CN117169168A - Integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fine core optical fiber vernier effect - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of optical fiber sensors, and provides an integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on a fine core optical fiber regulating vernier effect. The optical fiber splicing device mainly comprises a first single mode optical fiber, a first multimode optical fiber, a hollow optical fiber, a fine core optical fiber, a second multimode optical fiber and a second single mode optical fiber which are sequentially spliced; one beam of light input into the first single-mode optical fiber is transmitted to the first multimode optical fiber to obtain separated light, and when the separated light is transmitted to the hollow optical fiber which is transversely staggered, three beams of parallel light are obtained; the first beam of parallel light is transmitted along the cladding of the hollow optical fiber and the cladding of the fine core optical fiber, the second beam of parallel light is transmitted along the solution to be detected in the dislocation cavity, and the third beam of parallel light is transmitted along the air hole of the hollow optical fiber and the fiber core of the fine core optical fiber; the three parallel light beams are transmitted into the second multimode optical fiber to be coupled and transmitted into the second single mode optical fiber. The RI sensitivity of the sensor of the invention is as high as-9,3733 nm/RIU, and the sensor has the advantages of simple preparation, high integration level and high mechanical strength.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber sensors, in particular to an integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on a fine core optical fiber regulating vernier effect.
Background
In recent years, optical vernier effects similar to vernier calipers have become a research hotspot due to the outstanding sensitization capability. Fiber-optic vernier sensors are typically formed by a series or parallel combination of two interferometers or resonators of similar Free Spectral Range (FSR), the output spectrum of which is a vernier spectrum having a periodic envelope. By demodulating the envelope response, the sensitivity of the sensor is amplified. Currently, by connecting two FSR-like fiber interferometers in series or in parallel, some highly sensitive split-cursor sensors can be designed and prepared, and a series of related researches have been conducted on integrated cursor sensors in which two FSR-like fiber interferometers are closely connected. However, in view of the integration level and sensitivity of the device, the vernier effect-based high-sensitivity optical fiber sensing technology still has some limitations. The document 1:Hu J,Smietana M,Wang T,et al.Dual Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based on Side-Hole Fiber for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing [ J ]. IEEE Photonics Journal,2019,11 (6): 1-13 discloses a dual MZIs high sensitivity RI sensing method based on dual side hole optical fibers, which proposes an integrated vernier sensor formed by closely coupling two similar FSR Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with a Refractive Index (RI) sensitivity of 4,4000nm/RIU. The vernier effect is obtained by regulating and controlling the fiber core of the double-side hole optical fiber and the propagation of light beams in two air holes by means of femtosecond laser micromachining and microfluid filling technology. Document 2: li J W, zhang M, wan M G, et al Ultrasensitive refractive index sensor based on enhanced Vernier effect through cascaded fiber core-offset packages [ J ]. Optics Express,2020,28 (3): 4145-4155 discloses a high sensitivity RI sensing method based on enhanced vernier effect by cascading a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and a MZI to design a high sensitivity split vernier sensing structure with RI sensitivity of-8,7261 nm/RIU. The above-mentioned prior art scheme for obtaining an integrated vernier sensor by a femtosecond laser micromachining technology and a microfluidic filling technology has the following problems: firstly, the processing operations such as side polishing and punching of the optical fiber by using the femtosecond laser micromachining technology are complex, and require professional operators and high instruments and equipment. The microfluidics are then filled inside the microstructured optical fiber, involving complex intra-fiber microfluidic filling techniques. In addition, when the micro-fluid is filled into the optical fiber and then is subjected to electric discharge welding, volatilization of the fluid is inevitably caused, and accurate and effective filling of the fluid in the optical fiber is difficult to achieve.
