CN117235172A - Interaction method and device for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application relates to an interaction method and equipment for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring a selected data source and a data analysis stream constructed based on the data source through interaction with a user in an analysis stream construction interface, and carrying out parameter configuration on each node in the data analysis stream, wherein the data analysis stream comprises data nodes and at least one operator node; and displaying nodes included in the data analysis flow on a visualization system construction interface, and constructing and releasing a visualization system through interaction with a user, wherein an inlet for adding a visualization chart is arranged under the data nodes, and an operator control is arranged under the operator nodes. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of improving the construction efficiency of the visual system, being easy to adjust the data source of the visual system, supporting various operators and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of data visualization, in particular to an interaction method and device for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction.
Background
Business intelligence is required to go through four key steps in converting raw data into insights that are well understood both above and below the organization.
Step 1: collecting and converting data from multiple sources: business intelligence tools typically use "extract, transform, and load" (ETL) methods to aggregate structured and unstructured data from multiple sources. The data is transformed and re-modeled and stored in a central location so that the application can easily analyze and query it as a comprehensive data set.
Step 2: trends and contradictory points were found: data mining or data discovery, which typically utilizes automation to quickly analyze data in order to discover patterns and outliers that aid in deep knowledge of current traffic states. BI tools typically support several data modeling and analysis types, including heuristics, descriptions, statistics, and predictions, in order to explore data in depth, predict trends, and make recommendations.
Step 3: results are presented using data visualization: business intelligence reports make results easier to understand and share through data visualization. The reporting method comprises interactive data dashboards, charts, graphs and maps, which can help users to know the current business progress.
Step 4: taking action in real time based on the insight: by looking at current and historical data related to business activities, a company can quickly translate insight into actions.
The data analysis and the visualization system are built relatively independently in the existing commercial intelligent software, and the built visualization system only has a basic function in a data analysis part, and cannot be fused with a data analysis process, so that the built visualization system can only be a result of relatively static data.
In summary, there is currently a lack of an interactive method to integrate data analysis streams with visualization system construction.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide an interactive method and equipment for fusing data analysis flow and visualization system construction so as to improve the construction efficiency of the visualization system.
The aim of the application can be achieved by the following technical scheme:
in one aspect of the present application, an interaction method for fusing data analysis flow and visualization system construction is provided, comprising the steps of:
acquiring a selected data source and a data analysis stream constructed based on the data source through interaction with a user in an analysis stream construction interface, and carrying out parameter configuration on each node in the data analysis stream, wherein the data analysis stream comprises data nodes and at least one operator node;
and displaying nodes included in the data analysis flow on a visualization system construction interface, and constructing and releasing a visualization system through interaction with a user, wherein an inlet for adding a visualization chart is arranged under the data nodes, and an operator control is arranged under the operator nodes.
As a preferred technical scheme, the method further comprises:
when the user needs to change the data source, a new data source selected by the user is acquired, and the data analysis flow is re-executed based on the new data source, so that the updating of the visual system is completed.
As a preferred technical solution, the construction process of the data analysis flow includes the following steps:
and adding data nodes, operator nodes and connection relations among the nodes in the analysis flow construction interface through interaction to form a data analysis flow.
As a preferred technical solution, the parameter configuration includes the following steps:
aiming at operator nodes in the data analysis flow, after an operator editing instruction is received, an operator code editing interface is displayed;
and obtaining the output of the operator node designated by the user, and completing the parameter configuration of the operator node.
As a preferred technical solution, the displaying the node included in the data analysis flow includes the following steps:
aiming at any node in the data analysis flow, a data table component is arranged, and the addition of a data table on a visual system construction interface is realized through interaction with a user, wherein the data table component comprises a visual type selection area and a visual parameter setting area corresponding to the currently selected visual type, and the visual type comprises a bar graph, a pie graph and a line graph;
aiming at the operator nodes in the data analysis flow, the visual configuration of the operator nodes is realized through interaction with a user.
As a preferable technical scheme, the operator control comprises interaction attribute options of parameters under operator nodes, wherein the interaction attribute options comprise editable, non-editable and hidden.
As a preferable technical scheme, the visual system constructed and issued by interaction with a user comprises the following steps:
at least one visual chart selected by a user is obtained through interaction, and the visual chart comprises an editing inlet and a deleting inlet;
and after receiving the issuing instruction, completing the construction and issuing of the visual system.
