CN116997651A - 用于增强人t细胞功能的基因激活靶标 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本文中描述了T细胞调节子和调节这样的T细胞调节子的方法,以及鉴定调节所述T细胞调节子的新的药剂的方法。在淋巴样细胞和/或髓样细胞中对这样的T细胞调节子的修饰可提供可施用于有此需要的对象的淋巴样细胞/髓样细胞,所述对象例如患有免疫障碍、癌症以及其它疾病和病症的对象。
Description
政府支持
本发明是根据国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)授予的资助no.DK111914在政府支持下完成的。政府享有本发明的某些权利。
优先权
本申请要求于2021年1月19日提交的美国临时专利申请No.63/138,841的优先权权益,在此要求该申请的优先权权益,并且该申请通过引用整体并入。
背景技术
可用作抗癌治疗剂的细胞治疗剂的实例包括CD8+T细胞、CD4+T细胞、NK细胞、巨噬细胞、树突细胞和嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)T细胞。使用患者来源免疫细胞也可以是副作用很小或没有副作用的有效的癌症治疗。NK细胞具有细胞杀伤效力并且由于不具有抗原特异性而具有一些副作用。树突细胞是属于疫苗概念的治疗剂,因为它们不具有直接杀伤细胞的功能,并且能够将抗原特异性地递送至患者体内的T细胞,从而高效地将癌细胞特异性赋予T细胞。另外,CD4+T细胞在促进生产性、抗原依赖性免疫应答中发挥作用,并且已知CD8+T细胞具有抗原特异性和细胞杀伤功能。
然而,迄今为止已经使用或开发的大多数细胞治疗剂具有主要的临床局限性。例如,癌细胞自身分泌抑制人体中免疫应答的物质,或者不呈递产生针对这样的癌细胞的抗体所必需的抗原,从而阻止适当的免疫应答发生。
发明概述
本文中描述了T细胞功能的调节子以及使用这样的调节子的方法。在原代人T细胞中进行全基因组CRISPR激活(CRISPR activation,CRISPRa)和CRISPR干扰(CRISPRinterference,CRISPRi)筛选,以鉴定治疗相关T细胞表型的遗传调节子。这些筛选鉴定了1074个对这些表型表现出显著响应的基因。该筛选鉴定了参与T细胞功能的已知基因,这表明该筛选可靠地鉴定了确实影响T细胞功能的基因。然而,该筛选也鉴定了参与T细胞功能的新的基因。
本文中描述了这样的方法,其包括在至少一种淋巴样细胞或髓样细胞或其组合中对表1至7或图1至4中所列任一调节剂基因进行体外修饰,以产生至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞和经修饰髓样细胞的混合物。例如,修饰可以是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个内源基因组位处的一个或更多个的缺失、替换或插入。修饰可以是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的表达或翻译的降低。表达或翻译的降低可通过抑制性核酸(例如RNAi、shRNA、siRNA)来实现。修饰可以是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的表达提高。例如,表达提高可通过对表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个启动子进行修饰来实现。修饰可以是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个CRISPR介导的修饰或激活。修饰可包括用一种或更多种表达盒转化至少一种淋巴样细胞或髓样细胞或其组合,所述表达盒包含与含有表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的编码区的核酸区段可操作连接的启动子。
所述方法还可包括向对象施用至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞和经修饰髓样细胞的混合物。
在一些情况下,所述方法可包括孵育至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞和经修饰髓样细胞的混合物,以形成经修饰细胞群。可将这样的经修饰细胞群施用于对象。在一些情况下,对象可患有疾病或病症。例如,所述疾病或病症是免疫病症或癌症。
还描述了这样的方法,其包括使至少一种测试剂与测试细胞接触以提供测试测定混合物,以及测量:
所述测试细胞的细胞增殖、所述测试细胞的细胞因子释放或其组合;
所述测试细胞的活化;
所述细胞中表1至7或图1至4中所列任一调节子的表达或活性;或者
其组合。
所述方法还可包括将所测量结果与对照结果进行比较。对照结果可以是在没有任何测试剂的情况下测量的测试细胞的结果。
例如,测试细胞可包含淋巴样细胞和/或髓样细胞。测试细胞的实例可包括细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、γδT细胞、嵌合抗原受体(CAR)细胞、自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞、诱导多能干细胞来源的免疫(例如淋巴样和/或髓样)细胞或其组合。
可将如此测量的结果与对照细胞混合物的结果进行比较,所述对照细胞混合物包含不含任何测试剂的情况下测量的测试细胞和T细胞。
附图说明
图1A至E.对经刺激原代人T细胞中细胞因子产生的全基因组CRISPRa筛选。(A)CRISPRa筛选的示意图。(B)IL-2(左)和IFN-γ(右)筛选中目的基因的sgRNA log2倍数变化。棒表示两个人血液供体中各sgRNA的平均log2倍数变化。上面的密度图表示所有sgRNA的分布。(C和D)各基因的中值sgRNA log2倍数变化(高/低分选区块(sorting bin))的散点图,其比较了两个供体中的筛选,IL-2筛选(C)和IFN-γ筛选(D)。(E)在IL-2筛选和IFN-γ筛选中基因log2倍数变化(两个供体的平均值,中值sgRNA)的比较。
图2A至H。整合的CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选以高分辨率绘制了作为T细胞细胞因子应答基础的遗传回路。(A和B)各基因的中值sgRNA log2倍数变化(高/低分选区块),其比较了两个供体中的CRISPRi筛选,IL-2筛选(A)和IFN-γ筛选(B)。(C)静息CD4+T细胞中CRISPRa和CRISPRi细胞因子筛选命中物的基因mRNA表达的分布(本研究)。(D)采用属于T细胞受体信号传导途径(KEGG途径)的基因进行的IL-2CRISPRi筛选和CRISPRa筛选的比较,所述基因用除灰色之外的颜色表示。(E)采用手动选择的NF-κB途径经标记调节子进行的IFN-γCRISPRi筛选和CRISPRa筛选的比较。所有其他基因均以灰色显示。(F)在(D)中标记的NF-κB途径调节子的图谱。(G)筛选命中物与T细胞刺激和共刺激信号转导途径中的已定义功能的先前证据的图谱。所示出的基因在至少一个筛选中是显著命中物,并且是基于文献综述和途径数据库(例如,KEGG和Reactome)选择的。图块(tile)表示由指定基因编码的蛋白质,注意由于空间限制,因此亚细胞定位是不准确的,因为胞质中示出的许多组分出现在质膜上。如子图中所示,根据log2倍数变化Z评分对图块着色,带有不同命中物的实例。顶部的大箭头表示刺激/共刺激来源。(H)以与(G)相同形式在T细胞中选择具有很少充分描述的功能的筛选命中物。对于(H),通过每个筛选的log2倍数变化,仅来自前20个正和负排序的基因的显著命中物才是纳入的候选物。
图3A至H.通过阵列谱分析进行的CRISPRa筛选命中物的表征。(A)阵列实验的示意图。(B)IL-2(在CD4+T细胞中)和IFN-γ(在CD8+T细胞中)CRISPRa筛选的比较,采用由指定的阵列sgRNA组靶向的基因,以及它们的筛选命中物类别。另外还示出了阵列组基因的旁系同源物(Paralog)(其也是高排序的命中物)。(C)在刺激10小时之后,对照(无靶标_1sgRNA)或VAV1(VAV1_1sgRNA)CRISPRa T细胞中指定的细胞因子的代表性胞内细胞因子染色流式细胞术。(D)全阵列sgRNA组的胞内细胞因子染色,显示了在CD4+或CD8+T细胞中,对指定的细胞因子呈阳性的设门细胞的百分比。点表示有和没有刺激情况下的四个供体的平均值。垂直虚线表示在刺激情况下的平均无靶标对照sgRNA对照值。*q<0.05,**q<0.01,Mann–WhitneyU检验,随后进行q值多重比较校正。对于IL-2和IFN-γ示出了中等刺激剂量,且对于TNF-α示出了低剂量刺激。(E)使用来自(D)的同一数据,在经刺激的CD4+和CD8+细胞中,阵列组sgRNA的细胞因子阳性细胞百分比的log2倍数变化与无靶标对照sgRNA的平均值的散点图比较。(F)按指定的基因类别分组的分泌的细胞因子染色阵列图,其中去除了靶向IL2和IFNG基因的sgRNA。点表示单基因和供体测量。*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,Mann–WhitneyU检验。(G)由指定的CRISPRa sgRNA产生的分泌的细胞因子测量的主成分分析。(H)按指定的生物类别分组的所选分泌的细胞因子测量的热图。值表示四个供体的中位数,随后是每种细胞因子的Z评分缩放(scaling)。
图4A至J.CRISPRa扰动-seq(perturb-seq)捕获由全基因组细胞因子筛选命中物驱动的不同T细胞状态。(A)CRISPRa扰动-seq实验的示意图。(B)由sgRNA文库靶向的基因的类别分解,其中文库包含来自所指定的我们的初级全基因组CRISPRa细胞因子筛选的命中物。在两个筛选中总log2倍数变化<0的基因(对角线)被归类为负调节子。(C)血液供体的经着色的品质控制后经过滤再刺激T细胞的UMAP投影。(D)再刺激T细胞的UMAP投影中CD4+和CD8+T细胞的分布。每个区块由该区块中细胞的平均log2(CD4/CD8)转录水平来着色。(E)通过每个区块中平均细胞活化评分着色的再刺激T细胞的UMAP。(F)按sgRNA靶基因分组的再刺激T细胞活化评分的箱线图。虚线表示非靶对照细胞的中值活化评分。*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,Mann-Whitney U检验,以及Bonferroni校正。(G)凭借簇染色的细胞情况下的经再刺激T细胞的UMAP。(H)每个簇中差异表达标志物基因的热图。示出了每个簇的前50个统计学上显著的(FDR<0.05)差异上调的基因,其中在多个簇中上调的基因被优先分配于给定基因的具有较高log2倍数变化的簇。每个簇部分中按照log2倍数变化的靠前标志物基因(top marker gene)列于右侧。按照优势比每个簇中靠前的过表现(overrepresent)sgRNA列于次右侧(next right)。每个簇中靠前差异上调的细胞因子基因列于次右侧。每个簇中的平均细胞log2(CD4/CD8)细胞转录值示于最右侧。(I)示出了所指定基因的表达情况下的经再刺激T细胞的UMAP。(J)UMAP空间中分配给指定sgRNA靶标的经再刺激细胞的轮廓密度图(contour density plot)。无靶标对照轮廓以灰度显示在下方。“经扰动细胞(Perturbed Cell)”表示分配了除无靶标对照sgRNA之外的单sgRNA的所有细胞。
图5提供了使用所鉴定命中物用于T细胞癌症治疗的体外数据。
发明详述
本文中描述了用于调节T细胞应答的方法和组合物。T细胞可在体内或离体进行调节。可将离体调节的T细胞施用于可受益于这样的施用的对象。本文中还描述了用于评价测试剂和鉴定可用于调节T细胞功能的药剂的方法。
经刺激T细胞中细胞因子产生的调节可在自身免疫、免疫缺陷和癌症中被破坏。刺激依赖性细胞因子调节子的系统发现需要功能丧失性研究和功能获得性研究二者,这在原代人细胞中具有挑战性。我们现在报道了在原代人T细胞中进行全基因组CRISPR激活(CRISPRa)和CRISPR干扰(CRISPRi)筛选,以鉴定控制白介素2和干扰素γ产生的基因网络。阵列型CRISPRa确认了关键命中物,并实现了多重分泌组表征,揭示了重塑的细胞因子应答。将CRISPRa筛选与单细胞RNA-seq相结合来实现筛选命中物的深层分子表征,揭示了扰动如何调节T细胞活化并促进以不同细胞因子表达谱为特征的细胞状态。总之,这些筛选揭示了将免疫细胞功能重编程的基因。
调节T细胞应答
表1至7或图1至4中提供了T细胞的负调节子和正调节子的列表。这样的调节子可调节γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的产生、白介素2(IL2)的产生、T细胞的细胞增殖、或其组合。T细胞的任何调节子可用于本文中所述的方法和组合物中。调节所列调节子的药剂也可用于本文中所述的方法和组合物中。例如,为了正调节T细胞,可使用编码一种或更多种正T细胞调节子的一种或更多种表达盒、提高这样的正调节子的表达或活性的一种或更多种药剂,或抑制T细胞负调节子的药剂。为了负调节T细胞,例如,可使用抗体、编码一种或更多种负T细胞调节子的一种或更多种表达盒、提高这样的负调节子的表达或活性的一种或更多种药剂、或抑制T细胞正调节子的药剂。可调节T细胞调节子的药剂可包括表达载体、抑制性核酸、抗体、小分子、指导RNA、核酸酶(例如,一种或更多种cas核酸酶)、核酸酶失效的cas变体(例如,dCas9-VP64、dCas9-KRAB)或其组合。
例如,可离体修饰T细胞和其它类型的细胞以提高或降低表1至7或图1至4中所列任一T细胞调节子,并且经修饰细胞可施用于可受益于这样的施用的对象。在另一个实例中,表1至7或图1至4中所列任一T细胞调节子的表达或活性可通过体内施用包含或靶向表1至7或图1至4中所列任一调节子的表达载体、病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle,VLP)、CRISPR相关核糖核蛋白(ribonucleoprotein,RNP)复合物及其组合来调节。调节子核酸、调节子蛋白、调节子指导RNA和CRISPR核酸酶可通过一种或更多种载剂(例如通过一种或更多种表达载体(例如,病毒载体)、病毒样颗粒、核糖核蛋白(ribonucleoprotein,RNP)、纳米粒、脂质体或其组合)引入。载剂可包括能够靶向特定细胞类型(例如,识别细胞表面标志物的抗体)、促进细胞通透、降低降解或其组合的组分或者试剂。
另外,可通过本文中所述筛选方法来鉴定新的药剂,所述筛选方法包括,例如,在将包含一种或更多种测试剂和T细胞群的测定混合物孵育一段时间之后以及在足以确定所述测试剂是否可调节本文中所述任一调节子的表达或活性的条件下,对所述测定混合物进行评价。在一些情况下,测定混合物可包括T细胞和其他类型的细胞,例如,其他免疫细胞,例如可与T细胞相互作用的那些。通过这样的方法鉴定的有用的测试剂可例如,提高或降低表1至7或图1至4中任一者所列任一调节子的表达或活性。
因此,T细胞的任何调节子以及可调节这些调节子(即,调谐子)的药剂可用于本文中所述的方法和组合物中。
通过检测分离自两个不同供体的经受CRISPR介导的遗传修饰的T细胞受体(TCR)刺激的原代T细胞的改变的IL-2细胞因子产生、IFN-γ产生和细胞增殖来鉴定T细胞调节子。鉴定了T细胞的正调节子和负调节子二者。
可调节T细胞或本文中所述T细胞调节子的药剂可以是编码调节子或调节物质、抗体、小分子、抑制性核酸、肽、多肽、指导RNA、cas核酸酶(例如,cas9核酸酶)、核酸酶失效的cas变体(例如,dCas9-VP64、dCas9-KRAB)及其组合的表达系统。这样的药剂的实例在下文中描述。
调节子和/或调节调节子的试剂可通过多种测定程序进行评价。这样的测定程序也可用于鉴定新的T细胞调节子。在一些情况下,测定程序可用于评价调节子或调谐子质活性的类型(正作用或负作用)、量或程度对T细胞活性或者T细胞数目的效用。
例如,用于评价申请人的调节子/药剂或新的调节子/药剂的方法可包括使一种或更多种T细胞(或T细胞群)与测试剂接触以提供测试测定混合物,以及针对以下中至少一者评价该测试测定混合物:
·检测和/或定量细胞因子(例如,干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-2(IL-2))的产生;
·定量测试测定混合物中T细胞的数目;
·通过定量随着细胞分裂而稀释的染料来检测增殖;
·检测测试测定混合物中的T细胞是否表达一种或更多种本文中所述的正或负调节子;
·对表达一种或更多种由T细胞群表达的正或负调节子的细胞数目进行定量;或者
·其组合。
与测试药剂/测试调节子接触的T细胞或T细胞群也可包括多种淋巴样细胞和/或髓样免疫细胞。例如,可将测试剂引入包含细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、γδT细胞、嵌合抗原受体(CAR)细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、诱导多能干细胞来源的免疫(例如淋巴样和/或髓样)细胞或其组合的测定混合物中。
可在动物疾病模型中评价表现出用于调节T细胞或用于调节本文中所述任何调节子的量或活性的体外活性的测试剂。这样的动物疾病模型可包括癌症疾病动物模型、免疫系统疾病模型或其组合。
正T细胞调节子
如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检测的,以下基因是T细胞的正调节子(参见表1):APOBEC3C,APOBEC3D,APOL2,ASB12,BACE2,BCL9,
BICDL2,C15orf52,Clorf94,CD2,CD247,CD28,CNDB1,CTSK,DEAF1,DED6,DEPDC7,DKK2,EMP1,EOMES,EP300,FLT3,FOSL1,FOXQ1,GINS3,GLMN,GNA11,HELZ2,HRASLS5,IFNG,IL1R1,IL9R,KLHDC3,KLRC4,LAT,LCP2,LDB2,LTBR,MVB12A,NBPF6,NIT1,NLRC3,ORC1,OTUD7A,OTUD7B,PIK3AP1,PLCG2,PRDM1,PRLD2,PROCA1,PRKD2,PROCA1,RELA,RNF217,SAFB2,SLC16a1,SLC5A10,SLCA3,SPPL2B,TAGAP,TBX21,TMEM150B,TMIGD2,TNFRSF12A,TNFRSF14,TNFRSF1a,TNFFRSF1B,TNFRSF8,TNFRSF9,TOR1A,TPGS2,TRADD,TRAF3IP2,TRIM21,VSV1,WT1,ZNF630,H和ZNF717。
实施例2提供了通过干扰素-γ的产生检出的T细胞的另外的正调节子。
与这些基因及其编码的蛋白质相关的序列和其他信息可从例如NCBI和UniPROT数据库获得,其通过引用并入。
提供了由一些通过干扰素-γ的产生被检测为T细胞正调节子的基因编码的蛋白质序列的数个实例。例如,由人BICDL2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号A1A5D9获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:1示出),该人BICDL2基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码BICDL2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AL833749和AC108134获得。
由人C1orf94基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q6P1W5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:2示出),该人C1orf94基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q6P1W5蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AK123355和AC115286获得。
由人CNGB1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q14028获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:3示出),该人CNGB1基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q14028蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号U18945和L15296获得。
由人DEPDC7基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q96QD5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:4示出),该人DEPDC7基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q96QD5蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AJ245600和AC107939获得。
由人HRASLS5基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q96KN8获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:5示出),该人HRASLS5基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码HRASLS5蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB298804和AP000484获得。
由人KLHDC3基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9BQ90获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:6示出),该人KLHDC3基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码KLHDC3蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB055925和AL136304获得。
由人NBPF6基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q5VWK0获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:7示出),该人NBPF6基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q5VWK0蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC125161和AL390038获得。
由人OTUD7B基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q5VWK0获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:8示出),该人OTUD7B基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q5VWK0蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC125161和AL390038获得。
由人TPGS2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q68CL5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:9示出),该人TPGS2基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码TPGS2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AK295817和AC009854获得。
由人ZNF630基因编码的ZNF630蛋白的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q2M218获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:10示出),该人ZNF630基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q2M218蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC112139和Z98304获得。
由人ZNF717基因编码的ZNF717蛋白的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9BY31获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:11示出),该人ZNF717基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码Q9BY31蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF226994和AC108724获得。
以下基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出(参见表2):ABCB10,ACSS2,ADAM19,ADAM23,ADAMTS5,
ALKBH7,ALX4,ANXA2R,AP2A1,APOBEC3C,APOBEC3D,APOL2,ARNT,ART1,ASCL4,BEX4,BTG2,BTNL2,C1orf21,C12orf80,(也称为LINC02874),CBX4,CBY1,CCDC183,CCDC71L,CD2,CD28,CD6,CDKN1B,CDKN2C,CHERP,CIPC,CLIP3,CNGB1,CNR2,CREB5,CUL3,DCTN5,DEF6,DEPDC7,DYNLL2,ESPP,EEPD1,ELFN2,EMB,EMP1,EMP3,EP300,ERCC3,ESRP1,F2,FBXL13,FBXO41,FNBPIL,FOSB,FOSL1,FOXO4,FOXQ1,FUZ,CABRG4,GGTLC2,GNPDA1,GPR28,GPR20,GPR21,GPR84,GPIN3A,GSDMD,DSTM1,HCST,
HELZ3,HEPHL1,IL2IL2RB,IRX4,ISM1,KLF7,KLRC4,KRT18,LAT,LCP2,LHX6,LMNA,MAGLA9B,MAP3K12,MERTK,MTMR11,NDRG3,NITI,NLRC3,NLRP2,NPLOC4,ORC1,OSBPL7,OTOP3,OTUD7A,OTUD7B,P2RY14,PAFAH1B2,PCP4,PDE3A,PHF8,PIK3AP1,PLA2G3,PLCG2,POLK,POU2F2,PPIL2,PRAC1,PRKCB,PRKD2,RAB6A,RAC1,RAC2,RIPK3,RRAS2,RYP1,SAFB2,SCN3A,SDCCAG8,SERPINF1,SGTA,SHOC2,SIGLEC1,SIRT1,SLC16A1,SLC44A5,SLC5A5,SMC4,SPPL2B,SSUH2,SWAP70,TAF15,THEMIS,TM4SF4,TMEM79,TNFRSF10B,TNFSF11,TNRC6A,TPGS2,TRAF31P2,TRIM21,TRMT5,TRPM4,TRPV5,TSPYL5,UBA52,UBL5,VSV1,WARS2,ZAP70,ZNF141ZNF296,
和ZN701。实施例2提供了通过白介素一2的产生检出的另外的T细胞正调节子。
与这些基因及其编码的蛋白质相关的序列和其他信息可从例如NCBI和UniPROT数据库获得,其通过引用并入。
提供了由一些通过白介素2的产生被检测为T细胞正调节子的基因编码的蛋白质序列的数个实例。例如,由人ADAMTS5基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9UNA0获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:12示出),该人ADAMTS5基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素一2的产生所检出。
编码该蛋白质的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF142099和AP001698获得。
人C12orf80 cDNA(也称为LINC02874)的核苷酸序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号NR_164127.1获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:13示出),该人C12orf80 cDNA是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
由人CCDC183基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q5T5S1获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:14示出),该人CCDC183基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码该蛋白质的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB075864和AL355987获得。
由人CIPC基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9C0C6获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:15示出),该人CIPC基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码CIPC蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB051524和AC007686获得。
由人CUL3基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q13618获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:16示出),该人CUL3基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码Q13618蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF064087和AC073052获得。
由人EMB(Embigin)基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q6PCB8获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:17示出),该人EMB基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码该蛋白质的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AK300860和AC035145获得。
由人ESRP1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q6NXG1获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:18示出),该人ESRP1基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码Q6NXG1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC067098和AP005660获得。
由人FBXL13基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q8NEE6获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:19示出),该人FBXL13基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码FBXL13蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AY359238和AC005250获得。
由人FBXO41基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q8TF61获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:20示出),该人FBXO41基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码FBXO41蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB075820和AC010913获得。