The method of cascading FPI and MZI described in document 2 to obtain enhanced vernier effect has the advantages of higher RI sensitivity and simple preparation. However, a separate device consisting of two interferometers in series does not facilitate the integration and single point measurement of the sensing probe.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to newly design and prepare an integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on a fine core optical fiber regulating vernier effect by means of the sensitization principle of the optical vernier effect, and the integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor has high sensitivity.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on a fine core optical fiber regulating vernier effect is mainly formed by sequentially welding a first single mode optical fiber 1, a first multimode optical fiber 2, a hollow optical fiber 3, a fine core optical fiber 4, a second multimode optical fiber 5 and a second single mode optical fiber 6; one beam of light input into the first single-mode optical fiber 1 is transmitted to the first multimode optical fiber 2 to obtain separated light, and when the separated light is transmitted to the hollow optical fiber 3 which is transversely staggered, three beams of parallel light are obtained; the first beam of parallel light 8 is transmitted along the cladding of the hollow optical fiber 3 and the cladding of the fine core optical fiber 4, the second beam of parallel light 7 is transmitted along the solution to be detected in the dislocation cavity, and the third beam of parallel light 9 is transmitted along the air hole of the hollow optical fiber 3 and the fiber core of the fine core optical fiber 4; the three parallel beams are transmitted into the second multimode optical fiber 5 for coupling and transmitted to the second single mode optical fiber 6.
The hollow optical fiber 3 and the fine core optical fiber 4 are aligned and welded. The welding parameters of the alignment welding are 830ms of discharge time and 42 of discharge intensity.
The first multimode optical fiber 2, the hollow optical fiber 3, the fine core optical fiber 4 and the second multimode optical fiber 5 are in dislocation fusion, and the dislocation amount is 40-50 mu m. The welding parameters of the dislocation welding are 850ms of discharge time and 60 of discharge intensity.
The first beam is flatIntensity of row light is I 1 The intensity of the second beam of parallel light is I 2 The intensity of the third beam of parallel light is I 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The first beam of parallel light 8 and the second beam of parallel light 7 interfere with each other to form a sensing MZI10, and the output light intensity of the sensing MZI10 is I MZI1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The third beam of parallel light 9 and the first beam of parallel light 8 interfere with each other to form a reference MZI11 with an output intensity I MZI2 ；
Wherein,representing the accumulated phase difference after the light paths of the first beam 8 and the second beam 7 are transmitted;representing the accumulated phase difference after the third beam 9 and the first beam 8 propagate along the optical path; />And->The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein λ represents the wavelength of incident light, L THCF Representing the length L of the hollow fiber 3 TCF Representing the length of the fine core optical fiber 4; n is n clad RI, n representing cladding of hollow fiber 3 s RI, n representing the solution to be tested air RI, n representing air core RI representing the core of the fine core fiber 4; when (when)And->The two phase differences meet (2m+1) pi, m is an integer, and an interference valley occurs;
FSR represents the distance between two interference valleys, and the FSR calculation formulas of the sensing MZI and the reference MZI are:
n clad ，n s ，n air and n core Are all known, and n clad And n core Equal;
therefore, formula (4) is rewritten asThe writing of (6) isFormula (8) is rewritten as->By regulating and controlling L THCF And L TCF So that FSR MZI1 And FSR (FSR) MZI2 Similarly, a vernier effect is constituted.
The output spectral resonance wavelengths of the sensing MZI and the reference MZI at this time are:
FSR represents the distance between two interference valleys, and the FSR calculation formulas of the sensing MZI and the reference MZI are:
n clad ，n s and n air Are known, by adjusting L THCF So that FSR MZI1 And FSR (FSR) MZI2 Similarly, a vernier effect is constituted.
The lengths of the first multimode optical fiber 2 and the second multimode optical fiber 5 are 800-1200 mu m; the length of the hollow optical fiber 3 ranges from 180 μm to 200 μm; the length of the fine core optical fiber 4 is in the range of 670-710 μm.
Further, the hollow optical fiber 3 has a length of 188 μm; the length of the fine core optical fiber 4 is 687 μm.
