CN117031630A - Unitary optical path mode converter and conversion method - Google Patents
Unitary optical path mode converter and conversion method Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/14—Mode converters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12142—Modulator
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12147—Coupler
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/1215—Splitter
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12152—Mode converter
Abstract
The application discloses a unitary optical path mode converter and a conversion method, wherein the unitary optical path mode converter comprises an N multiplied by N type MM I coupler, N first adjustable beam splitters, N first phase modulators, N second adjustable beam splitters, N second phase modulators and N circulating waveguides, N input waveguides of the MM I coupler are respectively connected with the N first phase modulators in a one-to-one correspondence manner, N output waveguides of the MM I coupler are respectively connected with the input lower ends of the N second adjustable beam splitters in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and two ends of each circulating waveguide are respectively connected with the input upper ends of the first adjustable beam splitters and the output upper ends of the second adjustable beam splitters. According to the application, the first phase modulator in different cyclic processes is modulated to realize any optical path mode conversion, and the input state of external photons can be changed into a target output state after phase modulation and multipath interference conversion; and by multiplexing the first adjustable beam splitter, the first phase modulator and the MM I coupler, resources and on-chip space are saved.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of quantum optics, and particularly relates to a unitary optical path mode converter and a conversion method.
Background
The unitary optical path mode converter can convert one multi-path spatial optical path mode into another multi-path spatial optical path mode, which plays an important role in mode wavelength division multiplexing optical communication, imaging and optical quantum computation. As shown in fig. 1, a conventional optical path mode converter is composed of an n×n multimode interference coupler (MMI coupler) and N phase modulators, where N input waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected to one phase modulator. The operation of the MMI coupler on photons is represented by matrix M, and the modulation of photons by the phase modulator is represented by Φ, wherein:
the optical path mode converter performs a unitary transformation on the incoming photons:
to achieve multiple optical path mode transformations, multiple MMI couplers are typically cascaded with a phase modulator, with the optical path mode transformation being achieved by adjusting the phase modulator. However, in cascade, as the number of optical path modes increases, the number of devices increases linearly. When the number of optical path modes is large (in the order of hundred), achieving mode conversion using a spatial optical path results in poor optical path stability. In addition, when the integrated optical chip is used for implementation, the scale of the integrated optical chip is limited by the mask size of the flow sheet, the optical chip exceeding the mask size needs to be implemented through multi-exposure splicing, the process flow is complex, and extra loss is introduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present application provides a unitary optical path mode converter and a conversion method, which uses an adjustable beam splitter, a phase modulator, an MMI coupler, and a circulating waveguide to implement multiple times of input photons, and implements arbitrary optical path mode conversion by modulating the phase modulator in different circulation processes, while saving resources and on-chip space. The specific scheme is as follows:
in a first aspect, the application discloses a unitary optical path mode converter comprising an n×n MMI coupler, N first adjustable splitters, N first phase modulators, N second adjustable splitters, N second phase modulators, and N circulating waveguides, wherein N is a positive integer and N is greater than or equal to 2;
the first adjustable beam splitter and the second adjustable beam splitter are provided with four ports, namely an input upper end, an input lower end, an output upper end and an output lower end, and are used for adjusting the transmission path of input photons;
the MMI coupler comprises N input waveguides and N output waveguides, the N input waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected with the N first phase modulators in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and the N output waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected with the input lower ends of the N second adjustable beam splitters in a one-to-one correspondence manner; the MMI coupler is used for interfering the input photons and realizing path distribution;
Two ends of each circulating waveguide are respectively connected with the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter and the output upper end of the corresponding second adjustable beam splitter and are used for transmitting photons output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter;
the input lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is used for receiving external single photons simultaneously; the output lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding first phase modulator; the output lower end of each second adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding second phase modulator; the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are used for performing phase adjustment on the input photons.
Further, the nxn MMI coupler, the first tunable beam splitter, the first phase modulator, the second tunable beam splitter, the second phase modulator, and the circulating waveguide are integrally fabricated on a substrate through a monolithic integration process.
Preferably, the first and second tunable beam splitters are MZI interferometers.
Preferably, the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are both thermal phase modulators or electro-optical phase modulators.
Preferably, the circulating waveguide is an optical fiber waveguide or a silica-based optical waveguide.
