CN117103679B - High-precision 3D printing device - Google Patents
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- CN117103679B CN117103679B CN202311368248.9A CN202311368248A CN117103679B CN 117103679 B CN117103679 B CN 117103679B CN 202311368248 A CN202311368248 A CN 202311368248A CN 117103679 B CN117103679 B CN 117103679B
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- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 292
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 167
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000011218 segmentation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000764238 Isis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 50
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/205—Means for applying layers
- B29C64/209—Heads; Nozzles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B29C64/393—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printers, and in order to overcome the problems in the prior art, the invention discloses a high-precision 3D printing device, which comprises: a 3D printing cavity, a microprocessor; a three-dimensional displacement system is arranged in the 3D printing cavity, and the three-dimensional displacement system drives the printing head to perform fixed point displacement in a three-dimensional coordinate system under the control of the microprocessor; at least two printing spray heads with different calibers are arranged at the bottom of the printing head, each printing spray head is controlled to be opened and closed by a corresponding control switch, and the control end of the control switch is respectively connected with the microprocessor in a signal manner; the raw material end of each printing spray head is respectively communicated with the powder material supply mechanisms with corresponding particle sizes in a one-to-one correspondence manner; the microprocessor comprises: the modeling analysis module and the printing control module. The invention is based on a reasonable modeling method and adopts the printing spray heads with different calibers to print the target printing area, so that the 3D printing of the components with higher precision can be realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printers, in particular to a high-precision 3D printing device.
Background
Additive manufacturing technology is a manufacturing technology that builds objects by stacking layers of bondable materials on top of each other based on digital model files, and the most common additive manufacturing technology today is the 3D printing technology. When designing a 3D printing member, it is often necessary to first design a member model and analyze performance parameters obtained by a required material to determine that the 3D printing member meets the design requirement and form a corresponding digital model file.
In the existing 3D printing technology, powder materials are generally used as raw materials for 3D printing, the distribution of coarse and fine particles in the powder is one of key factors influencing the performance of a component, and in the prior art, a 3D printing model is generally constructed by adopting an ideal mode that the coarse and fine particles are mutually nested in sequence. However, in the 3D printing process, an ideal distribution model is hardly formed due to the flowability of the powder material, so that there is always a difference between the performance and theoretical performance of the 3D printing member. And 3D printing is carried out according to an ideal model, the obtained member can generate larger fluctuation performance change due to the change of particle size distribution, and a 3D printing technology can be adopted for the member with larger performance application range. However, for precision components, the existing 3D printing technology is difficult to achieve stable control of component performance.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a high-precision 3D printing apparatus, comprising: 3D prints the cavity, microprocessor. The three-dimensional displacement system is arranged in the 3D printing cavity and drives the printing head to perform fixed point displacement in a three-dimensional coordinate system under the control of the microprocessor. The bottom of the printing head is provided with at least two printing spray heads with different calibers, each printing spray head is controlled to be opened and closed by a corresponding control switch, and the control end of the control switch is connected with the microprocessor through signals respectively. The raw material ends of each printing spray head are respectively communicated with the powder material supply mechanisms with corresponding particle sizes in a one-to-one correspondence mode. The microprocessor includes: the modeling analysis module and the printing control module.
The modeling analysis module performs the following steps to construct a digital model:
s1, obtaining particles Xn with different radius ranges which are not overlapped with each other in the material to be printed, and sorting according to the radius ranges from large to small, and obtaining an optimal volume percentage Ym corresponding to the target printing model and the theoretical particles Xn.
S2, generating a random number Kx through a random function.
S3, converting the random number Kx into a normally distributed particle radius through a Box-Muller algorithm.
S4, randomly placing Kx particles with normal distribution particle radius generated in the step S3 in a specified powder generation space.
S5, performing overlapping judgment to confirm whether the particles placed in the step S4 overlap with adjacent particles in the particle group P already placed in the specified powder generation space. When the particles placed in step S4 overlap with the particles adjacent thereto in the group of particles P already placed in the prescribed powder generating space, the placed particles are subjected to the anti-overlap treatment.
S6, if the boundary of the particles placed in the step S4 exceeds the powder generation space, the particles are considered to exceed the boundary, and the return boundary processing is needed.
And S7, storing the particle radius and the particle space position data of the particles which are placed at this time after all the particles are placed in the step S4, combining the particle radius and the particle space position data with other particle groups P which are already placed before to form a new particle group P which is already placed, and calculating the volume number T of all the current particles.
S8, repeating the steps S2-S7, so that the volume percentage of the particles Xn is large and the volume percentage of the particles Xn sequentially meets Ym.
The printing control module obtains the execution area of each layer of printing of each printing spray head through printing analysis, and controls the printing spray heads to start the printing spray heads with corresponding calibers to print in the layer-by-layer printing process of the printing heads.