The core diameters of the first multimode optical fiber 2 and the second multimode optical fiber 5 are 105 mu m, and the cladding diameters of the first multimode optical fiber 2 and the second multimode optical fiber 5 are 125 mu m; the cladding diameters of the hollow optical fiber 3 and the fine core optical fiber 4 are the same and are 80 mu m; the air hole diameter of the hollow optical fiber 3 is 40 μm; the core diameter of the fine core optical fiber 4 was 7. Mu.m.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the vernier effect regulated by the fine core optical fiber has RI sensitivity as high as-9,3733 nm/RIU, and has the advantages of simple preparation, high integration level and high mechanical strength.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fine core fiber vernier effect;
FIG. 2 is a microscopic electron microscope image of the prepared integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor probe;
FIG. 3 shows RI test results of an integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor according to the present invention. FIG. 3 (a) is an initial spectrum of the cursor structure in water; FIG. 3 (b) is an upper envelope of the extracted RI-down cursor spectra; fig. 3 (c) is a sensitivity fit obtained by demodulating the upper envelope.
In the figure: 1-a first single mode optical fiber; 2-a first multimode optical fiber; 3-hollow fiber; 4-fine core optical fiber; 5-a second multimode optical fiber; 6-a second single mode optical fiber; 7-a second beam of parallel light; 8-a first beam of parallel light; 9-a third beam of parallel light; 10-sensing MZI; 11-reference MZI.
Detailed Description
MZI based on dual beam interferometry possess RI sensitivities up to 1,0000nm/RIU thanks to the direct contact effect of the beam with the environment to be measured. Thus, if two such interferometers are closely combined to constitute an integrated vernier sensor, ultra-high sensitivity can be achieved. However, there are two key difficulties to achieve this. First, how to excite two MZIs in the same sensing region; second, how to approximate the FSR of the two MZIs. Based on this, we propose an ultra-high sensitive RI sensing method based on vernier effect consisting of two FSR approximated integrated parallel mzs.
The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor is obtained by sequentially welding a first single-mode optical fiber 1, a first multimode optical fiber 2, a hollow-core optical fiber 3, a fine-core optical fiber 4, a second multimode optical fiber 5 and a second single-mode optical fiber 6. Wherein, the two multimode optical fibers are respectively used for separating and coupling light beams; the hollow optical fiber 3 is used for regulating and exciting three parallel light beams, so that a foundation is laid for obtaining two integrated parallel Mach-Zehnder interferometers; the fine core optical fiber 4 is additionally arranged for regulating and controlling optical field propagation paths of the two parallel Mach-Zehnder interferometers, so that the problem that the free spectral ranges of the two integrated parallel Mach-Zehnder interferometers are large in difference in a liquid environment (or the free spectral ranges of the two integrated parallel Mach-Zehnder interferometers are approximate) is solved.
The multimode optical fibers at two ends of the integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor have the length of 1000 μm, the hollow optical fiber has the length of 188 μm and the fine core optical fiber has the length of 687 μm.
The multimode optical fiber and the hollow optical fiber 3 are in dislocation fusion, the dislocation amount is 45 mu m, and the fusion parameters are the discharge time of 850ms and the discharge intensity of 60. The hollow optical fiber 3 and the fine core optical fiber 4 are in alignment welding, and the welding parameters are discharge time 830ms and discharge intensity 42. The fine core optical fiber 4 and the multimode optical fiber are fusion-spliced in a dislocation manner, and the dislocation amount is 45 mu m.