Further, the unitary optical path mode converter further includes N tunable optical delay structures, each of the loop waveguides is provided with one of the tunable optical delay structures, and the tunable optical delay structures are used for adjusting delay time from photons output from an output upper end of the second tunable beam splitter to an input upper end of the first tunable beam splitter, and keeping delay time of the N tunable optical delay structures on photons identical.
In a second aspect, the present application discloses a unitary optical path mode conversion method, which is applied to the unitary optical path mode converter, and includes:
external single photons are respectively and simultaneously input to each first adjustable beam splitter, and the first adjustable beam splitters adjust paths of the input photons so that the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected first phase modulators from the lower output ends of the input photons;
the first phase modulator carries out phase adjustment on the input photons, and the photons subjected to the phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler;
the MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler;
The second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter the first circulation, and are transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding circulation waveguide;
the first adjustable beam splitter adjusts a path of photons input from the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter, so that the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected first phase modulators from the output lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter; the first phase modulator carries out phase adjustment on the input photons again, and the photons subjected to the phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler; the MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler; the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into a second cycle and are transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding cycle waveguide;
and after all preset circulation times are completed, the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected second phase modulators from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulators perform phase modulation on the input photons and output the photons.
Further, when the converter further includes N adjustable light delay structures, the method further includes:
an external controller controls the delay time from photons output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter, and keeps the delay time of the N adjustable optical delay structures on photons the same.
In general, the above technical solutions conceived by the present application, compared with the prior art, enable the following beneficial effects to be obtained:
the application provides a unitary optical path mode converter and a conversion method, wherein external photons are respectively and simultaneously input to each first adjustable beam splitter, the first adjustable beam splitters adjust photon paths, so that the input photons are input to a first phase modulator correspondingly connected from the lower output end of the first adjustable beam splitters, the first phase modulator adjusts the phases of the photons and then inputs the photons to an MMI coupler, the MMI coupler interferes all the photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution and input to a second adjustable beam splitter, the second adjustable beam splitters adjust the paths of the input photons, all the input photons are output from the upper output end of the second adjustable beam splitters into a first cycle, the input photons are transmitted to the upper input ends of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitters through corresponding circulating waveguides, the first adjustable beam splitters again adjust the paths of the input photons, the first phase modulator again adjusts the phases of the input photons and inputs the photons to the MMI coupler, the MMI coupler performs path distribution and inputs all the photons input to the second adjustable beam splitters, and the second adjustable path enables all the input photons to be interfered and transmitted from the upper output ends of the second adjustable beam splitters to the corresponding first input ends of the second adjustable beam splitters, and all the input photons are transmitted to the corresponding first input ends of the first adjustable beam splitters through corresponding circulating waveguides. After the circulation is completed for all preset circulation times, the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected second phase modulators from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulators perform phase modulation on the input photons and output the photons.
Based on the above, the application realizes any optical path mode conversion by modulating the first phase modulator in different cyclic processes, and the input state of external photons can be changed into a target output state after phase modulation and multipath interference conversion; and by multiplexing the first tunable beam splitter, the first phase modulator, and the MMI coupler, resources and on-chip space are saved. In addition, the application can be used as a core component of a general light quantum computer and applied to the fields of glass color sampling, quantum state preparation, operation, measurement and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate this embodiment or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are required for the description of the embodiment or the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a prior art optical path mode converter according to the present application;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a unitary optical path mode converter according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the first and second tunable beam splitters of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the connection to external single photon sources based on the embodiment of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a quantum encoding structure connected to the embodiment of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a unitary optical path mode converter according to another embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 7 is a spatial equivalent diagram of the present application based on the path mode transformation of FIG. 6 for input photons;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a unitary optical path mode converter according to another embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a unitary optical path mode conversion method according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
In order that the above-recited objects, features and advantages of the present application will become more readily apparent, a more particular description of embodiments of the application will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings and appended drawings. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are only some, but not all, embodiments of the application. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the application without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the application.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application, but the present application may be practiced in other ways other than those described herein, and persons skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
In order to facilitate understanding and explanation of the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present application, the following description will first explain the background art of the present application.
The unitary optical path mode converter can convert one multi-path spatial optical path mode into another multi-path spatial optical path mode, which plays an important role in mode wavelength division multiplexing optical communication, imaging and optical quantum computation.