Further, the method for converting the random number Kx into the normally distributed particle radius through the Box-Muller algorithm in the step S3 includes:
step 1, designing two independent standard normal distributions X-N (0, 1) and Y-N (0, 1). Since they are independent of each other, the joint probability density function is:
step 2, performing polar coordinate transformation on the formula 1 to obtain:
step 3, converting the formula 2 into standard uniform distribution, wherein the following steps are as follows:
another density function is:
step 4. Combining equation 3 and equation 4 into a cumulative distribution function CDF:
step 5, performing reverse writing on the formula 5 to obtain:
step 6. According to the inverse transform sampling principle, if we have PDF of P (R), the sample distribution obtained by uniformly sampling the inverse function of the aligned CDF will conform to the distribution of P (R). If U is uniformly distributed, then u=1-U is also uniformly distributed, so U is used instead of 1-U, and finally we can get:
the two uniformly distributed random numbers U and V of equations 7 and 8 are obtained from a random function.
And 7, substituting the random numbers U and V into a Box-Buller algorithm to obtain normally distributed particle radius corresponding to the random number Kx and randomly setting the positions of the particles.
Further, the predetermined powder generating space in step S5 is: in the three-dimensional coordinate system, an X-Y plane at z=0 is taken as a coordinate system bottom surface, and a model bottom surface of the target print model is placed on the coordinate system bottom surface in equal proportion. And constructing and obtaining a hollow powder generation space by taking the boundary of the model as a virtual space surface.
Further, the method for performing overlap determination in step S5 includes:
first, the center position of the particle 1 in the model space is acquired as (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) Radius of R 1 . The center position of the particle 2 is (x) 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 ) Radius of R 2 . .. the center position of the particle V is (x) v ,y v ,z v ) Radius of R v . The particles V are numbered sequentially with the natural numbers of particles adjacent to the particles 1 with the particles 1 as the center.
Secondly, the distance from the particle 1 and the surrounding particles 2 to the particle V is calculated as the target of the particle 1And get
Thereafter, particle 1 and calculation were performed with particle 1 as a targetSum of radii C of corresponding particles m =R 1 +R m . Wherein m is->Corresponding particle numbers.
Finally, judging: if it is＜C m They are considered to overlap.
At this time, the method of the anti-overlap processing in step S5 includes:
first, the center position (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) And the center position (x) m ,y m ,z m ) And a connecting line O is arranged between the two.
Next, calculate D m =（C m -）。
Finally, the particles are1, along the extension line of the connecting line O, is shifted in the direction away from the particle m m And finishing the anti-overlapping processing.
After each time of the anti-overlapping treatment, the overlapping judgment and the anti-overlapping treatment are repeatedly carried out by using the new circle center position of the particle 1 until≥C m 。
Further, the method for performing overlap determination in step S5 includes:
first, the center position of the particle 1 in the model space is acquired as (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) Radius of R 1 . The center position of the particle 2 is (x) 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 ) Radius of R 2 . .. the center position of the particle V is (x) v ,y v ,z v ) Radius of R v . The particles V are numbered sequentially with the natural numbers of particles adjacent to the particles 1 with the particles 1 as the center.
Secondly, the distance from the particle 1 and the surrounding particles 2 to the particle V is calculated as the target of the particle 1
Then, the sum C of the radii of the particles between the particles 1 and the particles V is calculated with the particles 1 as the target v =R 1 +R v 。
Finally, counting all d v ＜C v Is used to obtain particle group D. If particles are present in particle set D, then it is determined that overlapping particles are present.
At this time, the method of the anti-overlap processing in step S5 includes:
first, a vector group E is formed in which the particles 1 are directed to the center of all the particles in the particle group D.
Then, a sum vector F of the vector group E is calculated, and an inverse amount G of the sum vector F is calculated.
And finally, the circle centers of the particles 1 are displaced according to the inverse vector G, and the inverse overlapping treatment is completed.
After the anti-overlapping treatment is finished each time, the overlapping judgment and the anti-overlapping treatment are repeatedly carried out by using the new circle center position of the particle 1 until no particle exists in the particle group D.
Further, the return-to-bounds processing in step S6 includes:
first, the ratio S between the volume Hc of the particles J exceeding the powder generating space and the total volume H0 of the particles is determined.
Then, judging: if S is greater than or equal to 0.5, the particle is deleted. If S < 0.5, the following steps are performed.
(1) Judging whether the particles exist above the particles J, if so, deleting the particles, and if not, performing the step (2).
(2) And (3) vector group I of the circle centers of the particles J and the circle centers of surrounding particles is formed, and vector I0 is formed as the sum of the vector group I.
(3) The sum vector I0 points to the vertical vector IC of the powder generation space, and the inverse amount ID of the vertical vector IC.