As an optimal technical scheme, the interactive page in the visual system comprises an execution button which is used for executing the data analysis flow again based on the data source so as to update the visual system.
In another aspect of the present application, there is provided an electronic apparatus including: one or more processors and a memory, the memory having stored therein one or more programs including instructions for performing the above-described interaction method of fusing data analysis streams and visualization system construction.
In another aspect of the application, a computer-readable storage medium is provided that includes one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing the above-described interactive method of fusing data analysis streams and visualization system construction.
Compared with the prior art, the application has the following advantages:
the construction efficiency of the visual system is improved: different from the fact that part of existing software/tools separate the data analysis system from the visualization system, after the data analysis flow is built, the method and the device display nodes included in the data analysis flow on a visualization system building interface, an inlet for adding a visualization chart is arranged under the data nodes, an operator control is arranged under the operator nodes, and a user interacts with the inlet of the visualization chart and the operator control to build the visualization system. By displaying nodes included in the data analysis flow on the construction interface of the visual system, the data analysis is combined with the creation of the visual chart, so that the construction efficiency of the visual system is improved, and the story line relied by the visual system is constructed more directly and smoothly.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an interaction method of fusing data analysis flows and visualization system construction in an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of data source selection in an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a loading data bullet window according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an analytical flow build interface in an embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a visualization system build interface in an embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a data table window in an embodiment;
FIG. 7 is an interface diagram of an operator node visualization configuration in an embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an interactive page of the visualization system after user construction and publication.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present application will be made clearly and fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is evident that the embodiments described are some, but not all embodiments of the application. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present application without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present application.
The features of the following examples and embodiments may be combined with each other without any conflict. It should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article or apparatus that comprises the element.
Example 1
In the existing commercial intelligent tools in the current market, more related works are involved in data analysis and final visual presentation, but the data analysis process in the common tool products in the market is relatively independent from the construction of a visual system, and the configuration of the visual component can be carried out only by selecting the names of data tables from all data lists when the system is constructed; meanwhile, in the final display of the finally constructed visual system, particularly in the analysis of predictive or exploratory type, the user cannot quickly change the relevant configuration of the algorithm/model and display the final system effect in real time.
Taking the existing commercial intelligent software QuickBI as an example, the QuickBI is a full-scene data consumption BI platform, in a specific workbench, user operation comprises several modules of data analysis, data construction and space management, and a user can construct a plurality of dashboards, data tables or data large screens based on the existing data so as to execute related data preparation work based on a basic data source, construct the dashboards according to the selected data and the like. In the above operation process, the data analysis of the QuickBI and the construction operation of the dashboard/data large screen are performed in two independent modules, and the product focuses on the final visual presentation according to the existing data, only simpler OLAP analysis is supported in the data preparation process, such as the operations of custom SQL, creating a calculation field through a function, and the like, and only corresponding data is selected according to the data table name, and then further visual chart creation is performed.
In summary, the existing business intelligent software builds a data analysis and visualization system relatively independently, and only has a basic function in the data sub-module, the built visualization system cannot be fused with the data analysis process, so that the built visualization system can only be a result of relatively static data.
In addition, taking a data analysis tool, i.e. a table for data management and data visualization, as an example, the table is a relatively common data management and visualization software, and the company promotes a plurality of related products. The Tableau prep is a tool for cleaning and preparing data, and after the data preprocessing is completed, the data is constructed in a visual system in the Tableau Desktop.
In the Tableau prep, each process of data is presented in the form of a data pipeline, and only OLAP analysis is supported in the data process, but the higher-order data analysis capability of a custom model/algorithm cannot be supported. Meanwhile, in Tableau, analysis preparation and visual creation of data are presented in two products, and a certain fragility exists in the whole analysis task from the aspect of interaction; in addition, the visual analysis tool cannot be combined with an algorithm/model to carry out the construction of a predictive or exploratory advanced visual billboard.
In summary, business intelligence software only supports simple analysis of existing data, and does not support building of predictive or exploratory advanced visualization systems based on custom algorithms/models.
In view of the foregoing problems in the prior art, referring to fig. 1, this embodiment provides an interaction method for fusing data analysis flows and visualization system construction, including:
s1, acquiring a selected data source through interaction with a user in an analysis flow construction interface, adding data nodes and operator nodes and connection relations among all nodes in the analysis flow construction interface through interaction to form a data analysis flow, carrying out parameter configuration on all nodes in the data analysis flow after the data analysis flow is constructed, displaying an operator code editing interface when carrying out parameter configuration on the operator nodes, and determining output data of the operator nodes after the user carries out code editing.