To achieve multiple optical path mode transformations, multiple MMI couplers are typically cascaded with a phase modulator, with the optical path mode transformation being achieved by adjusting the phase modulator. However, in cascade, as the number of optical path modes increases, the number of devices increases linearly. When the number of optical path modes is large (in the order of hundred), achieving mode conversion using a spatial optical path results in poor optical path stability. In addition, when the integrated optical chip is used for implementation, the scale of the integrated optical chip is limited by the mask size of the flow sheet, the optical chip exceeding the mask size needs to be implemented through multi-exposure splicing, the process flow is complex, and extra loss is introduced.
Based on this, the present application provides a unitary optical path mode converter, as shown in fig. 2, comprising an n×n MMI coupler, N first tunable beam splitters, N first phase modulators, N second tunable beam splitters, N second phase modulators, and N circulating waveguides, wherein N is a positive integer and N is not less than 2.
In the application, the NxN MMI coupler, the first adjustable beam splitter, the first phase modulator, the second adjustable beam splitter, the second phase modulator and the circulating waveguide are integrally manufactured on a substrate through a monolithic integration process, namely, the unitary optical path mode converter is of an on-chip structure, and the layout among components is compact, the volume is small, and the light path stability is high.
Specifically, the first tunable beam splitter and the second tunable beam splitter have four ports, as shown in fig. 3, an input upper end, an input lower end, an output upper end, and an output lower end, respectively, for adjusting the transmission path of the input photons.
It should be noted here that for each first adjustable beam splitter, its output upper end is an inactive output end, and all of the input photons are output from the output lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter. For each second tunable beam splitter, the input upper end is an inactive input end, no photon is input from the input upper end, and all photons output by the MMI coupler are input from the input lower end of the second tunable beam splitter.
The MMI coupler comprises N input waveguides and N output waveguides, the N input waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected with the N first phase modulators in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and the N output waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected with the input lower ends of the N second adjustable beam splitters in a one-to-one correspondence manner; MMI couplers are used to interfere with incoming photons and to achieve path splitting. Photons output from the first phase modulator are input to the multimode interference zone of the MMI coupler through an input waveguide of the MMI coupler, and all photons input to the multimode interference zone have a self-mirror effect on the photons, so that path distribution is realized.
The two ends of each circulating waveguide are respectively connected with the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter and the output upper end of the corresponding second adjustable beam splitter and are used for transmitting photons output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter. The circulating waveguide in the application is an optical fiber waveguide or a silicon-based optical waveguide.
The input lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is used for receiving external single photons simultaneously; the output lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding first phase modulator; the output lower end of each second adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding second phase modulator; the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are used for phase adjustment of the input photons.
The external single photons received by the input lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter may be generated by a single photon source, that is, the input lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is connected with one single photon source, as shown in fig. 4, all the single photons are input to the first adjustable beam splitter at the same time by all the single light sources, and the input single photons have the same wavelength. Of course, external single photons can also be output from the quantum coding structure to the unitary optical path mode converter, that is, the input lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is connected with the output end of the quantum coding structure in a one-to-one correspondence manner, as shown in fig. 5, and the input lower ends of all the first adjustable beam splitters simultaneously receive the single photons output by the output end of the quantum coding structure.
In one embodiment of the application, the unitary optical path mode converter includes a 4 x 4 MMI coupler, 4 first tunable beamsplitters, 4 first phase modulators, 4 second tunable beamsplitters, 4 second phase modulators, and 4 circulating waveguides, as shown in fig. 6. The 4×4 MMI coupler has 4 input waveguides and 4 output waveguides, and the 4 input waveguides of MMI coupler are connected with 4 first phase modulators respectively in one-to-one correspondence, and the 4 output waveguides of MMI coupler are connected with the input lower extreme of 4 second adjustable beam splitters respectively in one-to-one correspondence. The two ends of each circulating waveguide are respectively connected with the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter and the output upper end of the corresponding second adjustable beam splitter. The output lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding first phase modulator; the output lower end of each second adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding second phase modulator.
