative schematic of a surface smooth featureless structure and a surface roughened dendrite structure in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a schematic flow chart of preprocessing in an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic flow diagram of a heated forming floor in an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of another electron beam powder bed fused additive manufacturing method in an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
fig. 6 shows a schematic flow chart of pretreatment after powder spreading in an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the exemplary embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art. The described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Furthermore, the drawings are merely schematic illustrations of embodiments of the invention and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar parts, and thus a repetitive description thereof will be omitted. Some of the block diagrams shown in the figures are functional entities and do not necessarily correspond to physically or logically separate entities.
The invention provides an additive manufacturing method for electron beam powder bed melting, which is shown by referring to FIG. 1 and comprises the following steps of:
step S101: and constructing a three-dimensional model of the part to be printed, slicing and planning a scanning path of the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and the scanning path planning data into the additive manufacturing device.
Step S102: metal powders having a specific powder surface microstructure composition are loaded into an additive manufacturing apparatus.
Step S103: and laying the metal powder based on the slice data, and preheating the metal powder subjected to powder laying.
Step S104: and carrying out selective melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data.
Step S105: repeating the processes of laying powder, preheating and zone selection melting to obtain the whole part.
Wherein the powder surface microstructure comprises: smooth surface without characteristic structure and rough surface dendrite structure; specific powder surface microstructure compositions include: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features.
It will be appreciated that with reference to fig. 2, the left hand diagram shows a surface roughness dendrite structure and the left hand diagram shows a surface smoothness without features. Taking titanium aluminum alloy (TiAl) metal powder as an example, two types of rapid condensation tissue morphology generally exist for TiAl intermetallic compound spherical powder, one type is smooth and non-characteristic surface, and the other type is dendrite structure. Powder particles of different microstructure morphologies differ in surface roughness. The spherical powder spread on the substrate is impacted by electron beams in the electron beam melting additive manufacturing process of the powder bed, the powder has a movement trend of separating from the original position, the friction force between the smooth powder without a characteristic structure and the substrate and other powder is small, and the powder is easy to separate from the original position to generate a collapsibility phenomenon; secondly, due to the fact that the internal tissue structure, the phase composition and the like of the powder with different microstructure morphologies are different, the electron transmission performance of the powder with the dendrite structure is different, the electron conduction capability of the powder with the dendrite structure is high, and powder collapse caused by charge accumulation is not easy to occur under the action of electron beams in the electron beam melting additive manufacturing process of a powder bed.
It should also be understood that in step S102, powder conforming to specific particle size and structural composition is selected from the viewpoint of raw materialsThe stability of the printing process is ensured; the metal powder is filled into a powder bin of an electron beam selective melting device. And the forming bin is vacuumized after being leveled by the base plate until the vacuum degree is not more than 10 -3 Pa。
It should be further understood that in step S103, the intermetallic compound powder in the powder bin is uniformly laid on the preheated forming bottom plate according to the slice thickness, and then the electron beam is used for preheating and scanning the metal powder; the scanning parameters are as follows: the scanning speed is 10-15 m/s, the scanning interval is 0.7-1.5 mm, the scanning current is 40-48 mA, and the scanning times are 15-30. The thickness of the powder layer formed by electron beam powder bed melting additive manufacturing is 30-100 mu m.
It should be further understood that in step S104, the slice data is introduced into the electron beam selective melting forming apparatus, and the electron beam is used to perform selective melting scanning on the preheated metal powder to form a single-layer solid slice. The selected zone melting parameters include: the size of the electron beam spot is 0.15-0.3 mm, the scanning current of the electron beam is 8-15 mA, the melting scanning speed of the electron beam is 3-7 m/s, the melting interval is 0.08-0.12 mm, and the interlayer is rotated by 45-90 degrees.
It is also understood that the metal powder is, but not limited to, tiAl-based, nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) -based, iron-aluminum alloy (FeAl) -based intermetallic compounds.
It is also understood that the metal powder may be intermetallic powder, and the metal powder may be selected as spherical powder, with a sphericity of 80% or more. Specifically, the powder particle size of the metal powder: 45-150 um accounts for more than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 45 mu m is not more than 5%, and more than 150 mu m is not more than 5%. The preferred powder particle size composition is: spherical powder less than or equal to 75um, 75-90 um, 90-106 um and more than or equal to 106um, and the corresponding mass percentages are respectively: 10% -20%, 15% -25%, 30% -50%.
