CN117154743A - Method for reducing construction cost of dynamic voltage restorer in park based on demand response - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for reducing the construction cost of a dynamic voltage restorer in a park based on demand response, which specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of solving a complete voltage compensation principle, a treatment method of process interruption of sensitive equipment, a benefit model of voltage sag treatment, a voltage sag treatment cost model, a dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering demand response and a nested segmentation algorithm model. The invention relates to the technical field of electrical engineering, in particular to a method for reducing the construction cost of a dynamic voltage restorer in a park based on demand response, which utilizes the existing electric power Internet of things facilities to implement demand response on interruptible loads so as to reduce DVR construction cost; on the other hand, the method contributes to the overall planning of the dynamic voltage restorer and the adjustable power resource of the park for the park operators.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electrical engineering, in particular to a method for reducing the construction cost of a dynamic voltage restorer in a park based on demand response.
Background
As the load capacity and new energy duty ratio of the park become higher, the frequency of voltage sag increases. The economic loss caused by sensitive equipment or components such as a motor, a Led lamp driver and the like is more and more serious, and the motor, the Led lamp driver and the like are necessary to be treated. The voltage sag is treated by voltage compensation equipment or uninterruptible power supply to reduce the frequency of voltage sag and secondary hazard thereof.
Voltage sag remediation is a common responsibility of the campus operator and the grid, but in real life, the campus operator is often subjected to greater pressures, which means that most of the abatement strategies at the grid's point of view are not accessible to the campus operator. For example, literature: the optimal configuration research (power grid technology, 2013, 37 (10): 2991-2996) of a plurality of dynamic voltage recoverers in a power distribution network indicates that the dynamic voltage recoverers (dynamic voltage regulator, DVR) can be configured at a park special change wire inlet end to solve the problem; literature: the problem of alleviating voltage sag by economically configuring a static synchronous compensator and a DVR for a power transmission network in comprehensive configuration planning (power system protection and control, 2018, 46 (18): 128-134) of voltage sag management equipment based on full life cycle cost is explored. This does, of course, guarantee the voltage quality of the grid supply outlet, but is not suitable in the case of high duty cycles of the campus new energy, since the power supply on the non-grid side of the campus would affect the overall supply voltage quality. Therefore, more and more parks with higher new energy capacity have to be self-equipped with high-cost DVRs, and how to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency in the control range of park operators becomes a difficult problem. For park operators, it is of interest if sensitive equipment or components can be produced or operated properly, rather than the internal cause of the voltage sag. Thus, a method of stabilizing the process parameters (such as temperature, pressure, flow, light intensity, etc.) of sensitive devices as the important point of DVR configuration is emerging, and the process immunization time (process immunity time, PIT) is a standard for measuring the unified measurement of the process parameters. Literature: voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations-Main contributions and conclusions (International Conference & Exhibition on Electricity distribution. Iet, 2009) and quality classification of power supply for high quality parks based on process immunization times and acceptable outcome status (grid technologies, 2014, 38 (01): 211-216) validated the feasibility of PIT in voltage sag economic loss assessment and power supply management, respectively; literature on economic loss assessment of voltage sag based on electrical characteristics-physical properties-perceived losses (chinese motor engineering journal, 2018, 38 (S1): 105-110) indicates that DVR extension sensitive devices can be used to handle voltage sag at different stages of the PIT. However, the merlot hundreds of thousands of DVRs are expensive to build and continue to be a heavy economic burden for the campus operators.
The conventional DVR construction cost optimization thinking is to minimize the construction cost by reasonably adapting DVR parameters, or to accomplish this by DVR equipment modification. Admittedly, this is a correct and necessary idea, but with more and more intelligent measuring and controlling equipment in the campus, the potential for the reduction of construction costs is not exploited enough. The DVR construction cost can be divided into the sum of unit capacity cost and unit energy storage system cost and the product of the sum and DVR capacity. For park operators, the former can be considered as a fixed term, the latter is positively correlated with the energy that the DVR compensates for when a voltage sag occurs, which in turn is correlated with the voltage sag amplitude and power angle level, which is entirely in operational space. When the moment of voltage sag is detected, the voltage and power angle level of the lifting sensitive equipment are reasonably and temporarily raised based on the interruptible load implementation demand response, so that the energy compensated by the DVR can be reduced, and the construction cost of the DVR is further reduced. This approach is lacking today and, given the increasing popularity of campus demand responses, there is no additional cost to the campus operator.
Disclosure of Invention
As sensitive load capacity and new energy access become higher, campus operators have to self-configure dynamic voltage restorer to cope with the negative impact of voltage sag on sensitive devices or components. However, the few hundred thousand dynamic voltage restorer is expensive to build and prohibitive for the campus operator. In order to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks, the present invention provides a method for reducing the construction cost of a dynamic voltage restorer in a park based on demand response, which on the one hand, uses the existing electric power internet of things facilities to implement demand response on interruptible loads, thereby reducing DVR construction cost, which is a main object of the present invention; on the other hand, a dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering demand response is provided around a process parameter thought of treating voltage sag of sensitive equipment, the compensation capacity of the dynamic voltage restorer is reduced through the demand response, so that the maximum relevant net present value is ensured, and contribution is made to the overall planning of the dynamic voltage restorer and the adjustable power resource of the park for park operators.
