CN117196173A - Virtual power plant distributed scheduling method considering operation risk and network transmission - Google Patents
Virtual power plant distributed scheduling method considering operation risk and network transmission Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度方法，步骤：1)建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的目标函数；2)建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的约束条件；3)求解考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型，得到虚拟电厂分布式调度决策；4)在步骤(3)的基础上，计算虚拟电厂的风险损失成本；5)建立基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型，实现虚拟电厂分布式调度的收益分配。本发明通过计及配电网网络传输约束，引导虚拟电厂改变调度策略，减少配电网传输损耗；本发明考虑虚拟电厂的运行风险，使得所得到的虚拟电厂调度策略能尽量规避可能的风险损失。
The invention discloses a distributed dispatching method for a virtual power plant that considers operational risks and network transmission. The steps are: 1) establishing an objective function of a virtual power plant distributed dispatch model that considers operational risks and network transmission; 2) establishing an objective function that considers operational risks and network transmission. constraint conditions of the virtual power plant distributed dispatch model that considers transmission; 3) Solve the virtual power plant distributed dispatch model considering operational risks and network transmission, and obtain the virtual power plant distributed dispatch decision; 4) Based on step (3), calculate the virtual power plant distributed dispatch model The risk loss cost of the power plant; 5) Establish a virtual power plant income distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining to realize the income distribution of distributed dispatching of virtual power plants. This invention guides the virtual power plant to change the dispatching strategy and reduces the distribution network transmission loss by taking into account the transmission constraints of the distribution network. The invention considers the operation risk of the virtual power plant, so that the obtained virtual power plant dispatching strategy can avoid possible risk losses as much as possible. .
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明属于虚拟电厂分布式交易领域，特别涉及了一种考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度方法。The present invention belongs to the field of distributed transactions of virtual power plants, and in particular relates to a distributed scheduling method for virtual power plants taking into account operation risks and network transmission.
背景技术Background Art
高比例分布式资源飞速发展推进新型电能系统建设。然而分布式资源具有分散、容量小的特点，增加了电能系统的调控难度。由此，虚拟电厂这种新型电能主体应运而生，聚合用户侧发电、储能、柔性负荷等分布式资源，通过内部电能管理系统统一调控，实现数据分析、预测以及决策优化等功能。通过聚合分布式资源平抑可再生能源出力的随机波动，提高用户侧分布式资源的灵活性和可调度性，对价格信号响应更加灵敏。相比于传统消费者，虚拟电厂电能供应的来源更加多元化，参与电能交易意愿有所增强，除了参与电能交易满足内部用电需求，虚拟电厂还可以参与辅助服务交易，充分发挥调度灵活性。因此亟需制定适合虚拟电厂分布式调度和交易机制，有效缓解电源侧和用户侧供需矛盾。The rapid development of high-proportion distributed resources promotes the construction of new power systems. However, distributed resources are scattered and have small capacity, which increases the difficulty of regulating the power system. As a result, a new type of power subject, virtual power plants, came into being, aggregating distributed resources such as user-side power generation, energy storage, and flexible loads, and unified regulation through the internal power management system to achieve functions such as data analysis, prediction, and decision optimization. By aggregating distributed resources to smooth the random fluctuations of renewable energy output, the flexibility and dispatchability of distributed resources on the user side are improved, and the response to price signals is more sensitive. Compared with traditional consumers, the sources of power supply for virtual power plants are more diversified, and the willingness to participate in power trading has increased. In addition to participating in power trading to meet internal electricity demand, virtual power plants can also participate in ancillary service transactions to give full play to scheduling flexibility. Therefore, it is urgent to formulate a distributed scheduling and trading mechanism suitable for virtual power plants to effectively alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand on the power supply side and the user side.
在虚拟电厂调度中，若不考虑网络约束，为了保证系统安全性，交易策略不一定实现；同时，受光照、天气等环境因素影响，虚拟电厂内部可再生能源出力具有不确定性。因此，在虚拟电厂调度中考虑运行风险和网络传输至关重要。此外，域上相邻的虚拟电厂通过组成联盟共享电能，减少与运营商的交易量，降低联盟交易成本。然而如何公平分配联盟收益，吸引更多虚拟电厂加入联盟，仍是一个核心问题，如何提高收益分配的公平性仍需进一步研究。In virtual power plant scheduling, if network constraints are not considered, in order to ensure system security, trading strategies may not be implemented; at the same time, affected by environmental factors such as light and weather, the output of renewable energy within the virtual power plant is uncertain. Therefore, it is crucial to consider operational risks and network transmission in virtual power plant scheduling. In addition, virtual power plants adjacent to each other in the domain share electricity by forming an alliance, reducing the transaction volume with operators and reducing alliance transaction costs. However, how to fairly distribute alliance benefits and attract more virtual power plants to join the alliance is still a core issue, and how to improve the fairness of benefit distribution still needs further research.
发明内容Summary of the invention
技术方案：为了解决上述背景技术提到的技术问题，本发明一种考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度方法，该方法包括以下步骤：Technical solution: In order to solve the technical problems mentioned in the above background technology, the present invention provides a distributed scheduling method for a virtual power plant taking into account operation risks and network transmission. The method comprises the following steps:
(1)建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的目标函数；(1) Establish the objective function of the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants considering operational risks and network transmission;
(2)建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的约束条件；(2) Establish the constraints of the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants considering operational risks and network transmission;
(3)求解考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型，得到虚拟电厂分布式调度决策；(3) Solve the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants considering operation risks and network transmission, and obtain the distributed scheduling decision of virtual power plants;
(4)在步骤(3)的基础上，计算虚拟电厂的风险损失成本；(4) Based on step (3), calculate the risk loss cost of the virtual power plant;
(5)建立基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型，实现虚拟电厂分布式调度的收益分配。(5) Establish a virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining to realize the revenue distribution of distributed scheduling of virtual power plants.