(4) Taking the circle center of the particle J as a starting point, and taking a connecting line W of the circle center and the particle boundary surface along the direction of the reverse quantity ID.
(5) The line W is divided into a portion W1 inside the powder generating space and a portion W2 outside the powder generating space by taking the powder generating space as a boundary.
(6) The particles J are displaced W2 along the vertical vector IC, and the return-to-boundary processing is completed.
(7) And (5) after finishing the re-bounding process, performing the overlap judgment in the step S5 again, and performing anti-overlap process if overlapped particles exist.
Further, the print analysis includes:
step 1, obtaining a digital model constructed by a modeling analysis module, and obtaining calibers Ah of all printing spray heads, wherein h is the sequence number of the printing spray heads.
And 2, obtaining the grain size composition of the powder corresponding to each printing nozzle.
And 3, cutting the digital model based on Ah to obtain the printing areas Bh-g of each printing nozzle on each layer, wherein g is the printing layer sequence number.
Further, the method for cutting the digital model based on Ah comprises the following steps:
first, ah is taken as the thickness of the printing layer corresponding to the printing head.
Secondly, the parts closest to the particle size components of the printing spray heads in the digital model are subjected to complete layer-by-layer segmentation of the corresponding particle sizes according to the particle size components of the printing spray heads corresponding to Ah, and the order of the printing spray heads for printing each layer is obtained.
At this time, the print area Bh is the entire layer printed by the print head with the number h, and g is the print layer sequence number.
Further, the method for cutting the digital model based on Ah comprises the following steps:
first, the least common multiple of the caliber Ah of all printing heads is used as a fixed printing layer.
Secondly, the digital model is uniformly divided into a plurality of printing working layers according to the thickness of the fixed printing layer.
Finally, on each printing working layer, the corresponding grain size component part closest to the printing spray head corresponding to Ah is cut into a printing area Bh printed by adopting the corresponding printing spray head.
At this time, bh is the print area of the print head corresponding to the number h in the print layer, and g is the print layer sequence number.
Further, the print area Bh should satisfy: the accumulated width of Bh is an integer multiple of Ah.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least one of the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention introduces normal distribution design of particles of powder material when designing a 3D printing model, so that the powder material is maximally attached to the particle distribution form in an actual printing member.
2. The 3D printing model provided by the invention simultaneously considers the particle volume fraction required by the optimal performance, so that the designed model can meet the design and use requirements.
3. The particle size distribution in the 3D printed component has higher similarity with the particle size distribution in the digital model, so that the performance of the printed component has smaller difference with the theoretical performance of the digital model.
4. The 3D printing component has small performance difference and stable component performance, and can realize 3D printing of components with higher precision.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of main component parts of the high-precision 3D printing apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a printing structure of a layer-by-layer printing method according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a printing structure of a single-layer zoned printing method according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a microprocessor; 2. a first powder material supply mechanism; 3. a second powder material supply mechanism; 4. a first control switch; 5. a second control switch; 6. a second feed delivery tube; 7. a first feed delivery tube; 8. a first printing head; 9. a second print head; 10. a print head.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Example 1
A high-precision 3D printing device, the core improvement part of which is shown in figure 1, comprises: 3D print cavity, microprocessor 1. The three-dimensional displacement system is arranged in the 3D printing cavity and drives the printing head 10 to perform fixed point displacement in a three-dimensional coordinate system under the control of the microprocessor 1. The bottom of the printing head 10 is provided with two first printing spray heads 8 and second printing spray heads 9 with different calibers, the first printing spray heads 8 are controlled to be opened and closed by the first control switch 4, and the second printing spray heads 9 are controlled to be opened and closed by the second control switch 5. The control ends of the first control switch 4 and the second control switch 5 are respectively connected with the microprocessor 1 in a signal way. The raw material end of the first printing head 8 is communicated with the first powder material supply mechanism 2 through a first conveying pipe 7. The raw material end of the second printing nozzle 9 is communicated with the second powder material supply mechanism 3 through a second conveying pipe 6.
The microprocessor includes: the modeling analysis module and the printing control module.
The modeling analysis module performs the following steps to construct a digital model:
s1, obtaining particles Xn with different radius ranges which are not overlapped with each other in the material to be printed, and sorting according to the radius ranges from large to small, and obtaining an optimal volume percentage Ym corresponding to the target printing model and the theoretical particles Xn.
S2, generating a random number Kx through a random function.
S3, converting the random number Kx into a normally distributed particle radius through a Box-Muller algorithm.
S4, randomly placing Kx particles with normal distribution particle radius generated in the step S3 in a specified powder generation space.
S5, performing overlapping judgment to confirm whether the particles placed in the step S4 overlap with adjacent particles in the particle group P already placed in the specified powder generation space. When the particles placed in step S4 overlap with the particles adjacent thereto in the group of particles P already placed in the prescribed powder generating space, the placed particles are subjected to the anti-overlap treatment.