The invention provides the following technical scheme: the invention provides a method for reducing the construction cost of a dynamic voltage restorer in a park based on demand response, which solves a dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering the demand response through a nested segmentation algorithm to obtain a planning scheme of the dynamic voltage restorer, and relates to a complete voltage compensation principle, a treatment method of process interruption of sensitive equipment, a benefit model of voltage sag treatment, a voltage sag treatment cost model, a dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering the demand response and a nested segmentation algorithm model.
(1) Principle of full voltage compensation
The dynamic voltage restorer DVR is used as treatment equipment of voltage sag, and the principle is that when the voltage sag is detected, the voltage amplitude and the phase of sensitive equipment or components are compensated through energy exchange with the DVR energy storage system, and the compensation strategies comprise in-phase compensation, complete voltage compensation, minimum energy compensation and mixed compensation;
the scheme adopts a complete voltage compensation strategy, namely, amplitude and phase are compensated to a level before voltage sag occurs through the DVR, and the active power output by the DVR is as shown in formula (1):
wherein: u (U) S And U γ Respectively a sag voltage and a sensitive device voltage;is a load power factor; />Is U (U) S Phase angle, I L Is the load current;
(2) Method for treating process interruption of sensitive equipment
The operation of the sensitive equipment can be regarded as continuous exchange with the outside, self energy and substances, the cost is that the high-quality process parameters are gradually consumed, and finally the sensitive equipment tends to be balanced with the environment when no external force is input; thus, a voltage sag aggravates the process parameters that may be considered to be in the high quality state described above until forced downtime, indicating that the process parameters are related to exogenous factors for the amount of charge removed;
when the operation process of the sensitive device encounters a voltage dip, a process immunization time (process immunity time, PIT) is the time when its process parameters exceed acceptable limits; typically, a sensitive equipment failure is manifested as a process parameter exceeding a threshold, a process interruption with an interruption in the sensitive equipment operation, the campus operator having to bear a corresponding cost;
through adding the DVR, the DVR injects the energy of the energy storage system to improve the residual voltage during the voltage sag, so that the sensitive equipment passes through the voltage sag for a short time, thereby achieving the purpose of treatment;
(3) Revenue model for voltage sag management
Park configuration DVRs can avoid the interruption of the operation process of sensitive equipment to a certain extent, but still can generate losses due to voltage fluctuation, such as production defective products, and the losses are positively related to the deviation degree of process parameters;
the loss reduced before and after DVR construction is regarded as income B 1 ：
B 1 ＝C bef -C aft (2)
Wherein: c (C) bef And C aft The economic annual loss of the sensitive equipment operation interruption caused by voltage sag before and after DVR construction respectively;
1) Annual economic loss before DVR construction
C bef ＝P vs N vs C vs,per (3)
Wherein: p (P) vs The probability of interruption of the operation of sensitive equipment caused by voltage sag; n (N) vs The number of voltage dips that occur for an year; c (C) vs,per Average loss for a single occurrence of voltage dip; the related parameters can be obtained through historical voltage monitoring data;
2) Annual economic loss after DVR construction
Wherein:the equivalent probability of the loss of the single sensitive equipment in the non-operation interruption to the maximum non-operation interruption loss is given; />Maximum loss value for non-operation interruption of single sensitive equipment can be investigated by investigationObtaining by a method;
the loss of non-operational interruption of the sensitive device is positively correlated to the square of the deviation of the process parameter:
wherein: omega is a fault zone of tolerance characteristics of sensitive equipment; θ is the severity of single non-operational interruption loss; p is p v (V) and p T (T) probability densities of duration and amplitude of the voltage sag, respectively, are obtained by fitting historical voltage data;
(4) Voltage sag management cost model
Under the thought of relying on the demand response of interruptible load as the reduction of DVR construction cost, the voltage sag management cost comprises DVR construction cost and demand response cost:
C sum ＝C dvr -C dr (6)
wherein: c (C) dvr And C dr DVR construction cost and demand response cost respectively;
1) DVR construction cost
The energy-storage DVR is adopted to carry out complete voltage compensation, the construction cost comprises the capacity cost and the energy-storage system cost, and the operation and maintenance cost C op Set to 5% of the construction cost:
wherein: c (C) sun And C eun The cost of the capacity of the DVR and the cost of the energy storage system, respectively, both of which are related to the voltage class; delta T Ⅰ The support time of the energy storage system;the compensation capacity for DVR;
compensation capacity of DVR based on full voltage compensation strategyThe method comprises the following steps:
wherein: n (N) 1 Accessing a node set of a campus line topology for the DVR;and->The active power and the active angle which are respectively injected by the ith DVR are as shown in the formula (1);
to simplify the programming problem of DVR, the average sag voltage can be obtained according to the historical voltage dataAnd average dip power angle->Regarding this as a known quantity, formula (1) can be rewritten as:
wherein:the compensation power of the jth sensitive device is born for the ith DVR; n (N) 2 Accessing a node set of a park line topology for the sensitive equipment; />And->Active power, voltage and power angle of the jth sensitive device respectively;
in combination with formulas (7) - (9), it can be seen that when the sensitive device is normalIn the course of operation of the device,and->Tends to be rated, so can be achieved by adding +.>And->To make->Become smaller, thereby making->The construction cost of DVR is reduced and reduced; thus, when it is detected that a voltage dip has occurred, the +.>So that the dip voltage and dip power angle at this time are greater than history + ->And->The theoretical basis is provided for reducing the construction cost of the DVR;
2) Demand response cost
The park operator obtains direct control right of the interruptible load in a signing manner, and when the voltage sag is detected, the voltage adjustment of the access node of the sensitive equipment is realized by shutting down or adjusting the working condition of the interruptible load;
wherein: n (N) 3 A node set which can interrupt load access for a park;and->Cut-off power and compensation price of interruptible load of the kth node respectively;