进一步的，在步骤(1)中，建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的目标函数：Furthermore, in step (1), the objective function of the distributed scheduling model of the virtual power plant considering operation risk and network transmission is established:
其中，in,
式中，i为虚拟电厂编号；t为调度时段编号；Ni为虚拟电厂总数；T为总时段数；ki为虚拟电厂i内可再生能源出力的偏离预测值的程度；为t时段虚拟电厂i内可再生能源的预测出力；为t时段虚拟电厂i内可再生能源的实际出力；Cobj为确定性模型的目标函数值；β为规定的目标函数偏差比例；CDSO为网络电能损耗成本；分别为t时段虚拟电厂i电能、碳排放量、备用服务的交易成本；为t时段虚拟电厂i内储能充放电对电池的损耗成本；分别为虚拟电厂i内用户舒适度损失成本，其由调节中央空调以及柔性负荷产生；为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池运行成本。Where i is the number of the virtual power plant; t is the number of the scheduling period; Ni is the total number of virtual power plants; T is the total number of time periods; k is the degree of deviation of the output of renewable energy in virtual power plant i from the predicted value; is the predicted output of renewable energy in virtual power plant i during period t; is the actual output of renewable energy in virtual power plant i during period t; C obj is the objective function value of the deterministic model; β is the specified deviation ratio of the objective function; C DSO is the network power loss cost; are the transaction costs of electricity, carbon emissions, and backup services of virtual power plant i in period t, respectively; is the battery loss cost caused by energy storage charging and discharging in virtual power plant i during period t; are the user comfort loss costs in virtual power plant i, which are caused by adjusting the central air conditioning and flexible loads; is the operating cost of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t.
进一步的，在步骤(2)中，建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂多品种资源分布式调度模型的约束条件如下：Furthermore, in step (2), the constraints of the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants with multiple resources considering operation risks and network transmission are as follows:
(201)建立目标成本的计算公式，包括网络电能损耗成本、交易成本、储能损耗成本、用户舒适度损失成本、燃料电池运行成本计算公式；(201) Establish a calculation formula for the target cost, including network power loss cost, transaction cost, energy storage loss cost, user comfort loss cost, and fuel cell operation cost calculation formula;
a)网络电能损耗成本：a) Network power loss cost:
式中，BS为系统支路集合；mn为节点m和n之间的支路电阻编号；rmn为节点m和n之间的支路电阻；lmn,t为t时段节点m和n之间的支路上电流幅值的平方；为t时段网络电能损耗价格系数；Where, BS is the set of system branches; mn is the branch resistance number between nodes m and n; r mn is the branch resistance between nodes m and n; l mn,t is the square of the current amplitude in the branch between nodes m and n during time period t; is the price coefficient of network power loss in period t;
b)交易成本：b) Transaction costs:
式中，和分别为t时段电能的购买和出售的价格；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i从购买和出售的电能；和分别为t时段碳排放量的购买和出售价格；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i从碳交易平台购买和出售的碳排放量；和分别为t时段备用服务的购买和出售价格；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i购买和出售的备用容量；In the formula, and are the purchase and sale prices of electricity in period t, respectively; and are the electricity purchased and sold by virtual power plant i in period t, respectively; and are the purchase and sale prices of carbon emissions in period t, respectively; and are the carbon emissions purchased and sold by virtual power plant i from the carbon trading platform during period t; and are the purchase and sale prices of the backup service during period t, respectively; and are the reserve capacities purchased and sold by virtual power plant i during period t, respectively;
c)储能损耗成本：c) Energy storage loss cost:
式中，和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i内储能的充、放电量，和分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的充、放电耗散系数；In the formula, and are the charging and discharging amounts of energy storage in virtual power plant i during period t, and are the charging and dissipation coefficients of energy storage in virtual power plant i, respectively;
d)用户舒适度损失成本：d) User comfort loss cost:
式中，ρ和为用户不舒适度系数；为t时段虚拟电厂i内用户的室内温度；Ti ref为虚拟电厂i内用户体感最舒适温度；为t时段虚拟电厂i内用户的柔性负荷值；为t时段虚拟电厂i内用户的负荷基准值；In the formula, ρ and is the user discomfort coefficient; is the indoor temperature of the user in the virtual power plant i during period t; Tiref is the most comfortable temperature felt by the user in the virtual power plant i; is the flexible load value of user i in the virtual power plant during period t; is the load baseline value of the user in the virtual power plant i during period t;
e)燃料电池运行成本：e) Fuel cell operating costs:
式中，为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的单位发电成本；为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的发电功率；In the formula, is the unit power generation cost of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i; is the power generation of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t;
(202)建立虚拟电厂接入后的配电网安全运行约束：(202) Establish safe operation constraints for the distribution network after the virtual power plant is connected:
式中，m、n、k为系统节点编号；NS为系统节点集合；和分别为t时段根节点有功功率和无功功率；为系统功率因数；Pi∈m,t为t时段节点i的有功功率和无功功率；Pmn,t和Qmn,t分别为t时段支路mn上的有功功率和无功功率；Pkm,t和Qkm,t分别为t时段支路km上的有功功率和无功功率；Fm为以节点m为首端节点的支路的末端节点集合；Tm为以节点m为末端节点的支路的首端节点集合；rmn为支路mn电阻；xmn为支路mn电抗；rkm为支路km电阻；xkm为支路km电抗；lmn,t为t时段支路mn上电流幅值的平方；lkm,t为t时段支路km上电流幅值的平方；Vn,t为t时段节点n上电压幅值的平方；Vm,t为t时段节点m上电压幅值的平方；和分别为节点m电压幅值平方的最小值和最大值；为支路mn上电流幅值平方的最大值；Where m, n, k are the system node numbers; N S is the system node set; and are the active power and reactive power of the root node in period t respectively; is the system power factor; Pi∈m,t is the active power and reactive power of node i in period t; Pmn,t and Qmn ,t are the active power and reactive power on branch mn in period t respectively; Pkm,t and Qkm ,t are the active power and reactive power on branch km in period t respectively; Fm is the set of end nodes of the branch with node m as the head node; Tm is the set of head nodes of the branch with node m as the end node; rmn is the resistance of branch mn; xmn is the reactance of branch mn; rkm is the resistance of branch km; xkm is the reactance of branch km; lmn,t is the square of the current amplitude on branch mn in period t; lkm,t is the square of the current amplitude on branch km in period t; Vn,t is the square of the voltage amplitude on node n in period t; Vm,t is the square of the voltage amplitude on node m in period t; and are the minimum and maximum values of the square of the voltage amplitude at node m, respectively; is the maximum value of the square of the current amplitude on branch mn;