由人FOSL1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P15407获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:21示出),该人FOSL1基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码FOSL1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号X16707和AP006287获得。
由人FOXO4基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P98177获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:22示出),该人FOXO4基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码FOXO4蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登记号X93996和AL590764获得。
由人FUZ基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9BT04获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:23示出),该人FUZ基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码FUZ蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AK026341和AC006942获得。
由人IRX4基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P78413获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:23示出)。
编码IRX4蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF124733和AB690778获得。
由人ISM1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号B1AKI9获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:24示出),该人ISM1基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码ISM1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC017997和AL050320获得。
由人MTMR11基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号A4FU01获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:25示出),该人MTMR11基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码MTMR11蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号U78556和AL590487获得。
由人NDRG3基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9UGV2获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:26示出),该人NDRG3基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码NDRG3蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB044943和AL031662获得。
由人NPLOC4基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q8TAT6获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:27示出),该人NPLOC4基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码NPLOC4蛋白的cDNA可从NCBI数据库以登录号AB040932获得。
由人OTOP3基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q7RTS5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:28示出),该人OTOP3基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码OTOP3蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BK000568和AC087651获得。
由人OTUD7A基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q8TE49获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:29示出),该人OTUD7A基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码OTUD7A蛋白的cDNA序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号AJ430383获得。
由人PDE3A基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q14432获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:30示出),该人PDE3A基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码PDE3A蛋白的cDNA序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号M91667获得。
由人POLK基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库获得(以下以SEQID NO:31示出),该人POLK基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码POLK蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB027564和AY273797获得。
由人PRAC1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q96KF2获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:32示出),该人PRAC1基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码PRAC1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF331165和CH471109获得。
由人SERPINF1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:33示出),该人SERPINF1基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码SERPINF1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号M76979和U29953获得。
由人SSUH2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9Y2M2获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:34示出),该人SSUH2基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码SSUH2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB024705和AC034187获得。
由人TM4SF4基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P48230获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:35示出),该人TM4SF4基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码TM4SF4蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号U31449和CH471052获得。
以下基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过提高的T细胞增殖所检出(参见表3):
ABCB1,ASAP1,ATP10A,DEAF1,FOXK1,ITGAX,LCE6A,LCP2,LEFTY1,MYC,NAT8B,OLFM3和PLD6。
表7提供了如通过提高的T细胞增殖所检出的T细胞的另外的正调节子。
由人ATP10A基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号O60312获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:36示出),该人ATP10A基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过提高的细胞增殖所检出。
编码ATP10A蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB051358和AY029504获得。
由人LCE6A基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号A0A183获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:37示出),该人LCE6A基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过提高的细胞增殖所检出。
编码LCE6A蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号DQ991251和AL162596获得。
由人NAT8B基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9UHF3获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:38示出),该人NAT8B基因是T细胞的正调节子,如通过提高的细胞增殖所检出。
编码NAT8B蛋白的cDNA序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号AF185571获得。
T细胞的负调节子
以下基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出(参见表4):ACER2,ADGRV1,AIF1L,ALPL,AMACR,AMZ1,ARHGAP30,ARHGDIB,ARHGEF11,ARL11,ATP2A2,B3GNT5,BACH2,BLM,BSG,BTBD2,BTLA,BTRC,CA11,CASTOR2,CBLB,CCNT2,CCSER1,CD37,CD44,CD5,CD52,CD55,CDK6,CEACAM1,CEBPA,CEBPB,CEP164,CLAP2L,CLCN2,CLDN25,CPLQ,CST5,CTNNA1,CYP24A1,DDTT4L,DENND3,DGKG,
DGKK,DGKZ,DSC1,EBF2,ECEL1,EIF3K,EPB41,EPS8L1,FAM35A,FAM53B,FAM83A,FKRP,FOXA3,FOXF1,FOXF2,FOXI3,FOXJ1,FOXL2,FOXL2NB,GABRQ,GATA3,GATA4,GATA6GC2,GCSAM,GCSAML,GMFG,GNL3L,GRAP,GRB2,GRLA1,GRSFIL,HEH2,HYLS,IKZF1,IKZF3,IL2RB,INPPL1,JMJF1C,KCNV1,KR1T1,LAMB1,LAPTM5,LAT2,LAX1,LCK,LENEP,LMO4,LRRC25,LRRC4B,LYB,MAB21L2,MAP4K1,MBIP,MBOAT1,METTL23,MIPEP.MIPOL1,MMP21,MSMB,MUC1,MUC21,MUC8,N4BP1,NAIF1,NDNF,NFATCI,NFKB2,NFKBLA,NKX2-1,NKX2-3,NMB,NR2F1,ODF4,OPRD1,ORC5,OTUD4,PASD1,PBK,PCBP2,PDLIM1,PDPN,PECAM1,PIP5K1A,PIP5K1B,PIIPNA,POGZ,POLK,POU2AF1,PSTPIP1,PTPN12,PTPRC,PVR1G,RAB14,RBP7,RETREG1,RFC2,RHCE,RNF19B,RNF2,RUSC2,SELPLG,SETD1B,SH3KBP1,SIGLEC6,SIPA1L1,SLA,SLA2,SLC26A4,SLC44A5,SLC45A1,SLC6A8,SLC6A9,SMAD9,SMAGP,SOCS3,SOX13,SPATA31A1,SPN,SPOCK3,SPRED1,STAP1,STK35,SULT6B1,SYT15,TEC,TIAM1,TMEM151A,TMEM87B,TMPRSS11E,TMMT2,TRIB2,TRIM28,TSPAN1,UBASH3B,UBQLN4,UBXN7,UNC119,UPP1,VPS28,WLS,ZKSCAN4,ZNF445和ZNF474.
表7提供了如通过干扰素-γ产生所检出的T细胞的另外的负调节子。
与这些基因及其编码的蛋白质相关的序列和其他信息可从例如NCBI和UniPROT数据库获得,其通过引用并入。
提供了由一些通过干扰素-γ的产生被检测为T细胞的负调节子的基因编码的蛋白质序列的数个实例。例如,由人AIFlL基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9BQl0获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:39示出),该人AIFlL基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码AIF1L蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AL136566和AL157938获得。
由人ARHGDIB基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P52566获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:40示出),该人ARHGDIB基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码ARHGDIB蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号L20688和CH471094获得。
由人BLM基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P54132获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:41示出),该人BLM基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码BLM蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登陆号U39817和AY886902获得。
由人BSG基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q7KTJ7获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:42示出),该人BSG基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码BSG蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AE014134和AAN10661.2获得。
由人BTBD2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9BX70获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:43示出),该人BTBD2基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码BTBD2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF355797和AC004678获得。
由人CASTOR2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号A6NHX0获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:44示出),该人CASTOR2基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码CASTOR2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC147030和AC245150获得。
由人CCSER1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9C013获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:45示出),该人CCSER1基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码CCSER1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB051467和AC093729获得。
由人CLCN2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P51788获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:46示出),该人CLCN2基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码CLCN2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号S77770和AC078797获得。
由人EBF2基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9HAK2获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:47示出),该人EBF2基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码EBF2(COE2)蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AY700779和AC023566获得。
由人FAM83A基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q86UY5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:48示出),该人FAM83A基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码FAM83A蛋白的cDNA序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号DQ280322获得。
由人FOXF1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库获得(以下以SEQID NO:49示出),该人FOXF1基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码FOXF1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号U13219和AF085343获得。
由人FOXI3基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号A8MTJ6获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:50示出),该人FOXI3基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码FOXI3蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BN001222和AC012671获得。
由人FOXL2NB基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q6ZUU3获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:51示出),该人FOXL2NB基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码FOXL2NB蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AK125319和AC092947获得。
由人HYLS1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q96M11获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:52示出),该人HYLS1基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码HYLS1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AK057477和AP000842获得。
由人LAMB1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P07942获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:53示出),该人LAMB1基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码LAMB1蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号M61916和M61950获得。
由人LENEP基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9Y5L5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:54示出),该人LENEP基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码LENEP蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF268478和AF144412获得。
由人LRRC4B基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9NT99获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:55示出),该人LRRC4B基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码LRRC4B蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号BC019687和AC008743获得。
由人基因编码的MAB21L2蛋白的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9Y586获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:56示出),该人MAB21L2基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码MAB21L2蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AF262032和AF155219获得。
由人RETREG1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q9H6L5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:57示出),该人RETREG1基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码RETREG1蛋白的cDNA序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号AK000159获得。
由人SMAD9基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号015198获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:58示出),该人SMAD9基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码SMAD9蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号D83760和AL138706获得。
由人SPATA31A1基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q5TZJ5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:59示出),该人SPATA31A1基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码SPATA31A1蛋白的染色体序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号BX005214获得。
由人ZNF445基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P59923获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:60示出),该人ZNF445基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过干扰素-γ的产生所检出。
编码ZNF445蛋白的cDNA可从NCBI数据库以登录号AY262260获得。
以下基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出(参见表5):ABI3BP,AEBP1,AHR,ANTXR2,ARHGAP15,ARHGAP27,
ARHGDIB,ARID3A,ARL4D,B4GALNT3,B4CD1,C10orf82,C17orf75,C19orf35,C1RL,C2orf69,C6orf132,c9orf84,CABP1,CBLV,CCSER1,CD34,CD4,CD5,CD52,CEACAM1,CEACAM7,CEBPB,CES3,CGB3,COL11A1,COL4A3,COLO,CPEB3,CEELD2,CST9L,DDX55,DLG4,DOK1,EBF3,EIF3K,EN2,EOMES,EPB41,ETS1,F5,FAM96A,FHL1,FOXA3,FOXE1,FOXI3,FOXL2NB,FUS,FUT4,GCSAM,GCSAML,GDAP1L1,GDPD2,GMIP,GNL3L,GOLPH3,GRAP,GRB2,HAUS7,HERC1,HLA-DQB2,HSD17B11,IKZF1,IKZF3,INPPL1,INTS10,ITIH2,ITPKA,ITPKB,ITOKC,JDP2,JKAMP,JMD1C,KIAA1024,KIF15,KIF5A,KNTC1,LAT2,LAX1,LGR5,LIME1,LMBRD2,LOC401052,LONP2,LRCH3,LRRC23,LRRC25,LRRC52,LYN,LYPD1,MAATS1,MAB2L2,MAGEB17,MAP4K1,MEF2C,METTL9,MICU1,MRPL17,MUC1,NAIF1,NCF2,NDNF,NDUFB1,NHP2,NKX2-6,NLGN4Y,NNT,NPIPB9,NR4A1,NR4A3,NRCAM,NRP1,NRSN2,NSUN7,OLFML1,OMP,OPRD1,OR1K1,OR2B11,OSBPL11,OTOG,OTUD4,PATL2,PAX5,PFKL,PHF2,PIBF1,PIP5K1A,PIP5K1B,PITPNC1,PLCL1,PLEKHM2,PPARG,PPIC,PSRC1,PSTPIP1,PTPN12,PTPN22,PTPN6,PTPRC,PVRIG,RBP4,RPL13A,S100A2,SALL4,SAMD8,SENP6,SETD1B,SEZ6L,SFT2D1,SH3TC1,SIGIRR,SIT1,SLA,SLA2、SLC20A2,SLC39A2、SLC6A8,SMAGP,SNRNP48,SOCS2,SORBS1,SOX13,SPN,SPRED1,SPRED2,SRPK1,STAP1,STK38L,SYPL1,TCF12,TEX35,TFCP2L1,TMFN14C,TMEN223,TMEN262,TNNT2,TPRA1,TRIN6-TRIM34,TSPAN1,UBASH3B,UBE2W,UBR4,UBXN7,UCP1,UINCC1,ULK1,UPK3B,VPS28,VSTN5,XKR9,YLPM1ZDHHC7,EB1,ZEB2,ZNF445,ZNF70和ZNF831.
表7提供了如通过白介素-2的产生所检出的T细胞的另外的负调节子。
与这些基因及其编码的蛋白质相关的序列和其他信息可从例如NCBI和UniPROT数据库获得。
提供了由一些如通过白介素-2的产生被检测为T细胞的负调节子的基因编码的蛋白质序列的数个实例。例如,由人ABI3BP基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q727G0获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:61示出),该人ABI3BP基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码ABI3BP蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AB056106和CH471052获得。
由人GCSAML基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号O43741获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:62示出),该人GCSAML基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过白介素-2的产生所检出。
编码GCSAML蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库分别以登录号AJ224538和AL356378获得。
以下基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过降低的细胞增殖所检出(参见表6):ABCB1,ASAP1,ATP10ADEAF1,FPXK1,
ITGAX,LCE6A,LCP2,LEFTY1,MYC,NAT8B,OLFM3,PLD6,PREP,SULT1A1,SULT1A4,AHNAK,ARHGDID,B3GNT5,CASZ1,CD27,CEBPB,CEHBP,FLI1FOSL2,HLX,MAP4K1,MUC21,MXI1,NDRG1,NEUROD2,SLC2A1,SLC43A3,SMGAP,SOX13,SP140,TPI1和TTC39C.