(5) Dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering demand response
DVR compensation capacity is often scaled to sensitive device capacity, meaning that there is no concern about campus power network topology and only DVR compensation time needs to be planned; the longer the compensation time is, the better the process parameter effect of the stable sensitive equipment is, but the higher the construction cost is; under the idea of reducing DVR construction costs through demand response, the power network topology must be considered, and DVR compensation capacity is a decision-making quantity that is related to voltage and power angle at sensitive devices; for this reason, the optimization configuration model should consider process parameter related constraints, demand response constraints, campus network constraints, etc.;
1) Objective function
The planning target of the DVR is constructed by a net present value method, the design target function is the maximum investment net present value, and the minimum recovery period can be ensured while the voltage quality is considered;
wherein: n (N) Y The project cycle year;
2) Process parameter related constraints
By extending the duration of the first phase of fig. 2, it is ensured that the sensitive device can traverse the voltage dip in a short time as follows:
wherein:and->Respectively the original process immunization time and the restarting time of the jth sensitive equipment; />An upper compensation time limit for the ith DVR;
3) Demand response constraints
The method mainly comprises upper and lower bound constraint of interruptible load and 0-1 integer constraint;
wherein:and->The upper and lower limit of the kth interruptible load are respectively set; />A variable of 0-1, 1 representing call, 0 representing no call;
4) Park network constraints
The park is a radial power utilization network, new energy, park incoming lines, sensitive equipment and the like are connected to power utilization network nodes, each node comprises equality constraints (balance constraints and tide constraints) and upper and lower voltage limit constraints, for a sensitive load access node, the upper voltage limit of the voltage constraint is the upper voltage range limit allowed by the sensitive equipment in normal operation, the lower voltage limit of the voltage constraint is the sum of the lower voltage range allowed by the sensitive equipment in normal operation and the voltage raised by the demand response, and therefore the energy of the DVR for overcoming voltage sag can be reduced; in addition, the sensitive equipment access node further comprises a power angle constraint, wherein the power angle constraint is set in principle as a voltage constraint, the formula (15) is a power balance constraint, the formula (16) is a power flow constraint of the network, the formula (17) and the formula (18) are node voltage constraints, and the formula (19) is a power angle constraint of the sensitive load access node;
wherein: n (N) 4 And N 5 Respectively accessing a power grid node set for a park and all load nodes set for the park;active power injected into the power grid node is accessed to the nth park; />Average power for the mth load node;
wherein: p (P) x And Q x Active and reactive power for node x; u (U) x The voltage at node x; g xy 、B xy And theta xy The conductance, susceptance and power angle between the node x and the node y are respectively;
wherein: u (U) L,max And U L,min The upper and lower voltage limits of the access nodes of the mth non-sensitive device are respectively set;
wherein:the upper voltage limit of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the upper voltage limit allowed by the sensitive device in normal operation; />The lower voltage limit of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the lower voltage limit of the voltage range allowed by the sensitive device in normal operation>Voltage elevated in response to demand +.>And (3) summing;
wherein:the upper limit of the power angle of the access node of the jth sensitive equipment is equal to the upper limit of the allowed power angle when the sensitive equipment operates normally; />The lower limit of the power angle of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the lower limit of the allowed power angle range when the sensitive device operates normally +.>Work angle with elevation in response to demand +.>And (3) summing;
(6) Nested segmentation algorithm model solution
The dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering the demand response is a mixed integer nonlinear non-male model and can be solved by a nested segmentation algorithm, and the reason is that the nested segmentation algorithm has the characteristic of global convergence, so that the DVR construction cost is prevented from being influenced due to the fact that the nested segmentation algorithm falls into a local optimal solution.
The beneficial effects obtained by the invention by adopting the structure are as follows: according to the method for reducing the construction cost of the dynamic voltage restorer in the park based on the demand response, by using the dynamic voltage restorer optimizing configuration model considering the demand response, the DVR compensation capacity can be reduced by using the demand response, and therefore the high construction cost of the DVR is reduced. The specific advantages of this solution can be summarized as:
1) The implementation of the demand response can reduce the capacity cost of the DVR and the cost of the energy storage system, but the economic improvement rate is not high, and the cost saved in a medium-large park is considerable;
2) The voltage sag treatment strategy oriented to the operation process parameters of the sensitive equipment can slow down the negative influence caused by the voltage sag;
3) In reality, compared with the power grid, park operators bear challenges caused by more voltage sags, and in the background of gradually large-scale application of demand response, a method for improving the passive position of the park operators is not lost through internal demand response.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate the invention and together with the embodiments of the invention, serve to explain the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a full voltage compensation vector diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the process immunization time according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a dynamic voltage restorer of the present invention managing voltage sags;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a nested segmentation algorithm solution of the present invention;
figure 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary campus topology of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is evident that the embodiments described are only some, but not all embodiments of the invention; all other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
It should be noted that the words "front", "rear", "left", "right", "upper" and "lower" used in the following description refer to directions in the drawings, and the words "inner" and "outer" refer to directions toward or away from, respectively, the geometric center of a particular component.
