CN117233844A - Data processing method and system for high-precision seismic imaging of fault development area - Google Patents
Data processing method and system for high-precision seismic imaging of fault development area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a data processing method and a system for high-precision imaging of faults in a fault development area, wherein the data processing method comprises the following steps: acquiring prestack migration common reflection point gather data based on a fault development area; performing first processing on pre-stack offset common reflection point gather data to obtain gather data with dynamic correction and no stretching distortion; performing second processing on the dynamic correction and stretch distortion-free gather data to obtain denoising high-resolution gather data; and carrying out superposition processing on the denoising high-resolution gather data to obtain seismic imaging section data. The invention carries out the processing of improving the resolution and the signal to noise ratio on the gather data after the prestack migration of the fault development area, effectively protects the rich seismic geology phenomenon on the seismic imaging section and improves the seismic reflection characteristics and the imaging precision of the complex structure of the imaging section.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of seismic data processing in geophysical exploration, in particular to a data processing method and system for high-precision seismic imaging of a fault development area.
Background
Along with the continuous deep development process of oil and gas exploration, the precision of imaging the underground geological structure is required to be continuously improved. Seismic exploration is one of the most accurate geophysical exploration means, and currently, performing prestack migration on high-density massive seismic data has become one of the conventional techniques in reflection seismic imaging processing. The common reflection point gather generated after the offset and the quality of the seismic imaging section directly influence the oil and gas exploration effect, especially in the underground fault development area, the imaging precision of small fault blocks and fault planes is particularly critical, and the difficulty is higher.
To improve the residual static correction accuracy or to find a more accurate offset speed, the common-center gather needs to be denoised before offset to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In areas of complex subsurface construction and fault block development, pre-noise removal can attenuate the cross-sectional wave energy implicit in the data, which is difficult to perceive before migration, and can attenuate the cross-sectional wave energy on the seismic imaging profile after migration, so that the break points are not displayed cleanly. To further improve the imaging quality of the seismic profile after migration, post-stack modification treatments to improve resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are often performed directly on the profile. The post-stack modification treatment can further blur the seismic geological phenomena such as the section wave on the section or weaken the seismic reflection characteristics on the section, thereby influencing the imaging precision of the complex structure.
The processing result is mainly an imaging section under the influence of the traditional processing thought. Therefore, the processing flow adopted by the result gather and the imaging section obtained by the processing method is different, more processing is carried out on the imaging section, the final gather quality is poor, the data characteristics of the result gather and the imaging section are not matched, the pre-stack post-stack simultaneous inversion work is not facilitated, the excavation of abundant geological information in massive seismic data is restricted, the seismic interpretation effect is poor, and therefore, a data processing method and a system for high-precision seismic imaging of a fault development area are needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides a data processing method and a system for high-precision imaging of faults in a fault development area.
The invention provides a data processing method for high-precision imaging of faults in a fault development area, which comprises the following steps:
acquiring prestack migration common reflection point gather data based on a fault development area;
performing first processing on the prestack migration common reflection point gather data to obtain gather data with dynamic correction and no stretching distortion;
performing second processing on the dynamic correction and stretch distortion-free gather data to obtain denoising high-resolution gather data;
and carrying out superposition processing on the denoising high-resolution gather data to obtain seismic imaging section data.
Optionally, the prestack migration common reflection point gather data is prestack migration processed time domain gather data;
the first processing of the prestack migration common reflection point gather data comprises the following steps:
performing residual speed analysis and anisotropic dynamic correction on the prestack migration common reflection point gather data to obtain dynamic correction gather data with reflection phase axes further flattened;
and carrying out fine cutting on the dynamic correction gather data to obtain the dynamic correction gather data without stretching distortion.
Optionally, the formula of the anisotropic dynamic correction is:
wherein t is r Indicating the residual time difference, t 0 Indicating travel at zero offset, x represents offset, v indicates target speed, v m Represents the offset velocity, eta m Represents the offset anisotropy parameter, η represents the value of the remaining anisotropy parameter.
Optionally, the process of performing the second processing on the dynamically corrected, stretch-free gather data includes:
performing resolution improvement treatment on the dynamic correction and stretching distortion-free gather data to obtain high-resolution gather data;
and denoising the high-resolution gather data to obtain denoised high-resolution gather data.