表7提供了如通过降低的细胞增殖所检出的T细胞的另外的负调节子。
由人SULT1A4基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号P0DMN09获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:63示出),该人SULT1A4基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过降低的细胞增殖所检出。
编码SULT1A4蛋白的染色体序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号AC106782获得。
由人SLC43A3基因编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列可从UniPROT数据库以登录号Q8NBI5获得(以下以SEQ ID NO:64示出),该人SLC43A3基因是T细胞的负调节子,如通过降低的细胞增殖所检出。
编码SLC43A3蛋白的cDNA和染色体序列可从NCBI数据库以登录号AB028927和AP000781获得。
本文中所述的任何这些基因或由这些基因编码的蛋白质可调节T细胞。
本文中提供的序列是示例性的。这些序列的同种型和变体以及表1至7或图1至4中所列任一调节子的同种型和变体也可用于本文中所述的方法和组合物中。
例如,当蛋白质和核酸的同种型和变体与表1至7或图1至4中所列基因或编码的蛋白质基本上相同时,它们可用于本文中所述的方法和组合物中。术语“基本上相同”表示多肽或核酸包含与参考序列具有55%至100%序列同一性的序列,例如在特定的比较窗中与参考序列具有至少55%序列同一性,优选60%,优选70%,优选80%,优选至少90%,优选至少95%,优选至少96%,优选至少97%序列同一性,优选至少98%,优选至少99%同一性的序列。最佳比对可使用Needleman and Wunsch,J.Mol.Biol.48:443-53(1970)的同源性比对算法来确定或进行。
两个多肽序列基本上相同的标志是两个多肽具有相同的功能-充当T细胞或T细胞活性的调节子。该多肽与调节子序列基本上相同并且可能不具有与调节子完全相同的活性水平。相反,与表1至7或图1至4中所列那些或本文中记载的任何序列相比,基本上相同的多肽可表现出更高或更低水平的调节子活性。例如,当通过类似的测定程序测量时,基本上相同的多肽或核酸可具有至少约40%,或至少约50%,或至少约60%,或至少约70%,或至少约80%,或至少约90%,或至少约95%,或至少约97%,或至少约98%,或至少约100%,或至少约105%,或至少约110%,或至少约120%,或至少约130%、或至少约140%、或至少约150%、或至少约200%的本文中所述调节子的活性。
或者,当第二多肽与针对第一多肽(例如,由表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因编码的多肽)产生的抗体具有免疫反应性时,则存在基本同一性。因此,例如,在两个多肽仅不同之处在于保守替换的情况下,则多肽与第一多肽基本上相同。另外,如果抗体识别的表位基本上相同,当多肽与第一多肽不同之处在于非保守改变时,则该多肽与第一多肽可能是基本上相同的。“基本上相似”的多肽共有如上所示的序列,除了一些不相同的残基位置可能因保守氨基酸变化而不同。
表达系统
编码一种或更多种调节子蛋白的核酸区段、或者是抑制性核酸或这样的调节子的核酸区段,可以插入到任何合适的表达系统中或与任何合适的表达系统一起使用。可将编码一种或更多种可调节调节子蛋白表达或活性的药剂的核酸区段插入到任何合适的表达系统中或与任何合适的表达系统一起使用。治疗有效量的一种或更多种调节子蛋白或这样的调节子蛋白的调节剂可由这样的表达系统产生。治疗有效的一种或更多种抑制性核酸也可以从这样的表达系统中产生。
核酸(或抑制性核酸)的重组表达可使用载体例如质粒有效地完成。载体可包含与编码一种或更多种调节子/调谐子蛋白的核酸区段可操作连接的启动子。在另一个实例中,载体可包含与编码调节子/调谐子抑制性核酸的核酸区段可操作连接的启动子。
载体还可包括转录和翻译所需的其他元件。本文中使用的载体指任何包含外源DNA的载体。因此,载体是将外源核酸转运到细胞中而不发生降解的药剂,并且包括在其被递送到的细胞中产生核酸的表达的启动子。载体包括但不限于质粒、病毒核酸、病毒、噬菌体核酸、噬菌体、黏粒和人工染色体。多种原核和真核表达载体适于携带、编码和/或表达调节子/调谐子。可使用多种适于携带、编码和/或表达调节子/调谐子抑制性核酸的原核和真核表达载体。这样的表达载体包括例如pET、pET3d、pCR2.1、pBAD、pUC和酵母载体。载体可用于例如多种体内和体外情况。
表达盒、表达载体以及盒或载体中的序列可以是异源的。本文中使用的术语“异源”当用于提及表达盒、表达载体、调节子序列、启动子或核酸时,是指以一些方式已被操作的表达盒、表达载体、调节子序列或核酸。例如,异源启动子可以是与目的核酸非天然连接的启动子,或已通过细胞转化程序引入到细胞中的启动子。异源核酸或启动子还包括原产于生物体但已以一些方式改变(例如,置于不同的染色体位置、突变、以多个拷贝添加、与非天然启动子或增强子序列连接等)的核酸或启动子。异源核酸可包含含有cDNA形式的序列;cDNA序列可以以有义(以产生mRNA)或反义方向(以产生与mRNA转录物互补的反义RNA转录物)表达。异源编码区可与内源编码区区分开,例如,当异源编码区与包含未被发现与编码区天然缔合的调节元件(例如启动子)的核苷酸序列连接时,或者当异源编码区与不存在于自然界的染色体的一部分(例如,在由编码区编码的蛋白质不正常表达的基因座中表达的基因)缔合时。类似地,异源启动子可以是与编码区连接的启动子,所述编码区在自然界中并不与之连接。
可使用的病毒载体包括与慢病毒、腺病毒、腺相关病毒、疱疹病毒、牛痘病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、AIDS病毒、神经元营养性病毒、辛德毕斯病毒和其他病毒相关的病毒载体。另外,可用的是共享这些病毒特性的任何病毒家族,所述特性使其适合于用作载体。可使用的逆转录病毒载体包括在Verma,I.M.,Retroviral vectors for gene transfer.InMicrobiology-1985,American Society for Microbiology,pp.229-232,Washington,(1985)中描述的那些。例如,这样的逆转录病毒载体可包括鼠马洛尼白血病病毒(MurineMaloney Leukemia virus,MMLV),和表达期望特性的其他逆转录病毒。通常来说,病毒载体包含非结构性早期基因、结构性晚期基因、RNA聚合酶III转录物、复制和衣壳化所必需的反向末端重复、以及控制病毒基因组转录和复制的启动子。当改造为载体时,病毒通常去除了一个或更多个早期基因,并且基因或基因/启动子盒被插入到病毒基因组中以代替去除的病毒核酸。
多种调节元件可包含在表达盒和/或表达载体中,包括启动子、增强子、翻译起始序列、转录终止序列和其他元件。“启动子”通常是处于相对于转录起始位点的相对固定位置时发挥作用的DNA的一个序列或多个序列。例如,启动子可以位于编码调节子蛋白的核酸片段的上游。在另一个实例中,启动子可位于一种或更多种调节子的调节剂的抑制性核酸区段的上游。
“启动子”包含RNA聚合酶和转录因子基本相互作用所需的核心元件,并且可以包含上游元件和响应元件。“增强子”通常是指在距转录起始位点无固定距离处发挥作用的DNA序列,并且可以在转录单元的5’或3’处。此外,增强子可以在内含子内以及在编码序列本身内。它们的长度通常为10至300并且以顺式发挥作用。增强子发挥作用以提高来自附近启动子的转录。与启动子一样,增强子通常也包含介导转录调节的响应元件。增强子通常确定表达的调节。
真核宿主细胞(酵母、真菌、昆虫、植物、动物、人或有核细胞)中使用的表达载体也可包含用于终止转录的序列,其可影响mRNA的表达。这些区域转录为编码组织因子蛋白的mRNA的非翻译部分中的多腺苷酸化区段。3’非翻译区还包括转录终止位点。优选的是,转录单元还包含多腺苷酸化区域。该区域的一个益处在于其提高了所转录单元将被加工和转运(如mRNA)的可能性。在表达构建体中鉴定和使用多腺苷酸化信号已得到很好的证实。优选在转基因构建体中使用同源的多腺苷酸化信号。
来自表达盒或表达载体的调节子/调谐子蛋白或其抑制性核酸分子的表达可由能够在原核细胞或真核细胞中表达的任何启动子控制。可使用的原核启动子的实例包括但不限于SP6、T7、T5、tac、bla、trp、gal、lac或麦芽糖启动子。可使用的真核启动子的实例包括但不限于组成型启动子,例如病毒启动子例如CMV、SV40和RSV启动子,以及可调节启动子,例如诱导型或阻遏型启动子例如tet启动子、hsp70启动子和由CRE调节的合成启动子。针对细菌表达的载体包括pGEX-5X-3,并且针对真核表达的载体包括pCIneo-CMV。
表达盒或载体可包含编码标记产物的核酸序列。这种标记产物用于确定基因是否已经被递送至细胞,并且一旦递送就正在表达。标记基因可包括编码β-半乳糖苷酶的大肠杆菌(E.coli)lacZ基因和绿色荧光蛋白。在一些实施方案中,标记可以是可选择标记。当这样的可选择标记成功地转移至宿主细胞中时,如果置于选择性压力下,经转化的宿主细胞可以存活。有两种广泛使用的独特类别的选择性方案。第一类别是基于细胞的代谢和使用缺乏独立于所补充培养基能够生长的突变体细胞系。第二类别是显性选择,其是指用于任何细胞类型的选择方案并且不需要使用突变体细胞系。这些方案通常使用药物来阻止宿主细胞的生长。具有新基因的那些细胞将表达传递药物抗性的蛋白质,并将在选择中存活。这样的显性选择的实例使用药物新霉素(Southern P.and Berg,P.,J.Molec.Appl.Genet.1:327(1982))、霉酚酸(Mulligan,R.C.and Berg,P.Science 209:1422(1980))或潮霉素(Sugden,B.et al.,Mol.Cell.Biol.5:410-413(1985))。
基因转移可使用直接转移遗传物质来获得,所述遗传物质包括但不限于质粒、病毒载体、病毒核酸、噬菌体核酸、噬菌体、黏粒和人工染色体,或者通过将遗传物质转移至细胞或载体(例如阳离子脂质体)中来获得。这样的方法在本领域中是公知的并且很容易适用于本文中所述的方法中。转移载体可以是用于将基因递送至细胞中的任何核苷酸构建体(例如质粒),或者作为递送基因的一般策略的一部分,例如作为重组逆转录病毒或腺病毒的一部分(Ram et al.Cancer Res.53:83-88,(1993))。用于转染的合适手段,包括病毒载体、化学转染子或物理-机械方法,例如电穿孔和DNA的直接扩散,被描述于例如W Wolff,J.A.,et al.,Science,247,1465-1468,(1990)和Wolff,J.A.Nature,352,815-818,(1991)。
例如,编码调节子/调谐子蛋白或编码针对其的抑制性核酸分子的核酸分子、表达盒和/或载体可通过任何方法引入细胞,所述方法包括但不限于钙介导的转化、电穿孔、显微注射、脂质体转染、粒子轰击等。细胞可以在培养物中扩增,并然后施用于对象,例如哺乳动物(例如人)。所施用细胞的量或数目可以变化,但可使用约106至约109个细胞的量。细胞通常在生理溶液例如盐水或缓冲盐水中递送。细胞也可在载剂例如脂质体、外排体或微囊泡的群体中递送。
在一些情况下,转基因细胞可产生包含编码一种或更多种调节子/调谐子的核酸分子、表达盒和/或载体的外排体或微囊泡。在一些情况下,转基因细胞可产生这样的外排体或微囊泡,其包含可靶向调节子/调谐子核酸的抑制性核酸分子、一种或更多种调节子核酸、或其组合。微囊泡可介导多种蛋白质、脂质、mRNA和微RNA的分泌,与相邻细胞相互作用,并从而可在细胞间传递信号、蛋白质、脂质和核酸(参见,例如,Shen et al.,J BiolChem.286(16):14383-14395(2011);Hu et al.,Frontiers in Genetics 3(April 2012);Pegtel et al.,Proc.Nat’lAcad Sci 107(14):6328-6333(2010);其各自通过引用整体并入本文。产生这样的微囊泡的细胞可用于表达一种或更多种调节子/调谐子蛋白和/或一种或更多种调节子/调谐子的抑制性核酸、或其组合。
转基因载体或具有异源表达盒或表达载体的细胞可表达一种或更多种调节子,也可以任选地表达一种或更多种调节子抑制性核酸、或其组合。可将任何这些载体或细胞施用于对象。由转基因细胞产生的外排体可用于向对象或对象中的肿瘤和癌细胞施用调节子/调谐子蛋白、调节子/调谐子核酸、调节子/调谐子抑制性核酸、或其组合。
包含一种或更多种调节子的抑制剂(例如抑制性核酸、抗体或其任意组合)的方法和组合物。
CRISPR修饰
在一些情况下,成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列(Clustered RegularlyInterspaced Short Palindromic Repeat,CRISPR)/CRISPR相关(Cas)系统可用于在基因组调节基因中产生一个或更多个修饰。这样的CRISPR修饰可降低或激活调节子基因产物的表达或功能。例如,CRISPR/Cas系统可用于RNA可编程基因组编辑(参见,例如,
Marraffin and Sonthemer.Nature Reviews Genetics 11:181-190(2010),Sorek et al.Nature Reviews Mricrobiology 2008 6:181-6,Karginov and Hannon.MolCell 2010 1:7-19,Hale at al.Mot cell 2010.45.292-302;Jinek et al.Science 2012337:815-820;Bikardand Marraffini Curr Opin Immunol 2012 24:15-20;Bikard etal.Cell Host&Microbe2012 12:177-186;其所有均通过引用整体并入本文)。
可使用CRISPR指导RNA,其可将Cas酶靶向至基因组中的期望位置,在该位置所述Cas酶可切割基因组DNA以产生基因组修饰。例如,该技术由Mali et al.Science 2013339:823-6描述;其通过引用整体并入本文。用于设计和使用CRISPR介导的基因组编辑的试剂盒可商购获得,例如来自System Biosciences,Mountain View,CA的PRECISION X CAS9SMART NUCLEASETM系统(目录号CAS900A-1)。
在一些情况下,转录激活子可与缺陷型Cas9或一个或更多个指导RNA连接以靶向转录激活子。这样的转录激活子包括蛋白质结构域或全蛋白,其有助于募集辅因子和RNA聚合酶,以提高表1至7或图1至4中所列调节子基因中一种或更多种的转录。
在一些情况下,由Abremski et al.1983.Cell 32:1301(1983),Sternberg etal.,Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology,Vol.XLV 297(1981)等描述的P1噬菌体的cre-lox重组系统可用于促进调节子基因组位点的重组和改变。cre-lox系统利用从P1噬菌体中分离的cre重组酶,其与该重组酶识别的DNA序列(称为lox位点)缀合。该重组系统对于在植物细胞(参见,例如,美国专利No.5,658,772)、动物细胞(美国专利No.4,959,317和美国专利No.5,801,030)中,以及在病毒载体中(Hardy etal.,J.Virology71:1842(1997))实现重组是有效的。
如此并入的基因组突变可改变所编码调节子基因产物中的一个或更多个氨基酸。例如,经修饰使得所编码调节子蛋白更易于降解的基因组位点较不稳定使得这样的蛋白质的半衰期降低,或者使得所述调节子具有改善的表达或功能。在另一个实例中,可修饰基因组位点使得调节子多肽的至少一个氨基酸被缺失或突变,从而改变其活性。例如,可修饰保守氨基酸或保守结构域以提高或降低调节子多肽的活性。例如,调节子多肽的保守结构域中一个保守的氨基酸或数个氨基酸可被一个或更多个具有不同于该保守氨基酸的物理和/或化学特性的氨基酸替代。例如,为了改变保守氨基酸的物理和/或化学特性,保守氨基酸可被缺失或被另一类别的氨基酸替代,其中类别在下表中标识。
可通过一种或更多种载剂,例如通过一种或更多种表达载体(例如,病毒载体)、病毒样颗粒、核糖核蛋白(ribonucleoprotein,RNP)、通过纳米粒、脂质体或其组合,引入指导RNA和核酸酶。载剂可包括能够靶向特定细胞类型(例如,识别细胞表面标志物的抗体)、促进细胞通透、降低降解或其组合的组分或药剂。
抑制性核酸
一种或更多种调节子/调谐子的表达可被抑制,例如通过使用特异性识别编码该调节子或调谐子的核酸的抑制性核酸。
抑制性核酸可具有至少一个将在胞内条件或严格条件下与调节子核酸或调谐子杂交的区段。抑制性核酸可降低调节子/调谐子核酸的表达。核酸可与基因组DNA、信使RNA或其组合杂交。可将抑制性核酸并入到质粒载体或病毒DNA中。它可以是单链或双链的,环状或线性的。
抑制性核酸是长度超过13个核苷酸的核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸的聚合物。抑制性核酸可包括天然存在的核苷酸;合成、经修饰或假核苷酸,例如硫代磷酸酯;以及具有可检测标记例如P32、生物素或地高辛的核苷酸。抑制性核酸可降低调节子/调谐子核酸的表达和/或活性。这样的抑制性核酸可与内源调节子/调谐子核酸(例如RNA)的区段完全互补。或者,相对于调节子/调谐子序列,抑制性核酸序列中允许一些可变性。抑制性核酸可以在胞内条件下或在严格杂交条件下与调节子/调谐子核酸杂交并且充分互补以抑制内源调节子/调谐子核酸的表达。胞内条件是指通常在细胞(例如动物或哺乳动物细胞)内部存在的条件,例如温度、pH和盐浓度。这样的动物或哺乳动物细胞的一个实例是髓样祖细胞。这样的动物或哺乳动物细胞的另一个实例是来源于髓样祖细胞的更分化的细胞。通常来说,选择比特定序列在限定的离子强度和pH下的热解链点(Tm)低约5℃的严格杂交条件。然而,严格条件涵盖比所选序列的热解链点低约1℃至约20℃的温度,这取决于期望的严格程度,如本文中另外所限定。包含例如2、3、4或5段或更多段与调节子/调谐子编码序列精确互补的连续核苷酸(每段由与相邻编码序列不互补的连续核苷酸段分隔)的抑制性寡核苷酸可抑制本文中所述调节子或调谐子中任一者的一个或更多个核酸的功能。一般而言,每段连续核苷酸的长度为至少4、5、6、7或8个或更多个核苷酸。非互补间插序列的长度可以为1、2、3或4个核苷酸。本领域技术人员可以容易地使用与有义核酸杂交的抑制性核酸的计算解链温度来估计抑制特定靶核酸表达所能承受的错配程度。本发明的抑制性核酸包括例如短发夹RNA、小干扰RNA、核酶或反义核酸分子。
抑制性核酸分子可以是单链或双链的(例如小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)),并且可以以酶依赖性方式或通过空间阻断发挥作用。以酶依赖性方式发挥作用的抑制性核酸分子包括依赖于RNA酶H活性以降解靶mRNA的形式。这些包括单链DNA、RNA和硫代磷酸酯分子,以及双链RNAi/siRNA系统,其涉及通过有义-反义链配对来识别靶mRNA,随后通过RNA诱导的沉默复合物降解靶mRNA。作为RNA酶-H非依赖性的空间阻断抑制性核酸通过与靶mRNA结合并妨碍其他过程来干预基因表达或其他mRNA依赖性细胞过程。空间阻断抑制性核酸包括2’-O烷基(通常与RNA酶-H依赖性反义核酸一起在嵌合体中)、肽核酸(peptide nucleic acid,PNA)、锁核酸(locked nucleic acid,LNA)和吗啉代反义核酸。
例如,小干扰RNA可用于特异性地降低调节子/调谐子的翻译,使得降低所编码调节子/调谐子多肽的翻译。siRNA以序列特异性的方式介导转录后基因沉默。例如,参见网站invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-Services/Applications/rnai.html。一旦并入到RNA诱导的沉默复合物中,siRNA就通过将复合物引导至同源mRNA转录物,然后其被该复合物切割来介导同源内源mRNA转录物的切割。siRNA可与调节子/调谐子转录物的任何区域和/或调节子/调谐子的任何转录物同源和/或互补。同源区的长度可以是30个核苷酸或更少,优选小于25个核苷酸,并且更优选长度约21至23个核苷酸。siRNA通常是双链的并且可具有两个核苷酸的3’突出端,例如3’突出的UU二核苷酸。用于设计siRNA的方法是本领域技术人员已知的。参见,例如,Elbashir et al.Nature 411:494-498(2001);Harborth et al.Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev.13:83-106(2003)。
从IMGENEX(San Diego,California)商购获得的用于表达发夹siRNA的pSuppressorNeo载体可用于产生抑制调节子/调谐子表达的siRNA。siRNA表达质粒的构建涉及mRNA靶区的选择,这可能是一个试错过程(trial-and-error process)。然而,Elbashir等人提供的指南显示在约80%的时间内有效。Elbashir,S.M.,et al.,Analysisof gene function in somatic mammalian cells using small interferingRNAs.Methods,2002.26(2):p.199-213。因此,为了合成siRNA的合成,可优选选择起始密码子的下游50至100个核苷酸的靶区。应避免5’和3’非翻译区和接近起始密码子的区域,因为这些区域可能富含调节性蛋白结合位点。因为siRNA可以从AA开始,具有有义和反义siRNA链二者的3’UU突出端,并且具有约50%G/C含量。合成siRNA序列的一个实例是5’-AA(N19)UU,其中N是mRNA序列中的任何核苷酸,并且应该为约50% G-C含量。可将所选的序列与人基因组数据库中的其他序列进行比较,以使与其他已知编码序列的同源性最小化(例如,通过Blast检索(例如,通过NCBI网站))。
siRNA可以化学合成、通过体外转录产生、或者从siRNA表达载体或PCR表达盒表达。参见例如网站invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-Services/Applications/rnai.html.。当siRNA从表达载体或PCR表达盒中表达时,编码siRNA的插入物可表达为折叠成siRNA发夹的RNA转录物。因此,RNA转录物可包含通过间隔区序列与其反向互补的反义siRNA序列连接的有义siRNA序列,该间隔区序列形成发夹环以及3’端处的U串(string)。发夹环可具有任何适当的长度,例如长度为3至30个核苷酸,优选长度为3至23个核苷酸,并且可具有多种核苷酸序列,包括
AUG,CCC,UUCG,CCACC,CTCGAG,AAGCUU,CCACACC和UUCAAGAGA(SEQ ID NO:61)siRNA也可通过切割直接引入或者通过转基因或病毒引入的双链RNA而在体内产生。通过RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶的扩增可在一些生物体中发生。
抑制性核酸,例如短发夹RNAsiRNA或反义寡核苷酸,可使用例如通过从包含抑制性核酸序列的表达载体或表达盒中表达的方法来制备。或者,其可通过使用天然存在的核苷酸、经修饰核苷酸或其任意组合的化学合成来制备。在一些实施方案中,抑制性核酸由经修饰核苷酸或非磷酸二酯键制成,例如,其被设计以提高抑制性核酸的生物稳定性或提高抑制性核酸与靶调节子/调谐子核酸之间形成的双链体的胞内稳定性。