The invention provides a method for reducing the construction cost of a dynamic voltage restorer in a park based on demand response, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Full voltage compensation
The dynamic voltage restorer (dynamic voltage regulator, DVR) is used as the treatment equipment of the voltage sag, the principle is that when the voltage sag is detected, the voltage amplitude and the phase of sensitive equipment or components are compensated by energy exchange with the DVR energy storage system, and the compensation strategies comprise in-phase compensation, complete voltage compensation, minimum energy compensation and mixed compensation;
the key technology of the invention is suitable for a complete voltage compensation strategy, namely amplitude and phase are compensated to a level before voltage sag occurs through DVR, and the principle is as shown in figure 1. In the figure: u (U) S And U γ Respectively a sag voltage and a sensitive device voltage; u (U) PLL Is the voltage phasor before sag; u (U) dvr Is the output voltage of the DVR;and->Respectively U dvr And U S Is a phase angle of (2); />Is a load power factor; i L For loading current. For this purpose, the active power output by the DVR is as shown in formula (1):
wherein: u (U) S And U γ Respectively a sag voltage and a sensitive device voltage;is a load power factor; />Is U (U) S Phase angle, I L Is the load current;
(2) Method for treating process interruption of sensitive equipment
The operation of the sensitive equipment can be regarded as continuous exchange with the outside, self energy and substances, the cost is that the high-quality process parameters are gradually consumed, and finally the sensitive equipment tends to be balanced with the environment when no external force is input; thus, a voltage sag aggravates the process parameters that may be considered to be in the high quality state described above until forced downtime, indicating that the process parameters are related to exogenous factors for the amount of charge removed;
when the operation of the sensitive device encounters a voltage dip, the process immunization time (process immunity time, PIT) is the time during which the process parameters exceed acceptable limits, as shown in fig. 2. In the figure: p is p nom And p lim Respectively a rated value and a threshold value of a process parameter of the sensitive equipment; t is t 0 、t 1 And t 2 The starting time of the voltage sag, the equipment fault time and the process interruption time are respectively defined. Typically, a sensitive equipment failure manifests as a process parameter exceeding a threshold, a sensitive equipment outage, and a process outage, the campus operator having to bear a corresponding cost.
By adding the DVR, the duration of the first stage in the figure 2 can be prolonged, the DVR injects the energy of the energy storage system to increase the residual voltage during the voltage sag, so that the sensitive equipment can traverse the voltage sag for a short time, and the purpose of treatment is achieved, as shown in the figure 3. In the figure: blue line is the voltage after DVR treatment and the change of the process parameters, T sup And T toler Voltage compensation time and sensitive device sag tolerance time, respectively.
(3) Revenue model for voltage sag management
Park configuration DVRs can avoid the interruption of the operation process of sensitive equipment to a certain extent, but still can generate losses due to voltage fluctuation, such as production defective products, and the losses are positively related to the deviation degree of process parameters;
the loss reduced before and after DVR construction is regarded as income B 1 ：
B 1 ＝C bef -C aft (2)
Wherein: c (C) bef And C aft The economic annual loss of the sensitive equipment operation interruption caused by voltage sag before and after DVR construction respectively;
1) Annual economic loss before DVR construction
C bef ＝P vs N vs C vs,per (3)
Wherein: p (P) vs The probability of interruption of the operation of sensitive equipment caused by voltage sag; n (N) vs The number of voltage dips that occur for an year; c (C) vs,per Average loss for a single occurrence of voltage dip; the related parameters can be obtained through historical voltage monitoring data;
2) Annual economic loss after DVR construction
Wherein:the equivalent probability of the loss of the single sensitive equipment in the non-operation interruption to the maximum non-operation interruption loss is given; />The maximum loss value of the non-operation interruption of the single sensitive equipment can be obtained by a survey method;
the loss of non-operational interruption of the sensitive device is positively correlated to the square of the deviation of the process parameter:
wherein: omega is a fault zone of tolerance characteristics of sensitive equipment; θ is the severity of single non-operational interruption loss; p is p v (V) and p T (T) probability densities of duration and amplitude of the voltage sag, respectively, are obtained by fitting historical voltage data;
(4) Voltage sag management cost model
Under the thought of relying on the demand response of interruptible load as the reduction of DVR construction cost, the voltage sag management cost comprises DVR construction cost and demand response cost:
C sum ＝C dvr -C dr (6)
wherein: c (C) dvr And C dr DVR construction cost and demand response cost respectively;
1) DVR construction cost
The energy-storage DVR is adopted to carry out complete voltage compensation, the construction cost comprises the capacity cost and the energy-storage system cost, and the operation and maintenance cost C op Set to 5% of the construction cost:
wherein: c (C) sun And C eun The cost of the capacity of the DVR and the cost of the energy storage system, respectively, both of which are related to the voltage class; delta T Ⅰ The support time of the energy storage system;the compensation capacity for DVR;
compensation capacity of DVR based on full voltage compensation strategyThe method comprises the following steps:
wherein: n (N) 1 Accessing a node set of a campus line topology for the DVR;and->The active power and the active angle which are respectively injected by the ith DVR are as shown in the formula (1);