S6, if the boundary of the particles placed in the step S4 exceeds the powder generation space, the particles are considered to exceed the boundary, and the return boundary processing is needed.
And S7, storing the particle radius and the particle space position data of the particles which are placed at this time after all the particles are placed in the step S4, combining the particle radius and the particle space position data with other particle groups P which are already placed before to form a new particle group P which is already placed, and calculating the volume number T of all the current particles.
S8, repeating the steps S2-S7, so that the volume percentage of the particles Xn is large and the volume percentage of the particles Xn sequentially meets Ym.
The printing control module obtains the execution area of each layer of printing of each printing spray head through printing analysis, and controls the printing spray heads to start the printing spray heads with corresponding calibers to print in the layer-by-layer printing process of the printing heads.
Compared with an ideal distribution model of powder particles adopted in the existing 3D model design, the high-precision 3D printing device of the invention takes the distribution of particles with different particle diameters in the components into priority when the model is built, and builds a 3D printing digital model in a random normal distribution mode which is most fit with an actual printing component, so that the floating change of the performance difference between the theoretical performance of the digital model and the performance of the actual printing component is obviously reduced.
In addition, the invention needs to meet the optimal volume percentage of various particle size particles when constructing the digital model, so that the theoretical performance of the finally obtained digital model can reach or be better than the design requirement, and the actual performance of the component obtained by 3D printing can tend to be excellent and stable by combining the characteristic of small difference between the digital model and the actual component performance.
The 3D printing can be used for printing high-precision components, but because the performance difference between the existing digital model and the printing components is large, the particle distribution randomness in the printing process is high, so that the component performance fluctuation obtained by printing by adopting the existing method is large, the yield requirement can be met when the common component is printed, and the yield requirement is very difficult to meet when the high-precision component is printed, so that the printing cost is remarkably improved, even the printing cost is higher than that of the traditional high-precision casting technology, and the 3D printing technology can only be applied to components with particularly complex configuration and difficult to obtain by adopting the traditional casting or machine tool processing technology, and is high in cost.
When the high-precision 3D printing device is used for printing, the printing spray heads with different calibers are used for printing the target printing area based on the digital model constructed by the invention, so that on one hand, the performance of the printing component tends to be consistent with the theoretical performance of the digital model, and on the other hand, the performance difference between the components is obviously reduced, and the component performance is stable, so that the 3D printing of the component with higher precision can be realized.
Example 2
Based on the high-precision 3D printing apparatus of embodiment 1, the method for converting the random number Kx into the normally distributed particle radius by the Box-Muller algorithm in step S3 includes:
step 1, designing two independent standard normal distributions X-N (0, 1) and Y-N (0, 1). Since they are independent of each other, the joint probability density function is:
step 2, performing polar coordinate transformation on the formula 1 to obtain:
step 3. The result can be seen as the product of the density functions of two probability distributions, one of which can be seen as a uniform distribution over [ 0,2 pi ]. Converting equation 2 to a standard uniform distribution, there is:
another density function is:
step 4. Combining equation 3 and equation 4 into a cumulative distribution function CDF:
step 5, performing reverse writing on the formula 5 to obtain:
step 6. According to the inverse transform sampling principle, if we have PDF of P (R), the sample distribution obtained by uniformly sampling the inverse function of the aligned CDF will conform to the distribution of P (R). If U is uniformly distributed, then u=1-U is also uniformly distributed, so U is used instead of 1-U, and finally we can get:
the two uniformly distributed random numbers U and V of equations 7 and 8 are obtained from a random function.
And 7, substituting the random numbers U and V into a Box-Buller algorithm to obtain normally distributed particle radius corresponding to the random number Kx and randomly setting the positions of the particles.
By adopting the construction mode of the random particle distribution model, the particle distribution in the powder layer model is highly similar to the actual distribution, so that the similarity of the distribution form of the powder particles between the digital model and the actual printing component is improved, the theoretical performance of the digital model is more attached to the performance of the printing component, and the high-precision 3D printing component is facilitated to be obtained.
Example 3
Based on the high-precision 3D printing apparatus of embodiment 1, the prescribed powder generation space in step S5 is: in the three-dimensional coordinate system, an X-Y plane at z=0 is taken as a coordinate system bottom surface, and a model bottom surface of the target print model is placed on the coordinate system bottom surface in equal proportion. And constructing and obtaining a hollow powder generation space by taking the boundary of the model as a virtual space surface.
The method for performing overlap determination in step S5 includes:
first, the center position of the particle 1 in the model space is acquired as (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) Radius of R 1 . The center position of the particle 2 is (x) 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 ) Radius of R 2 . .. the center position of the particle V is (x) v ,y v ,z v ) Radius of R v . The particles V are numbered sequentially with the natural numbers of particles adjacent to the particles 1 with the particles 1 as the center.