Optionally, the resolution enhancement process includes:
determining a space-time variant parameter based on the geological structure of the section and the destination layer;
determining profile parameters based on the spatiotemporal variation parameters;
and processing the corrected gather data without stretching distortion based on the profile parameters to obtain high-resolution gather data.
Optionally, the method of denoising the high resolution gather data includes a pre-stack random noise attenuation technique for a three-dimensional data volume and a pre-stack random noise attenuation technique for a four-dimensional data volume.
Optionally, the process of acquiring the seismic imaging profile data includes in-phase stacking the de-noised high resolution gather data.
The invention also discloses a data processing system for high-precision imaging of the fault development area earthquake, which comprises: the device comprises a data acquisition module, a first processing module, a second processing module and an imaging profile output module;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring prestack migration common reflection point gather data based on a fault development area;
the first processing module is used for processing the pre-stack offset common reflection point gather data to obtain gather data with dynamic correction and no stretching distortion;
the second processing module is used for processing the dynamic correction and stretch distortion-free gather data to obtain denoising high-resolution gather data;
and the imaging profile output module is used for carrying out in-phase superposition based on the denoising high-resolution gather data to obtain seismic imaging profile data.
Optionally, the first processing module includes a data preprocessing unit;
the data preprocessing unit is used for sequentially carrying out residual speed analysis, anisotropic dynamic correction and fine cutting processing on the pre-stack offset common reflection point gather data to obtain dynamic correction gather data without stretching distortion.
Optionally, the second processing module includes a resolution improving unit and a signal to noise ratio improving processing unit;
the resolution improving unit is used for carrying out resolution improving treatment on the dynamic correction and stretching distortion-free gather data to obtain high-resolution gather data;
the processing unit for improving the signal to noise ratio is used for carrying out denoising processing on the high-resolution gather data to obtain the high-signal to noise ratio gather data.
The invention has the following technical effects:
the method carries out the processing of improving the resolution and the signal to noise ratio on the gather data after the prestack migration of the fault development area, effectively protects rich seismic geology phenomena on the seismic imaging section, and improves the seismic reflection characteristics and the imaging precision of complex structures of the imaging section; the imaging section quality is improved, and meanwhile, the common reflection point result gather data which is matched with the section quality and used for pre-stack inversion or AVO processing can be obtained, so that the integral effect of seismic processing and interpretation can be improved.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The basic flow of the data processing method for high-precision imaging of the earthquake in the fault development area is shown in fig. 1, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Acquiring prestack migration common reflection point gather data based on a fault development area, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps of: the invention first requires that the pre-stack random noise attenuation is not performed on the common center point gathers shifted by the previous step. The common center point gather data before the deflection contains a large amount of non-deflected homing diffraction wave information, the diffraction waves are reflected by non-uniform geologic bodies such as underground fault edges, formation non-integration, fault surfaces and the like, the significance for seismic imaging is great, but the energy of the diffraction waves is about 1 to 3 orders of magnitude weaker than the energy of reflected waves, interference waves and the like, and most of the diffraction waves are covered. While the conventional prestack random noise attenuation module can obviously improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the reflected wave, the method for reducing incoherent noise in different data fields is adopted, and the assumption is that the effective signal is leveled in a certain range, the transverse coherence of the same phase axis of the reflected wave is weighted, and the diffracted wave with higher speed is irreversibly damaged. The pre-stack noise attenuation processing is not carried out before the migration, the signal-to-noise ratio of the visual common-center point gather data is low, the migration effect is temporarily unsatisfactory, but more abundant seismic reflection information is maintained, irreversible operation of destroying effective information such as a fracture wave is avoided, and the comprehensive effect is better after subsequent processing.
(2) Performing first processing on pre-stack offset common reflection point gather data to obtain gather data with dynamic correction and no stretching distortion, wherein the specific process comprises the following steps: the early work of improving the resolution ratio and the signal to noise ratio of the seismic offset data is to analyze the residual speed and finely cut off the common reflection point gather. The residual speed analysis is to encrypt the speed analysis points on the basis of basically leveling the same phase axis of the offset common reflection point gather, obtain a speed field finer than the offset speed and further level the same phase axis. Compared with the conventional method, the anisotropic velocity analysis and dynamic correction increase the anisotropic parameter eta, and the formula is as follows:
in the above, t r Representing the residual time difference, t 0 When the travel is zero offset, x represents offset, v is target speed, v m Represents the offset velocity, eta m Is the offset anisotropy parameter and η is the value of the remaining anisotropy parameter.