to simplify the programming problem of DVR, the average sag voltage can be obtained according to the historical voltage dataAnd average dip power angle->Regarding this as a known quantity, formula (1) can be rewritten as:
wherein:the compensation power of the jth sensitive device is born for the ith DVR; n (N) 2 Accessing a node set of a park line topology for the sensitive equipment; />And->Active power, voltage and power angle of the jth sensitive device respectively;
in combination with formulas (7) - (9), it is known that, when the sensitive apparatus is operating normally,and->Tends to be rated, so can be achieved by adding +.>And->To make->Become smaller, thereby making->The construction cost of DVR is reduced and reduced; thus, when it is detected that a voltage dip has occurred, the +.>So that the dip voltage and dip power angle at this time are greater than history + ->And->The theoretical basis is provided for reducing the construction cost of the DVR;
2) Demand response cost
The park operator obtains direct control right of the interruptible load in a signing manner, and when the voltage sag is detected, the voltage adjustment of the access node of the sensitive equipment is realized by shutting down or adjusting the working condition of the interruptible load;
in the middle of：N 3 A node set which can interrupt load access for a park;and->Cut-off power and compensation price of interruptible load of the kth node respectively;
(5) Dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering demand response
DVR compensation capacity is often scaled to sensitive device capacity, meaning that there is no concern about campus power network topology and only DVR compensation time needs to be planned; the longer the compensation time is, the better the process parameter effect of the stable sensitive equipment is, but the higher the construction cost is; under the idea of reducing DVR construction costs through demand response, the power network topology must be considered, and DVR compensation capacity is a decision-making quantity that is related to voltage and power angle at sensitive devices; for this reason, the optimization configuration model should consider process parameter related constraints, demand response constraints, campus network constraints, etc.;
1) Objective function
The planning target of the DVR is constructed by a net present value method, the design target function is the maximum investment net present value, and the minimum recovery period can be ensured while the voltage quality is considered;
wherein: n (N) Y The project cycle year;
2) Process parameter related constraints
By extending the duration of the first phase of fig. 2, it is ensured that the sensitive device can traverse the voltage dip in a short time as follows:
wherein:and->Respectively the original process immunization time and the restarting time of the jth sensitive equipment; />An upper compensation time limit for the ith DVR;
3) Demand response constraints
The method mainly comprises upper and lower bound constraint of interruptible load and 0-1 integer constraint;
wherein:and->The upper and lower limit of the kth interruptible load are respectively set; />A variable of 0-1, 1 representing call, 0 representing no call;
4) Park network constraints
The park is a radial power utilization network, new energy, park incoming lines, sensitive equipment and the like are connected to power utilization network nodes, each node comprises equality constraints (balance constraints and tide constraints) and upper and lower voltage limit constraints, for a sensitive load access node, the upper voltage limit of the voltage constraint is the upper voltage range limit allowed by the sensitive equipment in normal operation, the lower voltage limit of the voltage constraint is the sum of the lower voltage range allowed by the sensitive equipment in normal operation and the voltage raised by the demand response, and therefore the energy of the DVR for overcoming voltage sag can be reduced; in addition, the sensitive equipment access node further comprises a power angle constraint, wherein the power angle constraint is set in principle as a voltage constraint, the formula (15) is a power balance constraint, the formula (16) is a power flow constraint of the network, the formula (17) and the formula (18) are node voltage constraints, and the formula (19) is a power angle constraint of the sensitive load access node;
wherein: n (N) 4 And N 5 Respectively accessing a power grid node set for a park and all load nodes set for the park;active power injected into the power grid node is accessed to the nth park; />Average power for the mth load node;
wherein: p (P) x And Q x Active and reactive power for node x; u (U) x The voltage at node x; g xy 、B xy And theta xy The conductance, susceptance and power angle between the node x and the node y are respectively;
wherein: u (U) L,max And U L,min The upper and lower voltage limits of the access nodes of the mth non-sensitive device are respectively set;
wherein:the upper voltage limit of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the upper voltage limit allowed by the sensitive device in normal operation; />The lower voltage limit of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the lower voltage limit of the voltage range allowed by the sensitive device in normal operation>Voltage elevated in response to demand +.>And (3) summing;
wherein:the upper limit of the power angle of the access node of the jth sensitive equipment is equal to the upper limit of the allowed power angle when the sensitive equipment operates normally; />The lower limit of the power angle of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the lower limit of the allowed power angle range when the sensitive device operates normally +.>Work angle with elevation in response to demand +.>And (3) summing;
(6) Nested segmentation algorithm model solution
The dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering the demand response is a mixed integer nonlinear non-male model and can be solved by a nested segmentation algorithm, the reason is that the nested segmentation algorithm has the characteristic of global convergence, DVR construction cost is prevented from being influenced due to the fact that the nested segmentation algorithm falls into a local optimal solution, and the flow is shown in figure 4.