For ease of distinction and illustration, the 4 first tunable beam splitters are designated as first tunable beam splitter 1, first tunable beam splitter 2, first tunable beam splitter 3, and first tunable beam splitter 4, respectively; the 4 first phase modulators are named first phase modulator 1, first phase modulator 2, first phase modulator 3 and first phase modulator 4, respectively; the 4 second adjustable beam splitters are named as a second adjustable beam splitter 1, a second adjustable beam splitter 2, a second adjustable beam splitter 3 and a second adjustable beam splitter 4 respectively; the 4 second phase modulators are named second phase modulator 1, second phase modulator 2, second phase modulator 3 and second phase modulator 4, respectively; the 4 circulating waveguides are named circulating waveguide 1, circulating waveguide 2, circulating waveguide 3 and circulating waveguide 4, respectively.
So-called one-to-one connection, specifically, referring to fig. 6, two ends of the circulating waveguide 1 are respectively connected with an input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 1 and an output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter 1, an output lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter 1 is connected with an input end of the first phase modulator 1, an output lower end of the second adjustable beam splitter 1 is connected with an input end of the second phase modulator 1, and one input waveguide and one output waveguide of the first adjustable beam splitter 1, the first phase modulator 1 and the MMI coupler and the second adjustable beam splitter 1 and the second phase modulator 1 form a main transmission optical path. By analogy, in this embodiment, there are four main transmission optical paths in total, and specific connection relationships on other optical paths are not described herein one by one.
It should be noted that after the photons input from the first phase modulator 1 to the MMI coupler have been subjected to the path splitting action of the MMI coupler, the photons are not necessarily output to the second tunable beam splitter 1, and there is one output waveguide of the MMI coupler that outputs a plurality of photons, and one output waveguide does not output photons, and the specific output mode is related to the performance parameters of the MMI coupler used.
In the application, the first adjustable beam splitter and the second adjustable beam splitter are preferably MZI interferometers, and the purpose of adjusting the phase of incident photons is achieved by modulating a phase shifter in the MZI interferometers, so that the adjustment of the transmission path of photons is realized.
Preferably the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are thermal phase modulators or electro-optical phase modulators. When the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are heat phase modulators, the optical waveguide is directly heated by modulating an externally applied current to change the temperature, so that the effective refractive index of the optical waveguide is changed, and the phase of photons or optical pulses input to the optical waveguide is changed. When the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are electro-optic phase modulators, the voltage applied to the electro-optic crystal is modulated to change the refractive index of the electro-optic crystal, so that the change of the light wave characteristics of the electro-optic crystal is caused, and the phase modulation of photons or light pulses input to the electro-optic crystal is realized.
The first adjustable beam splitter and the second adjustable beam splitter adjust the photon phases of all the processes through external classical control signals. The method comprises the steps of presetting the adjusting parameters of a first adjustable beam splitter and a second adjustable beam splitter on an external upper computer for external single photons and the adjusting parameters of the photons in each cycle process, and achieving the purpose of path adjustment for the photons in different processes through external classical control signals.
Likewise, the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator also adjust the photon phase of each process via external classical control signals.
Based on the embodiment of fig. 6, the preset 4 external single photons are respectively subjected to five phase modulations on the unitary optical path mode converter, wherein four phase modulations (initial phase modulation and three cycle phase modulation) are performed on the first phase modulator, and one phase modulation is performed on the second phase modulator. A spatially equivalent diagram of the optical path mode transformation of an input photon by a unitary optical path mode converter is shown in fig. 7. It should be noted here that in order to reduce errors due to environmental or device factors, the number of phase modulations of an externally input single photon on a unitary optical path mode converter is at least n+1 times, N being the number of input or output waveguides of the MMI coupler.
Assuming that 4 external single photons are respectively a first photon, a second photon, a third photon and a fourth photon, the 4 external single photons are respectively and simultaneously input to the first adjustable beam splitter 1, the first adjustable beam splitter 2, the first adjustable beam splitter 3 and the first adjustable beam splitter 4, the first adjustable beam splitter 1 adjusts the path of the input first photon to be output from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 1, the first adjustable beam splitter 2 adjusts the path of the input second photon to be output from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 2, the first adjustable beam splitter 3 adjusts the path of the input third photon to be output from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 3, the first adjustable beam splitter 4 adjusts the path of the input fourth photon to be output from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 4, the first phase modulator 1, the first phase modulator 2, the first phase modulator 3, the first phase modulator 4 correspondingly adjusts the paths of the first photon, the second photon, the third photon and the fourth photon to be output to the first phase modulator 1, the first phase modulator 2 and the fourth photon to be input to the first phase modulator 1The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 2 is +.>Modulation of input photons by a first phase modulator 3 Phase is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 4 is +.>Wherein->The superscript 1 of (1) indicates the modulation and interference of photons by the first phase modulator in the first phase (initial modulation phase), and the subscript indicates the corresponding first phase modulator; the first photon, the second photon, the third photon and the fourth photon are input to the MMI coupler after phase adjustment, the four photons interfere on the MMI coupler and the MMI coupler performs path distribution, and therefore the modulation and interference of the four photons in the first stage are completed.