(203)建立虚拟电厂电能、碳排放量、备用容量平衡约束：(203) Establish virtual power plant power, carbon emissions, and reserve capacity balance constraints:
式中：Pi,t、Ei,t、Ri,t分别为t时段虚拟电厂i与其他虚拟电厂交易的电能、碳排放量和备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调的制冷功率；为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的碳排放限额；Gi,t为t时段s场景下虚拟电厂i内光伏核证减排量；Fi,t为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的碳排放量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内柔性负荷通过调节提供的备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调提供的备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池提供的备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i的备用需求量；Where: P i,t , E i,t , R i,t are the electricity, carbon emissions and spare capacity traded between virtual power plant i and other virtual power plants in period t, respectively; is the cooling power of the central air conditioner in the virtual power plant i during period t; is the carbon emission limit of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i; Gi ,t is the certified emission reduction of photovoltaic power in virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t; F i,t is the carbon emission of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t; The reserve capacity provided by the flexible load in virtual power plant i during period t; The spare capacity provided for the central air conditioner in virtual power plant i during period t; The backup capacity provided for the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t; is the reserve demand of virtual power plant i in period t;
(204)建立虚拟电厂内元件电能、备用和碳排放量约束：(204) Establish constraints on the power, reserve and carbon emissions of components within the virtual power plant:
a)中央空调电能和备用约束a) Central air conditioning power and backup constraints
式中，αi,t、βi、γi为虚拟电厂i内描述建筑蓄冷特性及天气情况的参数，与楼宇建筑特性以及室外温度相关；σi为虚拟电厂i内中央空调冷水机组能效比；Tin,min和Tin,max分别为用户可接受的最低室内温度和最高室内温度；为t-1时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调提供备用后的室内温度；为t时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调提供备用后的室内温度；Where α i,t , β i , and γ i are parameters describing the building cooling characteristics and weather conditions in virtual power plant i, which are related to the building characteristics and outdoor temperature; σ i is the energy efficiency ratio of the central air-conditioning chiller in virtual power plant i; Tin,min and Tin ,max are the minimum and maximum indoor temperatures acceptable to users, respectively; The indoor temperature after providing backup for the central air conditioner in the virtual power plant i during period t-1; The indoor temperature after providing backup for the central air conditioner in virtual power plant i during period t;
b)柔性负荷的电能和备用约束：b) Electric energy and reserve constraints of flexible loads:
式中：和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i柔性负荷调节后最小负荷和最大负荷；Where: and They are the minimum load and maximum load after flexible load adjustment of virtual power plant i in period t respectively;
c)燃料电池的电能、备用和碳排放约束：c) Fuel cell power, backup and carbon emission constraints:
式中，Pi max为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的最大发电功率；和分别为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池可提供的最小备用容量和最大备用容量；为t时段s场景下虚拟电厂i内燃料电池提供的备用容量；为为t-1时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的发电功率；ri u和ri d为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池在相邻时段的向上调节量和向下调节量；υi为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池单位出力的碳排放强度；Where, Pimax is the maximum power generation of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i; and are the minimum and maximum backup capacities that the fuel cell in virtual power plant i can provide, respectively; The backup capacity provided by the fuel cell in virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t; is the power generation of the fuel cell in the virtual power plant i in period t-1; riu and rid are the upward and downward adjustment amounts of the fuel cell in the virtual power plant i in adjacent periods; υi is the carbon emission intensity per unit output of the fuel cell in the virtual power plant i;
d)储能的电能和备用约束：d) Energy storage and reserve constraints:
式中，Pi c,max和Pi d,max分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的最大充电功率和最大放电功率；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i内备用容量的充、放电量；Si,t-1为t-1时段虚拟电厂i内储能的储电量；Si,t为t时段虚拟电厂i内储能的储电量；和分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的最小储电量和最大储电量；和分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的充电效率和放电效率；Where, Pi c,max and Pi d,max are the maximum charging power and maximum discharging power of energy storage in virtual power plant i, respectively; and are the charge and discharge amounts of the reserve capacity in the virtual power plant i during period t, respectively; S i,t-1 is the amount of energy storage in the virtual power plant i during period t-1; S i,t is the amount of energy storage in the virtual power plant i during period t; and are the minimum and maximum storage capacities of energy storage in virtual power plant i respectively; and are the charging efficiency and discharging efficiency of energy storage in virtual power plant i respectively;
(205)建立虚拟电厂分布式交易约束：(205) Establishing distributed transaction constraints for virtual power plants:
式中：Pi,t＜0、Ei,t＜0、Ri,t＜0分别表示t时段虚拟电厂i向其他虚拟电厂出售电能、碳排放量和备用容量，Pi,t＞0、Ei,t＞0、Ri,t＞0分别表示t时段虚拟电厂i向其他虚拟电厂购买电能、碳排放量和备用容量，Pi,t＝0、Ei,t＝0、Ri,t＝0分别表示t时段虚拟电厂i不进行分布式交易。In the formula: Pi ,t ＜0, Ei ,t ＜0, Ri ,t ＜0 respectively indicate that virtual power plant i sells electricity, carbon emissions and spare capacity to other virtual power plants in period t; Pi ,t ＞0, Ei ,t ＞0, Ri ,t ＞0 respectively indicate that virtual power plant i purchases electricity, carbon emissions and spare capacity from other virtual power plants in period t; Pi ,t ＝0, Ei,t ＝0, Ri,t ＝0 respectively indicate that virtual power plant i does not conduct distributed transactions in period t.