The specific implementation steps of the scheme are as follows:
step 1: front-end preparation
Based on historical data and sensitive equipment or campus parameter information, the following information is collected:
1) The information about sensitive equipment data statistics such as the probability of the running interruption of the sensitive equipment, the annual dip times, dip losses, the equivalent probability of the loss of the single sensitive equipment when the non-running interruption is on the maximum non-running interruption loss, the maximum loss value of the non-running interruption and the like;
2) The sensitive equipment is connected with information about the cost of the sensitive equipment such as voltage class, unit capacity, unit energy storage system cost, demand response subsidy price capable of interrupting load, upper limit and lower limit of the price;
3) Sensitive equipment self attribute information such as the original process immunity time, restarting time, compensation time upper limit and the like of the sensitive equipment process;
4) Network topology information such as park power consumption network parameters, upper and lower limits of node voltage and phase angle, and normalized capacity of non-sensitive load nodes.
Step 2: construction of optimal configuration model of dynamic voltage compensator
Substituting the information acquired in the last step into the provided dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering the demand response, and compiling codes;
step 3: solving a planning model
The application program interface of the nested segmentation algorithm is called to solve the model in the last step, and the solution is used as the configuration basis of the dynamic voltage restorer, so that the construction cost of the dynamic voltage restorer can be further reduced.
A radial 6-node power grid was used to simulate a campus with new energy access, as shown in figure 5. The park comprises a fan connected with 6 nodes, and the normalized trusted capacity of the fan is 10kW, which can be regarded as a power supply; comprises 3 sensitive devices and 2 conventional loads, wherein each sensitive device is provided with a DVR, and the production process and the parameters related to the DVR are shown in table 1; the average load of the conventional load node 4 and the node 5 is set to be 100kW, the demand response is implemented at the two nodes, the compensation unit price of the demand response is 2 yuan/kW, and the upper limit and the lower limit of the related interruptible load are 100kW and 0kW; the line parameters between the nodes are set with reference to the most common single conductor power line parameters, as shown in table 2; the upper and lower limits of the voltage of the non-sensitive load access node are 420V and 400V, the upper and lower limits of the voltage of the sensitive device access node are 410 and 400, the upper and lower limits of the power angle are 25.84 (i.e. the power factor is 0.85) and 18.20 (i.e. the power factor is 0.95); the project period year is set to 15 years, and the interest rate is 5%; the power grid access and photovoltaic access node 6 maintains a stable 410V voltage and an 18.20 DEG power angle.
TABLE 1 sensitive load basic parameter table
Table 2 garden line parameter table
| Circuit arrangement | Conductance G | Susceptance B |
| 1-2 | 0 | 2.85×10-7 |
| 2-3 | 0 | 2.65×10-7 |
| 3-4 | 0 | 2.75×10-7 |
| 4-5 | 0 | 3×10-7 |
| 5-6 | 0 | 2.9×10-7 |
The dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model which is proposed and takes the demand response into consideration is solved through a nested segmentation algorithm, and the voltages of access nodes of 3 sensitive devices, the support time of an energy storage system, the DVR compensation capacity, the related cost and the like are as shown in the accompanying table 3. As can be seen from the accompanying table 3, the management of the voltage sag of the campus can be realized by respectively configuring the DVRs with the capacities of 198.34kVA, 135.50kVA and 97.25kVA at the node 1, the node 2 and the node 3, and the support time of the three energy storage systems is 3.80s, 3.88s and 3.91 s. Meanwhile, through a demand response mechanism, the voltage of the 3 sensitive equipment nodes can be raised to be more than 409V when voltage sag occurs, the demand response cost for the demand response mechanism is 0.9 ten thousand yuan, and the total cost for constructing the voltage sag management system is 0.9+53.88+56.82=111.6 ten thousand yuan. It is known that the demand response cost is much less than the capacity cost of the DVR and the energy storage system. In the construction cost of DVR, the capacity cost is equivalent to the cost of the energy storage system, but the cost of the energy storage system is slightly more.
Table 3 model solution set considering demand response
| Project | Value of |
| Energy storage support time(s) of DVR1 | 3.80 |
| Energy storage support time(s) of DVR2 | 3.88 |
| Energy storage support time(s) of DVR3 | 3.91 |
| Node 1 voltage (V) | 409.12 |
| Node 2 voltage (V) | 409.65 |
| Node 3 voltage (V) | 409.98 |
| DVR1 Compensation Capacity (kVA) | 198.34 |
| DVR2 Compensation Capacity (kVA) | 135.50 |
| DVR3 Compensation Capacity (kVA) | 97.25 |
| Demand response cost (Wanyuan) | 0.9000 |
| DVR capacity cost/energy storage system cost (ten thousand yuan) | 53.88/56.82 |
The additional table 4 is a DVR configuration case without considering the demand response, i.e. the voltage sag management model does not consider the demand response constraint and the demand response cost, and the solution is also performed by using a nested segmentation algorithm. As can be seen from comparison of tables 4-3, implementing the demand response hardly affects the support time of the energy storage system, and the voltage of the sensitive device without implementing the demand response is lower overall, so that the compensation capacity of the DVR is higher, and the capacity cost and the cost of the energy storage system are higher than those of the voltage sag management model solution considering the demand response, which is 55.18+58.19=113.37 ten thousand yuan.