When the data source changes, only the data analysis flow is needed to be executed again, and the corresponding visual chart does not need to be adjusted or fine-tuned, so that the system construction efficiency is further improved. For example, in the data analysis flow, five analysis nodes are all provided, the first data node is data provided offline, a user can provide an offline table at intervals of a week to be imported into the system, and a visualization system is built after the data is analyzed; by the method, the user directly replaces the first data source node content, and after clicking the execution button to rerun the data analysis flow, the visualized system content of the corresponding item can be directly updated.
S2, displaying nodes included in the data analysis flow on a visualization system construction interface, and constructing and releasing the visualization system through interaction with a user, wherein an inlet for adding a visualization chart is arranged under the data nodes, and an operator control is arranged under the operator nodes.
Different from the fact that part of existing software/tools separate the data analysis system from the visualization system, after the data analysis flow is built, the method and the device display nodes included in the data analysis flow on a visualization system building interface, an inlet for adding a visualization chart is arranged under the data nodes, an operator control is arranged under the operator nodes, and a user interacts with the inlet of the visualization chart and the operator control to build the visualization system. By displaying nodes included in the data analysis flow on the construction interface of the visual system, the data analysis is combined with the creation of the visual chart, so that the construction efficiency of the visual system is improved, and the story line relied by the visual system is constructed more directly and smoothly.
When the data analysis flow is displayed, any node in the data analysis flow is provided with a data table component, a data table can be added through interaction, the data table component comprises a visual type selection area and a visual parameter setting area corresponding to the currently selected visual type, and the visual type comprises a bar graph, a pie graph and a line graph.
For operator nodes in the data analysis stream, visual configuration is required for operator controls under the operator nodes, wherein the visual configuration comprises interaction attribute options of parameters under the operator nodes, and the interaction attribute options comprise editable, non-editable and hidden.
When constructing and publishing the visualization system, the user chooses to create a visualization chart that includes edit and delete entries to facilitate modification and deletion.
After the first construction of the visual system is finished through the steps, when a user needs to change a data source, the user can click an execution button in an interaction page in the visual system after designating a new data source, and execute the data analysis flow again based on the new data source to finish the updating of the visual system.
Unlike partial existing software/tools which only support a preset data processing mode, the method supports insertion of model controls (namely operator controls), so that the method realizes the construction of a predictive or exploratory advanced visual system based on an algorithm/model. For example, in an economic simulation deduction scene, a user inserts a model/algorithm specialized in the economic field into data distribution to predict related economic indexes, and in a finally constructed visual system, a target user can adjust corresponding algorithm/model parameters to realize visual content presentation of different indexes, so that the user is given a related decision suggestion. This approach is substantially different from conventional BI, enabling complex system construction.
The following will describe a practical example.
And a data analysis stream construction stage.
Referring to fig. 2, clicking the T1 pop-up window to select a data source (the pop-up window content is shown in fig. 3), clicking the T5 after selecting the target data, and then completing the importing operation of the original data required by the project.
And in the selectable data list of the current item, clicking T2 to directly drag the selected data into the canvas, thereby completing the construction of the data analysis flow. Clicking on the underside of the T3 page directly pulls up the content presented by the current node. The data analysis flow comprises an original data node, an ETL or cleaning node, an algorithm or model node (comprising a custom operator node) and the like, for example, in the algorithm node, a user can directly change relevant parameter configuration, the current operator is executed after clicking T4, and the node content in the corresponding data flow pipeline is updated after the execution is completed.
In the dataflow pipeline, one of the most important operations is to drag operators built in the system or custom operators into the canvas for data analysis. As shown in fig. 4, clicking T6 drags the custom operator into the canvas and connects with the previous node; clicking T7, and pulling up the configuration of the custom operator below; clicking T8 to enter a code editing interface of the detail of the custom operator, embedding a jupytherhub framework in the system shown in FIG. 4, supporting Python and R language, directly displaying a corresponding file list output after the user writes relevant codes in the jupytherhub in T9, and directly pulling down and selecting a target file by the user. The selected target file is the output content of the current custom operator node.
And a stage of visual system construction.