The photons output from the MMI coupler are input to the corresponding second tunable beam splitters, and it should be noted that two photons may be input to one second tunable beam splitter at the same time, or four photons may be input to four second tunable beam splitters respectively, where the path allocation manner of the MMI coupler is not limited, and the specific path allocation manner is related to the performance parameters of the MMI coupler used. The four second adjustable beam splitters perform path adjustment on the input photons, so that all received photons are output from the output upper end and enter the first circulation, and are transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding circulation waveguide, for example, the second adjustable beam splitter 1 performs path adjustment on the input photons, so that all received photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into the first circulation, and are transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 1 through the circulation waveguide 1, and the transmission process of the received photons by the second adjustable beam splitter 2, the second adjustable beam splitter 3 and the fourth adjustable beam splitter 4 is similar to that of the second adjustable beam splitter 1, and is not repeated.
The first adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the photons input from the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter to enable the input photons to be input from the output lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter to the corresponding connected first phaseA modulator. Specifically, the first adjustable beam splitter 1 adjusts the path of the photons input from the input upper end thereof, the photons input from the output lower end thereof are input to the first phase modulator 1, the first adjustable beam splitter 2 adjusts the path of the photons input from the input upper end thereof, the photons input from the output lower end thereof are input to the first phase modulator 2, the first adjustable beam splitter 3 adjusts the path of the photons input from the input upper end thereof, the photons input from the output lower end thereof are input to the first phase modulator 3, the first adjustable beam splitter 4 adjusts the path of the photons input from the input upper end thereof, the photons input from the output lower end thereof are input to the first phase modulator 4, the first phase modulator 1, the first phase modulator 2, the first phase modulator 3 and the first phase modulator 4 adjust the phases of the photons input again, and the first phase modulator 1 adjusts the phases of the photons input to beThe modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 2 is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 3 is +. >The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 4 is +.>Wherein->The superscript 2 of (a) indicates the modulation and interference of the first phase modulator on photons in the second stage (the first cycle stage), the subscript indicates the corresponding first phase modulator, the photons after phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler, and the MMI coupler performs path distribution on the input photons again, so as to complete the modulation and interference of the second stage.
The modulation and interference of the third and fourth stages are continuously completed according to the processIn the third phase, the first phase modulator 1 modulates the input photons to a phase ofThe modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 2 is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 3 is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 4 is +.>Wherein->The superscript 3 of (a) indicates the modulation and interference of photons by the first phase modulator in the third phase (the second cycle phase), and the subscript indicates the corresponding first phase modulator; in the fourth phase, the first phase modulator 1 modulates the input photons with a phase ofThe modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 2 is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 3 is +. >The modulation phase of the input photons by the first phase modulator 4 is +.>Wherein->The superscript 4 in (a) indicates that in the fourth stage (third cycle stage)The modulation and interference of photons by a phase modulator, the subscript indicating the corresponding first phase modulator.
After the fourth phase modulation and interference of four photons, the fifth phase modulation of photons is started, and the process is as follows: the photons output from the MMI coupler are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter, the second adjustable beam splitter carries out path adjustment on the input photons, so that all received photons are output to a corresponding second phase modulator from the lower output end, for example, the second adjustable beam splitter 1 carries out path adjustment on the input photons, so that all received photons are output from the lower output end and enter the second phase modulator 1; the second adjustable beam splitter 2 carries out path adjustment on the input photons, so that all received photons are output from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter into the second phase modulator 2; the second adjustable beam splitter 3 carries out path adjustment on the input photons, so that all received photons are output from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter into the second phase modulator 3; the second adjustable beam splitter 4 carries out path adjustment on the input photons so that the received photons are all output from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter into the second phase modulator 4, wherein the modulation phase of the input photons by the second phase modulator 1 is that The modulation phase of the input photons by the second phase modulator 2 is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the second phase modulator 3 is +.>The modulation phase of the input photons by the second phase modulator 4 is +.>Wherein->The superscript 5 of (2) denotes the phase modulation of photons by the second phase modulator at stage 5, and the subscript denotes the corresponding second phase modulator. The second phase modulator completes the modulation of photons and outputs the photons, thus completing the whole process.