| Project | Value of |
| Energy storage support time(s) of DVR1 | 3.80 |
| Energy storage support time(s) of DVR2 | 3.88 |
| Energy storage support time(s) of DVR3 | 3.91 |
| Node 1 voltage (V) | 407.22 |
| Node 2 voltage (V) | 407.53 |
| Node 3 voltage (V) | 407.76 |
| DVR1 Compensation Capacity (kVA) | 203.32 |
| DVR2 Compensation Capacity (kVA) | 138.97 |
| DVR3 Compensation Capacity (kVA) | 99.16 |
| DVR capacity cost/energy storage system cost (ten thousand yuan) | 55.18/58.19 |
In summary, the implementation of demand response incurs additional demand response costs, but increases the (113.37-111.6)/113.37=1.56% economy. While this boost rate is not high, demand response within the campus has become increasingly common in industrial and commercial parks, requiring no additional cost or infrastructure, and being fully controllable by the park operator. It should be noted that, this example is 0.63MW scale park, DVR transformation cost only hundreds of thousands yuan, for medium and large scale park voltage sag management investment above 20MW, even if demand response can only promote the economy of 1.56%, total saving cost is also in the face of millions, this also has proved this chapter model to be highly practical.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (1)
1. The method for reducing the construction cost of the dynamic voltage restorer in the park based on the demand response is characterized in that a dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model which takes the demand response into account is solved through a nested segmentation algorithm, so that a planning scheme of the dynamic voltage restorer is obtained, the planning scheme relates to a complete voltage compensation principle, a treatment method of process interruption of sensitive equipment, a benefit model of voltage sag treatment, a voltage sag treatment cost model, a dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model which takes the demand response into account and a nested segmentation algorithm model, and the contents of the parts are specifically:
(1) Principle of full voltage compensation
The dynamic voltage restorer DVR is used as treatment equipment of voltage sag, and the principle is that when the voltage sag is detected, the voltage amplitude and the phase of sensitive equipment or components are compensated through energy exchange with the DVR energy storage system, and the compensation strategies comprise in-phase compensation, complete voltage compensation, minimum energy compensation and mixed compensation;
the scheme adopts a complete voltage compensation strategy, namely, amplitude and phase are compensated to a level before voltage sag occurs through the DVR, and the active power output by the DVR is as shown in formula (1):
wherein: u (U) S And U γ Respectively a sag voltage and a sensitive device voltage;is a load power factor; />Is U (U) S Phase angle, I L Is the load current;
(2) Method for treating process interruption of sensitive equipment
The operation of the sensitive equipment can be regarded as continuous exchange with the outside, self energy and substances, the cost is that the high-quality process parameters are gradually consumed, and finally the sensitive equipment tends to be balanced with the environment when no external force is input; thus, a voltage sag aggravates the process parameters that may be considered to be in the high quality state described above until forced downtime, indicating that the process parameters are related to exogenous factors for the amount of charge removed;
when the operation process of the sensitive device encounters a voltage dip, a process immunization time (process immunity time, PIT) is the time when its process parameters exceed acceptable limits; typically, a sensitive equipment failure is manifested as a process parameter exceeding a threshold, a process interruption with an interruption in the sensitive equipment operation, the campus operator having to bear a corresponding cost;
through adding the DVR, the DVR injects the energy of the energy storage system to improve the residual voltage during the voltage sag, so that the sensitive equipment passes through the voltage sag for a short time, thereby achieving the purpose of treatment;
(3) Revenue model for voltage sag management
Park configuration DVRs can avoid the interruption of the operation process of sensitive equipment to a certain extent, but still can generate losses due to voltage fluctuation, such as production defective products, and the losses are positively related to the deviation degree of process parameters;
the loss reduced before and after DVR construction is regarded as income B 1 ：
B 1 ＝C bef -C aft (2)
Wherein: c (C) bef And C aft The economic annual loss of the sensitive equipment operation interruption caused by voltage sag before and after DVR construction respectively;
1) Annual economic loss before DVR construction
C bef ＝P vs N vs C vs,per (3)
Wherein: p (P) vs The probability of interruption of the operation of sensitive equipment caused by voltage sag; n (N) vs The number of voltage dips that occur for an year; c (C) vs,per Average loss for a single occurrence of voltage dip; the related parameters can be obtained through historical voltage monitoring data;
2) Annual economic loss after DVR construction
Wherein:the equivalent probability of the loss of the single sensitive equipment in the non-operation interruption to the maximum non-operation interruption loss is given;the maximum loss value of the non-operation interruption of the single sensitive equipment can be obtained by a survey method;
the loss of non-operational interruption of the sensitive device is positively correlated to the square of the deviation of the process parameter:
wherein: omega is a fault zone of tolerance characteristics of sensitive equipment; θ is the severity of single non-operational interruption loss; p is p v (V) and p T (T) probability densities of duration and amplitude of the voltage sag, respectively, are obtained by fitting historical voltage data;
(4) Voltage sag management cost model
Under the thought of relying on the demand response of interruptible load as the reduction of DVR construction cost, the voltage sag management cost comprises DVR construction cost and demand response cost:
C sum ＝C dvr -C dr (6)
wherein: c (C) dvr And C dr DVR construction cost and demand response cost respectively;
1) DVR construction cost
The energy-storage DVR is adopted to carry out complete voltage compensation, the construction cost comprises the capacity cost and the energy-storage system cost, and the operation and maintenance cost C op Set to 5% of the construction cost:
wherein: c (C) sun And C eun The cost of the capacity of the DVR and the cost of the energy storage system, respectively, both of which are related to the voltage class; delta T Ⅰ The support time of the energy storage system;the compensation capacity for DVR;