Secondly, the distance from the particle 1 and the surrounding particles 2 to the particle V is calculated as the target of the particle 1And get
Thereafter, particle 1 and calculation were performed with particle 1 as a targetSum of radii C of corresponding particles m =R 1 +R m . Wherein m is->Corresponding particle numbers.
Finally, judging: if it is＜C m They are considered to overlap.
At this time, the method of the anti-overlap processing in step S5 includes:
first, the center position (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) And the center position (x) m ,y m ,z m ) And a connecting line O is arranged between the two.
Next, calculate D m =（C m -）。
Finally, the center position of the particle 1 is shifted along the extension line of the connecting line O to the direction away from the particle m m And finishing the anti-overlapping processing.
After each time of the anti-overlapping treatment, the overlapping judgment and the anti-overlapping treatment are repeatedly carried out by using the new circle center position of the particle 1 until≥C m 。
Example 4
Based on the high-precision 3D printing apparatus of embodiment 1, the prescribed powder generation space in step S5 is: in the three-dimensional coordinate system, an X-Y plane at z=0 is taken as a coordinate system bottom surface, and a model bottom surface of the target print model is placed on the coordinate system bottom surface in equal proportion. And constructing and obtaining a hollow powder generation space by taking the boundary of the model as a virtual space surface.
The method for performing overlap determination in step S5 includes:
first, the center position of the particle 1 in the model space is acquired as (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) Radius of R 1 . The center position of the particle 2 is (x) 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 ) Radius of R 2 . .. the center position of the particle V is (x) v ,y v ,z v ) Radius of R v . The particles V are numbered sequentially with the natural numbers of particles adjacent to the particles 1 with the particles 1 as the center.
Secondly, the distance from the particle 1 and the surrounding particles 2 to the particle V is calculated as the target of the particle 1
Then, the sum C of the radii of the particles between the particles 1 and the particles V is calculated with the particles 1 as the target v =R 1 +R v 。
Finally, counting all d v ＜C v Is used to obtain particle group D. If particles are present in particle set D, then it is determined that overlapping particles are present.
At this time, the method of the anti-overlap processing in step S5 includes:
first, a vector group E is formed in which the particles 1 are directed to the center of all the particles in the particle group D.
Then, a sum vector F of the vector group E is calculated, and an inverse amount G of the sum vector F is calculated.
And finally, the circle centers of the particles 1 are displaced according to the inverse vector G, and the inverse overlapping treatment is completed.
After the anti-overlapping treatment is finished each time, the overlapping judgment and the anti-overlapping treatment are repeatedly carried out by using the new circle center position of the particle 1 until no particle exists in the particle group D.
Example 3 and example 4 provide two methods of particle overlap determination and anti-overlap treatment, wherein example 3 provides better treatment effect when the particle size distribution range of the particles is widely different, and is generally suitable for mixed printing of multiple material particles. While example 4 has better treatment effect when the difference in particle size distribution ranges is small, it is generally suitable for printing with a single material or alloy material.
Example 5
Based on the high-precision 3D printing apparatus of embodiment 1, the return-to-boundary processing in step S6 includes:
first, the ratio S between the volume Hc of the particles J exceeding the powder generating space and the total volume H0 of the particles is determined.
Then, judging: if S is greater than or equal to 0.5, the particle is deleted. If S < 0.5, the following steps are performed.
(1) Judging whether the particles exist above the particles J, if so, deleting the particles, and if not, performing the step (2).
(2) And (3) vector group I of the circle centers of the particles J and the circle centers of surrounding particles is formed, and vector I0 is formed as the sum of the vector group I.
(3) The sum vector I0 points to the vertical vector IC of the powder generation space, and the inverse amount ID of the vertical vector IC.
(4) Taking the circle center of the particle J as a starting point, and taking a connecting line W of the circle center and the particle boundary surface along the direction of the reverse quantity ID.
(5) The line W is divided into a portion W1 inside the powder generating space and a portion W2 outside the powder generating space by taking the powder generating space as a boundary.
(6) The particles J are displaced W2 along the vertical vector IC, and the return-to-boundary processing is completed.
(7) And (5) after finishing the re-bounding process, performing the overlap judgment in the step S5 again, and performing anti-overlap process if overlapped particles exist.
Because the positions of the particles are randomly distributed and formed during modeling, and the problem that whether the particles exceed the boundary of the model is not considered during anti-overlapping treatment, the problem that part of the particles exceed the boundary of the model is avoided, and the particles exceeding the boundary (affecting the uniformity of the surface of a component) are expected to be avoided as much as possible in the actual printing process.