Example 1: integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fine core optical fiber TCF (transition temperature control) vernier effect
Fig. 1 shows the proposed integrated optical fiber refractive index sensing structure based on TCF-mediated vernier effect. In fig. 1, a beam of light input to the first single mode fiber SMF1 is split into three parallel beams when transmitted from the first multimode fiber MMF2 to the laterally displaced hollow fiber THCF 3. One beam of parallel light is transmitted along the solution to be detected in the dislocation cavity, one beam of parallel light is transmitted along the cladding of the hollow optical fiber THCF3 and the cladding of the fine core optical fiber 4, one beam of parallel light is transmitted along the air hole of the hollow optical fiber THCF3 and the fiber core of the fine core optical fiber, and the intensities of the three beams of light are respectively I 2 ，I 1 And I 3 . Here, the dislocation cavity refers to an air cavity between the first multimode optical fiber MMF2 and the second multimode optical fiber MMF5 from which the hollow optical fiber THCF3 and the fine core optical fiber TCF4 are partially removed. In the liquid RI test, the dislocation cavity is filled with a solution to be tested. When the three parallel beams are coupled into and out of the second multimode optical fiber MMF5 and out of the second single mode optical fiber SMF6, they will interfere with each other. The first beam of parallel light 8 and the second beam of parallel light 7 interfere with each other to form a sensing MZI10, and the output light intensity of the sensing MZI10 is I MZI1 . The third beam of parallel light 9 and the first beam of parallel light 8 interfere with each other to form a reference MZI11 with an output intensity I MZI2 。
Here the number of the elements is the number,representing the cumulative phase difference of the first beam 8 and the second beam 7 after propagating along the optical path shown in fig. 1. />Representing the cumulative phase difference of the third beam 9 and the first beam 8 after propagating along the optical path shown in fig. 1. />And->The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
where λ represents the wavelength of incident light, L THCF Representing the length, n, of the hollow fiber THCF3 clad ，n s And n air Respectively represent the RI of the THCF3 cladding of the hollow fiber, the solution to be tested and the air. When two phase differences satisfy (2m+1) pi (m is an integer), an interference valley will occur. Thus, the resonant wavelength of the output spectra of the two MZIs can be expressed as:
FSR represents the distance between two interference valleys. Thus, the FSR calculation formula for these two MZIs can be expressed as:
due to n clad ，n s And n air About 1.45, 1.331 and 1, respectively. Thus, by rationally optimizing L THCF And L TCF Can enable FSR MZI1 And FSR (FSR) MZI2 Similarly, a vernier effect is formed. When the fluid RI in the dislocation cavity changes slightly, the sensing MZI10 moves slightly, and the reference MZI11 remains unchanged. Then, the cursor envelope will be significantly shifted. Thus, by tracking the movement of the envelope, the sensitivity of the sensor is amplified.
The preparation process of the integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the vernier effect regulated by the fine core optical fiber mainly comprises cutting and welding of the optical fiber. An integrated fiber refractive index sensor based on the fine core fiber tuning vernier effect was obtained by fusion splicing a length of THCF3 (air hole diameter/cladding diameter=40/80 μm) and TCF4 (core diameter/cladding diameter=7/80 μm) between the first multimode fiber MMF (core diameter/cladding diameter=105/125 μm) 2 and the second multimode fiber MMF5 with lateral misalignment. Through repeated debugging, the proper parameters of dislocation welding of the hollow fiber THCF3 and the first multimode fiber MMF2 are as follows: the discharge time is 850ms and the discharge intensity is 60. The parameters of fusion welding of the hollow fiber THCF3 and the fine core fiber TCF4 are as follows: discharge time 830ms, discharge intensity 42. The amount of dislocation of the dislocation fusion of the hollow fiber THCF3 and the first multimode fiber MMF2 was 45 μm. Similarly, the amount of misalignment of the fusion splice of the fine core fiber TCF4 and the second multimode fiber MMF5 was 45 μm. THCF3 length is 188 μm and TCF4 length is 687 μm. A micrograph of the finished preparation is shown in figure 2.
The invention realizes the effective regulation and control of the light beam propagation path and the light path only through simple optical fiber dislocation fusion, thereby forming vernier effect. The integrated vernier sensor has the advantages of high integration level (the sensing area is smaller than 1000 mu m), simple preparation, low cost, high mechanical strength and high sensitivity. Theoretical simulations and experiments show that the sensor has an RI sensitivity as high as 9,0000 nm/RIU.
Experimental test method and conditions: the experimental system is built for testing RI sensing characteristics of the prepared vernier sensing probe. The output cursor spectrum of the sensing structure is shown in fig. 3 (a) at RI of 1.3311. The cursor spectrum has a clear upper envelope. Wherein the resonance tilt angle between 1500nm and 1650nm is referred to as tilt angle 1. The upper envelope of the output spectrum is shown in fig. 3 (b) with different RI extraction. As RI increases, the upper envelope appears to move significantly to the left. Sensitivity fitting was performed on the wavelength shift of the tilt angle 1, as shown in fig. 3 (c). The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the vernier effect regulated by the fine core optical fiber has ultrahigh RI sensitivity of-9 and 3733nm/RIU.