The visualization system build page is shown in fig. 5. In the my components list, all data nodes of the corresponding data pipe in the current project are presented. When the nodes under the corresponding pipelines are unfolded, the data table components are defaulted for all the nodes, namely, when a user clicks T10 and drags the selected data table into the canvas on the right side, the addition of the data table is realized. An add visualization entry is provided below the node, clicking on T11 to enter the addition of the visualization, the relevant configuration is shown in fig. 6. For the operator nodes, the system automatically displays the corresponding operator controls, clicks T12 to select and drag into the canvas, and can perform related operation on parameter configuration of the operators, as shown in fig. 7. When the mouse moves to the corresponding created visual chart, the system automatically displays the editing and deleting entrance, namely clicking T13 to enter editing operation, the editing page is similar to the creation of the visual chart page, and only the difference of whether data exists in the relevant configuration is provided.
When the visualized chart (fig. 6) is added, the system defaults the data set corresponding to the current chart to be the selected node content, and clicking T14 can select chart components required by a user, such as a histogram, a pie chart, a line chart and the like, in the system, the chart components support expansion, and can support adding more forms of chart components. After the visualization type is selected, the user can configure the data and the style of the component in detail. And clicking [ determining ] after configuration is completed to complete the adding or editing operation of the visual chart.
FIG. 7 shows operator configuration of selecting operator controls in a canvas and popping up the controls on the right side of the canvas. And supporting whether the parameters of the current operator are displayed in the release system or whether editing is supported in the configuration card for configuration. The system defaults that all parameters are displayed and editing can be supported, and in the T15 area, the display and editing scheme of the parameters can be adjusted, if a certain parameter is not displayed in a panel of the release system, after a hidden button is clicked, the corresponding parameter can be under the category of 'hidden parameter'.
When the configuration of the required components in the target system is completed, clicking T16 to release the system, wherein the released system is shown in FIG. 8, and FIG. 8 is a visual system constructed and released by a user, in the system, the user can edit the parameters in the operator control, after the editing is completed, the mouse moves to the upper right corner of the operator component, and clicking T16 execution button can trigger the related data stream to execute again, so that the updating of the content of the whole visual system is realized.
Based on the data flow analysis pipeline, the application fuses the data analysis with the creation of the visual system, realizes that the corresponding data in the visual system is relatively dynamic, namely, the change of the data can be realized along with the execution of the pipeline analysis flow, and the content presented by the corresponding visual system changes; based on the built-in algorithm and the user-defined writing algorithm or model in the pipeline analysis, the control of the corresponding algorithm and model is directly inserted by the user in the system construction, and the user is supported to realize the construction of the exploration type/prediction type complex visual system by adjusting the parameter configuration of the algorithm/model in the system which is autonomously defined. In particular, the present application has the following advantages.
The application combines the data analysis and the visual chart creation operation, ensures the powerful analysis capability of the data, and can realize that the data presentation of the constructed visual system can be updated along with the data update in the pipeline analysis. By combining data analysis with creation of the visual chart, the created visual chart is directly displayed on the nodes, so that the story line on which a visual system is built is more direct and smooth, and meanwhile, when similar data sources are changed, only the data analysis flow is needed to be executed again, and the corresponding visual chart does not need to be adjusted or fine-tuned, so that the system building efficiency is improved. For example, in the data analysis flow, five analysis nodes are all provided, the first data node is data provided offline, a user can provide an offline table at intervals of a week to be imported into the system, and a visualization system is built after the data is analyzed; by the method, the user directly replaces the content of the first data source node, and after the data analysis flow is rerun, the visual system content of the corresponding item can be directly updated.
The system construction supports insertion of model controls, supports direct modification of parameter configuration of algorithms/models in the released system and executes the whole data pipeline, so that advanced visual system construction of predictive type or exploratory type based on the algorithms/models is realized. The visual system builds a support insertion model control, so that the construction of a predictive or exploratory advanced visual system based on an algorithm/model is realized. For example, in an economic simulation deduction scene, a user inserts a model/algorithm specialized in the economic field into data distribution to predict related economic indexes, and in a finally constructed visual system, a target user can adjust corresponding algorithm/model parameters to realize visual content presentation of different indexes, so that the user is given a related decision suggestion. This scheme is substantially different from the conventional BI, and a complex system construction is implemented.