Example 6
The high precision 3D printing apparatus based on embodiment 1, the printing analysis comprising:
step 1, obtaining a digital model constructed by a modeling analysis module, and obtaining calibers Ah of all printing spray heads, wherein h is the sequence number of the printing spray heads. For example: the caliber of the first printing head 8 is 100 micrometers, and the caliber of the second printing head 9 is 30 micrometers.
And 2, obtaining the grain size composition of the powder corresponding to each printing nozzle. For example: the powder particle size composition in the first powder material supply mechanism 2 is: 70% of coarse particles and 30% of fine particles. The powder particle size composition in the second powder material supply mechanism 3 is: 60% of coarse particles and 40% of fine particles.
The particle size ranges of the coarse particles and the fine particles are determined as needed, but do not intersect each other. For example, the coarse particles have a particle size of 1 micron or more and an average particle size of 10 microns. The fine particles have a particle size of < 1 micron and an average particle size of 0.5 micron.
And 3, cutting the digital model based on Ah to obtain the printing areas Bh-g of each printing nozzle on each layer, wherein g is the printing layer sequence number.
Taking fig. 2 and 3 as an example, the printing area of the first printing head 8 is B1, and the printing area of the second printing head 9 is B2.
Example 7
The method for cutting a digital model based on Ah based on the high-precision 3D printing device of embodiment 6 includes:
first, ah is taken as the thickness of the printing layer corresponding to the printing head. For example: a1 corresponds to the first printing head 8, and its printing thickness is 100 μm. A2 corresponds to the second printing head 9, and its printing thickness is 30 μm.
Secondly, the part closest to the particle size composition of the printing spray heads in the digital model is subjected to complete layer-by-layer segmentation of the corresponding particle size according to the particle size composition of the printing spray heads corresponding to Ah, as shown in fig. 2, so that the order of the printing spray heads for printing each layer is obtained.
At this time, the print area Bh is the entire layer printed by the print head with the number h, and g is the print layer sequence number.
Taking fig. 2 as an example, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a partial area of a digital model of a certain printing component, and 1 layer, 2 layers, 3 layers and 4 layers are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, wherein: the volume percentage of coarse particles of the 1 layer is 71.5 percent, and the volume percentage of fine particles is 28.5 percent; the volume percentage of the coarse particles of the 2 layers is 65.8 percent, and the volume percentage of the fine particles is 24.2 percent; the volume percentage of the coarse particles of the 3 layers is 63.6 percent, and the volume percentage of the fine particles is 36.4 percent; the volume percentage of the 4 layers of coarse particles is 73.1 percent, and the volume percentage of the fine particles is 26.9 percent
The first print head 8 prints a B1-1 layer 100 microns thick.
The first print head 8 prints a B1-2 layer 100 microns thick.
The second printing head 9 prints a 30 micron thick B2-3 layer.
The first print head 8 prints the B1-4 layers to a thickness of 100 microns.
The mode is relatively simple to control, but the in-layer grain size distribution control precision is relatively low, and the method can be used for printing parts with smaller width and higher thickness or parts with relatively low precision requirements in a component, so that the printing precision and the printing efficiency are effectively balanced.
Example 8
The method for cutting a digital model based on Ah based on the high-precision 3D printing device of embodiment 6 includes:
first, the least common multiple of the caliber Ah of all printing heads is used as a fixed printing layer. For example: a1 corresponds to the first printing head 8, and its caliber is 100 micrometers. A2 corresponds to the second printing nozzle 9, and the caliber of the second printing nozzle is 30 microns. Thus one fixed print layer has a thickness of 300 microns.
Secondly, the digital model is uniformly divided into a plurality of printing working layers according to the thickness of the fixed printing layer.
Finally, on each printing working layer, the corresponding grain size component part closest to the printing spray head corresponding to Ah is cut into a printing area Bh printed by adopting the corresponding printing spray head.
At this time, bh is the print area of the print head corresponding to the number h in the print layer, and g is the print layer sequence number.
The print area Bh should satisfy: the accumulated width of Bh is an integer multiple of Ah. For example: the width of the B1 region (region printed by the first printing head 8) is 100 micrometers, 200 micrometers, 400 micrometers, 2000 micrometers, or the like. The width of the B2 region (region printed by the second printing head 9) is 30 micrometers, 60 micrometers, 90 micrometers, 1200 micrometers, or the like.
For example, as shown in fig. 3, fig. 3 is a partially printed split view of a 5 th layer (g=5) print layer of a certain member, where the print area B1-5 printed by the first print head 8 and the print area B2-5 printed by the second print head 9. Wherein the volume fraction of the coarse particle volume and the fine particle volume in the B1-5 region is close to: 70% of coarse particles and 30% of fine particles. The volume fraction of coarse particle volume and fine particle volume in the B2-5 region is close to: 60% of coarse particles and 40% of fine particles.