It is also understood that the metal powder is a spherical powder, also known as an intermetallic spherical powder, and its preparation technique includes: the method is not limited to the plasma rotary electrode atomization powder process technology, the gas atomization preparation technology, the plasma spheroidization powder process technology and the plasma wire explosion method.
It is also to be understood that the intermetallic powder surfaceMicrostructures can be classified into surface smooth featureless structures and surface rough dendrite structures. For example, in TiAl alloys, the powder matrix phase of a smooth, featureless surface is alpha 2 Phase (i.e., tiAl phase), coarse dendrite structure powder phase structure is alpha 2 The phase is mainly accompanied by a certain content of gamma phase (namely Ti3Al phase), alpha is at room temperature 2 The resistivity of the phase is about 200-250 cm, and the resistivity of the gamma phase is about 90-120 cm; alpha is obtained under the condition that the temperature of a substrate is 1050-1250 ℃ in the electron beam melting additive manufacturing process of a powder bed 2 The phase conductivity is about 180-230 cm, and the gamma-phase resistivity is 130-180 cm, so that the higher the powder proportion with a rough dendrite surface is, the more the gamma-phase content is in the forming temperature range, which is favorable for reducing the overall resistivity of the powder bed, guiding out accumulated charges in time and preventing powder from collapsing due to repulsive force generated by charge accumulation.
It should also be understood that the method for realizing stable forming by controlling blowing powder is provided by controlling the angle of raw material performance, and the stability of powder suitable for electron beam powder bed additive manufacturing products in batch printing process and the stability of printing quality are improved. The equipment is not required to be modified to a large extent, the complexity is reduced, and the cost is saved.
By adopting the additive manufacturing method of electron beam powder bed melting, the powder is controlled to be stably formed from the angle of controlling the raw material powder performance, so that the stability and the product quality consistency of the batch product forming process are improved, and the universality of the additive manufacturing process is ensured.
Next, each step of the above-described electron beam powder bed-fused additive manufacturing method in the present exemplary embodiment will be described in more detail with reference to fig. 1 to 4.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 3, step S102 further includes:
step S301: the metal powder is provided with a specific powder surface microstructure composition by pre-treating the metal powder.
In some embodiments, the step of heat treating in step S301 comprises: and placing the metal powder into heat treatment equipment protected by vacuum or inert gas for heat treatment, wherein the heat treatment temperature is 1000-1350 ℃ and the heat treatment time is 2-4 hours. It will be appreciated that the powder pretreatment may cause the microstructure of the powder particles to gradually transition from the surface to the interior, the surface microstructure to transition, and the gamma phase content of the powder to increase, thereby reducing the overall resistivity of the powder.
In some embodiments, the step of heat treating in step S301 comprises: placing the metal powder in an additive manufacturing device to perform powder spreading according to a preset height, and heating the metal powder subjected to powder spreading to a temperature of between 1000 and 1350 ℃ through electron beam preheating scanning. The process of laying down the powder and heating is repeated until the heat treatment is completed for all the metal powders. It should be understood that the preset height is a height that can be processed by heating the electron beam, and the preset height may be different from a height of slice data of the part to be printed. And carrying out heat treatment on all metal powder required by printing in the additive manufacturing device through an electron beam, and then carrying out cooling treatment, thereby completing pretreatment of the metal powder. And (3) placing the pretreated metal powder into a powder bin of additive manufacturing equipment, and performing normal additive manufacturing printing and obtaining the whole part to be printed. All metal powder is preprocessed by the additive manufacturing device, and after the metal powder is placed in the additive manufacturing device, the preprocessing and printing processes can be sequentially completed by the additive manufacturing device, so that the whole operation is more convenient.
In some embodiments, in step S301, the step of heating the powder-laid metal powder to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning further includes: when the electron beam preheating scanning is carried out, the scanning current is 40-48 mA, the scanning speed is 10-20 m/s, the scanning interval is 0.7-1.5 mm, and the scanning times are as follows: 15-100 times.
In some embodiments, in step S301, the step of heating the powder-laid metal powder to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning further includes:
and carrying out heat treatment on all the metal powder for 2-5 times.