可以使用可用的方法制备抑制性核酸,例如,通过从编码本文中所述的调节子/调谐子核酸的互补序列的表达载体中表达。或者,其可通过使用天然存在的核苷酸、经修饰核苷酸或其组合的任何混合物的化学合成来制备。在一些实施方案中,本文中所述的调节子/调谐子的核酸由经修饰核苷酸或非磷酸二酯键制成,例如,其被设计以提高核酸的生物稳定性或提高抑制性核酸与其它(例如,内源)核酸之间形成的双链体的胞内稳定性。
例如,调节子/调谐子核酸可以是具有肽键而不是磷酸二酯键的肽核酸。
可用于调节子/调谐子核酸的天然存在的核苷酸包括核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸腺苷、鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶和尿嘧啶。可用于调节子/调谐子核酸的经修饰核苷酸的实例包括5-氟尿嘧啶、5-溴尿嘧啶、5-氯尿嘧啶、5-碘尿嘧啶、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤、4-乙酰基胞嘧啶、5-(羧基羟甲基)尿嘧啶、5-羧甲基氨基甲基-2-硫尿苷、5-羧甲基氨基甲基尿嘧啶、二氢尿嘧啶、β-D-半乳糖基鸟苷、肌苷、N6-异戊烯基腺嘌呤、1-甲基鸟嘌呤、1-甲基肌苷、2,2-二甲基鸟嘌呤、2-甲基腺嘌呤、2-甲基鸟嘌呤、3-甲基胞嘧啶、5-甲基胞嘧啶、N6-腺嘌呤、7-甲基鸟嘌呤、5-甲基氨基甲基尿嘧啶、5-甲氧基氨基甲基-2-硫尿嘧啶、β-D-甘露糖基鸟苷、5’-甲氧基羧甲基尿嘧啶、5-甲氧基尿嘧啶、2-甲基硫代-N6-异戊烯基腺嘌呤、尿嘧啶-5-氧基乙酸、怀丁氧苷(wybutoxosine)、假尿嘧啶、鸟苷、2-硫胞嘧啶、5-甲基-2-硫尿嘧啶、2-硫尿嘧啶、4-硫尿嘧啶、5-甲基尿嘧啶、尿嘧啶-5-氧乙酸甲酯、尿嘧啶-5-氧乙酸、5-甲基-2-硫尿嘧啶、3-(3-氨基-3-N-2-羧丙基)尿嘧啶、(acp3)w和2,6-二氨基嘌呤。
因此,本文中所述的调节子/调谐子的抑制性核酸可包括经修饰核苷酸,以及天然核苷酸,例如核糖核苷酸和脱氧核糖核苷酸的组合。抑制性核酸可与本文中所述的野生型调节子/调谐子具有相同的长度。本文中所述的调节子/调谐子的抑制性核酸也可以更长,并包括其他有用的序列。在一些实施方案中,本文中所述的调节子/调谐子的抑制性核酸稍微较短。例如,本文中所述调节子/调谐子的抑制性核酸可包括具有可从5’或3’端缺失多达5个核苷酸、或缺失多达10个核苷酸、或缺失多达20个核苷酸、或缺失多达30个核苷酸、或缺失多达50个核苷酸、或缺失多达100个核苷酸的核酸序列的区段。
抗体
抗体可用作本文中所述调节子/调谐子中任一种的抑制剂或激活剂。例如,在一些情况下,抗体制剂可靶向本文中所述调节子或调谐子中的一种或更多种,以阻断本文中所述调节子/调谐子的相互作用或降低调节子/调谐子的活性。在另一些情况下,例如,抗体可激活作为细胞表面受体的本文中所述调节子或调谐子中的一种或更多种。这样的激活的一个实例是目前处于临床试验中并且显示出提高抗肿瘤T细胞功能的Varlilumab(CD27激活抗体)Ansell et al.(2020)Blood Adv.4(9):1917–1926。
可产生针对本文中所述调节子/调谐子的多种表位的抗体。针对本文中所述调节子/调谐子的一些抗体也可商购获得。然而,根据本文中所述的方法和组合物,预期用于治疗的抗体优选是人抗体或人源化抗体,并且对其靶标具有高度特异性。
在一个方面中,本公开内容涉及使用特异性结合本文中所述调节子/调谐子的分离的抗体。这样的抗体可以是单克隆抗体。这样的抗体也可以是人源化或完全的人单克隆抗体。该抗体可表现出一种或更多种期望的功能特性,例如与一种或更多种本文中所述调节子/调谐子结合的高亲和力,或者抑制本文中所述任何调节子/调谐子的功能的能力。
本文中所述的方法和组合物可包括结合本文中所述任何调节子/调谐子的抗体,或抗体的组合,其中每种抗体类型可单独结合本文中所述调节子/调谐子之一。
本文中所指的术语“抗体”包括完整抗体和任何抗原结合片段(即“抗原结合部分”)或其单链。“抗体”是指包含通过二硫键相互连接的至少两条重链(H)和两条轻链(L)的糖蛋白,或其抗原结合部分。每条重链包含重链可变区(本文中缩写为VH)和重链恒定区。重链恒定区包含三个结构域,CH1、CH2和CH3。每个轻链包含轻链可变区(本文中缩写为VL)和轻链恒定区。轻链恒定区包含一个结构域CL。VH和VL区可进一步细分为称为互补决定区(complementarity determining region,CDR)的高变区,其间散布有称为框架区(framework region,FR)的更保守的区域。每个VH和VL由从氨基端到羧基端按以下顺序:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3、FR4排列的三个CDR和四个FR构成。重链和轻链的可变区包含与抗原相互作用的结合结构域。抗体的恒定区可介导免疫球蛋白与宿主组织或因子的结合,所述宿主组织或因子包括免疫系统的多种细胞(例如,效应细胞)和经典补体系统的第一组分(C1q)。
本文中使用的术语抗体的“抗原结合部分”(或简称“抗体部分”)是指抗体的一个或更多个片段,其保留了与抗原(例如,本文中所述的任何调节子/调谐子的肽或结构域)特异性结合的能力。已经表明,抗体的抗原结合功能可由全长抗体的片段来执行。术语抗体的“抗原结合部分”内涵盖的结合片段的一些实例包括(i)Fab片段,其是由VL、VH、CL和CH1结构域组成的单价片段;(ii)F(ab’)2片段,其是包含在铰链区通过二硫桥连接的两个Fab片段的二价片段;(iii)Fd片段,其由VH和CH1结构域组成;(iv)Fv片段,其由抗体单臂的VL和VH结构域组成,(v)dAb片段(Ward et al.,(1989)Nature 341:544-546),其由VH结构域组成;以及(vi)分离的互补决定区(complementarity determining region,CDR)。此外,尽管Fv片段的两个结构域VL和VH由分开的基因编码,但它们可使用重组方法通过合成接头连接起来,使得它们能够成为单蛋白质链,其中VL和VH区配对形成单价分子(称为单链Fv(scFv));参见例如,Bird et al.(1988)Science 242:423-426和Huston et al.(1988)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA85:5879-5883。这样的单链抗体也旨在涵盖在术语抗体的“抗原结合部分”内。使用本领域技术人员已知的常规技术获得这些抗体片段,并且以与完整抗体相同的方式筛选用于效用的片段。
本文中使用的“分离的抗体”旨在指基本上不含具有不同抗原特异性的其他抗体的抗体(例如,特异性结合本文中所述任何调节子/调谐子的分离的抗体基本上不含特异性结合除本文中所述任何调节子/调谐子之外的抗原的抗体)。然而,特异性结合本文中所述调节子/调谐子的分离的抗体可具有与其他抗原的交叉反应性,所述抗原例如来自其他物种的调节子/调谐子蛋白的同种型或相关形式。此外,分离的抗体可以基本上不含其他细胞物质和/或化学物质。
本文中使用的术语“单克隆抗体”或“单克隆抗体组合物”是指单分子组合物的抗体分子制剂。单克隆抗体组合物显示出对特定表位的单一结合特异性和亲和力。
本文中使的用术语“人抗体”旨在包括具有可变区的抗体,在所述可变区中,框架区和CDR区二者来源于人种系免疫球蛋白序列。此外,如果抗体包含恒定区,则该恒定区也来源于人种系免疫球蛋白序列。本发明的人抗体可包含不由人种系免疫球蛋白序列编码的氨基酸残基(例如,通过体外随机或位点特异性诱变或体内体细胞突变引入的突变)。然而,本文中使用的术语“人抗体”不旨在包括其中来源于另一哺乳动物物种(例如小鼠)种系的CDR序列已接枝到人框架序列上的抗体。
术语“人单克隆抗体”是指显示出单一结合特异性的具有可变区的抗体,在所述可变区中,框架区和CDR区二者均来源于人种系免疫球蛋白序列。在一个实施方案中,人单克隆抗体由杂交瘤产生,所述杂交瘤包括与永生化细胞融合的从具有包含人重链转基因和轻链转基因的基因组的转基因非人动物(例如转基因小鼠)获得的B细胞。
本文中使用的术语“重组人抗体”包括通过重组方式制备、表达、产生或分离的所有人抗体,例如(a)从对于人免疫球蛋白基因来说为转基因或转染色体的动物(例如小鼠)或者从其制备的杂交瘤中分离的抗体(下文进一步描述),(b)从经转化以表达人抗体的宿主细胞(例如,从转染瘤)中分离的抗体,(c)从重组的、组合的人抗体文库中分离的抗体,以及(d)通过涉及将人免疫球蛋白基因序列剪接至其他DNA序列的任何其他方式制备、表达、产生或分离的抗体。这样的重组人抗体具有可变区,在所述可变区中,框架区和CDR区均来源于人种系免疫球蛋白序列。然而,在某些实施方案中,使这样的重组人抗体经受体外诱变(或者,当使用针对人Ig序列呈转基因的动物时,体内体细胞诱变),并因此重组抗体的VL和VH区的氨基酸序列是这样的序列,其虽然来源于人种系VL和VH序列并与之相关,但可能不天然存在于体内人抗体种系库中。
本文中使用的“同种型”是指由重链恒定区基因编码的抗体类别(例如,IgM或IgG1)。
短语“识别抗原的抗体”和“对抗原具有特异性的抗体”在本文中可与术语“与抗原特异性结合的抗体”互换使用。
术语“人抗体衍生物”是指人抗体的任何经修饰形式,例如抗体与其他药剂或抗体的缀合物。
术语“人源化抗体”旨在指这样的抗体,其中来源于另一哺乳动物物种(例如小鼠)种系的CDR序列已经枝接到人框架序列上。可在人框架序列内进行另外的框架区修饰。
术语“嵌合抗体”旨在指其中可变区序列来源于一个物种并且恒定区序列来源于另一物种的抗体,例如其中可变区序列来源于小鼠抗体并且恒定区序列来源于人抗体的抗体。
本文中使用的“与本文中所述的人调节子/调谐子蛋白特异性结合”的抗体旨在指以1×10-7M或更小,更优选5×10-8M或更小,更优选1×10-8M或更小,更优选5×10-9M或更小,甚至更优选1×10-8M至1×10-10M或更小的KD与本文中所述的人调节子/调谐子蛋白结合的抗体。
本文中使用的术语“Kassoc”或“Ka”旨在指特定抗体-抗原相互作用的缔合率,而本文中使用的术语“Kdis”或“Kd”旨在指特定抗体-抗原相互作用的解离率。本文中使用的术语“KD”旨在指解离常数,其由Kd与Ka的比率(即Kd/Ka)获得,并表示为摩尔浓度(M)。抗体的KD值可使用本领域中已建立的方法来确定。用于确定抗体KD的优选方法是通过使用表面等离子体共振,优选使用生物传感器系统,例如BiacoreTM系统。
本发明的抗体的特征在于抗体的特定功能特征或特性。例如,抗体与本文中所述的人调节子/调谐子特异性地结合。优选地,本发明的抗体以高亲和力例如以1×10-7M或更小的KD与本文中所述的调节子/调谐子结合。抗体可表现出以下特征中的一者或更多者:
(a)以1×10-7M或更小的KD与本文中所述的人调节子/调谐子结合;
(b)抑制本文中所述人调节子/调谐子的功能或活性;
(c)抑制癌症(例如转移性癌症);或者
(d)其组合。
可使用评价抗体针对本文中所述人调节子/调谐子的结合能力的测定,包括例如ELISA、Western印迹和RIA。抗体的结合动力学(例如,结合亲和力)也可通过本领域已知的标准测定例如通过BiacoreTM分析来评估。
鉴于每种主题抗体可与本文中所述的人调节子/调谐子结合,因此VL和VH序列可以是“混合的和匹配的”以产生与本文中所述人调节子/调谐子结合的其他结合分子。这样的“混合的和匹配的”抗体的结合特性可使用上述结合测定进行测试,并在实施例中描述的测定中进行评估。当VL和VH链是混合和匹配的时,来自特定VH/VL配对的VH序列可被结构相似的VH序列替代。同样,优选地,来自特定VH/VL配对的VL序列被结构相似的VL序列替代。
因此,在一个方面中,本发明提供了分离的单克隆抗体或其抗原结合部分,包含:
(a)含有重链可变区的氨基酸序列;和
(b)含有轻链可变区的氨基酸序列;
其中抗体特异性结合本文中所述的人调节子/调谐子。
在一些情况下,独立于CDR1和/或CDR2结构域的单独CDR3结构域可确定抗体对同源抗原的结合特异性,并且基于共同的CDR3序列,可预测产生具有相同结合特异性的多种抗体。参见,例如,Klimka et al.,British J.of Cancer 83(2):252-260(2000)(描述了仅使用鼠抗CD30抗体Ki-4的重链可变结构域CDR3来产生人源化抗CD30抗体);Beiboer etal.,J.Mol.Biol.296:833-849(2000)(描述了仅使用亲本鼠MOC-31抗EGP-2抗体的重链CDR3序列的重组上皮糖蛋白-2(epithelial glycoprotein-2,EGP-2)抗体);Rader etal.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.95:8910-8915(1998)(描述了一组使用重链和轻链可变CDR3结构域的人源化抗整联蛋白αvβ3抗体)。因此,在一些情况下,混合的和匹配的抗体或人源化抗体包含对本文中所述的任何调节子/调谐子具有特异性的CDR3抗原结合结构域。
药物开发的测定
本文中还描述了用于评价测试剂是否可调节本文中所述的任何调节子/调谐子的表达或活性的方法。可评价T细胞、癌细胞及其组合对候选化合物治疗的敏感性。
具体地,该方法可包括针对以下的测定步骤:鉴定选择性地调节T细胞或癌细胞的增殖、功能或生存力的候选测试剂,或者提高或降低本文中所述调节子的水平或功能。例如,如果T细胞的增殖、细胞因子产生、活性或生存力在一种或更多种本文中所述调节子存在的情况下提高或降低,但T细胞-调节子测定混合物中T细胞的增殖、细胞因子产生、活性或增殖、活性或生存力在测试剂存在的情况下发生变化,则该测试剂对于调节T细胞的调节子具有效用。这样的测试剂被称为调节剂。
测定可包括确定测试剂是否可特异性地引起T细胞数目的降低或提高,或者化合物是否可特异性地引起T细胞功能的降低或提高。如果测试剂确实引起T细胞数目或T细胞功能的改变,则可以选择/确定该测试剂用于进一步研究例如针对其作为治疗剂以治疗癌症或免疫病症或疾病的适用性。例如,可进一步检查通过本发明中的特征性选择方法鉴定的测试剂其靶向肿瘤、靶向免疫细胞或治疗癌症的能力,例如,通过将测试剂(调节剂)施用于动物模型。
所评价的细胞可包括细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、转移性细胞、良性细胞样品、细胞系(包括癌细胞系)或其组合。所评价的细胞还可包括来自患有癌症的患者(包括患有转移性癌症的患者)的细胞,或者来自已知癌症类型或癌细胞系的细胞,或者表现出过量产生本文中所述任何调节子的细胞。可将调节任何这些细胞类型的产生或活性的测试剂施用于动物,包括患者。
例如,一种方法可包括(a)从患者获得细胞样品;(b)测量来自所述样品的已知数目或重量的细胞中T细胞/调节子/调谐子的量或浓度,以产生参考值;(c)将来自所述样品的已知数目或重量的细胞与测试剂混合以产生测试测定;(d)测量所述测试测定中T细胞、调节子或调谐子的量或数目,以产生测试测定T细胞/调节子/调谐子值;(e)任选地用单独的样品重复步骤(c)和(d);以及(f)选择相比于参考值具有更低或更高的测试测定T细胞/调节子/调谐子值的测试剂。该方法还可包括将测试剂施用于动物模型,例如,以进一步评价测试剂的毒性和/或效力。在一些情况下,该方法还可包括将测试剂施用于从其获得细胞或组织样品的患者。
测试剂或调节剂(例如,通过本文中所述的任何方法鉴定的靠前命中物(tophit))可用于基于细胞的测定中,该测定使用T细胞或表达本文中所述任何调节子的细胞作为测试剂或调节剂的效力的读出。
本文中还描述了用于鉴定和评估可调节表1至7或图1至4中所列T细胞的任何调节子的药剂的效力的测定方法。
例如,T细胞可释放细胞因子,例如干扰素γ或白介素-2。可将T细胞或表达本文中所述任何调谐子的T细胞与测试剂接触,并且可测量T细胞对细胞因子的释放。可将这样的测试剂相关的细胞因子水平与未接触测试剂的T细胞的观察到的水平进行比较。
可将有用的测试调节子、调谐子和测试剂施用于测试动物或患者。
“治疗”及其变化形式是指治疗性治疗和预防性或防范性措施二者。需要治疗的那些包括已患有病症的那些,以及易患病症的那些,或要预防该病症的那些。
出于施用本文中所述调节子、调谐子、测试剂或组合物的目的,“对象”是指施用于被分类为哺乳动物或鸟类的任何动物,包括人、家养动物、农场动物、动物园动物、实验动物、宠物动物,例如狗、马、猫、牛等。实验动物可包括小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、山羊、狗、猴或其组合。在一些情况下,对象是人。
本文中使用的术语“癌症”包括实体动物瘤以及血液恶性病。术语“肿瘤细胞”和“癌细胞”在本文中可互换使用。
“实体动物肿瘤”包括头颈癌、肺癌、间皮癌、纵隔癌、肺癌、食管癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、肝胆系统癌、小肠癌、结肠癌、结直肠癌、直肠癌、肛门癌、肾癌、尿道癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、尿道癌、阴茎癌、睾丸癌、妇科器官癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、内分泌系统癌、皮肤中枢神经系统癌;软组织和骨的肉瘤;以及皮肤和眼内来源的黑素瘤。另外,可治疗任何进展阶段的转移性癌症,例如微转移性肿瘤、大转移性肿瘤(megametastatic tumor)和复发性癌症。
在一些情况下,可治疗血液学癌症或血液恶性病。术语“血液恶性肿病”包括成人或儿童白血病和淋巴瘤、霍奇金病(Hodgkin’s disease)、淋巴细胞和皮肤来源的淋巴瘤、急性和慢性白血病、浆细胞肿瘤和与AIDS相关的癌症。
本发明的方法和组合物还可用于治疗白血病、淋巴结、胸腺组织、扁桃体、脾、乳腺癌、肺癌、肾上腺皮质癌、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、食管癌、头颈癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、胸腺癌、类癌瘤、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、尤因肉瘤、妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤、肝母细胞瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、非小细胞肺癌、视网膜母细胞瘤或卵巢中的肿瘤。可治疗或检测任何进展阶段的癌症,例如原发性、转移性和复发性癌症。在一些情况下,治疗了转移性癌症,但未治疗原发性癌症。关于多种类型癌症的信息可见于例如美国癌症协会(cancer.org)或见于例如,Wilson et al.(1991)Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine,12th Edition,McGraw-Hill,Inc。
在一些实施方案中,待治疗的癌症和/或肿瘤是血液恶性病,或淋巴来源的那些,例如淋巴结、胸腺组织、扁桃体、脾和与其相关的细胞的癌症和/或肿瘤。在一些实施方案中,待治疗的癌症和/或肿瘤是已对T细胞治疗具有抗性的那些。
转移性癌症的治疗或治疗转移性癌症可包括癌细胞迁移降低或至少一种转移性肿瘤的建立降低。该治疗还包括转移性癌症的超过一种症状的减轻或减弱,所述症状例如咳嗽、气短、咯血、淋巴结病、肝增大、恶心、黄疸、骨痛、骨折、头痛、癫痫发作、全身性疼痛及其组合。该治疗可治愈癌症,例如,其可预防转移性癌症,其可基本上消除转移性肿瘤的形成和生长,和/或其可预防或抑制转移性癌细胞的迁移。
使用本领域技术人员可获得的方法,抗癌活性可降低多种癌症(例如,乳腺癌、肺癌、胰腺癌或前列腺癌)的进展。例如,抗癌活性可通过鉴定阻止癌细胞迁移的本发明药剂的致死剂量(LD100)或50%有效剂量(ED50)或抑制50%生长的剂量(GI50)来确定。在一个方面中,例如,当通过检测邻近或远离原发性肿瘤位点的癌细胞标志物的表达来测量时,或当使用用于检测转移的可用方法来评估时,抗癌活性是将癌细胞迁移降低50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%的药剂的量。
在另一个实例中,可施用提高或降低调节子/调谐子表达或功能的药剂,以使肿瘤细胞对免疫治疗敏感。因此,通过施用提高或降低调节子/调谐子表达或功能的药剂,肿瘤细胞可变得对免疫系统和多种免疫治疗更敏感。
组合物
本发明还涉及这样的组合物,其包含一种或更多种活性剂,例如任何本文中所述的调节子、本文中所述的调节剂或其组合。这样的活性剂可以是多肽、编码多肽的核酸(例如,在表达盒或表达载体中)、经修饰细胞、抑制性核酸、小分子、通过本文中所述方法鉴定的化合物、或其组合。该组合物可以是药物组合物。在一些实施方案中,该组合物可包括可药用载体。“可药用”意指载体、稀释剂、赋形剂和/或盐与制剂的其他成分相容并且对其接受者无害。
该组合物可配制成任何方便的形式。在一些实施方案中,组合物可包含由表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因编码的蛋白质或多肽。在另一些实施方案中,组合物可包含至少一种编码表1至7或图1至4中所列多肽的核酸或表达盒。在另一些实施方案中,组合物可包含含有与表1至2中列出的基因互补的核酸区段(例如,抑制性核酸)的至少一种核酸或表达盒。在另一些实施方案中,组合物可包含含有编码cas核酸酶的核酸片段和至少一种可靶向本文中所述调节子或调谐子的指导RNA的至少一种核酸或表达盒。在另一些实施方案中,组合物可包含结合由至少一种表1至7或图1至4中所列基因编码的至少一种蛋白质的至少一种抗体。在另一些实施方案中,组合物可包含结合、激活或抑制至少一种表1至7或图1至4中所列基因的至少一种小分子,或者结合、激活或抑制由至少一种表1至7或图1至4中所列基因编码的至少一种蛋白质的至少一种小分子。在另一些实施方案中,组合物可包含具有至少一种经修饰的基因组调节子或调谐子遗传位点的细胞、表达一种或更多种本文中所述调节子的细胞、表达cas核酸酶和至少一种可靶向至少一种调节子或调谐子基因的指导RNA的细胞、表达一种或更多种抑制性核酸的细胞、或其组合。该细胞可以是免疫细胞。在一些情况下,细胞可以是一种或更多种类型的淋巴样细胞、髓样细胞、细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、γδT细胞、嵌合抗原受体(CAR)细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、诱导多能干细胞来源的免疫(例如,淋巴样和/或髓样)细胞、或其组合。
施用的细胞的量或数目可以变化,但可使用约106至约109个细胞的量。细胞通常在生理溶液例如盐水或缓冲盐水中递送。细胞也可在载剂例如脂质体、外排体或微囊泡的群体中递送。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的活性剂(例如,多肽、编码多肽的核酸(例如,在表达盒或表达载体内)、抗体、抑制性核酸、小分子、通过本文中所述方法鉴定的化合物、经修饰细胞、或其组合)以“治疗有效量”施用。这样的治疗有效量是足以获得期望的生理作用(例如疾病的至少一种症状减轻)的量。
该疾病可以是癌症或免疫疾病或病症。例如,活性剂可将疾病症状减轻5%、或10%、或15%、或20%、或25%、或30%、或35%、或40%、或45%、或50%、或55%、或60%、或65%、或70%、或80%、或90%、095%、或97%、或99%、或5%至100%之间的任何数值百分比。例如,癌症的症状还可包括肿瘤恶病质、肿瘤诱导的疼痛病症、肿瘤诱导的疲劳、肿瘤生长和转移扩散。因此,活性剂还可将肿瘤恶病质、肿瘤诱导的疼痛病症、肿瘤诱导的疲劳、肿瘤生长或其组合减轻/减少5%、或10%、或15%、或20%、或25%、或30%、或35%、或40%、或45%、或50%、或55%、或60%、或65%、或70%、或80%、或90%、095%、或97%、或99%、或5%至100%之间的任何数值百分比。