And after the residual speed analysis, performing manual interactive fine ablation by using the trace set after dynamic correction, and removing the stretching of the far trace. The standard of data qualification is that the speed spectrum is focused and picked up accurately under the condition that the overall speed trend is unchanged, the common reflection point gather is basically leveled by the common axis of the near offset in the far center, and no obvious stretching distortion exists.
(3) Performing second processing on the trace data without stretching distortion and with dynamic correction to obtain denoising high-resolution trace data, wherein the second processing comprises the following steps: the gather is processed to enhance resolution. Firstly, determining a time-varying space-variant parameter on a section according to the structural form of a seismic reflection layer and the time position of a target layer; secondly, testing application effects of different resolution-improving modules on a section, optimizing the resolution-improving modules and parameters based on the obtained space-time variable parameters, selecting a plurality of modules to be connected in series, widening a data frequency band and enhancing seismic reflection characteristics according to known well information so as to facilitate attribute inversion and geological interpretation as standards, and determining the resolution-improving modules and parameters; finally, parameters determined on the profile are applied to the gather, so that the resolution and reflection characteristics of the gather and the profile are synchronously improved and matched with the known well information, and the prediction and quantization precision of the deep geological investigation, oil gas investigation and other fields is improved.
Denoising the high-resolution gather data to obtain denoised gather data, and outputting the denoised gather data as final result gather data.
Because random noise attenuation is not carried out on the gather before the migration, weak diffraction wave information hidden in the data body is not damaged, the diffraction wave is converged and restored in the migration process, the section wave of the small fault block clearly appears, although the whole signal-to-noise ratio of the coarse superposition section is low, the noise removal technology can be adopted at the moment, the signal-to-noise ratio of the section is improved, and meanwhile, the section wave of the small fault block is protected.
And denoising processing is carried out on the gather with improved resolution, so that weak signal energy and imaging quality are improved. The main task of the signal-to-noise ratio improvement processing module for the common reflection point gather is to remove random noise at this stage. Because the seismic prestack data has more space dimensions than the poststack data, the two-dimensional prestack gather can be regarded as a three-dimensional data volume, the three-dimensional prestack data can be regarded as a four-dimensional data volume, and the prestack random noise attenuation technology which can be used for the three-dimensional or four-dimensional data volume can be selected. For example, a pre-stack four-dimensional denoising technology aiming at random noise attenuation of three-dimensional seismic data divides the seismic pre-stack data into four dimensions of line numbers, point numbers, time and coverage times, and a data volume of a frequency-point number-line number-offset domain is obtained by utilizing Fourier transformation of a time axis. According to different frequencies, operators are designed according to the least square method principle, frequency division is carried out on data, and then inverse Fourier transformation is carried out according to the frequencies, so that suppression of random interference on gather data can be obtained. In practical application, space-time variation of parameters is needed by using the space-time variation parameters determined in the previous step, and the relevance of adjacent data in different domains is fully considered, so that the signal-to-noise ratio is effectively improved, and the mixed dyeing of effective information of the data is avoided. And denoising the high-resolution gather data, wherein the denoised gather data is more continuous in phase, the overall signal-to-noise ratio is improved, and the final result gather data can be output at the moment.
(4) The method for obtaining the seismic imaging profile data by carrying out superposition processing on the denoising high-resolution gather data specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) superposing the result gather data obtained in the previous step to obtain the seismic imaging section data which can be used for geological comprehensive research. Through denoising treatment, the signal-to-noise ratio of the section is obviously improved, the stratum continuity of the fault development interval is enhanced, the signal-to-noise ratio is obviously improved, and meanwhile, the small fault imaging is clearer.
Compared with the previous trace set, the new result trace set has the advantages that the phase axis is leveled, the resolution and the signal to noise ratio are obviously improved, and compared with the prior cross section obtained by directly superposing the new result trace set on the basis of the result trace set, the cross section obtained by directly superposing the new result trace set on the basis of the new result trace set has the advantages of more continuous stratum reflection, good cross section wave protection, dry and crisp break points, clear reflection characteristics and improved overall signal to noise ratio and resolution ratio.