In the modulation and interference of photons in the first stage, the second stage, the third stage and the fourth stage, the transformation matrix of the modulation phase of the first phase modulator is respectively marked as phi 1 、Φ 2 、Φ 3 And phi is 4 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The transformation matrix of the modulation phase of the photons by the second phase modulator in the fifth stage is marked as phi 5 The operating matrix of the 4×4 MMI coupler for the input photons is denoted as M, then:
let the optical path mode conversion of the unitary optical path mode converter for the input 4 external single photons be T, then:
the initial quantum state matrix of the input 4 external single photons is marked as T 0 Then
Wherein, psi is 1 、ψ 2 、ψ 3 Sum phi 4 Representing the initial quantum states of the first photon, the second photon, the third photon, and the fourth photon, respectively.
After 4 external single photons undergo optical path mode unitary transformation, the final quantum state matrix is recorded as T x Then
From the above formula, it is known that by adjusting the first phase modulator several times and finally modulating the second phase modulator once, an arbitrary optical path mode transformation can be achieved, which effect is equivalent to cascading MMI couplers with phase modulators. According to the application, the first phase modulator in different cyclic processes is modulated to realize any optical path mode conversion, and the input state of external photons can be changed into a target output state after phase modulation and multipath interference conversion; and by multiplexing the first tunable beam splitter, the first phase modulator and the MMI coupler, resources and on-chip space are saved.
In one embodiment of the present application, the unitary optical path mode converter further includes N tunable optical delay structures, as shown in fig. 8, where each of the circular waveguides is provided with one tunable optical delay structure, and the tunable optical delay structures are used to adjust a delay time from photons output from an output upper end of the second tunable beam splitter to an input upper end of the first tunable beam splitter, and keep delay times of the N tunable optical delay structures on photons equal.
Specifically, the tunable light delay structure is a tunable light delay line or a tunable light delay chip in the application. The dimmable delay structure adjusts the delay time based on control of an external controller.
Based on the foregoing unitary optical path mode converter provided by the embodiment of the present application, the embodiment of the present application further correspondingly provides a unitary optical path mode conversion method, as shown in fig. 9, where the method includes:
and S11, respectively and simultaneously inputting external single photons to each first adjustable beam splitter, wherein the first adjustable beam splitters adjust paths of the input photons, so that the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected first phase modulators from the lower output ends of the input photons.
The wavelengths of the external single photons input to the first adjustable beam splitters are the same, and all the external single photons are simultaneously input to the corresponding first adjustable beam splitters respectively.
And S12, the first phase modulator carries out phase adjustment on the input photons, and the photons subjected to the phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler.
And S13, the MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to the corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler.
And S14, the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into the first circulation, and are transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding circulation waveguide.
S15, a first adjustable beam splitter adjusts a path of photons input from the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter, so that the input photons are input to a correspondingly connected first phase modulator from the output lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter; the first phase modulator carries out phase adjustment on the input photons again, and the photons subjected to the phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler; the MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler; the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into a second cycle and transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding cycle waveguide.
S16, after the circulation is completed for all preset circulation times, the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected second phase modulators from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulators perform phase modulation on the input photons and output the photons.
The preset cycle times M is more than or equal to N-1, wherein N is the number of input waveguides or output waveguides of the MMI coupler.
In one embodiment of the application, when the unitary optical path mode converter further comprises N tunable optical delay structures, the method further comprises:
an external controller controls the delay time from photons output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter, and keeps the delay time of the N adjustable optical delay structures on photons identical.
The delay time of the adjustable light delay structure can be input on an external upper computer, the input delay time is fed back to an external controller by the upper computer, the controller adjusts the time from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter based on the fed back delay time, and the delay time of the N adjustable light delay structures to the photons is kept the same.