为了实现期望的作用,活性剂可以以单剂量或分开的剂量施用。例如,活性剂可按以下剂量施用:至少约0.01mg/kg体重至约500至750mg/kg体重、至少约0.01mg/kg体重至约300至500mg/kg体重、至少约0.1mg/kg体重至约100至300mg/kg体重或至少约1mg/kg体重至约50至100mg/kg体重,但是其他剂量也可提供有益的结果。所施用量将根据多种因素而变化,包括但不限于针对施用所选择的小分子、化合物、肽或核酸的类型,哺乳动物的疾病、体重、身体状况、健康状况和年龄。这样的因素可以由临床医师采用动物模型或本领域可用的其他测试系统容易地确定。
根据本发明的活性剂的施用可以以单剂量、多剂量、连续或间歇的方式,这取决于例如接受者的生理状况、施用目的是治疗性还是预防性、以及熟练从业者已知的其他因素。本发明的活性剂和组合物的施用可以在预选的时间段内基本上连续,或者可以是一系列间隔的剂量。考虑局部施用和全身施用二者。
为了制备组合物,合成或以其他方式获得小分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、表达盒、核糖核蛋白复合物和其他药剂,根据需要或期望进行纯化。这些小分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、表达盒、核糖核蛋白复合物和其他药剂可悬浮在可药用载体中和/或冻干或者以其他方式稳定。小分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、表达盒、核糖核蛋白复合物、其他药剂及其组合可被调节至适当的浓度,并任选地与其他药剂组合。单位剂量中包含的给定小分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、核糖核蛋白复合物和/或其他药剂的绝对重量可以广泛地变化。例如,可施用约0.01g至约2g,或约0.1mg至约500mg的至少一种分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、核糖核蛋白复合物和/或其他药剂,或多种分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、核糖核蛋白复合物和/或其他药剂。或者,单位剂量可为约0.01g至约50g、约0.01g至约35g、约0.1g至约25g、约0.5g至约12g、约0.5g至约8g、约0.5g至约4g或约0.5g至约2g不等。
本发明活性剂的日剂量也可以变化。这样的日剂量可为例如约0.1g/天至约50g/天、约0.1g/天至约25g/天、约0.1g/天至约12g/天、约0.5g/天至约8g/天、约0.5g/天至约4g/天以及约0.5g/天至约2g/天。
应当理解,用于治疗的活性剂的量不仅随所选的特定载体而变化,还随施用途径、所治疗的癌症病症的性质以及患者的年龄和状况而变化。最终,就诊健康护理提供者(attendant health care provider)可确定合适的剂量。另外,药物组合物可配制成单一单位剂型。
因此,包含活性剂的一种或更多种合适的单位剂型可通过多种途径施用,包括肠胃外(包括皮下、静脉内、肌内和腹膜内)、经口、直肠、皮肤、经皮、胸内、肺内和鼻内(呼吸)途径。活性剂也可配制成持续释放(例如,使用微囊化,参见WO 94/07529和美国专利No.4,962,091)。在适当的情况下,制剂可方便地以离散的单位剂型呈现,并且可通过制药领域公知的任何方法制备。这样的方法可包括将活性剂与液体载体、固体基质、半固体载体、细碎的固体载体或其组合混合,并随后,如有必要的话,将产品引入或塑造到期望的递送系统中的步骤。例如,活性剂可与方便的载体(例如纳米粒、白蛋白、聚亚烷基二醇)连接,或者以前药的形式提供。活性剂及其组合可与载体组合和/或包封在囊泡例如脂质体中。
本发明的组合物可制备成多种形式,包括水溶液剂、混悬剂、片剂、硬或软明胶胶囊剂、和脂质体和其他缓释制剂,例如成型的聚合物凝胶剂。抑制剂的施用还可涉及水溶液剂或缓释载剂的肠胃外或局部施用。
因此,虽然活性剂和/或其他药剂有时可以以经口剂型施用,但是该经口剂型可被配制成以便在小分子、化合物、多肽、编码这样的多肽的核酸、表达盒、核糖核蛋白复合物及其组合提供治疗效用之前保护该小分子、化合物、多肽、核酸、表达盒、核糖核蛋白复合物及其组合免于降解或分解。例如,在一些情况下,小分子、化合物、多肽、编码这样的多肽的核酸、表达盒、核糖核蛋白复合物和/或其他药剂可配制成在通过胃之后释放到肠中。这样的制剂描述于例如美国专利No.6,306,434及其包含的参考文献中。
液体药物组合物可以是例如水性或油性混悬剂、溶液剂、乳剂、糖浆剂或酏剂、或在使用前用水或其他合适的载剂构建的干粉剂的形式。这样的液体药物组合物可包含常规添加剂,例如助悬剂、乳化剂、非水性载剂(可包含食用油)或防腐剂。药物组合物可采用如在油性或水性载剂中的混悬剂、溶液剂或乳剂这样的形式,并且可含有配制剂(formulatory agent),例如助悬剂、稳定剂和/或分散剂。合适的载体包括盐溶液剂、包封剂(例如脂质体)和其他物质。在存在或不存在载体的情况下,活性剂和/或其他药剂可以以干燥形式(例如,以冻干形式)配制。如果载体是期望的,则载体可包含在药物制剂中,或者可单独包装在单独的容器中,用于添加到以干燥形式、混悬形式或可溶浓缩形式包装在方便液体中的抑制剂。
活性剂和/或其他药剂可配制成用于肠胃外施用(例如通过注射,例如,推注或连续输注),并且可以以单位剂型存在于含有所添加防腐剂的安瓿、预填充注射器、小体积输注容器或多剂量容器中。
组合物还可包含其他成分,例如活性剂、抗病毒剂、抗细菌剂、抗微生物剂和/或防腐剂。可使用的另外治疗剂的实例包括但不限于:烷化剂,例如氮芥、烷基磺酸酯、亚硝基脲、乙烯亚胺和三氮烯类;抗代谢剂,例如叶酸拮抗剂、嘌呤类似物和嘧啶类似物;抗生素,例如蒽环素、博来霉素(bleomycin)、丝裂霉素(mitomycin)、放线菌素D(dactinomycin)和普卡霉素(plicamycin);酶,例如L-天冬酰胺酶;法尼基-蛋白质转移酶抑制剂(farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor);激素剂,例如糖皮质激素、雌激素/抗雌激素、雄激素/抗雄激素、孕激素和促黄体素释放激素拮抗剂、乙酸奥曲肽;微管破坏剂,例如海鞘素或其类似物和衍生物;微管稳定剂,例如紫杉醇多西他赛和埃坡霉素A-F、或其类似物或衍生物;植物衍生产物,例如长春花生物碱(vinca alkaloid)、表鬼臼毒素(epipodophyllotoxin)、紫杉烷;和拓扑异构酶抑制剂;异戊二烯基蛋白转移酶抑制剂;和其他药剂,例如羟基脲、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、米托坦、六甲基三聚氰胺、铂配位复合物,例如顺铂和卡铂;以及用作抗癌剂和细胞毒性剂的其它药剂,例如生物应答调节剂、生长因子;免疫调节剂和单克隆抗体。该组合物也可以与放射治疗结合使用。
本说明书通过以下实施例进一步举例说明,其不应被解释为以任何方式进行限制。所有引用的参考文献(包括本申请中通篇引用的文献参考文献、已授权的专利、公开的专利申请)的内容通过引用明确并入本文。
实施例1:CRISPRa筛选原代人T细胞以鉴定基因调节子
本实施例描述了使用CRISPRa以筛选原代人T细胞,以鉴定治疗相关T细胞表型的基因调节子。
从两个独立的供体中分离T细胞。用表达dCas9-VP64的慢病毒(CRISPRa)或表达KRAB-dCas9的慢病毒(CRISPRi)转导这两个T细胞群,并用mCherry选择稳定表达dCas9的T细胞。然后用两个全基因组sgRNA文库转染表达dCas9-VP64或KRAB-dCas9的T细胞群,每个文库启动T细胞基因组的CRISPR激活或干扰。对于CRISPR激活,使用Calabrese Sets A&B(参见网站addgene.org/pooled-library/broadgpp-human-crispra-calabrese-p65hsf/)。对于CRISPR干扰,使用Dolcetto Sets A&B(参见addgene.org/pooled-library/broadgpp-human-crispri-dolcetto/)。
用ImmunocultTM CD3/CD28/CD2 T细胞活化剂(Stemcell Technologies,Vancouver,Canada)刺激T细胞群,并使用针对以下标志物的荧光激活细胞分选(fluorescent activated cell sorting,FACS)和针对细胞增殖的CellTraceTM Violet对来自两个供体的经刺激的经CRISPRa/i编辑的T细胞进行分选:IL-2细胞因子产生、IFN-γ产生。对分选的细胞进行基因组DNA提取,并对sgRNA进行PCR扩增,然后进行下一代测序,以确定每个群体中的sgRNA频率。使用MaGeck 0.5.9.2版(Li et al.Genome Biol 15:544(2014))分析数据。
这些筛选鉴定了1074个对T细胞功能中的那些表型有显著响应的独特基因(FDR<0.01),这包括已知的和新的基因二者。
下表1列出了如通过IFN-γ的产生检出的T细胞功能的正调节子。
表1:如通过干扰素-γ的产生检出的T细胞功能的正调节子
下表2列出了如通过白介素-2的产生检出的T细胞功能的正调节子。表2:如通过白介素-2的产生检出的T细胞的正调节子
正调节子 阳性IL-2
基因 产生
ABCB10 IL2
ACSS2 IL2
ADAM19 IL2
ADAM23 IL2
ADAMTS5 IL2
ALKBH7 IL2
ALX4 IL2
ANXA2R IL2
AP2A1 IL2
APOBEC3C IL2
APOBEC3D IL2
APOL2 IL2
ARNT IL2
ARTI IL2
ASCL4 IL2
BEX4 IL2
正调节子 阳性IL-2
基因 产生
BTG2 IL2
BTNL2 IL2
C11orf21 IL2
C12orf80 IL2
CBX4 IL2
CBY1 IL2
CCDC183 IL2
CCDC7IL IL2
CD2 IL2
CD28 IL2
CD6 IL2
CDKN1B IL2
CDKN2C IL2
CHERP IL2
CIPC IL2
CLIP3 IL2
CNGB1 IL2
CNR2 IL2
CREB5 IL2
CUL3 IL2
DCTN5 IL2
DEF6 IL2
DEPDC7 IL2
DYNLL2 IL2
EAPP IL2
EEPD1 IL2
ELFN2 IL2
EMB IL2
EMP1 IL2
EMP3 IL2
EP300 IL2
ERCC3 IL2
ESRP1 IL2
F2 IL2
FBXL13 IL2
FBXO41 IL2
FNBP1L IL2
FOSB IL2
FOSL1 IL2
正调节子 阳性IL-2
基因 产生
FOXO4 IL2
FOXQ1 IL2
FUZ IL2
GABRG1 IL2
GGTLC2 IL2
GNPDA1 IL2
GPR18 IL2
GPR20 IL2
GPR21 IL2
GPR84 IL2
GRIN3A IL2
GSDMD IL2
GSTM1 IL2
HCST IL2
HELZ2 IL2
HEPHL1 IL2
IL2 IL2
IL2RB IL2
IRX4 IL2
ISM1 IL2
KLF7 IL2
KLRC4 IL2
KRT18 IL2
LAT IL2
LCP2 IL2
LHX6 IL2
LMNA IL2
MAGEA9B IL2
MAP3K12 IL2
MERTK IL2
MTMR11 IL2
NDRG3 IL2
NIT1 IL2
NLRC3 IL2
NLRP2 IL2
NPLOC4 IL2
ORC1 IL2
OSBPL7 IL2
OTOP3 IL2
正调节子 阳性IL-2
基因 产生
OTUD7A IL2
OTUD7B IL2
P2RY14 IL2
PAFAH1B2 IL2
PCP4 IL2
PDE3A IL2
PHF8 IL2
PIK3AP1 IL2
PLA2G3 IL2
PLCG2 IL2
POLK IL2
POU2F2 IL2
PPIL2 IL2
PRAC1 IL2
PRKCB IL2
PRKD2 IL2
RAB6A IL2
RAC1 IL2
RAC2 IL2
RIPK3 IL2
RRAS2 IL2
RYR1 IL2
SAFB2 IL2
SCN3A IL2
SDCCAG8 IL2
SERPINF1 IL2
SGTA IL2
SHOC2 IL2
SIGLEC1 IL2
SIRTI IL2
SLC16A1 IL2
SLC44A5 IL2
SLC5A5 IL2
SMC4 IL2
SPPL2B IL2
SSUH2 IL2
SWAP70 IL2
TAF15 IL2
THEMIS IL2
正调节子 阳性IL-2
基因 产生
TM4SF4 IL2
TMEM79 IL2
TNFRSF10B IL2
TNFSF11 IL2
TNRC6A IL2
TPGS2 IL2
TRAF3IP2 IL2
TRIM21 IL2
TRMT5 IL2
TRPM4 IL2
TRPV5 IL2
TSPYL5 IL2
UBA52 IL2
UBL5 IL2
VAV1 IL2
WARS2 IL2
ZAP70 IL2
ZNF141 IL2
ZNF296 IL2
ZNF701 IL2
下表3列出了如通过T细胞增殖检出的T细胞功能的正调节子。
表3:T细胞增殖检出的T细胞正调节子
正调节子 提高的细胞增
基因 殖
ABCB1 增殖
ASAP1 增殖
ArP10A 增殖
DEAF1 增殖
FOXK1 增殖
ITGAX 增殖
LCE6A 增殖
LCP2 增殖
LEFTY1 增殖
MYC 增殖
NAT8B 增殖
OLFM3 增殖
PLD6 增殖
下表4列出了如通过降低的IFN-γ产生检出的T细胞功能的负调节子。
表4:如通过更少的干扰素-γ产生检出的T细胞功能的负调节子
下表5列出了如通过降低的白介素-2的产生检出的T细胞功能的负调节子。
表5:如通过更少的白介素-2产生检出的T细胞功能的负调节子
下表6列出了如通过降低的细胞增殖检出的T细胞功能的负调节子。
表6:如通过更少的细胞增殖检出的T细胞功能的负调节子
这些调节子和调节这些调节子的药剂可用作癌症或自身免疫病的T细胞相关免疫治疗。
实施例2:CRISPRi鉴定调节T细胞的基因
本实施例描述了使用CRISPRi以筛选原代人T细胞,以鉴定治疗相关T细胞表型的基因调节子。
用表达KRAB-dCas9的慢病毒(CRISPRi)转导这两个T细胞群,并用mCherry选择稳定表达dCas9的T细胞。然后用两个全基因组sgRNA文库转染表达KRAB-dCas9的T细胞群,每个文库启动T细胞基因组的CRISPR干扰。对于CRISPR干扰,使用Dolcetto Set A&B(参见addgene.org/pooled-library/broadgpp-human-crispri-dolcetto/)。
用ImmunocultTM CD3/CD28/CD2 T细胞活化剂(Stemcell Technologies,Vancouver,Canada)刺激T细胞群,并使用针对以下标志物的荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)和针对细胞增殖的CellTraceTM Violet对来自两个供体的经刺激的经CRISPRi编辑的T细胞进行分选:IL-2细胞因子产生、IFN-γ产生。对分选的细胞进行基因组DNA提取,并对sgRNA进行PCR扩增,随后进行下一代测序,以确定每个群体中的sgRNA频率。使用MaGeck 0.5.9.2版(Li et al.Genome Biol 15:544(2014))分析数据。表7列出了调节T细胞功能的基因。
表7:来自CRISPRi筛选的调节T细胞的基因
该筛选鉴定了相当多的与实施例1中描述的筛选中鉴定的相同的基因。以下基因是通过该CRISPRi筛选鉴定的新的基因:
HNRNPL,HOXD13,IFNGR1,IFNGR2,IKBKB,IKBKG,IL21R,INPP1,ITK,JAK1,JUN,KAT7,KCNIP3,KIAA1109,KIDINS220,LIMS2,LOC101927322,LRIG1,MALT1,MAP3K7,MBD2,MEAF6,MEN1,MMP24,MOB4,MYLIP,NDFIP2、NSD2、NSFL1C,NYNRIN,OSBP,PCYT2、PGBD5、P14KB,PLCG1,PRKAR1A,PRRC2B,RAET1L,RBCK1,RDX,RHOA,RHOG,ROPN1B,RTP2,SAE1,SCRIB,SEC61A1,SEC62,SEH1L,SEL1L,SH2D1A,SLC38A6,SLC3A2,SPCS2,SPTLC2,SPTSSA,SRD5A2,SRP19,SRP68,SRP72,SRPRB,SSB,STAT3,SUGT1,SULT2B1,SUPT5H,TADA1,TADA2B,TAF11,TAF13,TAF2,TAF6L,TARS,TLN1,TMX1,TRAF6,TXK,UBA2,VPS29,VPS35,VPS37C,VPS41,WAS,XPO6,BRD9,BRIP1,CAD,CBLL1,CDK12,CPSF2,CPSF6,CSTF3,CTDSPL2,E2F1,EIF3B,EIF3D,EIF4E2,GCN1,GIGYF2,GNAI2,HIF1AN,IKBKE,LARGE2,MCM2,METAP2,METTL3,MTF1,MYB,NMT1,NRF1,NUDC,PDGFRA,PITPNB,PNISR,PPP1R8,PRMTI,PSMD13,PSMD4,PTMA,RAB4A,RBPJ,RIOK2,RNF20.RNF40,RPL19,RPL26,RPL35A,RPL38,RPL6,RPS13,RPS17,RPS8,SCRN3,SF3A1,SLAMF6,SMC3,SP1,SYMPK,THOC3,TONSL,TSCl,U2AF2,UBASH3A,UNCX,USP5,ZC3H18,BCL10,CASD1,CD3D,CD3E,CD3G,CHD7,DNTTIP1,ELOF1,GRAP2,IFNGR2,ITK.KIDINS220,NDFIP2,NYNRIN,PGBD5,PLCG1,RHOG,RPN2,SCR1B,SIN3B,SPRYD3,SRP19,SRP68,SRP72,SULT2B1,TAF11,TAF13,TAF2,TAF8,TLN1,VPS29,VPS35,WAS,ACTL6A,ADSS,ANLN,ARID2,ATP1A1,AUNIP,BECN1,BMS1.BOP1,C21orf62,CAD,CBFB,CDC23,CDK12,CENPE,CENPI,CEP192,CHAF1B,CHMP3,CHMP5,CHMp6,CNOT1,CPSF4,CPSF6,CTDSPL2,CTPS1,DDX47,DHODH,DLST,DNTTIP2,DPY19L3,E2F1,EDC4,EFTUD2,EIF3B,EIF3D,EIF3E,EIF5A,EP400,ESF1,FADD,FAM49B,FAN60A,FAU,GCN1,GIGYF2,HGS,IL2RA,IL2RG,ILF2,INTS3,JPH1,KANSL3,KAT5,KLF2,LAMTOR2,MAD2L1BP,MAK16,MAU2,MCM2,MCM3AP,MEMO1,METAP2,MMP16,MRPL22,MST1L,MYCBP2,NARFL,NEPRO,NMT1,NRF1,NUDC,OTUB1,PCBP1,PDGFRA,PFAS,PITPNB,PNISR,POLE,POLR1B,PPAN,PPIH,PPP1R8,PRMT1,PRPF4B,PRR12,PSMD2,PTPN23,PUM1,RAB4A,RASA2,RBM14,RBM25,RBM42,RBSN,RCL1,RMNDSA,RNF20,RNF40,RPL10,RPL10A,RPL13,RPL14,RPL15,RPL18,RPL19,RPL23A,RPL24,RPL26,RPL27,RPL34,RPL35,RPL36,RPL37A,RPL,38,RPL6,RPL7A,RPL8,RPL9,RPLP1,RPS11,RPS13,RPS16,RPS17,RPS20,RPS23,RPS24,RPS25,RPS3,RPS3A,RPS4X,RPS5,RPS7,RPS8,RUVBL2,SART1,SETD1A,SLAMF6,SLBP,SMARCE1,SMC1A,SMC3,SNRNP27,SNRNP70,SNRPC,SNRPF,SP1,SRFBP1,SRSF1,STAT5B,SURF6,SYMPK,TBL1XTHOC3,TNPO3,TRAF2,TRAIP,TSC1,TSG101,TUBGCP5,TYMS,U2AF1,U2AF2,UBASH3A,UPF1,UTP14A,UTP15,WDR45,WDR5,YEATS4,ZMAT2,AAMP,AARS,AATF,AK2,ALDH18A1,AP2M1,ATIC,ATP1A1,ATP5O,ATP6V1B2,ATP6V1F,ATXN10,BMSl,BOPl,BUD23,C12orf60,CAD,CARS,CCDC86,CCT6A,CD3D,CD3E,DD3EAP,CD3G,C1NP,CLNS1A,CPSF4,CRCP,CTPS1,DAD1,DDX27,DDX52,DGCR8,DHODH,DHX29,DHX37,DICER1,DNAJA3,DNM2,DNTTIP2,DPH6,DROSHA,EIF2B2,E1F2B3,EIF2B4,EIF5A,ELP4,ESF1,EXOSC4,EXOSC5,EXOSC7,EXOSC9,FAM149B1,FARSB,FBL,FCF1,FH,FLVCR1,FTSJ3,GFER,GNPS,GNL2,GNPAT,GTF3C1,HARS,HAUS4,HCCSHEATR3HSD17B10,HSD17B12,HSPA9,IL2RG,INPDH2,ISG20L2,KARS,LAGE3,LETM1,LONP1,MARS2,MDN1,METTL16,MMACHC,MRPL16,MRPL22,MRPL35,MRPL36,MRP37,MRPL41MRPL42,MRPL45,MRPL54,MRPS11,MRPS14,MRPS17,MRPS18A,MEPS2MRPS23MRPS33,MRPS5,MRPS9,MTHFDIL,MTOR,MYBBP1A,NAT10,NCL,NEPRO,NIFK,NOC2L,NOL10,NOL6,NOL8,NOP14,NOP2,NOP56,NOP58,NUBP1,NUFIP1,ORAOV1,PAM16,PCYT2,PDCD11,PDGFRA,PDHA1,PDSS2,PELP1,PGD,PGM3,PHB3,PHB2,PISD,PTTRM1,PMPCA,PNO1,PNPT1OLG2,POLR1A,POLR1C,POLR1DPOLR2EPOLR3B,POLRMT,POP1,POP4,POP5,POT1,PPAN,PPAT,PSMG1,QARS,RBN19,RCL1,RIOK1,RIOK2,RONO1,RPF1,RP2,RPL28,RPL30,RPL39,RPLP2,RPN2,RPP21,RPP30,RPS11,RPS12,RPS15,RPS17,RPS19BP1,RPS27、RPS4X、RPS6,RPSA、RRP12、RRP36,RRP7A、RRP9、RSL24D1,SAMM50,SARS,SDHC,SEH1L,SLC35B1,SLC38A6,SLC7A11,SPOUT1,SRFBP1,SSB,SURF6,TAF1A,TAF1C,TAF1D,TAF8,TAMM41,TARS,TEX10,TIMM44,TNKS1BP1TONM20,TOMM40,TP53112,TRMT112,TRNT1,TSEN2,TSEN54,TSR1,TTI1,TWISTNB,TWNK,UMPS,UQCR10,UQCRB,UQCRC1,UTP11,UTP14A,UTP3,UTP6,VPS29,NPS72,WAS,WDR12,WDR3,WDR36,WDR55,XRCC5,XRCC6YAE1D1,ZCCHC9,ZNHIT3,ZNHIT6和ZNRD1.