compensation capacity of DVR based on full voltage compensation strategyThe method comprises the following steps:
wherein: n (N) 1 Accessing a node set of a campus line topology for the DVR; p (P) i dvr Andthe active power and the active angle which are respectively injected by the ith DVR are as shown in the formula (1);
to simplify the programming problem of DVR, the average sag voltage can be obtained according to the historical voltage dataAnd average dip power angleRegarding this as a known quantity, formula (1) can be rewritten as:
wherein:the compensation power of the jth sensitive device is born for the ith DVR; n (N) 2 Accessing a node set of a park line topology for the sensitive equipment; />And->Active power, voltage and power angle of the jth sensitive device respectively;
in combination with formulas (7) - (9), it is known that, when the sensitive apparatus is operating normally,and->Tends to be rated, so can be achieved by adding +.>And->To make->To become smaller, thereby making P i dvr The construction cost of DVR is reduced and reduced; thus, when it is detected that a voltage dip has occurred, the +.>The sag voltage and sag power angle at the moment are larger than the historyAnd->The theoretical basis is provided for reducing the construction cost of the DVR;
2) Demand response cost
The park operator obtains direct control right of the interruptible load in a signing manner, and when the voltage sag is detected, the voltage adjustment of the access node of the sensitive equipment is realized by shutting down or adjusting the working condition of the interruptible load;
wherein: n (N) 3 A node set which can interrupt load access for a park;and->Cut-off power and compensation price of interruptible load of the kth node respectively;
(5) Dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering demand response
DVR compensation capacity is often scaled to sensitive device capacity, meaning that there is no concern about campus power network topology and only DVR compensation time needs to be planned; the longer the compensation time is, the better the process parameter effect of the stable sensitive equipment is, but the higher the construction cost is; under the idea of reducing DVR construction costs through demand response, the power network topology must be considered, and DVR compensation capacity is a decision-making quantity that is related to voltage and power angle at sensitive devices; for this reason, the optimization configuration model should consider process parameter related constraints, demand response constraints, campus network constraints, etc.;
1) Objective function
The planning target of the DVR is constructed by a net present value method, the design target function is the maximum investment net present value, and the minimum recovery period can be ensured while the voltage quality is considered;
wherein: n (N) Y The project cycle year;
2) Process parameter related constraints
By extending the duration of the first phase of fig. 2, it is ensured that the sensitive device can traverse the voltage dip in a short time as follows:
0≤ΔT Ⅰ ≤ΔT i max (13)
wherein: t (T) i PIO And T i res Respectively the original process immunization time and the restarting time of the jth sensitive equipment; delta T i max An upper compensation time limit for the ith DVR;
3) Demand response constraints
The method mainly comprises upper and lower bound constraint of interruptible load and 0-1 integer constraint;
wherein:and->The upper and lower limit of the kth interruptible load are respectively set; />A variable of 0-1, 1 representing call, 0 representing no call;
4) Park network constraints
The park is a radial power utilization network, new energy, park incoming lines, sensitive equipment and the like are connected to power utilization network nodes, each node comprises equality constraints (balance constraints and tide constraints) and upper and lower voltage limit constraints, for a sensitive load access node, the upper voltage limit of the voltage constraint is the upper voltage range limit allowed by the sensitive equipment in normal operation, the lower voltage limit of the voltage constraint is the sum of the lower voltage range allowed by the sensitive equipment in normal operation and the voltage raised by the demand response, and therefore the energy of the DVR for overcoming voltage sag can be reduced; in addition, the sensitive equipment access node further comprises a power angle constraint, wherein the power angle constraint is set in principle as a voltage constraint, the formula (15) is a power balance constraint, the formula (16) is a power flow constraint of the network, the formula (17) and the formula (18) are node voltage constraints, and the formula (19) is a power angle constraint of the sensitive load access node;
wherein: n (N) 4 And N 5 Respectively accessing a power grid node set for a park and all load nodes set for the park;active power injected into the power grid node is accessed to the nth park; />Average power for the mth load node;
wherein: p (P) x And Q x Active and reactive power for node x; u (U) x The voltage at node x; g xy 、B xy And theta xy The conductance, susceptance and power angle between the node x and the node y are respectively;
wherein: u (U) L,max And U L,min The upper and lower voltage limits of the access nodes of the mth non-sensitive device are respectively set;
wherein:the upper voltage limit of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the upper voltage limit allowed by the sensitive device in normal operation; />The lower voltage limit of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the lower voltage limit of the voltage range allowed by the sensitive device in normal operation>Voltage elevated in response to demand +.>And (3) summing;
wherein:the upper limit of the power angle of the access node of the jth sensitive equipment is equal to the upper limit of the allowed power angle when the sensitive equipment operates normally; />The lower limit of the power angle of the access node of the jth sensitive device is equal to the lower limit of the allowed power angle range when the sensitive device operates normally +.>Work angle with elevation in response to demand +.>And (3) summing;
(6) Nested segmentation algorithm model solution
The dynamic voltage restorer optimal configuration model considering the demand response is a mixed integer nonlinear non-male model and can be solved by a nested segmentation algorithm, and the reason is that the nested segmentation algorithm has the characteristic of global convergence, so that the DVR construction cost is prevented from being influenced due to the fact that the nested segmentation algorithm falls into a local optimal solution.
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