In another embodiment of the present application, when the unitary optical path mode converter includes 4×4 MMI couplers, 4 first tunable beam splitters, 4 first phase modulators, 4 second tunable beam splitters, 4 second phase modulators, and 4 cyclic waveguides, see fig. 6, and the preset 4 external single photons are respectively subjected to three cyclic phase modulation on the unitary optical path mode converter, the conversion method in this embodiment includes:
S21, inputting a first photon to a first adjustable beam splitter 1, inputting a second photon to a first adjustable beam splitter 2, inputting a third photon to a first adjustable beam splitter 3, inputting a fourth photon to a first adjustable beam splitter 4, and inputting the first photon, the second photon, the third photon and the fourth photon simultaneously, wherein the wavelengths of the four photons are the same; the first adjustable beam splitter 1 inputs the input first photon from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 1, the first adjustable beam splitter 2 inputs the input second photon from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 2, the first adjustable beam splitter 3 inputs the input third photon from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 3, the first adjustable beam splitter 4 inputs the input fourth photon from the output lower end to the first phase modulator 4.
S22, the first phase modulator 1 carries out phase adjustment on the input first photon, the first photon subjected to phase adjustment is input to the MMI coupler, the first phase modulator 2 carries out phase adjustment on the input second photon, the second photon subjected to phase adjustment is input to the MMI coupler, the first phase modulator 3 carries out phase adjustment on the input third photon, the third photon subjected to phase adjustment is input to the MMI coupler, the first phase modulator 4 carries out phase adjustment on the input fourth photon, and the fourth photon subjected to phase adjustment is input to the MMI coupler.
S23, the MMI coupler interferes the first photon, the second photon, the third photon and the fourth photon and distributes paths of the four photons, and the four photons after interference are input to the corresponding second adjustable beam splitters through output waveguides of the MMI coupler.
It should be noted that after the first photon input from the first phase modulator 1 to the MMI coupler has been subjected to the path splitting action of the MMI coupler, the first photon is not necessarily output to the second tunable beam splitter 1, and there is one output waveguide of the MMI coupler that outputs a plurality of photons, and one of the output waveguides has no photon output, for example, the first photon and the second photon are input to the second tunable beam splitter 2, and no photon is input to the second tunable beam splitter 1, and the specific output mode is related to the performance parameters of the MMI coupler used.
S24, a second adjustable beam splitter 1 adjusts a path of input photons to enable all the input photons to be output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into a first cycle, and the photons are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 1 through a circulating waveguide 1; the second adjustable beam splitter 2 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter the first circulation, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 2 through the circulation waveguide 2; the second adjustable beam splitter 3 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter the first circulation, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 3 through the circulation waveguide 3; the second adjustable beam splitter 4 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into the first cycle, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 4 through the circulating waveguide 4.
S25: the first adjustable beam splitter 1 inputs the input photons from the input upper end to the first phase modulator 1 from the output lower end, the first adjustable beam splitter 2 inputs the input photons from the input upper end to the first phase modulator 2 from the output lower end, the first adjustable beam splitter 3 inputs the input photons from the input upper end to the first phase modulator 3 from the output lower end, and the first adjustable beam splitter 4 inputs the input photons from the input upper end to the first phase modulator 4 from the output lower end; the first phase modulator 1, the first phase modulator 2, the first phase modulator 3 and the fourth phase modulator 4 respectively carry out phase adjustment on the input photons again, and the photons subjected to phase adjustment are simultaneously input to MMI for coupling; the MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler;
s26: the second adjustable beam splitter 1 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter a second cycle, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 1 through the cyclic waveguide 1; the second adjustable beam splitter 2 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter a second cycle, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 2 through the cycle waveguide 2; the second adjustable beam splitter 3 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter a second cycle, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 3 through the cyclic waveguide 3; the second adjustable beam splitter 4 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into a second cycle, and are correspondingly transmitted to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter 4 through the circulating waveguide 4.