进一步的，在步骤(4)中，在步骤(3)的基础上，计算虚拟电厂的风险损失成本，表示如下：Furthermore, in step (4), based on step (3), the risk loss cost of the virtual power plant is calculated, which is expressed as follows:
式中，为t时段虚拟电厂风险成本；为t时段发电量补偿价格；ω为风险系数；ω＞1，为t时段虚拟电厂电能购买价格；ns为光伏场景数；Pt risk为t时段虚拟电厂总失负荷量；为t时段虚拟电厂i在场景s下的可再生能源的实际出力；为t时段虚拟电厂i在场景s下的失负荷量。In the formula, is the risk cost of the virtual power plant during period t; is the compensation price for power generation in period t; ω is the risk coefficient; ω＞1, is the purchase price of electricity from the virtual power plant during period t; n s is the number of photovoltaic scenarios; P t risk is the total load loss of the virtual power plant during period t; is the actual output of renewable energy of virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t; is the load loss of virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t.
进一步的，步骤(5)的具体过程如下：Furthermore, the specific process of step (5) is as follows:
(501)建立基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型：(501) Establish a virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining:
其中：in:
式中，为虚拟电厂i交易成本；为虚拟电厂i新增其他虚拟电厂为交易对象的分布式交易成本；为虚拟电厂i获得的分布式交易收益；θi为虚拟电厂i的竞争力系数；为虚拟电厂i分布式交易增加的网络传输成本；为虚拟电厂i的网络传输成本；为虚拟电厂i的新增其他虚拟电厂为交易对象的分布式交易的网络传输成本；In the formula, is the transaction cost of virtual power plant i; Add distributed transaction costs for virtual power plant i to add other virtual power plants as transaction objects; is the distributed transaction income obtained by virtual power plant i; θ i is the competitiveness coefficient of virtual power plant i; Increased network transmission costs for distributed transactions of virtual power plants; is the network transmission cost of virtual power plant i; The network transmission cost of distributed transactions where virtual power plant i adds other virtual power plants as trading objects;
(502)采用取对数和负数的方法对基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型目标函数进行转化得到：(502) The objective function of the virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining is transformed by taking logarithms and negative numbers to obtain:
式中，δi为虚拟电厂i参与分布式交易后节约的成本；In the formula, δ i is the cost saved after virtual power plant i participates in distributed trading;
(502)采用拉格朗日乘子法对(44)进行求解，得到对应拉格朗日方程：(502) The Lagrange multiplier method is used to solve (44) and the corresponding Lagrange equation is obtained:
式中，λ为对偶变量；In the formula, λ is the dual variable;
(503)对(45)求一阶偏导，得到：(503) Taking the first-order partial derivative of (45), we obtain:
(504)将和代入(46)，得到：(504) and Substituting into (46), we obtain:
(505)获得虚拟电厂分布式调度的收益分配成本：(505) Obtain the benefit allocation cost of distributed dispatch of virtual power plant:
有益效果：与现有技术相比，本发明的技术方案具有以下有益技术效果：Beneficial effects: Compared with the prior art, the technical solution of the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
本发明通过计及配电网网络传输约束，引导虚拟电厂改变调度策略，减少配电网传输损耗；本发明考虑了虚拟电厂的运行风险，使得所得到的虚拟电厂调度策略能尽量规避可能的风险损失，本发明基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型，实现虚拟电厂分布式调度的收益分配。The present invention guides virtual power plants to change their dispatching strategies and reduce transmission losses in distribution networks by taking into account the transmission constraints of distribution networks. The present invention takes into account the operating risks of virtual power plants so that the resulting virtual power plant dispatching strategies can avoid possible risk losses as much as possible. The present invention is based on a virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining to achieve revenue distribution in distributed dispatching of virtual power plants.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为本发明的方法流程图；Fig. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;
图2为IEEE33节点系统和虚拟电厂分布情况；Figure 2 shows the distribution of the IEEE33 node system and virtual power plant;
图3为考虑运行风险对虚拟电厂的影响。Figure 3 shows the impact of operational risks on virtual power plants.