The high-quality gather and the imaging section which can be used for inversion of the prestack attribute are obtained simultaneously, the processing processes of the gather and the imaging section are the same, the quality characteristics are consistent, the effects of simultaneous inversion, attribute extraction and the like after the subsequent prestack are facilitated, the potential and the characteristics of high-precision seismic prestack data covered by superposition are excavated, the divergence of seismic data in the processing and interpretation processes is reduced, and the seismic exploration effect of complex structures in complex areas is improved.
The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and that the above embodiments and descriptions are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention, and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A data processing method for high-precision imaging of an earthquake in a fault development area is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring prestack migration common reflection point gather data based on a fault development area;
performing first processing on the prestack migration common reflection point gather data to obtain gather data with dynamic correction and no stretching distortion;
performing second processing on the dynamic correction and stretch distortion-free gather data to obtain denoising high-resolution gather data;
and carrying out superposition processing on the denoising high-resolution gather data to obtain seismic imaging section data.
2. The data processing method for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone earthquake according to claim 1, wherein the prestack migration common reflection point gather data is prestack migration processed time domain gather data;
the first processing of the prestack migration common reflection point gather data comprises the following steps:
performing residual speed analysis and anisotropic dynamic correction on the prestack migration common reflection point gather data to obtain dynamic correction gather data with reflection phase axes further flattened;
and carrying out fine cutting on the dynamic correction gather data to obtain the dynamic correction gather data without stretching distortion.
3. The method for processing data for high-precision imaging of a fault-development zone earthquake according to claim 2, wherein the formula of the anisotropic dynamic correction is:
wherein t is r Indicating the residual time difference, t 0 Indicating travel at zero offset, x represents offset, v indicates target speed, v m Represents the offset velocity, eta m Represents the offset anisotropy parameter, η represents the value of the remaining anisotropy parameter.
4. The method for processing data for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone seismic event of claim 1, wherein said step of performing a second process on said dynamically corrected, stretch-free gather data comprises:
performing resolution improvement treatment on the dynamic correction and stretching distortion-free gather data to obtain high-resolution gather data;
and denoising the high-resolution gather data to obtain denoised high-resolution gather data.
5. The method for processing data for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone seismic event of claim 4, wherein said resolution enhancement process comprises:
determining a space-time variant parameter based on the geological structure of the section and the destination layer;
determining profile parameters based on the spatiotemporal variation parameters;
and processing the corrected gather data without stretching distortion based on the profile parameters to obtain high-resolution gather data.
6. The method for processing data for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone seismic data as claimed in claim 4, wherein said method for denoising said high-resolution gather data comprises a pre-stack random noise attenuation technique for three-dimensional data volumes and a pre-stack random noise attenuation technique for four-dimensional data volumes.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein acquiring the seismic imaging profile data comprises in-phase stacking the de-noised high resolution gather data.
8. A data processing system for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone earthquake, comprising: the device comprises a data acquisition module, a first processing module, a second processing module and an imaging profile output module;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring prestack migration common reflection point gather data based on a fault development area;
the first processing module is used for processing the pre-stack offset common reflection point gather data to obtain gather data with dynamic correction and no stretching distortion;
the second processing module is used for processing the dynamic correction and stretch distortion-free gather data to obtain denoising high-resolution gather data;
and the imaging profile output module is used for carrying out in-phase superposition based on the denoising high-resolution gather data to obtain seismic imaging profile data.
9. The data processing system for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone seismic of claim 8, wherein the first processing module comprises a data preprocessing unit;
the data preprocessing unit is used for sequentially carrying out residual speed analysis, anisotropic dynamic correction and fine cutting processing on the pre-stack offset common reflection point gather data to obtain dynamic correction gather data without stretching distortion.
10. The data processing system for high-precision imaging of a fault development zone seismic of claim 9, wherein the second processing module comprises a resolution enhancement unit and a signal-to-noise enhancement processing unit;
the resolution improving unit is used for carrying out resolution improving treatment on the dynamic correction and stretching distortion-free gather data to obtain high-resolution gather data;
the processing unit for improving the signal to noise ratio is used for carrying out denoising processing on the high-resolution gather data to obtain the high-signal to noise ratio gather data.
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