It is to be understood that heat treating all of the metal powder required for printing by an electron beam in an additive manufacturing apparatus means that the powder is circulated 1 time to 1 time from the powder bin to the forming bin all at a preset height and then subjected to a cooling process. After the pretreated metal powder is put into a powder bin of the additive manufacturing equipment again, the heat treatment is repeated until the metal powder has a specific powder surface microstructure composition. And finally, placing the metal powder with the specific powder surface microstructure composition into a powder bin of additive manufacturing equipment, and performing normal additive manufacturing printing to obtain the whole part to be printed.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 4, before step S103, further includes:
step S401: the forming floor of the additive manufacturing apparatus is preheated.
It is to be understood that the substrate (i.e., shaped master) is (100-155) mm (10-20) mm in size. The stability of a specific process window is realized through the matching of the substrate temperature, the powder bed preheating process and the substrate size. Specifically, the forming bottom plate in the electron beam selective melting forming equipment is preheated, and the preheating temperature is 950-1200 ℃.
In some embodiments, the step of the cooling process in step S301 includes: and cooling treatment is carried out by a furnace cooling or inert atmosphere cooling mode.
It will be appreciated that controlling the different surface microstructure fractions of the powder can be achieved by controlling the average cooling rate of the metal droplets during powder preparation, with a molten powder condensation rate of 10 3 -10 5 K/s, the residence time of the molten drops is long enough to generate sufficient solid phase transformation, and gamma phase is generated in the solidification process. Solidification path: l- & gt, beta- & gt, alpha- & gt (alpha 2 ) +γ. Wherein the L phase is the original phase. There are two types of solidification primary crystals of TiAl-based alloys: one is beta solidification with beta phase as primary crystal; one is alpha solidification with the alpha phase as the primary crystal.
Further, in the present exemplary embodiment, an additive manufacturing method of electron beam powder bed melting is also provided. Referring to fig. 5, it includes:
step S501: and constructing a three-dimensional model of the part to be printed, slicing and planning a scanning path of the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and the scanning path planning data into the additive manufacturing device.
Step S502: metal powder is charged into an additive manufacturing apparatus.
Step S503: the forming floor of the additive manufacturing apparatus is preheated.
Step S504: the metal powder is powdered based on the slice data.
Step S505: the metal powder after powder spreading is pretreated to make the metal powder have specific powder surface microstructure composition.
Step S506: and carrying out selective melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data.
Step S507: repeating the processes of laying powder, preheating and zone selection melting to obtain the whole part.
Wherein the powder surface microstructure comprises: smooth surface without characteristic structure and rough surface dendrite structure; specific powder surface microstructure compositions include: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features.
It will be appreciated that in contrast to the alternative embodiment of the electron beam powder bed fused additive manufacturing method described above, this embodiment places the pre-treatment step after the powder placement, and pre-treats each layer of powder placement so that each layer of metal powder has a specific powder surface microstructure composition. The remaining steps have been described in detail in the above method of additive manufacturing by electron beam powder bed fusion and will not be described in detail herein.
In some embodiments, referring to fig. 6, step S505 further includes:
step S601: the temperature of the metal powder after powder spreading is heated to 1000 ℃ to 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning.
It is to be understood that the pretreatment can be performed by means of electron beam powder bed melting additive manufacturing equipment, using electron beam as energy source, laying the powder layer by layer, pretreating the powder layer by layer, and heating the powder to 1000-1350 ℃ by electron beam. The powder surface structure can be improved by adopting the electron beam for powder pretreatment, on one hand, the surface roughness of the powder is improved under the continuous etching action of the electron beam, the friction force between the powder and the substrate and the powder is improved, the powder collapse risk is reduced, on the other hand, the powder is subjected to certain-degree preheating treatment, the microstructure of the powder surface is promoted to be transformed, and the gamma phase content in the powder is improved, so that the overall resistivity of the powder is reduced.
In addition, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "transverse," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," etc. as used in the above description are directional or positional relationships as indicated based on the drawings, merely to facilitate description of the embodiments of the invention and to simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be configured and operated in a particular orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the embodiments of the invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature. In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, the meaning of "plurality" is two or more, unless explicitly defined otherwise.