具体实施方式DETAILED DESCRIPTION
以下将结合附图，对本发明的技术方案进行详细说明。The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
本发明设计了一种考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度方法，如图1所示，具体步骤如下：The present invention designs a distributed scheduling method for a virtual power plant that takes into account operation risks and network transmission, as shown in FIG1 , and the specific steps are as follows:
(1)建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的目标函数；(1) Establish the objective function of the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants considering operational risks and network transmission;
(2)建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的约束条件；(2) Establish the constraints of the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants considering operational risks and network transmission;
(3)求解考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型，得到虚拟电厂分布式调度决策；(3) Solve the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants considering operation risks and network transmission, and obtain the distributed scheduling decision of virtual power plants;
(4)在步骤(3)的基础上，计算虚拟电厂的风险损失成本；(4) Based on step (3), calculate the risk loss cost of the virtual power plant;
(5)建立基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型，实现虚拟电厂分布式调度的收益分配。(5) Establish a virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining to realize the revenue distribution of distributed scheduling of virtual power plants.
进一步的，在步骤(1)中，建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂分布式调度模型的目标函数：Furthermore, in step (1), the objective function of the distributed scheduling model of the virtual power plant considering operation risk and network transmission is established:
其中，in,
式中，i为虚拟电厂编号；t为调度时段编号；Ni为虚拟电厂总数；T为总时段数；ki为虚拟电厂i内可再生能源出力的偏离预测值的程度；为t时段虚拟电厂i内可再生能源的预测出力；为t时段虚拟电厂i内可再生能源的实际出力；Cobj为确定性模型的目标函数值；β为规定的目标函数偏差比例；CDSO为网络电能损耗成本；分别为t时段虚拟电厂i电能、碳排放量、备用服务的交易成本；为t时段虚拟电厂i内储能充放电对电池的损耗成本；分别为虚拟电厂i内用户舒适度损失成本，其由调节中央空调以及柔性负荷产生；为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池运行成本。Where i is the number of the virtual power plant; t is the number of the scheduling period; Ni is the total number of virtual power plants; T is the total number of time periods; k is the degree of deviation of the output of renewable energy in virtual power plant i from the predicted value; is the predicted output of renewable energy in virtual power plant i during period t; is the actual output of renewable energy in virtual power plant i during period t; C obj is the objective function value of the deterministic model; β is the specified deviation ratio of the objective function; C DSO is the network power loss cost; are the transaction costs of electricity, carbon emissions, and backup services of virtual power plant i in period t, respectively; is the battery loss cost caused by energy storage charging and discharging in virtual power plant i during period t; are the user comfort loss costs in virtual power plant i, which are caused by adjusting the central air conditioning and flexible loads; is the operating cost of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t.
进一步的，在步骤(2)中，建立考虑运行风险和网络传输的虚拟电厂多品种资源分布式调度模型的约束条件如下：Furthermore, in step (2), the constraints of the distributed scheduling model of virtual power plants with multiple resources considering operation risks and network transmission are as follows:
(201)建立目标成本的计算公式，包括网络电能损耗成本、交易成本、储能损耗成本、用户舒适度损失成本、燃料电池运行成本计算公式；(201) Establish a calculation formula for the target cost, including network power loss cost, transaction cost, energy storage loss cost, user comfort loss cost, and fuel cell operation cost calculation formula;
a)网络电能损耗成本：a) Network power loss cost:
式中，BS为系统支路集合；mn为节点m和n之间的支路电阻编号；rmn为节点m和n之间的支路电阻；lmn,t为t时段节点m和n之间的支路上电流幅值的平方；为t时段网络电能损耗价格系数；Where, BS is the set of system branches; mn is the branch resistance number between nodes m and n; r mn is the branch resistance between nodes m and n; l mn,t is the square of the current amplitude in the branch between nodes m and n during time period t; is the price coefficient of network power loss in period t;
b)交易成本：b) Transaction costs:
式中，和分别为t时段电能的购买和出售的价格；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i从购买和出售的电能；和分别为t时段碳排放量的购买和出售价格；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i从碳交易平台购买和出售的碳排放量；和分别为t时段备用服务的购买和出售价格；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i购买和出售的备用容量；In the formula, and are the purchase and sale prices of electricity in period t, respectively; and are the electricity purchased and sold by virtual power plant i in period t, respectively; and are the purchase and sale prices of carbon emissions in period t, respectively; and are the carbon emissions purchased and sold by virtual power plant i from the carbon trading platform during period t; and are the purchase and sale prices of the backup service during period t, respectively; and are the reserve capacities purchased and sold by virtual power plant i during period t, respectively;
c)储能损耗成本：c) Energy storage loss cost:
式中，和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i内储能的充、放电量，和分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的充、放电耗散系数；In the formula, and are the charging and discharging amounts of energy storage in virtual power plant i during period t, and are the charging and dissipation coefficients of energy storage in virtual power plant i, respectively;
d)用户舒适度损失成本：d) User comfort loss cost:
式中，ρ和为用户不舒适度系数；为t时段虚拟电厂i内用户的室内温度；Ti ref为虚拟电厂i内用户体感最舒适温度；为t时段虚拟电厂i内用户的柔性负荷值；为t时段虚拟电厂i内用户的负荷基准值；In the formula, ρ and is the user discomfort coefficient; is the indoor temperature of the user in the virtual power plant i during period t; Tiref is the most comfortable temperature felt by the user in the virtual power plant i; is the flexible load value of user i in the virtual power plant during period t; is the load baseline value of the user in the virtual power plant i during period t;
e)燃料电池运行成本：e) Fuel cell operating costs:
式中，为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的单位发电成本；为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的发电功率；In the formula, is the unit power generation cost of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i; is the power generation of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t;
(202)建立虚拟电厂接入后的配电网安全运行约束：(202) Establish safe operation constraints for the distribution network after the virtual power plant is connected:
式中，m、n、k为系统节点编号；NS为系统节点集合；和分别为t时段根节点有功功率和无功功率；为系统功率因数；Pi∈m,t为t时段节点i的有功功率和无功功率；Pmn,t和Qmn,t分别为t时段支路mn上的有功功率和无功功率；Pkm,t和Qkm,t分别为t时段支路km上的有功功率和无功功率；Fm为以节点m为首端节点的支路的末端节点集合；Tm为以节点m为末端节点的支路的首端节点集合；rmn为支路mn电阻；xmn为支路mn电抗；rkm为支路km电阻；xkm为支路km电抗；lmn,t为t时段支路mn上电流幅值的平方；lkm,t为t时段支路km上电流幅值的平方；Vn,t为t时段节点n上电压幅值的平方；Vm,t为t时段节点m上电压幅值的平方；和分别为节点m电压幅值平方的最小值和最大值；为支路mn上电流幅值平方的最大值；Where m, n, k are the system node numbers; N S is the system node set; and are the active power and reactive power of the root node in period t respectively; is the system power factor; Pi∈m,t is the active power and reactive power of node i in period t; Pmn,t and Qmn ,t are the active power and reactive power on branch mn in period t respectively; Pkm,t and Qkm ,t are the active power and reactive power on branch km in period t respectively; Fm is the set of end nodes of the branch with node m as the head node; Tm is the set of head nodes of the branch with node m as the end node; rmn is the resistance of branch mn; xmn is the reactance of branch mn; rkm is the resistance of branch km; xkm is the reactance of branch km; lmn,t is the square of the current amplitude on branch mn in period t; lkm,t is the square of the current amplitude on branch km in period t; Vn,t is the square of the voltage amplitude on node n in period t; Vm,t is the square of the voltage amplitude on node m in period t; and are the minimum and maximum values of the square of the voltage amplitude at node m, respectively; is the maximum value of the square of the current amplitude on branch mn;
(203)建立虚拟电厂电能、碳排放量、备用容量平衡约束：(203) Establish virtual power plant power, carbon emissions, and reserve capacity balance constraints:
式中：Pi,t、Ei,t、Ri,t分别为t时段虚拟电厂i与其他虚拟电厂交易的电能、碳排放量和备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调的制冷功率；为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的碳排放限额；Gi,t为t时段s场景下虚拟电厂i内光伏核证减排量；Fi,t为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的碳排放量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内柔性负荷通过调节提供的备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调提供的备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池提供的备用容量；为t时段虚拟电厂i的备用需求量；Where: P i,t , E i,t , R i,t are the electricity, carbon emissions and spare capacity traded between virtual power plant i and other virtual power plants in period t, respectively; is the cooling power of the central air conditioner in the virtual power plant i during period t; is the carbon emission limit of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i; Gi ,t is the certified emission reduction of photovoltaic power in virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t; F i,t is the carbon emission of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t; The reserve capacity provided by the flexible load in virtual power plant i during period t; The spare capacity provided for the central air conditioner in virtual power plant i during period t; The backup capacity provided for the fuel cell in virtual power plant i during period t; is the reserve demand of virtual power plant i in period t;
(204)建立虚拟电厂内元件电能、备用和碳排放量约束：(204) Establish constraints on the power, reserve and carbon emissions of components within the virtual power plant:
a)中央空调电能和备用约束a) Central air conditioning power and backup constraints
式中，αi,t、βi、γi为虚拟电厂i内描述建筑蓄冷特性及天气情况的参数，与楼宇建筑特性以及室外温度相关；σi为虚拟电厂i内中央空调冷水机组能效比；Tin,min和Tin,max分别为用户可接受的最低室内温度和最高室内温度；为t-1时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调提供备用后的室内温度；为t时段虚拟电厂i内中央空调提供备用后的室内温度；Where α i,t , β i , and γ i are parameters describing the building cooling characteristics and weather conditions in virtual power plant i, which are related to the building characteristics and outdoor temperature; σ i is the energy efficiency ratio of the central air-conditioning chiller in virtual power plant i; Tin,min and Tin ,max are the minimum and maximum indoor temperatures acceptable to users, respectively; The indoor temperature after providing backup for the central air conditioner in the virtual power plant i during period t-1; The indoor temperature after providing backup for the central air conditioner in virtual power plant i during period t;
b)柔性负荷的电能和备用约束：b) Electric energy and reserve constraints of flexible loads:
式中：和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i柔性负荷调节后最小负荷和最大负荷；Where: and They are the minimum load and maximum load after flexible load adjustment of virtual power plant i in period t respectively;
c)燃料电池的电能、备用和碳排放约束：c) Fuel cell power, backup and carbon emission constraints:
式中，Pi max为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的最大发电功率；和分别为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池可提供的最小备用容量和最大备用容量；为t时段s场景下虚拟电厂i内燃料电池提供的备用容量；为为t-1时段虚拟电厂i内燃料电池的发电功率；ri u和ri d为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池在相邻时段的向上调节量和向下调节量；υi为虚拟电厂i内燃料电池单位出力的碳排放强度；Where, Pimax is the maximum power generation of the fuel cell in virtual power plant i; and are the minimum and maximum backup capacities that the fuel cell in virtual power plant i can provide, respectively; The backup capacity provided by the fuel cell in virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t; is the power generation of the fuel cell in the virtual power plant i in period t-1; riu and rid are the upward and downward adjustment amounts of the fuel cell in the virtual power plant i in adjacent periods; υi is the carbon emission intensity per unit output of the fuel cell in the virtual power plant i;
d)储能的电能和备用约束：d) Energy storage and reserve constraints:
式中，Pi c,max和Pi d,max分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的最大充电功率和最大放电功率；和分别为t时段虚拟电厂i内备用容量的充、放电量；Si,t-1为t-1时段虚拟电厂i内储能的储电量；Si,t为t时段虚拟电厂i内储能的储电量；和分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的最小储电量和最大储电量；和分别为虚拟电厂i内储能的充电效率和放电效率；Where, Pi c,max and Pi d,max are the maximum charging power and maximum discharging power of energy storage in virtual power plant i, respectively; and are the charge and discharge amounts of the reserve capacity in the virtual power plant i during period t, respectively; S i,t-1 is the amount of energy storage in the virtual power plant i during period t-1; S i,t is the amount of energy storage in the virtual power plant i during period t; and are the minimum and maximum storage capacities of energy storage in virtual power plant i respectively; and are the charging efficiency and discharging efficiency of energy storage in virtual power plant i respectively;
(205)建立虚拟电厂分布式交易约束：(205) Establishing distributed transaction constraints for virtual power plants:
式中：Pi,t＜0、Ei,t＜0、Ri,t＜0分别表示t时段虚拟电厂i向其他虚拟电厂出售电能、碳排放量和备用容量，Pi,t＞0、Ei,t＞0、Ri,t＞0分别表示t时段虚拟电厂i向其他虚拟电厂购买电能、碳排放量和备用容量，Pi,t＝0、Ei,t＝0、Ri,t＝0分别表示t时段虚拟电厂i不进行分布式交易。In the formula: Pi ,t ＜0, Ei ,t ＜0, Ri ,t ＜0 respectively indicate that virtual power plant i sells electricity, carbon emissions and spare capacity to other virtual power plants in period t; Pi ,t ＞0, Ei ,t ＞0, Ri ,t ＞0 respectively indicate that virtual power plant i purchases electricity, carbon emissions and spare capacity from other virtual power plants in period t; Pi ,t ＝0, Ei,t ＝0, Ri,t ＝0 respectively indicate that virtual power plant i does not conduct distributed transactions in period t.
进一步的，在步骤(4)中，在步骤(3)的基础上，计算虚拟电厂的风险损失成本，表示如下：Furthermore, in step (4), based on step (3), the risk loss cost of the virtual power plant is calculated, which is expressed as follows:
式中，为t时段虚拟电厂风险成本；为t时段发电量补偿价格；ω为风险系数；ω＞1，为t时段虚拟电厂电能购买价格；ns为光伏场景数；Pt risk为t时段虚拟电厂总失负荷量；为t时段虚拟电厂i在场景s下的可再生能源的实际出力；为t时段虚拟电厂i在场景s下的失负荷量。In the formula, is the risk cost of the virtual power plant during period t; is the compensation price for power generation in period t; ω is the risk coefficient; ω＞1, is the purchase price of electricity from the virtual power plant during period t; n s is the number of photovoltaic scenarios; P t risk is the total load loss of the virtual power plant during period t; is the actual output of renewable energy of virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t; is the load loss of virtual power plant i in scenario s during period t.
进一步的，步骤(5)的具体过程如下：Furthermore, the specific process of step (5) is as follows:
(501)建立基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型：(501) Establish a virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining:
其中：in:
式中，为虚拟电厂i交易成本；为虚拟电厂i新增其他虚拟电厂为交易对象的分布式交易成本；为虚拟电厂i获得的分布式交易收益；θi为虚拟电厂i的竞争力系数；为虚拟电厂i分布式交易增加的网络传输成本；为虚拟电厂i的网络传输成本；为虚拟电厂i的新增其他虚拟电厂为交易对象的分布式交易的网络传输成本；In the formula, is the transaction cost of virtual power plant i; Add distributed transaction costs for virtual power plant i to add other virtual power plants as transaction objects; is the distributed transaction income obtained by virtual power plant i; θ i is the competitiveness coefficient of virtual power plant i; Increased network transmission costs for distributed transactions of virtual power plants; is the network transmission cost of virtual power plant i; The network transmission cost of distributed transactions where virtual power plant i adds other virtual power plants as trading objects;
(502)采用取对数和负数的方法对基于广义纳什议价的虚拟电厂收益分配模型目标函数进行转化得到：(502) The objective function of the virtual power plant revenue distribution model based on generalized Nash bargaining is transformed by taking logarithms and negative numbers to obtain:
式中，δi为虚拟电厂i参与分布式交易后节约的成本；In the formula, δ i is the cost saved after virtual power plant i participates in distributed trading;
(502)采用拉格朗日乘子法对(44)进行求解，得到对应拉格朗日方程：(502) The Lagrange multiplier method is used to solve (44) and the corresponding Lagrange equation is obtained:
式中，λ为对偶变量；In the formula, λ is the dual variable;
(503)对(45)求一阶偏导，得到：(503) Taking the first-order partial derivative of (45), we obtain:
(504)将和代入(46)，得到：(504) and Substituting into (46), we obtain:
(505)获得虚拟电厂分布式调度的收益分配成本：(505) Obtain the benefit allocation cost of distributed dispatch of virtual power plant:
以接入IEEE33节点系统的三个虚拟电厂作为实施例，其中，虚拟电厂1内分布式资源包含可再生能源、储能、中央空调、柔性负荷和燃料电池，虚拟电厂2和3内分布式资源包含可再生能源、储能、中央空调和柔性负荷。IEEE33节点系统如图2所示，三个虚拟电厂分别接入节点4、19、32。Take three virtual power plants connected to the IEEE33 node system as an example, where the distributed resources in virtual power plant 1 include renewable energy, energy storage, central air conditioning, flexible loads and fuel cells, and the distributed resources in virtual power plants 2 and 3 include renewable energy, energy storage, central air conditioning and flexible loads. The IEEE33 node system is shown in Figure 2, and the three virtual power plants are connected to nodes 4, 19, and 32 respectively.