The mode control is relatively complex, but the in-layer grain size distribution control precision is relatively high, and the method can be used for parts with large width or high precision requirements in printing components, and effectively balances the printing precision and the printing efficiency.
The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and that the above-described embodiments and descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention, and that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A high precision 3D printing device, comprising: a 3D printing cavity, a microprocessor; a three-dimensional displacement system is arranged in the 3D printing cavity, and the three-dimensional displacement system drives the printing head to perform fixed point displacement in a three-dimensional coordinate system under the control of the microprocessor; the printing device is characterized in that at least two printing spray heads with different calibers are arranged at the bottom of the printing head, each printing spray head is controlled to be opened and closed by a corresponding control switch, and the control end of the control switch is respectively connected with a microprocessor in a signal manner; the raw material ends of each printing spray head are respectively communicated with the powder material supply mechanisms with corresponding particle sizes in a one-to-one correspondence manner; the microprocessor includes: the modeling analysis module and the printing control module;
the modeling analysis module performs the following steps to construct a digital model:
s1, obtaining particles Xn with different radius ranges which are not overlapped with each other in a material to be printed, and sorting according to the large radius, a target printing model and optimal volume percentage Ym corresponding to the particles Xn theoretically;
s2, generating a random number Kx through a random function;
s3, converting the random number Kx into normally distributed particle radius through a Box-Muller algorithm;
s4, randomly placing Kx particles with normal distribution particle radius generated in the step S3 in a specified powder generation space;
s5, performing overlapping judgment to confirm whether the particles placed in the step S4 overlap with adjacent particles in the particle group P already placed in the specified powder generation space; when the particles placed in the step S4 overlap with the particles adjacent to the particles in the group P of the already placed particles in the prescribed powder generation space, performing anti-overlapping treatment on the placed particles;
s6, if the boundary of the particles placed in the step S4 exceeds the powder generation space, considering that the particles exceed the boundary, and carrying out return-to-boundary processing;
s7, after all the particles in the step S4 are placed, storing particle radius and particle space position data of the particles placed at this time, combining the particle radius and the particle space position data with other particle groups P which are already placed before to form a new particle group P which is already placed, and calculating the volume percentage T of all the current particles;
s8, repeating the steps S2-S7, so that the volume percent T of the particles Xn sequentially meets Ym according to the large radius;
the printing control module obtains the execution area of each layer of printing of each printing spray head through printing analysis, and controls the printing spray heads to start the printing spray heads with corresponding calibers to print in the layer-by-layer printing process of the printing heads.
2. The high-precision 3D printing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the method of converting the random number Kx into the normally distributed particle radius by the Box-Muller algorithm in step S3 comprises:
step 1, designing two independent standard normal distributions X-N (0, 1) and Y-N (0, 1); since they are independent of each other, the joint probability density function is:
；
step 2, performing polar coordinate transformation on the formula 1 to obtain:
；
step 3, converting the formula 2 into standard uniform distribution, wherein the following steps are as follows:
；
another density function is:
；
step 4. Combining equation 3 and equation 4 into a cumulative distribution function CDF:
；
step 5, performing reverse writing on the formula 5 to obtain:
；
step 6, according to the inverse transformation sampling principle, if we have PDF of P (R), the sample distribution obtained by uniformly sampling the inverse function of the aligned CDF will conform to the distribution of P (R); if U is uniformly distributed, then u=1-U is also uniformly distributed, so replacing 1-U with U, finally gives:
two uniformly distributed random numbers U and V in the formula 7 and the formula 8 are obtained by a random function;
and 7, substituting the random numbers U and V into a Box-Buller algorithm to obtain normally distributed particle radius corresponding to the random number Kx and randomly setting the positions of the particles.
3. The high-precision 3D printing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the prescribed powder generation space of step S5 is: taking an X-Y plane at Z=0 as a bottom surface of a coordinate system in a three-dimensional coordinate system, and placing the model bottom surface of the target printing model on the bottom surface of the coordinate system in equal proportion; and constructing and obtaining a hollow powder generation space by taking the boundary of the model as a virtual space surface.