这些调节子和调节这些调节子的药剂可用作癌症或自身免疫病的T细胞相关免疫治疗。
实施例3:CRISPRa筛选原代人T细胞以鉴定基因调节子
介绍
响应于刺激的调节性T细胞细胞因子的产生在平衡的免疫应答中发挥作用。细胞因子失调可导致癌症中的自身免疫、免疫缺陷和免疫逃避(1-4)。主要由CD4+T细胞分泌的白介素2(IL-2)驱动T细胞扩增(5),并以不同剂量在治疗上应用于自身免疫和癌症(6)。干扰素γ(IFN-γ)是由CD4+和CD8+T细胞二者分泌的细胞因子,其促进针对胞内病原体(包括病毒)的I型免疫应答(4)并与积极的癌症免疫治疗应答相关(7至9)。我们目前对导致人中细胞因子产生的途径的了解大多源自在经转化T细胞系中的研究,其通常不代表原代人细胞生物学(10至12)。对控制原代人T细胞中细胞因子产生的途径的全面理解将促进下一代免疫治疗的发展。
无偏正向遗传方法(unbiased forward genetic approach)可以系统地揭示调节性网络的组分,但有效的Cas9递送的挑战限制了它们在原代细胞中的应用。使用来自表达Cas9的转基因小鼠的原代小鼠免疫细胞,已经完成了全基因组CRISPR敲除筛选(13至15),包括对树突细胞中固有细胞因子产生的调节子的筛选(13)。使用瞬时Cas9电穿孔以引入基因敲除,最近已经完成了人原代细胞中基因组规模的CRISPR研究(16,17)。然而,全面发现调节子需要功能获得性研究和功能丧失性研究二者。例如,CRISPRa功能获得性筛选可以发现在测试条件下通常不具有活性,但可以促进目的表型的基因(18,19)。与CRISPR敲除相反,CRISPRa或CRISPRi需要激活子连接的内切核酸酶失活的Cas9(dCas9)的持续表达,而且由于差的慢病毒递送已经被限制于原代细胞中的小规模实验(20,21)。在此,我们在原代人T细胞中开发了CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选平台,其允许系统地发现可被干预以调节刺激依赖性细胞因子应答的基因和途径。
材料和方法
人T细胞的分离和培养
人T细胞来源于来自健康供体的富含PBMC的白细胞去除术产物(Leukopaks,Stemcell Technologies cat 70500.2),遵循IRB批准的知情书面同意书(StemcellTechnologies)。使用EasySep磁性选择按照制造商推荐的方案(Stemcell Technologiescat 17951),从Leukopaks中分离大量T细胞(bulk T cell)。除非另有说明,否则将大量T细胞以5×107个细胞/ml冷冻于Bambanker细胞冷冻培养基中(Bulldog Bio cat BB01)并短期储存在-80℃下,或者在分离之后立即长期储存在液氮中。除非另有说明,否则将解冻的T细胞培养在补充有5% FCS、55mM 2-巯基乙醇、4mM N-乙酰基L-半胱氨酸和500IU/ml的重组人IL-2(Amerisource Bergen cat10101641)的X-VIVO 15(Lonza Bioscience cat 04-418Q)中。使用抗人CD3/CD28 CTS dynabead(Fisher Scientific cat 40203D)以1:1细胞与珠之比以106个细胞/ml来活化原代T细胞。
细胞系维持
将Lenti-X HEK293T细胞(Takara Bio cat 632180)维持在补充有10%FCS、100U/ml的PenStrep(Fisher Scientific cat 15140122)、1mM丙酮酸钠(Fisher Scientificcat 11360070)、1×MEM非必需氨基酸(Fisher Scientific cat 11140050)和10mM HEPES溶液(Sigma cat H0887-100ML)的含有GlutaMAXTM的DMEM高葡萄糖(Fisher Scientificcat 10566024)中。使用用于解离的Tryple Express(Fisher Scientific cat 12604013)每2天对细胞进行传代,并将其维持在<60%的汇合。对NALM6细胞进行改造以在HLA-A0201背景中表达NY-ESO-1肽,其可被1G4 TCR识别(在UCSF经由Eyquem实验室)并将其提供用于TCR刺激共培养实验。为简单起见,将这些细胞称为NALM6。将NALM6细胞培养在补充有10%FCS、100U/ml PenStrep(Fisher Scientific cat 15140122)、1mM丙酮酸钠(FisherScientific cat 11360070)和1×MEM非必需氨基酸(Fisher Scientific cat11140050)、10mM HEPES溶液(Sigma cat H0887-100ML)和2mM L-谷氨酰胺(Lonza Bioscience cat17-605E)的RPMI(Gibco cat 21870092)中。
质粒
dCas9-VP64来源于lentiSAMv2(addgene 75112)并用Gibson Assembly将其克隆到lentiCRISPRv2-dCas9骨架(addgene 112233)中。将启动子切换至SFFV,并将mCherry引入dCas9-VP64的上游,间隔P2A序列,以产生pZR112质粒。使LTR-LTR范围最小化以增强慢病毒滴度。对于CRISPRi,用Gibson Assembly将pHR-SFFV-dCas9-BFP-KRAB(addgene46911)中的BFP切换至mCherry,以产生pZR071。
如前所述(22),通过Golden Gate克隆引入了用于阵列实验的单sgRNA。简言之,将具有Golden Gate突出端的DNA寡聚物退火并随后使用 Golden Gate Assembly试剂盒(BsmBI-v2,New England Biolabs cat E1602L)将其克隆到未消化的靶质粒中。对于CRISPRa,将sgRNA克隆到pXPR_502(addgene 96923)中,对于CRISPRi,将sgRNA克隆到CROPseq-Guide-Puro(43)(addgene 86708)中。本研究中使用的所有单sgRNA均见于表8中。
从addgene获得全基因组CRISPRa(Calabrese A,cat 92379和Calabrese B,cat92380)和CRISPRi文库(Dolcetto A,cat 92385和Dolcetto B,cat92386)(22)。按照制造商说明,将40纳克各文库转化到EnduraTM电感受态细胞(Lucigen cat 60242-2)中。在转化之后,将Endura细胞在氨苄青霉素存在下于30℃在摇动培养箱中培养16小时。使用QiagenPlasmid Plus MaxiKit(Qiagen 12963)分离文库质粒,并如“全基因组CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选”中所述对sgRNA表现进行测序。
对于cDNA介导的靶标过表达,将lentiCRISPRv2(addgene 75112)骨架重建成带有SFFV启动子,随后是BsmBI限制性位点和P2A-Puro的慢病毒cDNA克隆质粒。转基因cDNA购自Genscript,为每个基因选择典型的(最长)同种型,并通过PCR引入BsmBI限制性位点。使用 Golden Gate Assembly试剂盒(BsmBI-v2,New England Biolabs cat E1602L)组装最终的慢病毒转移质粒。
为了克隆用于Perturb-seq的直接捕获相容的CRISPRa-SAM质粒,将不同的sgRNA设计合成为G-Block(Integrated DNAtechnologies)并通过Gibson assembly将其克隆到pXPR_502(addgene 96923)中,替换其sgRNA盒。
慢病毒产生
除非另有说明,否则将HEK293T细胞以在45ml培养基中3.6×107个细胞/T225瓶接种于含有GlutaMAXTM补充剂的Opti-MEMTM I Reduced血清培养基(OPTI-MEM)(Gibco cat31985088)中过夜以在转染的时间点实现85%至95%的汇合,所述血清培养基补充有5%FCS、1mM丙酮酸钠(Fisher Scientific)和1X MEM非必需氨基酸(Fisher Scientific)(cOPTI-MEM)。第二天早上,使用Lipofectamine 3000转染试剂(Fisher Scientific catL3000075)用第二代慢病毒包装质粒和转移质粒转染HEK293T细胞。简言之,将165μlLipofectamine 3000试剂添加至5ml室温的不含补充剂的OPTI-MEM。将42微克Cas9转移质粒、30μg psPAX2(addgene 12260)、13μg pMD2.G(addgene 12259)和145μl的p3000试剂添加至5ml室温的不含补充剂的OPTI-MEM,并通过温和倒置来混合。将质粒和Lipofectamine3000混合物组合,通过温和倒置来混合,并在室温下孵育15分钟。在孵育之后,从T225瓶中移出20ml培养基并在不分离HEK293T细胞的情况下小心添加10ml转染混合物。在6小时之后,用补充有1×ViralBoost(Alstem Bio cat VB100)的45ml cOPTI-MEM替换转染培养基。在转染之后24小时收获慢病毒上清液(第一次收获)并用45ml新鲜cOPTI-MEM替换。在转染之后48小时进行第二次收获。在收集之后立即将培养基在500g、5分钟和4℃下离心,以清除细胞碎片。除非另有说明,否则按照制造商说明,将Lenti-X-Concentrator(TakaraBio631232)添加至收集的上清液并浓缩慢病毒,并将其以1%的原始培养体积重悬于不含补充剂的OPTI-MEM中。随后将慢病毒颗粒等分并在-80℃下冷冻。
流式细胞术
将在UCSF Parnassus Flow Core和Gladstone Institute Flow Core的Aria2、Aria 3和Aria融合细胞分选仪(BD Biosciences)用于分选。将Attune NxT流式细胞仪(Thermo Fisher)和LSRFortessa X-20(BD Biosciences)用于流式细胞术。用于流式细胞分析和分选的抗体总结在表9中。
胞内细胞因子染色
除非另有说明,否则将T细胞用ImmunoCultTM人CD3/CD28/CD2 T细胞活化剂(Stemcell Technologies cat 10990)用6.25μl/毫升的培养基以2×106个细胞/ml进行刺激。在再刺激之后一小时,以1/1000的稀释度添加Golgi Plug蛋白转运抑制剂(BDBiosciences,cat 555029)。在添加Golgi Plug之后9小时,对T细胞进行表面抗原染色然后进行固定,并随后按照BD Cytofix/CytopermTM试剂盒(BD Biosciences cat 554714)说明进行处理以实施胞内细胞因子染色。
全基因组CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选
在活化之后一天,用2%v/v浓缩的dCas9-VP64慢病毒感染来自两名人血液供体的T细胞。在活化之后两天,将T细胞分成两个群体并用1%v/v(MOI约0.5)Calabrese Set A(addgene 92379)或0.8%v/v(MOI约0.5)Calabrese Set B(addgene 92380)慢病毒感染。将这两组独立培养并平行处理直到分析。在活化之后三天,添加含有IL-2(最终浓度500IU/ml)和嘌呤霉素(最终浓度2μg/ml)的新鲜培养基,以使细胞达到3×105个细胞/ml。在两天之后分割细胞,并添加含有IL-2的新鲜培养基,以使细胞达到3×105个细胞/ml。在两天之后,添加不含IL-2的新鲜培养基,以使浓度达到106/ml。在初始活化之后8天,收获细胞,以500g离心5分钟,并以2×106个细胞/ml X-VIVO 15(不含补充剂)重悬。第二天,如“胞内细胞因子染色”中所述,对细胞进行再刺激和FACS染色。在随后的2天中,在Parnassus流式细胞术核心设施(Parnassus Flow Cytometry Core Facility,PFCC)中将细胞分选成IL-2lo和IL-2hi CD4+T细胞以及IFN-γlo和IFN-γhi CD4-T细胞群。将分选的细胞在EasySep缓冲液(含2% FCS和1mM EDTA的PBS)中过夜储存,直到进行基因组DNA分离。
将使用来自同一供体的T细胞的相同实验程序随后用于CRISPRi筛选。用2%v/v的dCas9-mCherry-KRAB和分别以10%v/v或25%v/v的非浓缩病毒的Dolcetto A(addgene92385)和B(addgene 92386)sgRNA文库感染T细胞(约0.5MOI)。
如前所述,从固定的细胞中提取基因组DNA(44)。如前所述扩增整合的sgRNA序列(22),并随后使用NucleoSpin凝胶和PCR-Clean-up Mini试剂盒(Machery Nagel cat740609.50)对测序文库进行琼脂糖凝胶纯化。在NextSeq500仪器上对文库进行测序,以达到100倍覆盖的目标深度。
对于全基因组CRISPRa筛选的补充CD4+T细胞组,使用磁性负选择(StemcellTechnologies,cat 17952)从Leukopaks中分离CD4+T细胞,并随后按照“人T细胞的分离和培养”中所述进行刺激。然后培养T细胞并用慢病毒感染,如以上初级CRISPRa筛选所述。对于文库慢病毒产生,在转染之前将CalabreseSet A和Set B质粒以等摩尔比混合,并将来自两组的合并的慢病毒颗粒用于转导。在T细胞活化之后第7天的CD4流式细胞术染色确定了>98%纯度。如上所述进一步处理和再刺激T细胞。对T细胞分别进行IL-2、IFN-γ或TNF-α染色以用于FACS。在我们的初步分析之后,其显示出IFN-γ筛选由于命中物分辨率低于其他筛选而可能采样不足。为了解决此问题,将来自相同实验的另外的固定的细胞染色并分选为另外的技术复制,并随后通过计算合并(如下所述)。
CRISPR筛选分析
使用MAGeCK0.5.9.2版(45)使用--trim-5 22,23,24,25,26,28,29,30参数将读出与适当的参考文库进行比对,以去除交错的5’适配子。接下来,将两个文库集合中的原始读出计数相对于每个样品中的总读出计数归一化,并且将两个集合中的各匹配样品合并以生成单个归一化的读出计数表。分别使用mageck检验采用--norm-method none、--paired和--control-sgrna选项、供体的配对样品以及使用非靶向sgRNA作为对照,来比较高区块(high bin)相对于低区块(low bin)中的归一化的读出计数。将基因命中物分类为具有大于0.5的中位数绝对log2倍数变化值和FDR<0.05。对于补充的CD4+筛选,将读出与单一参考文件中的完整Calabrese A和B文库进行比对。对于补充的CD4+IFN-γ筛选(作为两个技术重复进行分类和测序),对所有技术重复中的归一化的计数求平均,然后使用mageck检验进行分析。
基因组富集分析(GSEA)
使用默认设置,用fgsea Bioconductor R包完成基因组富集分析(46)。从GSEAmSigDB http://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/downloads.jsp获得KEGG途径v7.4。KEGGNF-κB信号传导途径(条目hsa04064)从该数据集中缺失,并从https://www.genome.jp/entry/pathway+hsa04064手动添加。
s-LDSC分析
从Price实验室网站(https://alkesgroup.broadinstitute.org/sumstats_formatted/和https://alkesgroup.broadinstitute.org/UKBB/)下载GWAS概括统计。使用1000G 3期群体参考,为每个筛选(对应于在每个筛选中被鉴定为显著命中物的基因的100kb内的SNP组或其相应的匹配背景组)创建LD评分。通过进行以下来计算给定性状的每个注释的遗传度富集(heritability enrichment):将注释添加至基线LD模型并使用HapMap3 SNP用分层的LD评分回归包对性状卡方统计进行回归(47)。然后使用逆方差加权(inverse variance weighting)对免疫或非免疫性状的遗传度富集进行荟萃分析。从对照sgRNA、刺激的大量RNA-Seq数据中表达的所有基因的组中取样背景基因组。对于每个筛选,对背景基因进行取样,以匹配数目上的显著筛选命中物,并基于基因表达的十分位数。用于分析的免疫性状是:“嗜酸性粒细胞计数”、“淋巴细胞计数”、“单核细胞计数”、“白细胞计数(White Count)”、“所有的自身免疫病(Autoimmune Disease All)”、“诊断的变应性湿疹”、“诊断的哮喘”、“乳糜泄(Celiac)”、“克罗恩病”、“炎性肠病”、“狼疮”、“多发性硬化”、“原发性胆汁性肝硬化”、“类风湿性关节炎”、“1型糖尿病”、“溃疡性结肠炎”。使用的非免疫性状是:“Heel Tscore”、“Balding1”、“Balding4”、“Bmi”、“身高(Height)”、“2型糖尿病”、“神经质”、“厌食”、“自闭症”、“双相障碍”、“抑郁症状”、“空腹血糖”、“Hdl”、“Ldl”、“甘油三酯”、“空腹血糖”。
阵列型CRISPRa实验(Arrayed CRISPRa experiment)
对于在后续实验中选择去靶向的各基因,从在筛选中使用的Calabrese文库中选择一个sgRNA。针对在两个供体中观察到的一致的log2倍数变化手动选择第一sgRNA(“_1”)。从hCRISPRa-v2全基因组文库中挑选第二sgRNA(“_2”)(48),为每个基因选择Calabrese文库中不存在的排序靠前(top)的sgRNA。如质粒部分中所述,将sgRNA克隆到pXPR_502载体中。
在活化之后1天,用2%v/v的mCherry-2A-dCas9-VP64慢病毒(pZR112)转导原代人T细胞。在第二天(第2天),将经dCas9-VP64转导的细胞分割到96孔平底板中,避开边缘孔,并在每个孔中用不同的sgRNA慢病毒转导(5%v/v)。在sgRNA转导之后一天,添加含IL-2(500IU/ml)和2μg/ml嘌呤霉素(最终培养浓度)的新鲜培养基。在2天之后将细胞传代,添加含500IU/ml的IL-2的新鲜培养基并维持浓度为3×105至1×106个细胞/ml,根据需要复制96孔板以维持该浓度。在第8天,将来自复制板的细胞合并,并对样品进行计数。使细胞沉淀并以2×106个细胞/ml的浓度重悬于不含添加剂的新鲜X-VIVO-15中。在第9天,用抗CD3/CD28/CD2 ImmunoCult T细胞活化剂(如“胞内细胞因子染色”中所述)再刺激细胞,或者保持静置。
RT-qPCR
如阵列型CRISPRa实验中所述制备T细胞。在sgRNA转导之后7天,使100,000个T细胞/每孔在500g、5分钟和4℃下沉淀。将细胞裂解并使用Quick-RNA 96试剂盒(ZymoResearch)遵循制造商方案提取RNA,跳过孔内DNA酶处理的选项。随后用用于RT-qPCR的Maxima第一链cDNA合成试剂盒,用dsDNA酶(Thermofisher Scientific)完成DNA酶处理和cDNA合成。在Applied Biosystems Quantstudio 5实时PCR系统上,使用PrimeTime PCRMaster Mix(Integrated DNA technologies)和PrimeTime qPCR探针测定(IntegratedDNA Technologies,表10中使用的探针列表)进行qPCR。使用ΔΔCt方法分析数据。两个管家基因PPIA和GUSB的平均Ct值,来计算ΔCt,以及非靶向对照的平均ΔCt,来计算ΔΔCt。
表10
探针
cDNA实验
在活化之后一天,用识别NY-ESO-1抗原的1G4 TCR慢病毒转导T细胞,或者不转导用于immunocult测定。在一天之后,用cDNA形式的转基因转导细胞。在初始活化之后三天,添加嘌呤霉素以获得2μg/ml的终浓度,以及含有500IU/ml的IL-2的新鲜X-VIVO 15培养基,并类似于全基因组CRISPR筛选进一步培养和扩增。在初始活化之后9天,将T细胞离心并以2×106个细胞/ml重悬于不含补充剂的X-Vivo 15中。在同一天,在dextramer染色(Immudexcat WB3247-PE)之后,通过流式细胞术评估1G4 TCR表达,以确保不同cDNA构建体之间的均匀表达。在第二天,对于经1G4 TCR转导的细胞,用6.25μl/ml的Immunocult或NALM6细胞以1:2的效应物-靶标比再刺激T细胞。如“胞内细胞因子染色”中所述对细胞进一步处理。将CD22用作NALM6细胞的标志物以将它们与共培养中的T细胞区分开。OTUD7B cDNA与1G4 TCR(但不是单独)一起过表达会引起毒性,并因此被排除在分析之外。由于差的TCR转导,两名供体被排除在1G4 TCR测定之外。