为了验证分布式调度对网络损耗成本和虚拟电厂成本的影响，设置6种虚拟电厂交易方案进行对比：In order to verify the impact of distributed scheduling on network loss costs and virtual power plant costs, six virtual power plant transaction schemes are set for comparison:
方案1：考虑网络传输虚拟电厂进行电能交易；Solution 1: Consider network transmission virtual power plants for power trading;
方案2：考虑网络传输虚拟电厂进行电能和备用容量交易；Option 2: Consider network transmission virtual power plants for energy and reserve capacity trading;
方案3：考虑网络传输虚拟电厂进行电能、碳排放量和备用容量交易；Option 3: Consider network transmission virtual power plants to trade electricity, carbon emissions and reserve capacity;
方案4：考虑网络传输虚拟电厂进行电能交易，交易对象增加其他虚拟电厂Solution 4: Consider network transmission virtual power plants for power trading, and add other virtual power plants as trading partners
方案5：考虑网络传输虚拟电厂进行电能和备用容量交易，交易对象增加其他虚拟电厂；Solution 5: Consider network transmission virtual power plants for power and reserve capacity trading, and add other virtual power plants as trading partners;
方案6：考虑网络传输虚拟电厂进行电能、碳排放量和备用容量交易，交易对象增加其他虚拟电厂。Option 6: Consider network transmission virtual power plants to trade electricity, carbon emissions and reserve capacity, and add other virtual power plants as trading partners.
对比结果如表1所示。对比方案1-3和方案4-6，当考虑备用交易和碳交易后，虽然虚拟电厂1的电交易成本增加，但备用交易、碳交易成本和运行成本明显降低，因此虚拟电厂总成本降低。方案1-3中，虚拟电厂网络电能损耗成本增加，这是由于虚拟电厂提高了电能交易量，网络损耗成本随电交易成本的增加而增加。而方案4-6考虑了虚拟电厂之间的分布式交易，网络电能损耗成本由电能交易量和分布式交易量共同决定，三种方案下网络电能损耗成本相近。对比方案1与方案4、方案2与方案5、方案3与方案6可以看出，考虑分布式交易后虚拟电厂交易成本降低，调用虚拟电厂内部分布式资源增加运行成本和网络电能损耗成本，但运行成本和网络电能损耗成本的增加幅度小于交易成本降低的幅度，虚拟电厂总成本明显降低。综上，考虑多品种资源和分布式调度能降低虚拟电厂总成本。The comparison results are shown in Table 1. Comparing Schemes 1-3 and 4-6, when considering reserve trading and carbon trading, although the electricity trading cost of virtual power plant 1 increases, the reserve trading, carbon trading costs and operating costs are significantly reduced, so the total cost of the virtual power plant is reduced. In Schemes 1-3, the network power loss cost of the virtual power plant increases. This is because the virtual power plant increases the amount of electricity trading, and the network loss cost increases with the increase in electricity trading costs. While Schemes 4-6 consider distributed trading between virtual power plants, the network power loss cost is determined by the amount of electricity trading and the amount of distributed trading. The network power loss costs are similar under the three schemes. Comparing Schemes 1 and 4, Schemes 2 and 5, and Schemes 3 and 6, it can be seen that the transaction cost of the virtual power plant is reduced after considering distributed trading, and the call of distributed resources inside the virtual power plant increases the operating cost and network power loss cost, but the increase in operating cost and network power loss cost is less than the reduction in transaction cost, and the total cost of the virtual power plant is significantly reduced. In summary, considering multi-variety resources and distributed scheduling can reduce the total cost of virtual power plants.
表1虚拟电厂成本Table 1 Virtual power plant costs
为说明考虑运行风险对虚拟电厂的影响，虚拟电厂目标成本、风险成本和考虑风险下的成本变化情况如图3所示。虚拟电厂目标成本随着目标系数的增大呈线性减小，风险成本的增速随着目标系数的增大呈先慢后快的趋势，考虑风险下的成本随着目标系数的增大先逐渐减小再缓慢增加。当目标函数超过一定值时，目标成本的减小不足以弥补可再生能源波动风险带来的损失，考虑风险下的成本会逐渐增加。这说明本发明中虚拟电厂可以根据自身对成本的预期设定偏差比例，减少风险下的交易成本。To illustrate the impact of considering operational risks on virtual power plants, the target cost, risk cost and cost changes of virtual power plants under risk are shown in Figure 3. The target cost of the virtual power plant decreases linearly with the increase of the target coefficient, and the growth rate of the risk cost shows a trend of first slow and then fast with the increase of the target coefficient. The cost under risk first gradually decreases and then slowly increases with the increase of the target coefficient. When the objective function exceeds a certain value, the reduction in target cost is not enough to compensate for the losses caused by the risk of renewable energy fluctuations, and the cost under risk will gradually increase. This shows that the virtual power plant in the present invention can set the deviation ratio according to its own expectations of costs to reduce transaction costs under risks.
实施例仅为说明本发明的技术思想，不能以此限定本发明的保护范围，凡是按照本发明提出的技术思想，在技术方案基础上所做的任何改动，均落入本发明保护范围之内。The embodiments are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention and cannot be used to limit the protection scope of the present invention. Any changes made on the basis of the technical solution in accordance with the technical idea proposed by the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
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