In the embodiments of the present invention, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured" and the like are to be construed broadly and include, for example, either permanently connected, removably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communicated with the inside of two elements or the interaction relationship of the two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
In embodiments of the invention, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, a first feature "above" or "below" a second feature may include both the first and second features being in direct contact, or may include both the first and second features not being in direct contact but being in contact with each other through additional features therebetween. Moreover, a first feature being "above," "over" and "on" a second feature includes the first feature being directly above and obliquely above the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is higher in level than the second feature. The first feature being "under", "below" and "beneath" the second feature includes the first feature being directly under and obliquely below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is less level than the second feature.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, one skilled in the art can combine and combine the different embodiments or examples described in this specification.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This invention is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method of additive manufacturing by electron beam powder bed fusion, comprising:
constructing a three-dimensional model of a part to be printed, slicing and scanning path planning the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and scanning path planning data into an additive manufacturing device;
loading a metal powder having a specific powder surface microstructure composition into an additive manufacturing apparatus;
paving the metal powder based on the slice data, and preheating the metal powder after powder paving;
carrying out zone-selection melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data;
repeating the powder spreading, preheating and zone selecting melting processes to obtain the whole part;
wherein the specific powder surface microstructure comprises: smooth surface without characteristic structure and rough surface dendrite structure; the specific powder surface microstructure composition comprises: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features.
2. An additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the step of loading a metal powder having a specific powder surface microstructure composition into an additive manufacturing apparatus comprises:
the metal powder is provided with a specific powder surface microstructure composition by pre-treating the metal powder.
3. Additive manufacturing method according to claim 2, characterized in that the step of pre-treating the metal powder by pre-treating comprises:
and placing the metal powder into heat treatment equipment protected by vacuum or inert gas for heat treatment, wherein the heat treatment temperature is 1000-1350 ℃ and the heat treatment time is 2-4 hours.
4. An additive manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein the step of pre-treating the metal powder by pre-treating further comprises:
after the heat treatment, a cooling treatment is performed by means of furnace cooling or inert atmosphere cooling.
5. Additive manufacturing method according to claim 2, characterized in that the step of pre-treating the metal powder by pre-treating comprises:
placing the metal powder into the additive manufacturing device, paving the metal powder according to a preset height, and heating the metal powder subjected to powder paving to a temperature of between 1000 and 1350 ℃ through electron beam preheating scanning;
the process of laying down the powder and heating is repeated until the heat treatment is completed for all the metal powders.
6. An additive manufacturing method according to claim 5, wherein the step of heating the metal powder with powder laying completed to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning further comprises:
when the electron beam preheating scanning is carried out, the scanning current is 40-48 mA, the scanning speed is 10-20 m/s, the scanning interval is 0.7-1.5 mm, and the single-layer scanning times are 15-100 times.
7. An additive manufacturing method according to claim 5, wherein the step of heating the metal powder with powder laying completed to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning further comprises:
and carrying out heat treatment on all the metal powder for 2-5 times.
8. A method of additive manufacturing by electron beam powder bed fusion, comprising:
constructing a three-dimensional model of a part to be printed, slicing and scanning path planning the three-dimensional model, and importing slice data and scanning path planning data into an additive manufacturing device;
loading a metal powder into an additive manufacturing device;
preheating a forming bottom plate of the additive manufacturing device;
laying the metal powder based on the slice data;
pretreating the metal powder subjected to powder spreading to enable the metal powder to have a specific powder surface microstructure composition;
carrying out zone-selection melting on the metal powder based on the scanning path planning data;
repeating the powder spreading, preheating and zone selecting melting processes to obtain the whole part;
wherein the specific powder surface microstructure comprises: smooth surface without characteristic structure and rough surface dendrite structure; the specific powder surface microstructure composition comprises: x/y is equal to or greater than 1 and x+y=1, where x is the powder ratio having a surface roughness dendrite structure and y is the powder ratio having a smooth surface without features.
9. An additive manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein the step of pre-treating the metal powder with finished laying comprises:
the temperature of the metal powder, on which the powder spreading is completed, is heated to between 1000 and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning.
10. An additive manufacturing method according to claim 9, wherein the step of heating the metal powder with powder laying completed to a temperature between 1000 ℃ and 1350 ℃ by electron beam preheating scanning further comprises:
when the electron beam preheating scanning is carried out, the electron beam current of scanning powder is 40-48 mA, the scanning speed is 10-20 m/s, the scanning interval is 0.7-1.5 mm, and the scanning times are as follows: 15-100 times.
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