细胞因子Luminex测定
如“阵列型CRISPRa实验”中所述制备T细胞。在活化之后第9天,将浓度为2×106个细胞/ml的T细胞以6.25μl/毫升用ImmunoCultTM人CD3/CD28/CD2(Stemcell Technologiescat 10970)再刺激。在再刺激之后24小时,收集上清液并在20℃下冷冻。在一系列先导滴定之后,在Luminex200系统(Luminex)上使用Luminex xMAP技术通过Eve Technologies以1/200的稀释度进行细胞因子分析。为了去除非常低表达的细胞因子以用于下游分析,任何四个供体中三者的细胞因子不可检测的组,细胞因子被去除。另外,将IL-1α的sgIL1R1-1供体4测量手动去除,因为这是极高的异常值。
批量RNA-seq样品制备
如“阵列型CRISPRa实验”部分中所述,转导和扩增来自四个供体的FOXQ1靶向和非靶向sgRNA对照原代人T细胞。在第8天,对mCherry+CD4+群进行分选,并将其以2×106个细胞/ml重悬于不含添加剂的X-VIVO-15中。在第9天,用6.25μl/每毫升的抗CD3/CD28/CD2ImmunoCultTM再刺激细胞,或使其保持不被干扰的静息(非刺激)条件。在24小时之后,将细胞裂解以提取RNA。
使用Quick-RNA Microprep试剂盒(Zymo Research)纯化RNA,没有任选的孔内DNA酶处理步骤。用TURBO DNA酶(ThermofisherScientific)处理纯化的RNA,以去除潜在的污染DNA。随后使用RNAClean&Concentrator-5试剂盒(Zymo Research)纯化RNA。使用RNAScreenTape测定(Agilent)进行RNA品质控制,其中所有样品的RNA完整性数均>7。使用Illumina Stranded mRNA Prep试剂盒,用100ng输入RNA制备RNA-seq文库。在NextSeq500仪器上使用配对末端的72bp读段对文库进行测序,达到平均深度为3.2×107个簇/样品。
批量RNA-seq数据分析
使用cutadapt 2.10版从fastq文件中修剪适配子(49),默认设置保持最小读段长度为20bp。使用STAR 2.7.5b版(50)以以下设置“--outFilterMultimapNmax 1”将读段映射到人基因组GRCh38,仅保留唯一映射的读段。然后使用featureCounts 2.0.1版(51)以以下设置“-s 2”并使用Gencode 35版基本转录组注释对读段重叠基因进行计数。将计数矩阵导入到R中。保留至少4个样品中仅具有至少每百万分之一计数(CPM)的基因。将TMM归一化的计数用于热图。然后使用limma 3.44.3版(52)鉴定FOXQ1过表达与对照样品之间的差异表达基因,同时控制供体之间的任何差异。将显著差异表达的基因定义为具有FDR调整的P值<0.05。
扰动-seq文库设计和克隆
CRISPRa扰动-seq靶基因选自初步的IL-2和IFN-γCRISPRa筛选结果。首先,从基因列表中去除具有显著适应性缺陷的基因。接下来,通过中位数sgRNA log2倍数变化对基因进行排序,并按照以下顺序挑选排序靠前、非先前选择的基因:(1)IL-2正命中物(positivehit),(2)IFN-γ正命中物,(3)IL-2正命中物,(4)IFN-γ正命中物,以及(5)IL-2或IFN-γ正命中物(每轮交替),使得正命中物以4:1之比在数量上超过负命中物。在每一轮中仅选择显著的命中物(FDR<0.05)。一个例外是手动添加的TCF7,因为我们认为由于其对T细胞功能的已知作用因此值得分析。为了选择sgRNA,使用筛选中按照log2倍数变化的前两个所富集sgRNA,为其选择基因。将文库作为合并的单链寡聚物排序,经PCR扩增,并将其克隆到CRISPRa-SAM直接捕获设计I克隆载体(pZR158)中。
扰动-seq样品制备和测序
如“全基因组CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选”部分中所述,将来自两个供体的大量CD3+原代人T细胞转导和培养,除了文库转导在较低的MOI(0.3)下完成。用6.25μl/毫升的抗CD3/CD28/CD2 immunocult刺激处于刺激条件下的细胞。在24小时之后,对来自刺激和非刺激条件二者的细胞进行mCherry+(标记dCas9-VP64)进行分选。使用Chromium Next GEM单细胞3’试剂盒v3.1采用用于CRISPR筛选的特征条码化技术遵循制造商的方案,由人类遗传学研究所(Institute for Human Genetic,IHG)基因组学中心对分选的细胞进行单细胞RNA-seq和sgRNA测序文库。在装载铬芯片之前,对于每种条件,将来自两个血液供体的分选细胞相对于1000个细胞/μl归一化并以1:1之比混合。将20微升细胞悬液装载到每个条件的四个重复孔中,每个条件总共装载80,000个细胞。将最终的sgRNA测序文库通过4%琼脂糖E-GelEX凝胶(ThermoFisher Scientific)进一步纯化成正确尺寸的片段,并提取凝胶。以基因表达文库与sgRNA文库的2:1摩尔比,在两条NovaSeq S4泳道上对文库进行测序(2个刺激孔/每泳道,2个非刺激孔/每泳道)。
扰动-seq分析
用Cell Ranger 6.1.1.版完成基因表达和sgRNA读段的比对和计数聚集。使用cellranger计数以默认设置比对基因表达和sgRNA读段。将基因表达读出与从10xGenomics下载的“refdata-gex-GRCh38-2020-A”人转录组参考进行比对。使用模式(BC)GTTTAAGAGCTATG将sgRNA读段与扰动-seq文库进行比对。使用cellranger aggr以默认参数来聚集计数。为了将sgRNA分配给细胞,使用cellranger计数输出文件“protospacer_calls_per_cell.csv”,过滤掉被调用(call)的>1sgRNA的微滴,回归sgRNA单峰(singlet)中133个sgRNA UMI的中值。为了提高严格性,在进一步分析中仅使用具有≥5sgRNA UMI的微滴。使用Souporcell对细胞供体进行遗传多路解编(demultiplex)(53)(https://github.com/wheaton5/souporcell)。每次运行的输入是来自cellranger计数输出的bam文件和barcodes.tsv文件,以及参考fasta。使用公开可用的python脚本(https://github.com/hyunminkang/apigenome/blob/master/scripts/vcf-match sample-ids),使用来自Souporcell的vcf文件输出来协调各孔之间的供体调用。
导入基因表达数据,并在R中用Seurat 4.0.3版Read10X函数进行分析(54)。最初对细胞进行品质过滤,线粒体读出百分比<25%,检出的RNA特征数>400且<6000,去除4%的细胞。在过滤之后,我们回收了中值为每种条件下每个sgRNA靶基因401个细胞(中值为每个单峰127个sgRNA独特分子索引(unique molecular indice,UMI))和每种条件下具有非靶对照指导子的约2000个细胞。由于低的细胞计数(<100),将四个sgRNA靶标(HELZ2、TCF7、PRDM1和IRX4)从下游分析中移除。
使用Seurat SCTransform函数使用以下回归的变量对基因表达计数进行归一化和转换(55):线粒体读出百分比、S期评分和G2/M期评分,按照Satija实验室网站(https://satijalab.org/seurat/articles/cell_cycle_vignette.html)上所述进行回归。将归一化和转换的计数用于所有下游分析。为了命名CD4+和CD8+T细胞,使用采用下式的各细胞的CD4/CD8评分:log2(CD4/平均值(CD8A,CD8B)),评分小于-0.9称为CD8+细胞,以及>1.4称为CD4+细胞。
对于再刺激和静息条件二者,用1至20维(dimension)和RunUMAP Seurat函数的其他方面默认设置进行UMAP减少。对于聚类,使用算法3运行FindClusters,对于再刺激,分辨率(resolution)为0.4,对于静息条件,分辨率为0.5。将再刺激条件下的两个簇手动合并,以形成“簇2:负调节子”。合并的簇显示出高度相似的基因表达模式,其中一个簇包含含有负调节子sgRNA的大量细胞,并且另一个簇包含靶向负调节子MUC1的sgRNA。使用SeuratBuildClusterTree函数用默认参数生成显示的簇树。对于伪批量差异表达分析(pseudobulk differential expression analyses),Seurat FindMarkers函数与默认方法Wilcoxon RankSum检验一起使用。
为了产生T细胞活化评分,首先对再刺激的相对于静息的非靶对照sgRNA进行伪批量差异表达分析,并且将log2倍数变化输出用作基因权重。将仅具有绝对log2倍数变化>0.25且在10%的再刺激或静息细胞中检出的基因用于基因权重。对于给定的细胞,将活化评分计算为总(GE×GW/GM),其中GE是基因的归一化/转换表达计数,GW是基因的权重,以及GM是非靶对照细胞中基因的平均值表达(以校正基线表达的差异水平)。
统计学分析
除非另有说明,否则所有统计学分析均在R 4.0.2版中进行。为了处理非参数检验中的关系,使用Coin R包(1.4-1版本)的wilcox_test函数以及默认参数进行曼-惠特尼U检验(Mann–Whitney U test)。对于基于q值的多重比较校正,R q值包(2.20.0版本)与默认参数一起使用。
结果
全基因组CRISPRa筛选鉴定T细胞中IL-2和IFN-γ产生的调节子
为了能够在原代人T细胞中实现可扩展的CRISPRa(scalable CRISPRa),我们使用最小的dCas9-VP64载体(pZR112)开发了优化的高滴度慢病毒生产方案,使得转导效率高达80%。第二代CRISPRa协同激活介质(synergistic activation mediator,SAM)系统(22,23)诱导建立的表面标志物的靶标表达稳健提高。接下来,我们扩大了我们的平台,以用>112,000个sgRNA针对>18,800个蛋白质编码基因进行合并的全基因组CRISPRa筛选(22)。我们使用荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)将产生IL-2的CD4+T细胞和产生IFN-γ的CD8+T细胞分成高区块和低区块(图1A)。随后的sgRNA定量确定了靶向IL-2(IL2)和IFN-γ(IFNG)的sgRNA在对应的细胞因子高群体中强富集,并且非靶向对照sgRNA在任一区块中均不富集(图1B)。两个CRISPRa筛选在两个不同的人血液供体中是高度可重复的(图1,C和D)。IL-2和IFN-γCRISPRa筛选的基因水平统计学分析分别揭示了444和471个命中物,包括171个共有命中物(图1E)。因此,CRISPRa筛选提供了稳健的平台来发现原代细胞中刺激依赖性应答的功能获得性调节子。
CRISPRa命中物包括TCR信号传导途径和T细胞转录因子的组分。TBX21(编码T-bet)的激活(其促进记忆CD8+T细胞和CD4+T辅助1(Th1)细胞二者的分化(24至26)),选择性地增强了特征性I型细胞因子IFN-γ(图1E)。相比之下,激活GATA3的sgRNA(其促进通过拮抗T-bet的II型分化(25,27))具有相反的作用(图1E)。近端TCR信号传导复合物成员例如VAV1、CD28、LCP2(编码SLP 76)和LAT的过表达(28,29)增强了T细胞活化,并在两个细胞因子高区块中富集。相反,负TCR信号传导调节子MAP4K1和SLA2在这些区块中被耗尽(图1,B和E)(30,31)。因此,CRISPRa鉴定了导致细胞因子产生的信号中的关键“瓶颈(bottleneck)”。
互补性CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选全面揭示了T细胞中细胞因子产生的回路
CRISPRa筛选在鉴定细胞因子产生的限制因素方面是有效的,但它们可能会错过只有通过功能丧失性研究才能鉴定的必要组分。因此,我们采用我们优化的慢病毒方案进行了反向全基因组CRISPRi筛选(图2,A和B)。金标准必需基因的缺失(drop out)(32)和两个人供体中的可重复性确定了筛选质量。CRISPRi IL-2和IFN-γ筛选分别鉴定了226和203个基因命中物,包括92个共有命中物(图2,A和B)。正如所预期的,CRISPRi命中物偏向于具有高mRNA表达的基因,包括CD3复合物的成员,而CRISPRa另外鉴定了在筛选条件下在T细胞中低水平表达或根本不表达的调节子(图2,C和D)。例如,PIK3AP1和IL1R1在筛选条件下以低水平表达(图S7A)。它们在一些T细胞环境中潜在地是诱导型的,但是被CRISPRa而不是CRISPRi检测为命中物。
通过两个IFN-γ调节回路的鉴定进一步例证了偶联激活和干扰筛选的能力。CRISPRi筛选鉴定了IFN-γ产生(以及在较小程度上的IL-2产生)所需的NF-κB途径的组分。CRISPRi检出了通过MALT1、BCL10、TRAF6和TAK1(由MAP3K7编码)的T细胞刺激信号传导到促进IFN-γ产生的NF-κB复合物(IκB复合物,由CHUK、IKBKB和IKBKG编码)的抑制剂的回路(图2,E和F)。相比之下,CRISPRa揭示了一组正IFN-γ调节子,其包括肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族(tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,TNFRSF)和IL1R1的成员。即使它们不是单独需要的,这些调节子也通过NF-κB发信号,并因此不能被CRISPRi检出(图2,E和F)。因此,CRISPRa和CRISPRi在全面发现功能性细胞因子调节子方面彼此补充。为了深入了解CRISPRi和CRISPRa筛选中富集的功能途径,我们完成了KEGG途径的基因集富集分析(geneset enrichment analysis,GSEA),鉴定了筛选中富集的多个免疫相关途径。此外,我们分析了来自大量全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association studie,GWAS)的数据,以通过分层连锁不平衡评分(stratified linkage disequilibrium score,s-LDSC)回归,探寻复杂免疫性状的遗传性是否在含有我们的筛选命中物的基因组区域中富集。CRISPRi和CRISPRa IFN-γ的调节子以及CRISPRa IL-2的调节子均在与非免疫性状或表达匹配的背景集相比免疫性状遗传性丰富的区域。因此,这些前向遗传筛选可用作资源以帮助对与复杂免疫疾病相关的基因组区域中候选功能基因进行优先级排序。
接下来,我们完成了针对两种细胞因子的CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选的基因命中物的综合分析(integrative analyse)。我们发现少数基因在所有的筛选中都得到了鉴定(例如,ZAP70作为正调节子,以及CBLB作为负调节子),代表了T细胞中刺激应答性细胞因子产生的核心调节子。然而,大多数命中物是细胞因子(CD4+T细胞中的IL-2或CD8+T细胞中的IFN-γ)或扰动(激活或干扰)特异性的。对于包括PTPRC(CD45)的一些靶基因,CRISRPa和CRISPRi二者均以相同的方向影响细胞因子的产生,这表明对于一些基因而言,激活和干扰二者均损害了最佳水平。CD4+T细胞中IL-2与CD8+T细胞中IFN-γ之间的调节子中的显著重叠使得我们对CD4+T细胞中的IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α进行了另外的全基因组CRISPRa筛选,从而使得对CD4+T细胞中1型细胞因子调节子的直接比较。许多最强的正命中物(例如,VAV1、CD28和LCP2)和负命中物(例如,MAP4K1、LAT2和GRAP)在所有CRISPRa筛选中均重叠,这可能代表了响应于刺激/共刺激的1型细胞因子产生的核心调节子。另外,这些筛选鉴定了可潜在地选择性地提高或降低个体细胞因子的命中物。因此,CRISPRi和CRISPRa命中物揭示了细胞因子产生的核心调节子和背景特异性调节子二者。
我们使用我们的与文献综述组合的整合数据集来建立导致细胞因子产生的信号转导途径的可调节调节子的高分辨率图谱(图2G)。这包括钙途径信号传导基因(例如,PLCG1、PLCG2、PRKCB、PRKD2和NFATC2)以及细胞因子信号传导基因(例如,STAT3、JAK1、JAK3和SOCS3),后者表明细胞因子信号中的反馈回路。特别地,CRISPRa鉴定了先前文献中不存在的调节子(例如APOBEC3A/D/C、FOXQ1和EMP1)(图2H),这强调了对用于全面发现的功能获得性筛选的需求。因此,CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选彼此互补,以绘制控制T细胞刺激应答性细胞因子产生的可调节的基因回路。
选定的CRISPRa筛选命中物的阵列表征
我们接下来进行阵列CRISPRa实验以更深度地表型表征筛选命中物(图3A)。我们选择了14个筛选命中物(来自不同的筛选类别)(图3B),这包括已确立的调节子VAV1、MAP4K1和阳性对照IL2和IFNG。值得注意的是,在我们的实验条件下,包括了T细胞中表达相对较低的基因,FOXQ1、IL1R1、LHX6和PIK3AP1。首先,我们验证了所选的sgRNA提高了靶基因mRNA的表达。接下来,我们通过CD4+和CD8+T细胞二者的胞内染色来评估IL-2、IFNγ和TNF-α。14个靶基因中13个引起针对相关细胞因子呈阳性的细胞比例的显著变化,在至少一种sgRNA下(图3,C和D)。此外,我们观察了对IL-2和IFN-γ二者的双阳性和单阳性群的作用。除了TNFRSF1A(和IL2或IFNG)之外,在没有刺激的情况下,正调节子不引起自发的细胞因子产生(图3D)。尽管IL-2在CD4+T细胞中被筛选,并且IFN-γ在CD8+T细胞中被筛选,但CRISPRasgRNA的作用在两个谱系中高度相关(图3E)。我们还评估了T细胞分化,并观察到FOXQ1和TNFRSF1A显著降低了CD62L+细胞的百分比,这表明向效应T细胞状态的转变是潜在的机制。因此,这些研究验证了合并的CRISPRa筛选,并开始表征由关键靶基因激活促进的细胞因子产生和细胞分化状态。
我们接下来测试了由CRISPRa鉴定的基因在作为cDNA转基因过表达时是否也可调节细胞因子,因为由于Cas9的免疫原性,因此CRISPRa的持续表达将对细胞治疗提出挑战(33)。CRISPRa命中物的cDNA转基因过表达影响用抗体或抗原阳性癌细胞刺激的T细胞中细胞因子的产生。因此,这种策略可潜在地用于在经改造的T细胞治疗中实现CRISPRa的发现。
接下来,我们通过测量48种分泌的细胞因子和趋化因子(其中32种在对照样品中检测)的大组来评估单个CRISPRa扰动如何重编程细胞因子的产生。在确定对IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α测量结果的作用与胞内染色一致之后(图3F),我们对所有细胞因子均进行了主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和层次聚类。我们观察到sgRNA分类分组与筛选中观察到的一致,其中靶向被鉴定为两种细胞因子的调节子之基因的sgRNA引起细胞因子浓度的广泛提高或降低(图3G)。值得注意的是,在由不同调节子提高的细胞因子类别中存在不同的模式(图3H)。VAV1和FOXQ1(在T细胞中尚未被充分表征的转录因子)导致1型特征性细胞因子优先提高,并抑制2型细胞因子。出人意料地是,OTUD7B(近端TCR信号传导的正调节子(34))具有明显的作用并提高2型细胞因子。我们接下来探寻分泌组中的调节是否与相应基因的转录控制相关。以FOXQ1为例,我们对FOXQ1和对照sgRNA CD4+T细胞进行了批量RNA-seq,并发现其与分泌组效应(secretome effect)高度相关。因此,已鉴定的调节子不仅可调节TCR刺激和信号传导,而且还可针对特异性特征调节T细胞分泌组。
CRISPRa扰动-seq表征细胞因子调节子的分子表型
为了评估由每个CRISPRa基因诱导产生的全局分子特征,我们开发了将合并的CRISPRa扰动与条码化的单细胞RNA测序(scRNA-seq)读出偶联的平台(CRISPRa扰动-seq)(图4A)。由于类似的CRISPRa扰动-seq方法在细胞系和动物模型中非常有效(35至37),我们将直接捕获的序列并入到经CRISPRa-SAM修饰的sgRNA支架中以实现与基于微滴的scRNA-seq方法的兼容性。