4. The high-precision 3D printing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the method of performing overlap determination in step S5 includes:
firstThe center position of the particle 1 in the acquired model space is (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) Radius of R 1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The center position of the particle 2 is (x) 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 ) Radius of R 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the .. the center position of the particle V is (x) v ,y v ,z v ) Radius of R v The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The particles V take the particles 1 as the center, and the natural numbers of the particles adjacent to the particles 1 are numbered sequentially;
secondly, the distance from the particle 1 and the surrounding particles 2 to the particle V is calculated as the target of the particle 1And getThereafter, particle 1 and ++were calculated with the aim of particle 1>Sum of radii C of corresponding particles m =R 1 +R m The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein m is->Corresponding particle numbers;
finally, judging: if it is＜C m They are considered to overlap;
at this time, the method of the anti-overlap processing in step S5 includes:
first, the center position (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) And the center position (x) m ,y m ,z m ) A connecting line O is arranged between the two;
next, calculate D m =（C m -）；
Finally, the center position of the particle 1 isIs arranged along the extension line of the connecting line O and is displaced in the direction away from the particle m m Finishing the anti-overlapping treatment;
after each time of the anti-overlapping treatment, the overlapping judgment and the anti-overlapping treatment are repeatedly carried out by using the new circle center position of the particle 1 until≥C m 。
5. The high-precision 3D printing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the method of performing overlap determination in step S5 includes:
first, the center position of the particle 1 in the model space is acquired as (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ) Radius of R 1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The center position of the particle 2 is (x) 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 ) Radius of R 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the .. the center position of the particle V is (x) v ,y v ,z v ) Radius of R v The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The particles V take the particles 1 as the center, and the natural numbers of the particles adjacent to the particles 1 are numbered sequentially;
secondly, the distance from the particle 1 and the surrounding particles 2 to the particle V is calculated as the target of the particle 1Then, the sum C of the radii of the particles between the particles 1 and the particles V is calculated with the particles 1 as the target v =R 1 +R v The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Finally, counting all d V ＜C v Obtaining a particle group D; if particles exist in the particle group D, judging that overlapped particles exist;
at this time, the method of the anti-overlap processing in step S5 includes:
firstly, forming a vector group E of particles 1 pointing to all particle circle centers in a particle group D;
then, calculating a sum vector F of the vector group E, and calculating a reverse quantity G of the sum vector F;
finally, the circle centers of the particles 1 are displaced according to the inverse vector G, and the inverse overlapping treatment is completed;
after the anti-overlapping treatment is finished each time, the overlapping judgment and the anti-overlapping treatment are repeatedly carried out by using the new circle center position of the particle 1 until no particle exists in the particle group D.
6. The high-precision 3D printing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the return-to-boundary process of step S6 includes:
firstly, judging the ratio S of the volume Hc of the particles J exceeding the powder generating space to the total volume H0 of the particles;
then, judging: if S is more than or equal to 0.5, deleting the particles; if S is less than 0.5, the following steps are carried out;
(1) Judging whether particles exist above the particles J, if so, deleting the particles, and if not, performing the step (2);
(2) Vector group I of the circle centers of the particles J and the circle centers of surrounding particles is made, and vector I0 is summed up by the vector group I;
(3) A sum vector I0 is directed to a vertical vector IC of the powder generation space, and a reverse amount ID of the vertical vector IC;
(4) Taking the circle center of the particle J as a starting point, and taking a connecting line W of the circle center and the particle boundary surface along the direction of the reverse quantity ID;
(5) Dividing the connecting line W into a part W1 in the powder generating space and a part W2 outside the powder generating space by taking the powder generating space as a boundary line;
(6) The particles J are displaced W2 along the vertical vector IC, and the boundary returning processing is completed;
(7) And (5) after finishing the re-bounding process, performing the overlap judgment in the step S5 again, and performing anti-overlap process if overlapped particles exist.
7. The high precision 3D printing device of claim 1, wherein the print analysis comprises:
step 1, acquiring a digital model constructed by a modeling analysis module, wherein the calibers Ah of all printing spray heads are obtained, and h is the sequential number of the printing spray heads;
step 2, obtaining the grain size composition of the powder corresponding to each printing nozzle;
and 3, cutting the digital model based on Ah to obtain the printing areas Bh-g of each printing nozzle on each layer, wherein g is the printing layer sequence number.
8. The high precision 3D printing device of claim 7, wherein the Ah-based method of cutting the digital model comprises:
firstly, taking Ah as the thickness of a printing layer of a corresponding printing spray head;
secondly, carrying out layer-by-layer complete segmentation on the part closest to the printing nozzle grain size composition in the digital model according to the grain size composition corresponding to the printing nozzle corresponding to Ah to obtain the printing nozzle sequence for carrying out printing of each layer;
at this time, the print area Bh is the entire layer printed by the print head with the number h, and g is the print layer sequence number.
9. The high precision 3D printing device of claim 7, wherein the Ah-based method of cutting the digital model comprises:
firstly, taking the least common multiple of the calibers Ah of all printing spray heads as a fixed printing layer;
secondly, uniformly dividing the digital model into a plurality of printing working layers according to the thickness of the fixed printing layer;
finally, on each printing working layer, cutting the corresponding grain size component part closest to the printing spray head corresponding to Ah into a printing area Bh printed by adopting the corresponding printing spray head;
at this time, bh is the print area of the print head corresponding to the number h in the print layer, and g is the print layer sequence number.
10. The high-precision 3D printing device according to claim 9, wherein the printing area Bh should satisfy: the accumulated width of Bh is an integer multiple of Ah.
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