Example 2
On the basis of embodiment 1, this embodiment provides an electronic device, including one or more processors and a memory, where one or more programs are stored, and the one or more programs include instructions for executing the interaction method of fusing data analysis flows and visualization system construction as described in embodiment 1.
The present application is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the application. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
In one typical configuration, a computing device includes one or more processors (CPUs), input/output interfaces, network interfaces, and memory.
The memory may include volatile memory in a computer-readable medium, random Access Memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash memory (flash RAM). Memory is an example of computer-readable media.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present application may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present application may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present application may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The application may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The application may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
Example 3
The present embodiment provides a computer-readable storage medium comprising one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing an interaction method of fusing a data analysis stream and a visualization system build as described in embodiment 1.
Computer-readable storage media, including both non-transitory and non-transitory, removable and non-removable media, may implement information storage by any method or technology. The information may be computer readable instructions, data structures, modules of a program, or other data. Examples of storage media for a computer include, but are not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), static Random Access Memory (SRAM), dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), other types of Random Access Memory (RAM), read Only Memory (ROM), electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), digital Versatile Discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmission medium, which can be used to store information that can be accessed by a computing device. Computer-readable media, as defined herein, does not include transitory computer-readable media (transmission media), such as modulated data signals and carrier waves.
The embodiments of the present application are described in a progressive manner, and the same and similar parts of the embodiments are all referred to each other, and each embodiment is mainly described in the differences from the other embodiments. In particular, for system embodiments, since they are substantially similar to method embodiments, the description is relatively simple, as relevant to see a section of the description of method embodiments.
While the application has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and substitutions of equivalents may be made and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the application. Therefore, the protection scope of the application is subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. An interactive method for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring a selected data source and a data analysis stream constructed based on the data source through interaction with a user in an analysis stream construction interface, and carrying out parameter configuration on each node in the data analysis stream, wherein the data analysis stream comprises data nodes and at least one operator node;
and displaying nodes included in the data analysis flow on a visualization system construction interface, and constructing and releasing a visualization system through interaction with a user, wherein an inlet for adding a visualization chart is arranged under the data nodes, and an operator control is arranged under the operator nodes.
2. The interactive method for fusing data analysis streams and visualization system construction of claim 1, further comprising:
when the user needs to change the data source, a new data source selected by the user is acquired, and the data analysis flow is re-executed based on the new data source, so that the updating of the visual system is completed.
3. The interactive method for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction according to claim 1, wherein the data analysis flow construction process comprises the following steps:
and adding data nodes, operator nodes and connection relations among the nodes in the analysis flow construction interface through interaction to form a data analysis flow.
4. The interactive method for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction according to claim 1, wherein the parameter configuration comprises the steps of:
aiming at operator nodes in the data analysis flow, after an operator editing instruction is received, an operator code editing interface is displayed;
and obtaining the output of the operator node designated by the user, and completing the parameter configuration of the operator node.
5. The interactive method for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction according to claim 1, wherein the node for displaying the data analysis flow comprises the steps of:
aiming at any node in the data analysis flow, a data table component is arranged, and the addition of a data table on a visual system construction interface is realized through interaction with a user, wherein the data table component comprises a visual type selection area and a visual parameter setting area corresponding to the currently selected visual type, and the visual type comprises a bar graph, a pie graph and a line graph;
aiming at the operator nodes in the data analysis flow, the visual configuration of the operator nodes is realized through interaction with a user.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the operator control includes interaction property options of parameters under the operator nodes, and the interaction property options include editable, non-editable and hidden.
7. The interactive method for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction according to claim 1, wherein the construction and release of the visualization system by interaction with a user comprises the steps of:
at least one visual chart selected by a user is obtained through interaction, and the visual chart comprises an editing inlet and a deleting inlet;
and after receiving the issuing instruction, completing the construction and issuing of the visual system.
8. The interactive method for integrating data analysis flow and visualization system construction according to claim 1, wherein the interactive page in the visualization system comprises an execution button for executing the data analysis flow again based on the data source to realize the update of the visualization system.
9. An electronic device, comprising: one or more processors and memory, the memory having stored therein one or more programs comprising instructions for performing the interaction method of fusing data analysis streams and visualization system construction of any of claims 1-8.
10. A computer readable storage medium comprising one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing the interaction method of fusing a data analysis stream and a visualization system build as recited in any of claims 1-8.
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