我们在约56,000个的原代人T细胞中针对来自我们的全基因组CRISPRa细胞因子筛选的对照和70个命中物进行了刺激应答的调节子的CRISPRa扰动-seq表征(图4,A和B)。首先,我们确定了sgRNA导致其靶基因表达的显著提高。接下来,统一流形逼近与投影(uniform manifold approximation and projection,UMAP)降维揭示了静息和再刺激细胞的离散分离,并显示出来自两个供体的细胞的相对均匀的分布(图4C)。基因特征使我们将大多数T细胞能够分辨为CD4+或CD8+(图4D)。因此,我们生成了高品质的CRISPRa扰动-seq数据集。
细胞因子产生可通过增强的TCR信号传导来调节。为了鉴定调节刺激应答性基因的总体强度的CRISPRa基因扰动,基于我们从非靶向对照sgRNA组中对静息细胞与再刺激细胞的比较中获得的基因特征,我们计算了scRNA-seq“激活”评分。针对经刺激细胞UMAP的投影激活评分揭示了经再刺激细胞中较高和较低激活评分的离散区(图4E)。我们接下来检查了CRISPRa扰动中的激活评分(图4F)。引人注目的是,除了IKZF3(编码转录因子Aiolos)之外的负调节子降低了激活评分,这表明它们用于广泛地抑制刺激强度。相比之下,IKZF3降低了IFNG表达,而没有降低总的激活评分(图4F),这表明细胞因子基因调节的可能的不同机制。许多正调节子显著提高激活评分,其中VAV1引起最强的激活增强(图4F)。因此,许多(但不是全部)命中物通过在不同程度上调节总体T细胞活化来发挥作用。
我们接下来探寻不同的扰动如何影响经刺激细胞中细胞因子和其他效应基因的表达。我们分析了每个sgRNA靶细胞组在再刺激条件下的伪批量差异基因表达,与无靶标对照细胞进行比较。IFNG在29个不同的sgRNA靶标中差异表达,其中仅靶向负调节子的sgRNA导致表达降低。然而,IL2几乎不能被scRNA-seq检出。仅IL2和VAV1 sgRNA导致其表达提高,这与我们观察到的VAV1激活导致最大水平的IL 2释放一致(图3H)。许多负调节子驱动固定模式(stereotyped pattern)的不同细胞因子基因表达,而正调节子通常比负调节子促进更多样的细胞因子表达模式。值得注意的是,TBX21(T-bet)调节大多数可检测的细胞因子基因的表达。此外,与大多数扰动不同,其改变了独立于刺激的细胞因子的表达。
我们接下来使用聚类分析以表征经再刺激T细胞和静息T细胞中CRISPRa驱动的细胞状态(图4G)。对于每个簇,我们鉴定了最高上调的基因表达标志物和细胞因子基因,CD4+/CD8+T细胞的贡献,以及过表达的sgRNA揭示了由CRISPRa促进的T细胞状态的多样化情形(图4,H至J)。负细胞因子调节子(例如,MAP4K1)在簇2中高度富集,其由LTB表达和低激活评分来标记。值得注意的是,仅GATA3促进了Th2表型(簇3),这表明改变的T辅助细胞分化不是负IFNG调节子中的常见机制。因此,扰动seq揭示了由不同关键调节子的过表达所促进的细胞状态。
尽管转录物的捕获很差,但我们鉴定了两个IL2表达簇,这两个簇主要由CD4+T细胞组成。簇13具有两者中较高的IL2表达,并由VAV1和OTUD7B sgRNA促进。VAV1 sgRNA在IFNG和IL2表达簇中强富集,这表明VAV1介导的T细胞刺激的增强可驱动向多种不同的细胞因子产生群的分化。
我们还鉴定了两个不同的表达IFNG的细胞簇(簇1和簇12),其包含CD4+和CD8+T细胞。簇1以CCL3和CCL4的高表达为标志,并富集了具有强激活评分增强的sgRNA,例如VAV1、CD28和FOXQ1。相比之下,簇12富集了已知激活NFκB途径,例如IL1R1、TRAF3IP2、TNFRSF1A和TNFRSF1B的sgRNA。这些观察结果表明,增强的刺激/共刺激可驱使T细胞达到活化的IFNG表达状态,其不同于通过NF-κB途径的更具特异性的信号传导。TNFRSF受体基因(TNFRSF1A、TNFRSF1B、LTBR和CD27)子集的激活也促进了以细胞周期基因的高表达为标志的细胞状态(簇5和6)。LTBR和CD27 sgRNA几乎只存在于这一簇的细胞中,而TNFRSF1A/B sgRNA显示将细胞推进到增殖状态和IFNG表达状态二者。因此,CRISPRa扰动seq揭示了细胞因子产生的调节子如何调节T细胞活化并将细胞编程为不同的刺激应答性状态这二者。
讨论
配对的CRISPRa和CRISPRi筛选彼此互补以解码调节原代人T细胞中刺激应答性细胞因子产生的遗传程序。CRISPRi鉴定了所需的细胞因子调节子,而CRISPRa发现了途径功能中的关键信号传导瓶颈以及在离体培养的T细胞中不一定具有活性的调节子。在多种其他实验条件下进行的未来筛选具有鉴定T细胞状态和功能的另外的调节子的潜力。
该项研究中开发的技术使得能够在原代人T细胞和其他原代细胞类型中进行筛选方法(screening approach),例如筛选人基因组的功能性非编码区(18,38,39)。此外,该筛选框架可适用于“CRISPR工具包(CRISPR toolkit)”的其他非遗传编辑应用(40),继而扩大了在原代细胞中探询复杂生物学问题的机会,尤其是在将CRISPR扰动与单细胞分析关联时。
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实施例3
使用T细胞癌症治疗的己鉴定命中物的体外数据。对于该测定,将来自两个人血液供体的T细胞用1G4抗癌T细胞受体以及来自CRISPRa筛选的相应基因(或“空”病毒作为对照)进行病毒转导,并与表达NYESO的A375黑素瘤细胞共培养。实时成像系统每4小时记录癌细胞计数。用靶基因VAV1、PIK3AP1和CD27转导的T细胞显示出增强的癌症杀伤(图5)。
本文引用或提及的所有专利和出版物表明本发明所属领域的技术人员的技术水平,并且每个这样的所引专利或出版物均在此通过引用明确地并入,其程度就如同通过引用整体单独地并入或以整体在本文中陈述。申请人保留将来自任何这样的引用的专利或出版物的任何和所有材料和信息实际并入到本说明书中的权利。
以下陈述旨在根据说明书中的前述描述来描述和总结本发明的多个实施方案。
陈述:
1.方法,其包括使一种或更多种测试剂与一种或更多种T细胞接触以形成测定混合物,以及检测或定量测定混合物中或一种或更多种T胞内的干扰素-γ产生、白介素-2产生、细胞增殖、或其组合,以产生干扰素-γ产生、白介素-2产生、细胞增殖或其组合的检测或定量水平。
2.陈述1所述的方法,其还包括将干扰素-γ产生的检测或定量水平、白介素-2产生的检测或定量水平、细胞增殖的检测或定量水平或其组合与对照进行比较。
3.陈述1或2所述的方法,其还包括测量所述测定混合物中或一种或更多种T细胞中表1至7或图1至4中所列调节子中一者或更多者的量。
4.陈述1、2或3所述的方法,其中与所述测试剂初始接触的T细胞中的一者或更多者天然地表达表1至7或图1至4中所列任一调节子。
5.陈述1至3或4所述的方法,其中与所述测试剂初始接触的T细胞中的一者或更多者不表达表1至7或图1至4中任一者中所列调节子中的一者或更多者。
6.陈述1至4或5所述的方法,其中与所述测试剂初始接触的T细胞中的一者或更多者具有表达一种或更多种所述调节子的潜力,但是当与测试剂初始混合时,所述细胞不表达可检测量的一种或更多种所述调节子。
7.陈述1至5或6所述的方法,其中至少一种所述T细胞为突变体T细胞,其包含降低表1至7或图1至4中任一者中所列调节子中一者或更多者的表达或活性的敲低或敲除突变。
8.陈述7所述的方法,其还包括:对所述一种或更多种突变体T细胞进行修饰以表达或过表达表1至7或图1至4中所列调节子中一种或更多种;以及检测或定量第二测定混合物中或所述一种或更多种突变体T细胞中的干扰素-γ产生、白介素-2产生、细胞增殖、或其组合。
9.陈述1至7或8所述的方法,其中所述一种或更多种所述T细胞在T细胞群中。
10.陈述1至8或9所述的方法,其中一种或更多种T细胞包含一种或更多种细胞毒性T细胞、嵌合抗原受体T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、γδT细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、诱导多能干细胞来源的免疫(例如淋巴样和/或髓样)细胞、或其组合。
11.陈述1至9或10所述的方法,其还包括将至少一种第二细胞类型添加至所述测定混合物,然后检测或定量所述干扰素-γ产生、白介素-2产生、细胞增殖、或其组合。
12.陈述11所述的方法,其中所述第二细胞类型是一种或更多种类型的癌细胞、一种或更多种类型的免疫细胞、或其组合。
13.陈述12所述的方法,其中一种或更多种的所述癌细胞包括白血病细胞、淋巴瘤细胞、霍奇金病(Hodgkin's disease)细胞、软组织和骨的肉瘤、肺癌细胞、间皮瘤、食管癌细胞、胃癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞、肝胆癌细胞、小肠癌细胞、结肠癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、直肠癌细胞、肾癌细胞、尿道癌细胞、膀胱癌细胞、前列腺癌细胞、睾丸癌细胞、宫颈癌细胞、卵巢癌细胞、乳腺癌细胞、内分泌系统癌细胞、皮肤癌细胞、中枢神经系统癌细胞、皮肤和/或眼内来源的黑素瘤细胞、与AIDS相关的癌细胞、或其组合。
14.陈述12或13所述的方法,其中一种或更多种癌细胞包括转移性癌细胞。
15.陈述12、13或14所述的方法,其中一种或更多种癌细胞包括微转移性肿瘤细胞、大转移性肿瘤细胞、复发性癌细胞、或其组合。
16.陈述12至14或15所述的方法,其中一种或更多种所述免疫细胞包括巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突细胞、B细胞、嵌合抗原受体细胞、细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、γδT细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、诱导多能干细胞来源的免疫(例如淋巴样和/或髓样)细胞、或其组合。
17.陈述12至15或16所述的方法,其还包括测量至少一种所述第二细胞类型的细胞增殖。
18.陈述1至16或17所述的方法,其还包括鉴定对一种或更多种所述T细胞的干扰素-γ产生水平、白介素-2产生水平、细胞增殖水平或其组合进行调节的一种或更多种测试剂,从而鉴定一种或更多种有用的测试剂。
19.陈述1至17或18所述的方法,其还包括鉴定对表1至7或图1至4中任一者中所列调节子中一者或更多者的表达或活性进行调节的一种或更多种测试剂,从而鉴定一种或更多种有用的测试剂。
20.陈述19所述的方法,其还包括测量一种或更多种有用的测试剂与由表1至7或图1至4中任一者中所列调节子中一者或更多者编码的蛋白质或包含所述一种或更多种调节子的核酸的结合。
21.陈述19或20所述的方法,其还包括向一种或更多种实验动物施用一种或更多种有用的测试剂。
22.陈述21所述的方法,其中一种或更多种所述实验动物患有疾病、感染或医学病症。
23.陈述22所述的方法,其中所述疾病或病症为癌症、免疫障碍或免疫病症。
24.陈述23所述的方法,其中所述免疫障碍或免病症为自身免疫性障碍、格雷夫斯病、关节炎、银屑病、乳糜泻、白癜风、类风湿关节炎、狼疮、克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease)、多发性硬化、1型糖尿病、脱发、炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)、格林-巴利综合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome)、慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病、或其组合。
25.陈述21至23或24所述的方法,其还包括监测一种或更多种实验动物的所述疾病或病症的症状、所述有用的测试剂的毒性副作用、或其组合。
26.陈述21至24或25所述的方法,其还包括监测所述一种或更多种实验动物中的免疫细胞数目和/或类型。
27.陈述22至25或26所述的方法,其还包括将一种或更多种有用的测试剂鉴定为可用于治疗所述疾病或病症的治疗剂。
28.组合物,其包含通过权利要求1至27中任一项所述的方法鉴定的有用的测试剂或治疗剂。
29.方法,其包括在至少一种淋巴样细胞或髓样细胞或其组合中对表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因进行离体修饰,以产生至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞和经修饰髓样细胞的混合物。
30.陈述29所述的方法,其中所述修饰是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个基因组位点处的一个或更多个缺失、替换、或插入。
31.陈述29或30所述的方法,其中所述修饰是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个CRISPR介导的修饰或激活。
32.陈述29、30或31所述的方法,其还包括向对象施用至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞与经修饰髓样细胞的混合物。
33.陈述29、30或31所述的方法,其还包括孵育所述至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞与经修饰髓样细胞的混合物,以形成经修饰细胞群。
34.陈述33所述的方法,其还包括向对象施用所述经修饰细胞群。
35.陈述32或34所述的方法,其中所述对象患有疾病或病症。
36.陈述35所述的方法,其中所述疾病或病症是免疫病症或癌症。
本文中所述的具体方法和组合物是代表一些优选实施方案,并且是示例性的并且不旨在限制本发明的范围。本领域技术人员在考虑本说明书后将想到其他目的、方面和实施方案,并且所述目的、方面和实施方案均涵盖在由权利要求书的范围所限定的本发明的精神内。对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,可对本文中公开的本发明进行多种替换和修改。
本文中举例说明性地描述的本发明可在不存在本文中未将其具体公开为必要要素的任何一个或更多个要素或一个或更多个限制的情况下适当地实践。本文中举例说明性地描述的方法和过程适当地可以以不同的步骤顺序来实践,并且方法和过程不一定限于本文或权利要求书中指出的步骤顺序。
除非上下文另有明确指示,否则本文和所附权利要求书中使用的没有数量词修饰的名词表示一个/种或更多个/种。因此,例如,对“核酸”或“蛋白质”或“细胞”的提及包括多个这样的核酸、蛋白质或细胞(例如,核酸或表达盒的溶液或干燥制剂、蛋白质的溶液或细胞群)等。在本文件中,除非另有说明,否则术语“或/或者”用于指非排他性的或/或者,使得“A或B”包括“A但没有B”、“B但没有A”以及“A和B”。
在任何情况下,均不能将本专利解释为限于本文中具体公开的具体实例或实施方案或方法。在任何情况下,均不能将本专利解释为受任何审查员或专利商标局的任何其他官员或雇员所作的任何陈述的限制,除非这样的陈述在申请人的回应性书面文件中明确地且无条件或无保留地明确采纳。
已经使用的术语和表述用作描述性而非限制性术语,并且无意使用这样的术语和表述来排除所示和所描述的特征的任何等同物或其部分,但认识到在所要求保护的本发明的范围内可进行多种修改。因此,应当理解,虽然本发明已经通过优选实施方案和任选特征具体公开,但由本领域技术人员可以对本文中公开的概念进行修改和变化,并且这样的修改和变化被认为是本发明所附权利要求和陈述所定义的本发明的范围内。
已在本文中对本发明进行了广泛且一般性地描述。落入一般性公开内容内的每个较窄的物质和亚类分组也形成本发明的一部分。这包括对其中附带条件或否定限制(从该属中去除任何主题)的本发明的一般性描述,而不论所去除的内容是否在本文中进行了具体详述。另外,在以马库什组描述本发明的特征或方面的情况下,本领域技术人员将认识到,本发明由此也以马库什组的任何单个成员或成员的子组来描述。
Claims (18)
1.方法,其包括在至少一种淋巴样细胞或髓样细胞或其组合中对表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因进行离体修饰,以产生至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞与经修饰髓样细胞的混合物。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述修饰是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因中一个或更多个内源基因组位点处的一个或更多个的缺失、替换或插入。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述修饰是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的表达或翻译的降低。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述表达或翻译的降低通过抑制性核酸(例如,RNAi、shRNA、siRNA)来实现。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述修饰是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的表达提高。
6.权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述表达提高通过对表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个启动子进行修饰来实现。
7.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述修饰是表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的一个或更多个CRISPR介导的修饰或激活。
8.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述修饰是用一种或更多种表达盒转化至少一种淋巴样细胞或髓样细胞或其组合,所述表达盒包含与含有表1至7或图1至4中所列任一基因的编码区的核酸区段可操作连接的启动子。
9.权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括向对象施用至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞与经修饰髓样细胞的混合物。
10.权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括孵育所述至少一种经修饰淋巴样细胞、至少一种经修饰髓样细胞、或经修饰淋巴样细胞与经修饰髓样细胞的混合物以形成经修饰细胞群。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其还包括向对象施用所述经修饰细胞群。
12.权利要求9或11所述的方法,其中所述对象患有疾病或病症。
13.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述疾病或病症是免疫病症或癌症。
14.方法,其包括使至少一种测试剂与测试细胞接触以提供测试测定混合物,以及测量:
a.所述测试细胞的细胞增殖、所述测试细胞的细胞因子释放、或其组合;
b.所述测试细胞的活化;
c.所述细胞中表1至7或图1至4中所列任一调节子的表达或活性;或者
d.其组合。
15.权利要求14所述的方法,其还包括将所测量结果与对照结果进行比较。
16.权利要求15所述的方法,其中对照结果是所述测试细胞在无任何所述测试剂的情况下测得的结果。
17.权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述测试细胞包含淋巴样细胞和/或髓样细胞。
18.权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述测试细胞包含细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节性T细胞、初始T细胞、活化的T细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞、γδT细胞、嵌合抗原受体(CAR)细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、诱导多能干细胞来源的免疫(例如淋巴样和/或髓样)细胞、或其组合。
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