S27, after the third cycle is completed, the second adjustable beam splitter 1 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the second phase modulator 1 from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulator 1 adjusts the phase of the input photons and outputs the photons; the second adjustable beam splitter 2 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the second phase modulator 2 from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulator 2 adjusts the phase of the input photons and outputs the photons; the second adjustable beam splitter 3 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the second phase modulator 3 from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulator 3 adjusts the phase of the input photons and outputs the photons; the second adjustable beam splitter 4 adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the second phase modulator 4 from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulator 4 adjusts and outputs the phases of the input photons, thereby completing the whole process.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, or a parallel manner, or a combination of progressive and parallel manners, and each embodiment is mainly described as a difference from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that an article or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such article or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in an article or apparatus that comprises such element.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (8)
1. A unitary optical path mode converter comprising an N x N MMI coupler, N first adjustable splitters, N first phase modulators, N second adjustable splitters, N second phase modulators, and N circulating waveguides, wherein N is a positive integer and N is greater than or equal to 2;
the first adjustable beam splitter and the second adjustable beam splitter are provided with four ports, namely an input upper end, an input lower end, an output upper end and an output lower end, and are used for adjusting the transmission path of input photons;
the MMI coupler comprises N input waveguides and N output waveguides, the N input waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected with the N first phase modulators in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and the N output waveguides of the MMI coupler are respectively connected with the input lower ends of the N second adjustable beam splitters in a one-to-one correspondence manner; the MMI coupler is used for interfering the input photons and realizing path distribution;
two ends of each circulating waveguide are respectively connected with the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter and the output upper end of the corresponding second adjustable beam splitter and are used for transmitting photons output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter;
The input lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is used for receiving external single photons simultaneously; the output lower end of each first adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding first phase modulator; the output lower end of each second adjustable beam splitter is connected with the input end of the corresponding second phase modulator; the first phase modulator and the second phase modulator are used for performing phase adjustment on the input photons.
2. The unitary optical path mode converter of claim 1, wherein said nxn MMI coupler, said first tunable beam splitter, said first phase modulator, said second tunable beam splitter, said second phase modulator, and said recycling waveguide are integrally fabricated on a substrate by a monolithic integration process.
3. A unitary optical path mode converter according to claim 1 wherein said first and second tunable beam splitters are MZI interferometers.
4. A unitary optical path mode converter according to claim 1 wherein said first phase modulator and said second phase modulator are either thermal phase modulators or electro-optic phase modulators.
5. A unitary optical path mode converter according to claim 1 wherein said circulating waveguide is an optical fiber waveguide or a silica-based optical waveguide.
6. A unitary optical path mode converter according to claim 1 further comprising N tunable optical delay structures, one for each of said cyclic waveguides, said tunable optical delay structures for adjusting the delay time of photons output from the output upper end of said second tunable beam splitter to the input upper end of said first tunable beam splitter, and maintaining the delay time of photons by N tunable optical delay structures equal.
7. A method of unitary optical path mode conversion, the method being applied to a unitary optical path mode converter as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, the method comprising:
external single photons are respectively and simultaneously input to each first adjustable beam splitter, and the first adjustable beam splitters adjust paths of the input photons so that the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected first phase modulators from the lower output ends of the input photons;
the first phase modulator carries out phase adjustment on the input photons, and the photons subjected to the phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler;
The MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler;
the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter and enter the first circulation, and are transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding circulation waveguide;
the first adjustable beam splitter adjusts a path of photons input from the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter, so that the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected first phase modulators from the output lower end of the first adjustable beam splitter; the first phase modulator carries out phase adjustment on the input photons again, and the photons subjected to the phase adjustment are input to the MMI coupler; the MMI coupler interferes all photons input to the MMI coupler and realizes path distribution, and the interfered photons are input to a corresponding second adjustable beam splitter through an output waveguide of the MMI coupler; the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter into a second cycle and are transmitted to the input upper end of the corresponding first adjustable beam splitter through the corresponding cycle waveguide;
And after all preset circulation times are completed, the second adjustable beam splitter adjusts the path of the input photons, so that all the input photons are input to the correspondingly connected second phase modulators from the lower output end of the second adjustable beam splitter, and the second phase modulators perform phase modulation on the input photons and output the photons.
8. A unitary optical path mode conversion method according to claim 7, wherein when said converter further comprises N tunable optical delay structures, said method further comprises:
an external controller controls the delay time from photons output from the output upper end of the second adjustable beam splitter to the input upper end of the first adjustable beam splitter, and keeps the delay time of the N adjustable optical delay structures on photons the same.
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