Claims (8)
1. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the vernier effect is characterized by comprising a first single mode optical fiber (1), a first multimode optical fiber (2), a hollow optical fiber (3), a fine core optical fiber (4), a second multimode optical fiber (5) and a second single mode optical fiber (6) which are welded in sequence; one beam of light input into the first single-mode optical fiber (1) is transmitted to the first multimode optical fiber (2) to obtain separated light, and when the separated light is transmitted to the hollow optical fiber (3) which is transversely staggered, three beams of parallel light are obtained; the first beam of parallel light (8) is transmitted along the cladding of the hollow optical fiber (3) and the cladding of the fine core optical fiber (4), the second beam of parallel light (7) is transmitted along the solution to be detected in the dislocation cavity, and the third beam of parallel light (9) is transmitted along the air hole of the hollow optical fiber (3) and the fiber core of the fine core optical fiber (4); the three parallel light beams are transmitted into a second multimode optical fiber (5) to generate coupling interference and are transmitted to a second single mode optical fiber (6).
2. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the fine core optical fiber vernier effect according to claim 1, wherein the hollow optical fiber (3) and the fine core optical fiber (4) are aligned and welded.
3. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the fine core optical fiber vernier effect according to claim 2, wherein the welding parameters of the alignment welding are a discharge time of 830ms and a discharge intensity of 42.
4. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the fine core optical fiber vernier effect according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first multimode optical fiber (2), the hollow optical fiber (3) and the fine core optical fiber (4) and the second multimode optical fiber (5) are all in dislocation fusion, and the dislocation amount is 40-50 μm.
5. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the fine core optical fiber vernier effect according to claim 4, wherein the welding parameters of the dislocation welding are a discharge time of 850ms and a discharge intensity of 60.
6. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fine core fiber optic vernier effect of claim 5, wherein the first beam of parallel light has a intensity of I 1 The intensity of the second beam of parallel light is I 2 The intensity of the third beam of parallel light is I 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The first beam of parallel light (8) and the second beam of parallel light (7) interfere with each other to form a sensing MZI (10) with the output light intensity I MZI1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The third beam of parallel light (9) and the first beam of parallel light (8) interfere with each other to form a reference MZI (11) with an output intensity I MZI2 ；
Wherein,representing the accumulated phase difference after the light paths of the first beam parallel light (8) and the second beam parallel light (7) are transmitted;representing the accumulated phase difference after the light paths of the third beam of parallel light (9) and the first beam of parallel light (8) are transmitted; />And->The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
wherein λ represents the wavelength of incident light, L THCF Represents the length of the hollow fiber (3), L TCF Represents the length of the fine core optical fiber (4); n is n clad RI, n representing the cladding of hollow-core fiber (3) and the cladding of fine-core fiber (4) s RI, n representing the solution to be tested air RI representing air; when (when)And->The two phase differences meet (2m+1) pi, m is an integer, and an interference valley occurs;
the output spectral resonance wavelengths of the sensing MZI and the reference MZI at this time are:
FSR represents the distance between two interference valleys, and the FSR calculation formulas of the sensing MZI and the reference MZI are:
n clad ，n s and n air Are known; by regulating and controlling L THCF And L TCF So that FSR MZI1 And FSR (FSR) MZI2 Meets similar conditions and forms a vernier effect.
7. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fine core optical fiber vernier effect according to claim 6, wherein the length of the first multimode optical fiber (2) and the second multimode optical fiber (5) is 800-1200 μm;
the length of the hollow optical fiber (3) is 180-200 mu m; the length of the fine core optical fiber (4) is 670-710 mu m.
8. The integrated optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fine core optical fiber vernier effect according to claim 7, wherein the core diameter of the first multimode optical fiber (2) and the second multimode optical fiber (5) is 105 μm, and the cladding diameter of both is 125 μm; the cladding diameters of the hollow optical fiber (3) and the fine core optical fiber (4) are the same and are 80 mu m; the air hole diameter of the hollow optical fiber (3) is 40 mu m; the core diameter of the fine core optical fiber (4) is 7 μm.
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| CN117949413B (en) * | 2024-03-21 | 2024-06-07 | 东北大学 | Sensor for detecting cancer cells, temperature and refractive index, and preparation method and application thereof |
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